Stokely Carmichael

1608:, wherein two groups were not "complementary" (could have no overlap) until they were mutually exclusive (were on an equal power footing economically, socially, politically, etc.), Carmichael said that U.S. blacks had to unite and build their power independent of the white structure, or they would never be able to build a coalition that would function for both parties, not just the dominant one. He said, "we want to establish the grounds on which we feel political coalitions can be viable." For this to happen, Carmichael argued that blacks had to address three myths regarding coalition: "that the interests of black people are identical with the interests of certain liberal, labor, or other reform groups"; that a viable coalition can be created between "the politically and economically secure and the politically and economically insecure"; and that a coalition can be "sustained on a moral, friendly, sentimental basis; by appeals to conscience." He believed that each of these myths showed the need for two groups to be mutually exclusive, and on relatively equal footing, to be in a viable coalition. 1586:

participation to include more people in the decision-making process." By questioning "old values and institutions", Carmichael was referring not only to the established Black leadership of the time but also to the values and institutions of the nation as a whole. He criticized the emphasis on the American "middle-class." "The values," he said, "of that class are based on material aggrandizement, not the expansion of humanity." (40) Carmichael believed that blacks were being lured to enter the "middle-class" as a trap, in which they would be assimilated into the white world by turning their backs on others of their race who were still suffering. This assimilation, he thought, was an inherent indictment of blackness and validation of whiteness as the preferred state. He said, "Thus we reject the goal of assimilation into middle-class America because the values of that class are in themselves anti-humanist and because that class as a social force perpetuates racism."

1540:(counter-intelligence program) that focused on black activists; the program promoted slander and violence against targets Hoover considered enemies of the US government. It attempted to discredit them and worse. Carmichael accepted the position of Honorary Prime Minister in the Black Panther Party, but also remained on the SNCC staff. He tried to forge a merger between the two organizations. A March 4, 1968, memo from Hoover states his fear of the rise of a Black Nationalist "messiah" and that Carmichael alone had the "necessary charisma to be a real threat in this way". In July 1968, Hoover stepped up his efforts to divide the black power movement. Declassified documents show he launched a plan to undermine the SNCC-Panther merger, as well as to " 33: 1285:, the federal government was authorized to oversee and enforce their rights. There was still tremendous resistance from wary residents, but an important breakthrough occurred when, while he was handing out voter registration material at a local school, two policemen confronted Carmichael and ordered him to leave. He refused and avoided arrest after challenging the two officers to do so. As word of this incident spread, Carmichael and the SNCC activists who stayed with him in Lowndes gained more respect from local residents and started working with Hulett and other local leaders. With the objective of registering African American voters, Carmichael, Hulett and their local allies formed the 1314: 1431:; we went to get them out of our way; and that people ought to understand that; that we were never fighting for the right to integrate, we were fighting against white supremacy. Now, then, in order to understand white supremacy we must dismiss the fallacious notion that white people can give anybody their freedom. No man can give anybody his freedom. A man is born free. You may enslave a man after he is born free, and that is in fact what this country does. It enslaves black people after they're born, so that the only acts that white people can do is to stop denying black people their freedom; that is, they must stop 2082:

positive, tangible influence on people's lives". Evaluations by Ture's associates are also mixed, with most praising his efforts and others criticizing him for failing to find constructive ways to achieve his objectives. SNCC's final chair, Phil Hutchings, who expelled Ture over a dispute about the Black Panther Party, wrote: "Even though we kidded and called him 'Starmichael', he could sublimate his ego to get done what was needed to be done....He would say what he thought, and you could disagree with it but you wouldn't cease being a human being and someone with whom he wanted to be in relationship."

1671:, he was banned from reentering the United Kingdom. In August 1967, a Cuban government magazine reported that Carmichael met with Fidel Castro for three days and called it "the most educational, most interesting, and the best apprenticeship of public life." Because relations with Cuba were prohibited at the time, after his return to the US, the government withdrew his passport. In December 1967, he traveled to France to attend an antiwar rally. There he was detained by police and ordered to leave the next day, but government officials eventually intervened and allowed him to stay. 2121:

for the 27th time; he spoke to over 3,000 people that day in the park. Ture was angry that day because black people had been "chanting" freedom for almost six years with no results, so he wanted to change the chant. He also participated in and contributed to the Black Freedom Struggle. Many people have overlooked his involvement in the movement. He never switched from left to right in his politics as he got older, and his trajectory both marked and influenced the course of black militancy in the United States. The outrage that most affected him was King's assassination.

9516: 1059:, Mississippi, to integrate the formerly "white" section on the train. Before getting on the train in New Orleans, they encountered white protesters blocking the way. Carmichael said, "They were shouting. Throwing cans and lit cigarettes at us. Spitting on us." Eventually, the group was able to board the train. When the group arrived in Jackson, Carmichael and the eight other riders entered a "white" cafeteria. They were charged with disturbing the peace, arrested, and taken to jail. 1402:. Ware excluded Northern white SNCC members from working on this drive. Carmichael initially opposed this decision but changed his mind. At the urging of the Atlanta Project, the issue of white members in SNCC came up for a vote. Carmichael ultimately sided with those calling for the expulsion of whites. He said that whites should organize poor white southern communities, of which there were plenty, while SNCC focused on promoting African American self-reliance through Black Power. 2154:

question is, he does have genius. Now when we condemn him morally or ethically, we will say, well, he was absolutely wrong, he should be killed, he should be murdered, etc., etc. ... But if we're judging his genius objectively, we have to admit that the man was a genius. He forced the entire world to fight him. He was fighting America, France, Britain, Russia, Italy once—then they switched sides—all of them at the same time, and whipping them. That's a genius, you cannot deny that.

1995: 1832: 1131: 229: 1524:, Carmichael did not protest the transfer of power and was "eager to relinquish the chair". It is sometimes mistakenly reported that Carmichael left SNCC completely at this time and joined the Black Panther Party, but that did not occur until 1968. SNCC officially ended its relationship with Carmichael in August 1968; in a statement, Philip Hutchings wrote: "It has been apparent for some time that SNCC and Stokely Carmichael were moving in different directions." 9493: 9483: 8666: 662: 654: 9504: 7536: 1038:(CORE) organized to desegregate the interstate buses and bus station restaurants along U.S. Route 40 between Baltimore and Washington, D.C., as they came under federal rather than state law. They had been segregated by custom. He was frequently arrested and spent time in jail. He was arrested so many times for his activism that he lost count, sometimes estimating 29 or 32. In 1998, he told the 1814:, and via the organization disseminated a pamphlet portraying Carmichael "as a foreign interloper in Africa who was contemptuous of the inhabitants of the continent". The pamphlet, which said, "Enough is enough – why Stokely must go! – and do his thing elsewhere", alleged that Carmichael was controlled by Nkrumah and was "weaving a bloody trail of chaos in the name of Pan-Africanism". 1234:(SCLC), which opposed Forman's strategy. He thought SCLC was working with affiliated black churches to undercut it. He was also frustrated to be drawn again into nonviolent confrontations with police, which he no longer found empowering. After seeing protesters brutally beaten again, he collapsed from stress, and his colleagues urged him to leave the city. 1196:, made up largely of the counties of the Mississippi Delta. At that time, most blacks in Mississippi had been disfranchised since the passage of a new constitution in 1890. The summer project was to prepare them to register to vote and conduct a parallel registration movement to demonstrate how much people wanted to vote. Grassroots activists organized the 1373:

that Black Power spread, if accepted, Carmichael got credit. If it was condemned, he was held responsible and blamed. According to Carmichael, "Black Power meant black people coming together to form a political force and either electing representatives or forcing their representatives to speak to their needs ." Strongly influenced by the work of

1982:, Ture criticized the limited economic and electoral progress made by African Americans in the U.S. during the previous 30 years. He acknowledged that Black people had won election to the mayor's office in major cities, but said that, as the mayors' power had generally diminished over earlier decades, such progress was essentially meaningless. 1520:. SNCC was a collective, working by group consensus rather than hierarchically; many members had become displeased with Carmichael's celebrity status. SNCC leaders had begun to refer to him as "Stokely Starmichael" and criticized his habit of making policy announcements independently, before achieving internal agreement. According to historian 1369:, a few days after Carmichael spoke about Black Power at the rally during "Meredith March Against Fear", he told King: "Martin, I deliberately decided to raise this issue on the march in order to give it a national forum and force you to take a stand for Black Power." King responded, "I have been used before. One more time won't hurt." 2074:", defined as racism that occurs through institutions such as public bodies and corporations, including universities. In the late 1960s Ture defined "institutional racism" as "the collective failure of an organization to provide an appropriate and professional service to people because of their color, culture or ethnic origin". 1598:. He chose these examples as places where blacks changed the system by political and legal maneuvering within the system, but said they ultimately failed to achieve more than the bare minimum. In the process, he believed they reinforced the political and legal structures that perpetuated the racism they were fighting. 2203:. When asked about the comment, former SNCC field secretary Casey Hayden stated: "Our paper on the position of women came up, and Stokely in his hipster rap comedic way joked that 'the proper position of women in SNCC is prone'. I laughed, he laughed, we all laughed. Stokely was a friend of mine." In her memoir, 2184:

While the remark was made in jest during a 1964 conference, Carmichael and black-power activists did embrace an aggressive vision of manhood—one centered on black men's ability to deploy authority, punishment, and power. In that, they generally reflected their wider society's blinders about women and

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Ture was ill when he gave his final speech at Howard University. A standing-room-only crowd in Rankin Chapel paid tribute to him, and he spoke boldly, as usual. A small group of student leaders from Howard and a former Party member traveled to Harlem (Sugar Hill) in New York City to bid Ture farewell

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Ture was convinced that the A-APRP was needed as a permanent mass-based organization in all countries where people of African descent lived. For the last decades of his life, a period often ignored by popular media, Ture worked full-time as an organizer of the party. He spoke on its behalf on several

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While Black Power was not a new concept, Carmichael's speech brought it into the spotlight. It became a rallying cry for young African Americans across the country who were frustrated by slow progress in civil rights, even after federal legislation had been passed to strengthen the effort. Everywhere

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Ture is also remembered for his actions in James Meredith's March Against Fear in June 1966, when he issued the call for Black Power. When Meredith got shot, Carmichael came up with the phrase and gathered a crowd to chant it in Greenwood, Mississippi. Already, earlier that day, he had been arrested

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He promoted what he calls "political modernization." This idea included three major concepts: "1) questioning old values and institutions of the society; 2) searching for new and different forms of political structure to solve political and economic problems; and, 3) broadening the base of political

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Despite Carmichael's role in forming the LCFO, Hulett served as the group's chairperson and became one of the first two African Americans whose voter registration was successfully processed in Lowndes County. Although black residents and voters outnumbered whites in Lowndes, their candidate lost the

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Within a week, Carmichael returned to protesting, this time in Selma, to participate in the final march along Route 80 to the state capital. But on March 23, 1965, Carmichael and some in SNCC who were participating in the Selma to Montgomery march declined to complete the march, instead initiating a

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He served 49 days with other activists at Parchman. At 19, Carmichael was the youngest detainee in the summer of 1961. He spent 53 days at Parchman in a six-by-nine cell. He and his colleagues were allowed to shower only twice a week, were not allowed books or any other personal effects, and were at

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criticizes Ture's handling of the Black Power movement as "more destructive than constructive". Garrow describes the period in 1966 when Ture and other SNCC members managed to register 2,600 African American voters in Lowndes County as the most consequential period in Ture's life "in terms of real,

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He led a group through the streets, demanding that businesses close out of respect. He tried to prevent violence, but the situation escalated beyond his control. Due to his reputation as a provocateur, the news media blamed Carmichael for the ensuing violence as mobs rioted along U Street and other

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Carmichael encouraged King to demand unconditional withdrawal of US troops from Vietnam, even as some King advisers cautioned him that such opposition might have an adverse effect on financial contributions to the SCLC. King preached one of his earliest speeches calling for unconditional withdrawal

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What with the range of ideology, religious belief, political commitment and background, age, and experience, something interesting was always going on. Because no matter our differences, this group had one thing in common, moral stubbornness. Whatever we believed, we really believed and were not at

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It was Fidel Castro who before the OLAS (Organization of Latin American States) Conference said "if imperialism touches one grain of hair on his head, we shall not let the fact pass without retaliation." It was he, who on his own behalf, asked them all to stay in contact with me when I returned to

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delegation. Carmichael, along with many SNCC staff members, left the convention with a profound sense of disillusionment in the American political system, and what he later called "totalitarian liberal opinion". He said, "what the liberal really wants is to bring about change which will not in any

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Tom Kahn—very shrewdly—had captured the position of Treasurer of the Liberal Arts Student Council and the infinitely charismatic and popular Carmichael as floor whip was good at lining up the votes. Before they knew what hit them the Student Council had become a patron of the arts, having voted to

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Joseph credits Ture with expanding the parameters of the civil rights movement, asserting that his black power strategy "didn't disrupt the civil rights movement. It spoke truth to power to what so many millions of young people were feeling. It actually cast a light on people who were in prisons,

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In response to these failures and to offer a way forward, Carmichael discusses the concept of coalition with regard to the Civil Rights Movement. The leadership of the movement had affirmed that anyone who truly believed in their cause was welcome to join and march. Carmichael offered a different

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Secondly, Carmichael discussed searching for different forms of political structure to solve political and economic problems. At the time, the established forms of political structure were the SCLC and the NAACP. These groups were religiously and academically based and focused on nonviolence and

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in early June of that year from Memphis to Jackson, Mississippi. He did not want the big civil rights organizations or leaders involved but was willing to have individual black men join him. On his second day out, Meredith was shot and wounded by a sniper and had to be hospitalized. Civil rights

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Adolf Hitler, I'm not putting a judgment on what he did. If you asked me for my judgment morally, I would say it was bad, what he did was wrong, was evil, etc. But I would say he was a genius, nevertheless ... You say he's not a genius because he committed bad acts. That's not the question. The

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For the final 30 years of his life, Kwame Ture was devoted to the All-African People's Revolutionary Party (A-APRP). His mentor Nkrumah had many ideas for unifying the African continent, and Ture extended the scope of these ideas to the entire African diaspora. He was a Central Committee member

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Ture did not simply study with Touré and Nkrumah. The latter had been designated honorary co-president of Guinea after he was deposed by the US-backed coup in Ghana. Ture worked overtly and covertly to "Take Nkrumah Back to Ghana" (according to the movement's slogan). He became a member of the

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Routinely, Ture was regarded as the leader of the A-APRP, but his only titles were "Organizer" and Central Committee member. Beginning in the mid-1970s, the A-APRP began each May to sponsor African Liberation Day (ALD), a continuation of the African Freedom Day Nkrumah began in 1958 in Ghana.

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that took his place arrested Carmichael for his association with Touré, and jailed him for three days on suspicion of attempting to overthrow the government. Although Touré was known for jailing and torturing his opponents (some 50,000 people are believed to have been killed under his regime)

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Ture often returned to speak to audiences of thousands (including students and townspeople) at his alma mater, Howard University, and other campuses. The Party worked to recruit students and other youth, and Ture hoped to attract them with his speeches. He also worked to raise the political

1904:

While making his home in Guinea, Ture traveled frequently. In the last quarter of the 20th century, he became the world's most active and prominent exponent of pan-Africanism, defined by Nkrumah and the A-APRP as "The Liberation and Unification of Africa Under Scientific Socialism".

2142:, Carmichael was "an unabashed racial separatist and anti-Semite" who often used the slogan "the only good Zionist is a dead Zionist" and in 1990 said that "Zionist pigs have been harassing us everywhere. . . . And when this anger rises, will snap our fingers and finish them off." 2171:

and Mary E. King on the position of women in the movement. In the course of an irreverent comedy monologue he performed at a party after SNCC's Waveland conference, Carmichael said, "The position of women in the movement is prone." A number of women were offended. In a 2006

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The draft exemplifies as much as racism the totalitarianism which prevails in this nation in the disguise of consensus democracy. The President has conducted war in Vietnam without the consent of Congress or the American people, without the consent of anybody except maybe

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continents, at college campuses, community centers, and other venues. He was instrumental in strengthening ties between the African/Black liberation movement and several revolutionary or progressive organizations, both African and non-African. Notable among them were the

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countywide election of 1965. In 1966, several LCFO candidates ran for office in the general election but lost. In 1970, the LCFO merged with the statewide Democratic Party, and former LCFO candidates, including Hulett, won their first offices in the county.

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Carmichael considered nonviolence a tactic, not a fundamental principle, which separated him from civil rights leaders such as King. He criticized civil rights leaders who called for the integration of African Americans into existing institutions of the

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The sheriff acted like he was scared of black folks and he came up with some beautiful things. One night he opened up all the windows, put on ten big fans and an air conditioner, and dropped the temperature to 38 degrees . All we had on was T-shirts and

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Carmichael appointed several women to posts as project directors during his tenure as chairman of SNCC; by the latter half of the 1960s (considered to be the "Black Power era"), more women were in charge of SNCC projects than during the first half.

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of African Americans. Carmichael and the SNCC activists who accompanied him also struggled in Lowndes, as local residents were at first wary of their presence. But they later achieved greater success as a result of a partnership with local activist

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Carmichael's suspicions about CIA surveillance were confirmed in 2007 by declassified documents revealing that the agency had tracked him from 1968 as part of their surveillance of Black activists abroad. The surveillance continued for years.

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drug of integration", and that some Negroes have been walking down a dream street talking about sitting next to white people; and that that does not begin to solve the problem; that when we went to Mississippi we did not go to sit next to

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I thought I have to go because you've got to keep the issue alive, and you've got to show the Southerners that you're not gonna be scared off, as we've been scared off in the past. And no matter what they do, we're still gonna keep coming

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This philosophy, grounded in the independence literature of Africa and Latin America, became the basis for a great deal of Carmichael's work. He believed the Black Power Movement had to be developed outside the white power structure.

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The death of Che Guevara places a responsibility on all revolutionaries of the World to redouble their decision to fight on to the final defeat of Imperialism. That is why in essence Che Guevara is not dead, his ideas are with

1810:, concerned by Carmichael's socialist and pan-Africanist views, created a fake organization that published literature critical of Carmichael. The IRD created "The Black Power – Africa's Heritage Group", supposedly based in 1892:

Although the party was involved in or was primary or co-sponsor of other ALD annual observances, marches, and rallies around the world, the best-known and largest event was held annually in Washington, D.C., usually at

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Having developed an aversion to working with the Democratic Party after the 1964 convention, Carmichael decided to leave the MFDP. Instead, he began exploring SNCC projects in Alabama in 1965. During the period of the

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Carmichael held a press conference the next day at which he predicted mass racial violence in the streets. Since moving to Washington, he had been under nearly constant FBI surveillance. After the riots, FBI director

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wrote that Carmichael was "poking fun at his own attitudes" and that "Casey and I felt, and continue to feel, that Stokely was one of the most responsive men at the time that our anonymous paper appeared in 1964."

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Carmichael's Washington, D.C., apartment on Euclid Street was a gathering place for his activist classmates. He graduated in 1964 with a degree in philosophy. Carmichael was offered a full graduate scholarship to

2014:, Guinea. He had said that his cancer "was given to me by forces of American imperialism and others who conspired with them." He claimed that the FBI had infected him with cancer in an assassination attempt. 1361:

It is a call for black people in this country to unite, to recognize their heritage, to build a sense of community. It is a call for black people to define their own goals, to lead their own organizations.

1913:, knowing that many did not consciously or positively relate to their ancestral homeland. Ture was convinced that the party significantly raised international black "consciousness" of Pan-Africanism. The 2098:, says that Black Power activist Ruby Doris Smith Robinson, the first to call him as "Stokely Starmichael," gave him the nickname in protest of his growing ego and that other SNCC staff shared her view. 1852:

Democratic Party of Guinea (PDG), the revolutionary ruling party. He sought Nkrumah's permission to launch the All-African People's Revolutionary Party (A-APRP), which Nkrumah had called for in his book

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Although he wrote in his posthumously published memoirs that he had never been antisemitic, in 1970 Carmichael proclaimed: "I have never admired a white man, but the greatest of them, to my mind, was

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in October 1966, Carmichael challenged the white left to escalate their resistance to the military draft in a manner similar to the black movement. For a time in 1967, he considered an alliance with

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Now, several people have been upset because we've said that integration was irrelevant when initiated by blacks, and that in fact it was a subterfuge, an insidious subterfuge, for the maintenance of

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Carmichael changed his name to Kwame Ture in 1978 to honor Nkrumah and Touré, who had become his patrons. At the end of his life, friends called him by both names, "and he doesn't seem to mind".

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as its "Honorary Prime Minister." During this period, he acted more as a speaker than an organizer, traveling throughout the country and internationally advocating for his vision of Black Power.

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enough and for their "dogmatic party line favoring alliances with white radicals". The Panthers believed that white activists could help the movement, while Carmichael had come to agree with

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recruited him to participate in a "second front" to stage protests at the Alabama State Capitol in March 1965. Carmichael became disillusioned with the growing struggles between SNCC and the

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Carmichael kept the group's morale up in prison, often telling jokes with Steve Green and the other Freedom Riders, and making light of their situation. He knew their situation was serious:

4929:. Documentary website created by the SNCC Legacy Project and Duke University, telling the story of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee & grassroots organizing from the inside. 2505: 1945:

and another Black Panther, Dhoruba bin Wahad. Ture was in good spirits though in pain. The group included men and women born in Africa, South America, the Caribbean, as well as the USA.

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spoke in celebration of Ture's life, saying: "He was one of our generation who was determined to give his life to transforming America and Africa. He was committed to ending racial

895:, in 1952 at the age of 11, to rejoin his parents. They had migrated to the United States when he was two, and he was raised by his grandmother and two aunts. He had three sisters. 1277:, Carmichael helped increase the number of registered black voters from 70 to 2,600, being 300 more than the number of registered white voters. Black voters had essentially been 3177: 3022: 1790:

Carmichael had never publicly criticized the man he named himself after. From the late 1970s till his death, he answered his phone by announcing: "Ready for the revolution!"

3235: 1548:(CIA) agent. Both efforts were largely successful: Carmichael was expelled from SNCC that year, and the Panthers began to denounce him, putting him at grave personal risk. 1094:

all shy about advancing. We were where we were only because of our willingness to affirm our beliefs even at the risk of physical injury. So it was never dull on death row.

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secretly identified Carmichael as the man most likely to succeed Malcolm X as America's "black messiah". The FBI targeted him for counterintelligence activity through its

10018: 1178:, whom Carmichael named as one of his personal heroes. SNCC organizer Joann Gavin wrote that Hamer and Carmichael "understood one another as perhaps no one else could." 2923: 7294: 5579: 2199:, that the comment was a joke, uttered as Carmichael and other SNCC officials were "blowing off steam" following the adjournment of a meeting at a staff retreat in 1189:. During a protest with Richardson in Maryland in June 1964, Carmichael was hit directly in a chemical gas attack by the National Guard and had to be hospitalized. 9302: 3582: 994:

buy out the remaining performances. It was a classic win/win. Members of the Council got patronage packets of tickets for distribution to friends and constituents.

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Later he married Marlyatou Barry, a Guinean doctor. They divorced sometime after having a son, Bokar, in 1981. By 1998, Marlyatou Barry and Bokar were living in

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in New York from 1956, being selected through high achievement on its standardized entrance examination. He was acquainted with fellow Bronx Science student

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consciousness of African/Black people in general. He formed the A-APRP with the initial goal of putting "Africa" on the lips of Black people throughout the

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said that Carmichael "ought to be remembered for having spent almost every moment of his adult life trying to advance the cause of black liberation."

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Carmichael remained in Guinea after his separation from the Black Panther Party. He continued to travel, write, and speak in support of international

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Three months after his arrival in Guinea, in July 1969 Carmichael published a formal rejection of the Black Panthers, condemning them for not being

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While being hurt on one occasion, Carmichael began singing to the guards, "I'm gonna tell God how you treat me", and the other prisoners joined in.

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steady legal and legislative change within established U.S. systems and structures. Carmichael rejected that. He discusses the development of the

910:, at that time an aging neighborhood primarily of Jewish and Italian immigrants and descendants. According to a 1967 interview Carmichael gave to 5825: 5716: 5136: 4173: 3417: 1969:, where he was born, awarded him a grant of $ 1,000 a month for the same purpose. He went to New York, where he was treated for two years at the 1242:, along the march route, talking with local residents. This was a county known for white violence against blacks during this era, where SCLC and 2495: 8498: 7371: 3666: 1704:

suggested Carmichael was a CIA agent, slander that led to Carmichael's break with the Panthers and his exile from the U.S. the following year.

1200:(MFDP), as the regular Democratic Party did not represent African Americans in the state. At the end of Freedom Summer, Carmichael went to the 609: 4630: 7655: 7279: 5617: 5536: 4051: 10023: 3786: 1807: 947: 902:

line. His father, Adolphus, was a carpenter who also worked as a taxi driver. The reunited Carmichaels eventually left Harlem to live in

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as official delegates from the state. Carmichael eventually decided to develop independent all-black political organizations, such as the

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Brigade (named after the first black college student to die during the 1960s Civil Rights Movement) as component organizations.

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for Ture were held in Denver, New York, Atlanta, and Washington, D.C., to help defray his medical expenses. The government of

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During Carmichael's leadership, SNCC continued to maintain a coalition with several white radical organizations, most notably

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Carmichael joined King in New York on April 15, 1967, to share his views with protesters on race related to the Vietnam War:

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in support of the MFDP, which sought to have its delegation seated. But the MFDP delegates were refused voting rights by the

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Carmichael wrote that "in order for nonviolence to work, your opponent must have a conscience. The United States has none."

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under Carmichael's leadership. He popularized the oft-repeated anti-draft slogan "Hell no, we won't go!" during this time.

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Image of Stokely Carmichael, speaking with a crowd of more than 6500 at Will Rogers Park in Los Angeles, California, 1966.

1070:, Mississippi, along with other Freedom Riders. He gained notoriety as a witty and hard-nosed leader among the prisoners. 8159: 7401: 5830: 5766: 5129: 3705: 1286: 1268: 833: 4067: 3574: 9993: 9689: 9438: 9252: 5840: 5815: 5800: 5529: 5197: 4149: 3986: 2365: 248: 2398: 2106:

calls Ture "one of the most underappreciated, misunderstood, undervalued personalities this country's ever produced".

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and imperialism in general. During this period, he traveled and lectured extensively throughout the world, visiting

9617: 9585: 8591: 8203: 7550: 7381: 7123: 5594: 5481: 1885: 924: 9673: 9392: 8420: 8352: 8342: 8139: 7408: 7396: 5872: 5810: 4496: 3407:, The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute, Stanford University. Retrieved November 20, 2006. 2204: 1914: 1873: 1803: 571: 3936:

Even as he was holding the line in front of Peoples, several young men were inside the pharmacy ransacking it...

2778:, The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute, Stanford University. Accessed November 20, 2006. 1574:

in the late 1960s. Throughout the work he directly and indirectly criticizes the established leadership of the

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in the Caribbean, he grew up in the United States from the age of 11 and became an activist while attending the

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on March 20, 2023], undated, between 1996 diagnosis and 1998 death, Kwame Ture website. Accessed June 27, 2007.

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barred him from lecturing in the country for fear that he would cause disturbances among black Trinidadians.

1387:, Carmichael led SNCC to become more radical. The group focused on Black Power as its core goal and ideology. 32: 9705: 9633: 9463: 9292: 9221: 8362: 8337: 8195: 8078: 7418: 7361: 7160: 5502: 5475: 5293: 1628: 1478:

with Carmichael in the front row at his invitation. Carmichael privately took credit for pushing King toward

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in 1966, SNCC, under the local leadership of Bill Ware, engaged in a voter drive to promote the candidacy of

1251: 1205: 1067: 380: 3979:

Agents of Repression: The FBI's Secret Wars Against the Black Panther Party and the American Indian Movement

3458: 761:; June 29, 1941 – November 15, 1998) was an American activist who played a major role in the 9948: 9778: 9277: 9262: 8698: 8208: 7641: 7540: 7506: 7413: 7269: 7254: 6878: 6398: 5922: 5723: 5630: 5519: 2377: 2102:

people who were welfare rights activists, tenants' rights activists, and also in the international arena."

1281:

by Alabama's constitution, passed by white Democrats in 1901. After Congressional passage in August of the

932: 916:, he was the only black member of the Morris Park Dukes, a youth gang involved in alcohol and petty theft. 778: 2086:

staff writer Paula Span described Carmichael as someone who was rarely hesitant to push his own ideology.

1022:

in the southern United States during college, Carmichael became more active in the Civil Rights Movement.

847:

Carmichael became one of the most popular and controversial Black leaders of the late 1960s. FBI director

9963: 9797: 9546: 9407: 8941: 8506: 8190: 7565: 7313: 7047: 6808: 5805: 5771: 5751: 5635: 5514: 5221: 5042: 4736: 4358: 1545: 1459: 1223: 1035: 586: 508: 438: 2354:(1970), Black Forum/Motown Records BF-452 (reissued in 2022 as Black Forum/Motown/UMe/Universal 456 139) 9953: 9770: 9593: 9216: 8606: 8434: 7391: 7259: 7229: 6213: 5968: 5857: 5787: 5258: 4298: 2983: 2045: 1201: 967: 345: 5027:

Montgomey Interview video at The Jack Rabin Collection of Alabama Civil Rights and Southern Activists

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said he was survived by two sons, Bokar Biro Ture and Alpha Yaya Ture; three sisters; and his mother.

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Smethurst, James (2010). "The Black arts movement and historically Black colleges and universities".

1998: 1692:

instructed a team of agents to find evidence connecting Carmichael to them. He was also subjected to

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Citizenship, Democracies, and Media Engagement among Emerging Economies and Marginalized Communities

1313: 9933: 9681: 9428: 9177: 9082: 9006: 8846: 8621: 8231: 8022: 7996: 6958: 6918: 6443: 6348: 5756: 5705: 5698: 5671: 5611: 5492: 5402: 5326: 4877: 3601: 3322: 2637: 1861: 1664: 1297:, whose mascot was a white rooster. Since federal protection from violent voter suppression by the 3335: 3010:, King Encyclopedia, Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute, Stanford University. 1931:

admired each other, sharing a common opposition to imperialism. In Ture's final letter, he wrote:

1582:

for their tactics and results, often claiming that they were accepting symbols instead of change.

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In 1964, Carmichael became a full-time field organizer for SNCC in Mississippi. He worked on the

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Under his leadership, the A-APRP organized the All African Women's Revolutionary Union and the

1756:

that white activists should organize their own communities before trying to lead black people.

1725: 1346: 1243: 1163: 1154: 1134: 629: 403: 398: 4603: 3707:

Manufacturing Hysteria: A History of Scapegoating, Surveillance, and Secrecy in Modern America

3649: 9577: 9508: 9172: 8557: 8541: 8400: 8332: 8327: 8241: 8073: 7991: 7356: 6893: 6708: 6338: 6243: 6223: 6193: 5882: 5877: 5624: 5589: 5487: 5451: 5145: 4703: 4324: 3921: 3913: 3536:, H-Net/H-Urban Seminar on History of Community Organizing & Community-Based Development. 2200: 1571: 1063: 762: 665: 4211: 3371:

Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference

228: 9958: 9913: 9908: 9354: 9307: 9037: 8961: 8926: 8646: 8573: 7810: 7376: 7264: 7062: 6943: 6848: 6658: 6288: 5446: 5178: 5049: 3499: 3102: 2071: 1301:

and other white opponents was sporadic, most Lowndes County activists openly carried arms.

1167: 1056: 955: 821: 782: 684: 619: 433: 413: 255: 3533: 2605:(1st University of Minnesota Press ed.). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 863:

by 1969. There, he adopted the name Kwame Ture, and began campaigning internationally for

8: 9836: 9625: 9397: 9371: 9092: 8735: 8306: 8286: 8037: 7956: 7664: 7139: 7100: 6648: 6608: 6558: 6468: 6428: 6403: 6358: 6163: 6118: 5963: 5943: 5912: 5907: 5850: 5761: 5556: 5509: 5459: 5420: 5007: 4971: 4950: 4888: 2883: 2759:

Freedom Summer: The Savage Season That Made Mississippi Burn and Made America a Democracy

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from South Africa in the U.S. in 1968. They divorced in Guinea after separating in 1973.

1978: 1966: 1636: 1563: 1428: 1186: 884: 790: 774: 576: 553: 375: 293: 288: 283: 260: 3546: 3400: 1418:. Now we maintain that in the past six years or so, this country has been feeding us a " 1018:, an African-American leader who became an influential adviser to SNCC. Inspired by the 9423: 9402: 9127: 9077: 9052: 9027: 8981: 8966: 8533: 8169: 7976: 7916: 7805: 7755: 7456: 7224: 7208: 7201: 7180: 7172: 7166: 7129: 6963: 6873: 6853: 6778: 6758: 6748: 6728: 6643: 6528: 6473: 6418: 6323: 6018: 5677: 5661: 5641: 5407: 5372: 5299: 4865: 4829:"Review: 'Stokely' at Court Theatre is an unfinished story of a uncompromising radical" 4488: 4480: 4310: 3820: 3383: 3078: 2951: 2835: 2649: 2599: 2500: 2250: 2110: 2054: 1893: 1865: 1487: 1330: 1099: 1000: 581: 298: 1957:

in 1996, Ture was treated for a period in Cuba, while receiving some support from the

9649: 9360: 9047: 8819: 8760: 8740: 8296: 7911: 7850: 7770: 7324: 7239: 7234: 7194: 7067: 6838: 6823: 6788: 6568: 6488: 6433: 6218: 5382: 5377: 5249: 5235: 5228: 5189: 4986: 4936: 4926: 4790:"Bokar Biro Ture : "Stokly est un patrimoine guinéen, mais peu connu en Guinée"" 4742: 4707: 4609: 4557: 4553: 4540:

Sullivan, Kenneth R. (April 20, 2009), "Carmichael, Stokely/Kwame Turé (1941-1998)",

4513:

Cobb, Charlie (April 14, 2015). "Revolution: From Stokely Carmichael To Kwame Ture".

4492: 4439: 4408: 4330: 4250: 4223: 4212: 3992: 3982: 3957: 3949: 3925: 3877: 3836: 3826: 3711: 3686: 3478: 3283: 3122: 3059: 3020:"American Forum – Stokely Carmichael, Freedom Summer and the Rise of Black Militancy" 2962: 2903: 2895: 2846: 2795: 2740: 2732: 2711: 2703: 2675: 2616: 2606: 2577: 2361: 2336: 2321: 2254: 2135: 1848:

during his association with the A-APRP and made many speeches on the party's behalf.

1595: 1499: 1462:, and generally supported IAF's work in Rochester's and Buffalo's black communities. 1342: 1182: 1138: 976: 943: 313: 303: 212: 191: 8891: 8876: 7580: 5114: 5033: 4656:"SNCC: Born of the Sit-Ins, Dedicated to Action-Remembrances of Mary Elizabeth King" 3853: 2399:"Freedom Riders | Meet the Players: Movement Leaders | Stokely Carmichael" biography 9721: 9641: 9376: 9152: 9087: 9067: 9062: 8881: 8750: 8601: 8565: 8490: 8246: 8144: 7711: 7706: 7501: 7486: 7476: 7446: 7187: 7134: 6983: 6968: 6933: 6798: 6743: 6733: 6628: 6503: 6438: 6313: 6228: 6188: 6178: 6168: 6153: 6148: 6123: 6013: 5397: 5312: 5275: 4655: 4549: 4526: 4522: 4472: 3782: 3746: 2177: 2087: 1942: 1921: 1910: 1749: 1521: 1479: 1447: 1175: 951: 936: 855:

program, causing Carmichael to move to Africa in 1968. He reestablished himself in

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Carmichael was present in Washington, D.C., on April 5, 1968, the night after the

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conference. After recordings of his speeches were released by the organizers, the

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Along with eight other riders, on June 4, 1961, Carmichael traveled by train from

9496: 9187: 9167: 9097: 8931: 8896: 8801: 8291: 8114: 7906: 7891: 7496: 7481: 7466: 7284: 6913: 6903: 6863: 6843: 6803: 6678: 6668: 6633: 6593: 6578: 6513: 6378: 6328: 6258: 6143: 6093: 6078: 6068: 6063: 6043: 6028: 6023: 5998: 5938: 5862: 5465: 5436: 5431: 5387: 5367: 5346: 5318: 5056: 5011: 4963: 4458:"Ready for Revolution: The Life and Struggles of Stokely Carmichael (Kwame Ture)" 4161: 4055: 4000: 3869: 3747:

Seidman, Sarah. "Tricontinental Routes of Solidarity: Stokely Carmichael in Cuba"

3586: 3342: 3239: 3026: 2601:

The Motion of Light in Water: Sex and Science Fiction Writing in the East Village

2286: 2149:." But in the same speech, Carmichael condemned Hitler on moral grounds, saying: 2078: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1689: 1533: 1415: 1366: 1338: 1040: 1019: 919: 868: 848: 671: 518: 513: 498: 463: 8916: 3090: 9804: 9468: 9433: 9182: 9142: 9132: 9001: 8996: 8986: 8976: 8911: 8871: 8780: 8714: 8459: 8261: 8042: 7951: 7921: 7901: 7896: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7855: 7835: 7820: 7800: 7765: 7726: 7680: 7535: 7516: 7105: 6953: 6938: 6868: 6818: 6783: 6768: 6753: 6713: 6693: 6683: 6638: 6623: 6603: 6373: 6343: 6333: 6303: 6293: 6203: 6173: 5973: 5599: 5551: 5441: 4882:

Ready for Revolution: The Life and Struggles of Stokely Carmichael (Kwame Ture)

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Ready for Revolution: The Life and Struggles of Stokely Carmichael (Kwame Ture)

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Ready for Revolution: The Life and Struggles of Stokely Carmichael (Kwame Ture)

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Jeffries, Hasan Kwame; Carmichael, Stokely; Thelwell, Ekwueme Michael (2004).

4197: 3547:""Report on Draft Program" August 1966, Civil Rights Movement Archive website" 9902: 9880: 9609: 9562: 9520: 9366: 9242: 9162: 9157: 9137: 9117: 9102: 9057: 8971: 8956: 8936: 8921: 8901: 8640: 8514: 8271: 8154: 8088: 8001: 7986: 7961: 7946: 7825: 7795: 7780: 7716: 7600: 7511: 7441: 7289: 7155: 6978: 6908: 6813: 6663: 6598: 6583: 6573: 6533: 6458: 6448: 6408: 6393: 6283: 6273: 6233: 6183: 6058: 5983: 5953: 4977: 4907:

Waiting 'Til The Midnight Hour: A Narrative History of Black Power in America

3894: 2237: 2091: 2038: 2018: 1733: 1713: 1697: 1624: 1541: 1516:

In May 1967, Carmichael stepped down as chairman of SNCC and was replaced by

1483: 1290: 1031: 1015: 963: 912: 892: 880: 766: 657: 543: 523: 493: 483: 473: 468: 370: 151: 115: 4004: 3996: 3840: 2640:(1999–2000). "The professor and the activists: A memoir of Sterling Brown". 2620: 844:, and popularized it both by provocative speeches and more sober writings. 9874: 9843: 9829: 9147: 9072: 8861: 8745: 8149: 8057: 8052: 8032: 8017: 7981: 7971: 7966: 7936: 7840: 7830: 7815: 7785: 7760: 7721: 7701: 7618: 7594: 7471: 7451: 6973: 6928: 6923: 6883: 6718: 6698: 6653: 6588: 6523: 6508: 6423: 6413: 6368: 6318: 6308: 6298: 6268: 6263: 6253: 6238: 6198: 6133: 6113: 6108: 6088: 6083: 6073: 6033: 5988: 5958: 5341: 4669: 4088:"Revealed: how UK targeted American civil rights leader in covert campaign" 2891: 2168: 2146: 2103: 1928: 1717: 1517: 1455: 1424: 1407: 1374: 1298: 1227: 634: 443: 428: 308: 83: 8812: 4989:

Photographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA Library Special Collections,

3515: 1941:

shortly before his final return to Guinea. Also present that evening were

1594:, the 1966 local election in Lowndes County, and the political history of 324: 9334: 9022: 8946: 8806: 8311: 8134: 8047: 7790: 7685: 7491: 7461: 7088: 7052: 6993: 6988: 6948: 6898: 6833: 6828: 6738: 6688: 6618: 6613: 6553: 6538: 6388: 6383: 6248: 6128: 6098: 6038: 6003: 5264: 5075: 4388: 3802:

Black Against Empire: The History and Politics of the Black Panther Party

3501:

Black Against Empire: The History And Politics Of The Black Panther Party

3039: 2668:

Going Through the Storm: The Influence of African American Art in History

2026: 1811: 1647: 1616: 1471: 1451: 1419: 1395: 1354: 1350: 1256: 1246:

had tried and failed to organize its black residents. From 1877 to 1950,

1048: 959: 841: 809: 614: 243: 4869: 4762: 3212: 2981: 2653: 2496:"Stokely Carmichael, Rights Leader Who Coined 'Black Power', Dies at 57" 9122: 9032: 8616: 8596: 8276: 8093: 8083: 8027: 7941: 7860: 7775: 7606: 7115: 6773: 6703: 6673: 6543: 6518: 6463: 6363: 5978: 5948: 5080: 4932: 4693: 4484: 3504:. University of California Press. pp. 29, 41–42, 102–103, 128–130. 2190: 2163:

In November 1964 Carmichael made a joking remark in response to a SNCC

1768:

movements. In 1971 he published his collected essays in a second book,

1693: 1537: 1322: 986: 907: 852: 824:. Like most young people in the SNCC, he became disillusioned with the 817: 805: 71: 9330:

Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League

7633: 5105: 5062: 4738:

Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement: A Radical Democratic Vision

3213:"Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement – History & Timeline, 1965" 828:

after the 1964 Democratic National Convention failed to recognize the

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In his first year at Howard, in 1961, Carmichael participated in the

899: 837: 538: 503: 488: 340: 335: 330: 318: 4476: 4198:"Kwame Ture's last fire side chat from the Meeca-Howard Univ part 1" 4138:"Social Justice Movements: All-African People's Revolutionary Party" 3825:. Hamilton, Charles V. (Vintage ed.). New York: Vintage Books. 1470:

SNCC conducted its first actions against the military draft and the

9503: 8866: 6453: 5071: 1899: 1209: 1014:(SNCC). Kahn introduced Carmichael and the other SNCC activists to 971: 903: 528: 458: 4631:"Carmichael, in 'Objective' View, Sees Hitler as 'Greatest White'" 3143:

Ready for Revolution: The Life and Struggles of Stokely Carmichael

2389: 2025:

in our country. He helped to bring those walls down". NAACP Chair

1174:, he worked with grassroots African American activists, including 9815: 9657: 9448: 8683: 7042: 4722:

Freedom Song: A Personal Story of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement

4246:

Icons of Black America: Breaking Barriers and Crossing Boundaries

3386:(September 1966). "Stokely Carmichael Architect of Black Power". 2918: 2916: 2011: 1869: 1765: 1643: 813: 135: 9531: 4974:, on April 19, 1967. Audio and slideshow. Retrieved May 3, 2005. 3534:"Alinsky TWO: 1960s Organizing in an African-American Community" 9713: 8826: 8785: 7110: 5084: 5015: 4945: 4352:"Analyzing ethnic education policy-making in England and Wales" 4274: 4116: 3954:

A Nation on Fire: America in the wake of the King assassination

3918:

A Nation on Fire: America in the Wake of the King Assassination

3615:'I May Not Get There With You:' The True Martin Luther King Jr. 2002: 1839: 1793: 1721: 1620: 888: 860: 836:

and, for a time, the national Black Panther Party. Inspired by

604: 351: 139: 5074:

with interviews and footage of Carmichael's speeches, made by

3667:"KWAME TURE DEAD AT 57 CANCER FELLS FORMER STOKELY CARMICHAEL" 2913: 1724:

the next year. Carmichael became an aide to Guinean president

1102:, Carmichael reflected on his motives for going on the rides: 746: 5845: 5089: 5063:

With H. Rap Brown, Oakland, 1968 (longer version of PBS clip)

3897:, Norman (August 5, 1967). "Carmichael recordings for sale". 3681: 3679: 1729: 1579: 1556:

After stepping down as SNCC chair, Carmichael wrote the book

1321:

Carmichael became chairman of SNCC in 1966, taking over from

856: 729: 4794:

Guinee360.com – Actualité en Guinée, toute actualité du jour

4295: 4185: 3516:"Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement – SNCC & Alinsky" 1532:

During this period, Carmichael was targeted by a section of

1345:

and others to continue Meredith's march. He was arrested in

5068:

From Protest to Resistance: A Critical Look at the New Left

4605:

Strangers in the Land: Blacks, Jews, Post-Holocaust America

4323:

Bhavnani, Reena; Mirza, Heidi Safia; Meetoo, Veena (2005).

3581:, Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute, 2307:

in Chicago in May 2024. Anthony Irons portrayed Carmichael.

2285:

Carmichael's speeches have been sampled by composer and DJ

2253:'s screenplay, Stokely Carmichael is portrayed by director 1817: 1632: 1567: 808:'s leadership. He became a major voting rights activist in 749: 735: 4455: 4436:

10 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia

3676: 3118:

Bias: A CBS Insider Exposes How the Media Distort the News

3029:, Miller Center of the Humanities, University of Virginia. 2010:

In 1998, Ture died of prostate cancer at the age of 57 in

1896:(also known as Malcolm X Park) at 16th and W Streets, NW. 1273:

In 1965, working as a SNCC activist in the black majority

5012:

Department of Special Collections and University Archives

4383: 4381: 4379: 2957:. Brookfield, Connecticut: The Millbrook Press. pp. 2828: 2826: 2406: 2271:

is dedicated to him during a one-month exhibition at the

1353:" speech at a rally that night, using the phrase to urge 9303:

Pan-African Freedom Movement for East and Central Africa

4980:– Stokely Carmichael records at FBI's The Vault Project. 4546:

The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest

3822:

Black power : the politics of liberation in America

1856:. After several discussions, Nkrumah gave his blessing. 1566:. It is a first-person reflection on his experiences in 1349:

during the march. After his release, he gave his first "

898:

His mother, Mabel R. Carmichael, was a stewardess for a

7295:

Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam

7073:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)" 5008:

Stokely Carmichael-Lorna D. Smith Collection, 1964–1972

4856:

Carmichael, Stokely (1966). "Toward Black Liberation".

4741:. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 310–11. 4218:. Thousand Oaks California: SAGE Publications. p. 1062:

Eventually, Carmichael was transferred to the infamous

7319:

African American founding fathers of the United States

5672:

Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement

5537:

John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights

4376: 4313:, BBC News, November 16, 1998. Accessed June 20, 2006. 3651:

In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s

3448:, pp. xvi–xv (2nd edn 1997). Retrieved March 17, 2007. 3420:. Atlanta in the Civil Rights Movement. Archived from 3280:

In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s

2988:

Robert Penn Warren's Who Speaks for the Negro? Archive

2823: 2032: 1262: 1116: 5144: 3854:

Charlie Cobb, "From Stokely Carmichael to Kwame Ture"

3312:. New York, N.Y.: Merit Publishers. 1966. p. 19. 3178:"March 23, 1965: Selma to Montgomery March Continues" 3157:

At Canaan's Edge: America in the King Years 1965–1968

789:(SNCC), then as the "Honorary Prime Minister" of the 726: 723: 9318:

Popular and Social League of the Great Sahara Tribes

3874:

Viva Che!: The Strange Death and Life of Che Guevara

3602:"African-American History Scholar Dr. Peniel Joseph" 1779:

vision, which he retained for the rest of his life.

1615:

Carmichael also continued as a strong critic of the

1317:

Carmichael at a 1966 press conference in Mississippi

743: 7367:

Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument

4407:. Civitas Books, Hachette Book Group. p. 138. 4322: 4068:

Associated Press, "Some Examples of CIA Misconduct"

3818: 3804:(University of California Press, 2013), pp. 122-23. 3788:

Liberation, Imagination and the Black Panther Party

2878:Carmichael, Stokely, and Ekwueme Michael Thelwell. 2048:, near Washington, D.C. Using a statement from the 1308: 740: 732: 720: 10019:Trinidad and Tobago emigrants to the United States 4900:Stokely Speaks: Black Power Back to Pan-Africanism 3814: 3812: 3810: 3662: 3660: 3058:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 285–287. 3055:Hands on the Freedom Plow: Voices of Women in SNCC 2950: 2834: 2598: 2318:Stokely Speaks: From Black Power to Pan-Africanism 1785:In 1986, two years after Sékou Touré's death, the 1770:Stokely Speaks: Black Power Back to Pan-Africanism 1570:and his dissatisfaction with the direction of the 1506: 1446:(SDS). It encouraged the SDS to focus on militant 1074:times placed in maximum security to isolate them. 887:. He attended Tranquility School before moving to 4326:Tackling the Roots of Racism: Lessons for Success 4079: 1802:Documents declassified in 2022 revealed that the 1325:, an activist who later was elected to Congress. 942:After graduation in 1960, Carmichael enrolled at 9900: 8652:Revolutionary People's Constitutional Convention 5903:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 4658:, Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement website. 3920:. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons. p. 2794:. Vol. 2. Chelsea House. pp. 112–113. 1900:Lecturing in the Caribbean and the United States 1743: 1736:. Makeba was appointed Guinea's delegate to the 781:. He was a key leader in the development of the 5893:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 5826:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights 5717:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County 4966:. Carmichael spoke to an enthusiastic crowd at 4542:C armichael, S tokely/ K wame T uré (1941–1998) 3863: 3807: 3657: 3563:"Of Stokely Carmichael, Black Power In America" 1334:leaders vowed to finish the march in his name. 8499:The Black Panthers: Vanguard of the Revolution 7372:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument 4608:. Harvard University Press. pp. 315–317. 4595: 4263: 3876:, 1968/rereleased in 2006, Sutton Publishing, 3630:. United Press International. 1967. p. 15 3172: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3079:"Cambridge, Maryland & The White Backlash" 2982:Robert Penn Warren Center for the Humanities. 2841:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 2504:, November 16, 1998. Accessed March 27, 2008. 1450:resistance. At an SDS-organized conference at 1293:as its mascot, over the white-dominated local 1216: 1153:, Lowndes County Freedom Organization and Dr. 1077:Carmichael said of the Parchman Farm sheriff: 970:. Carmichael and fellow civil rights activist 9547: 8699: 8454:Charles Garry: Streetfighter in the Courtroom 7649: 7566: 7280:List of lynching victims in the United States 5618:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States 5130: 3471:Ngwainmbi, Emmanuel K. (September 18, 2017). 3103:"MFDP Challenge to the Democratic Convention" 2636: 1635:. He became more clearly identified with the 1527: 1044:that he thought the total was fewer than 36. 692: 4548:, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 1–2, 4389:"Kwame Ture (Stokely Carmichael) – Memories" 3941: 3905: 3731:"SNCC Says Carmichael Now En route to Hanoi" 3628:"Protests – Events of 1967 – Year in Review" 3497: 3040:"Kwame Ture (Stokely Carmichael) – Memories" 2791:African-American poets: 1950s to the present 2574:Stokely Carmichael: the story of Black power 2426:"Hoover rated Carmichael as 'black messiah'" 1976:In a final interview given in April 1998 to 1794:American and British government interference 1707: 9919:Activists for African-American civil rights 9839:" / "Iphi Ndilela (Show Me the Way)" (1969) 5747:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights 4661: 4214:Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity and Society 3163: 2731:. Twenty-First Century Books, 2002, p. 44, 1398:from an Atlanta district for a seat in the 840:'s example, he articulated a philosophy of 9554: 9540: 8706: 8692: 7656: 7642: 7573: 7559: 5796:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership 5137: 5123: 4855: 4076:, June 27, 2007. Accessed January 9, 2014. 3950:"April 5: 'Any Man's Death Diminishes Me'" 3617:, (Simon & Schuster, 2000), pp. 66–67. 3597: 3595: 3253:"Lowndes County and the Voting Rights Act" 2814: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2419: 2417: 2415: 1642:Carmichael lamented the 1967 execution of 1143:Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee 1010:(NAG), the Howard campus affiliate of the 699: 685: 31: 10004:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 9288:Organisation of African Trade Union Unity 7583:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 7352:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument 5106:Kwame Ture Speaks at Houston Universities 4601: 3976: 3751:Journal of Transnational American Studies 3654:(Harvard University Press, 1981), p. 251. 3470: 3282:. Harvard University Press. p. 165. 3159:. Simon & Schuster. pp. 109–110. 2832: 2787: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2070:, is credited developing the concept of " 1936:the United States to offer me protection. 1551: 1511: 1012:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 787:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 249:Stolen African art in Western collections 49:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 9248:All-African People's Revolutionary Party 8388:Black Power, We're Goin' Survive America 7387:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change 5427:University of Georgia desegregation riot 4927:SNCC Digital Gateway: Stokely Carmichael 4539: 4391:, Civil Rights Movement Archive website. 4242: 4209: 4017: 3956:. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons. 3145:(Simon & Schuster, 2003), p. 441–446 3114: 3105:, Civil Rights Movement Archive website. 3093:, Civil Rights Movement Archive website. 3081:, Civil Rights Movement Archive website. 3051: 3042:, Civil Rights Movement Archive website. 2632: 2630: 2576:. Silver Burdett Press. pp. 16–17. 2546: 2273:Gamal Abdel Nasser University of Conakry 2052:as a reference, Ture's 1998 obituary in 2050:All-African People's Revolutionary Party 1818:All-African People's Revolutionary Party 1312: 1232:Southern Christian Leadership Conference 1208:, which chose to seat the regular white 1194:Mississippi's 2nd congressional district 918: 800:Carmichael was one of the original SNCC 795:All-African People's Revolutionary Party 10009:The Bronx High School of Science alumni 9007:I. T. A. Wallace-Johnson 7663: 7301:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence 7038:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus" 7033:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round" 5101:American Archive of Public Broadcasting 4893:Black Power: The Politics of Liberation 4628: 4438:. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. 3703: 3592: 3382: 3115:Goldberg, Bernard (February 25, 2001). 2948: 2819:. New York: Scribner. pp. 171–215. 2571: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2412: 2332:Black Power: The Politics of Liberation 2129: 1684:areas of black commercial development. 1681:assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 1602:vision. Influenced by Fanon's ideas in 1559:Black Power: The Politics of Liberation 759:Stokely Standiford Churchill Carmichael 103:Stokely Standiford Churchill Carmichael 9901: 7215:African-American women in the movement 5667:White House Conference on Civil Rights 5498:"Segregation now, segregation forever" 4787: 4734: 4667: 4400: 4249:. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 156. 4018:Weisbrot, Robert (November 23, 2003). 4011: 3893: 3451: 3436: 3277: 3154: 2756: 2596: 2459: 2423: 1435:freedom. They never give it to anyone. 1141:documentary in which he discusses the 1025: 9535: 8687: 7637: 7554: 5656:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections 5118: 5108:– The KHOU-TV Collection (1967) from 5001: 4995:University of California, Los Angeles 4826: 4724:. William Morrow Co. pp. 451–52. 4289: 4186:"Stokely Carmichael Interview Part 1" 4105: 4085: 3947: 3911: 3763:"Stokely Carmichael Expelled by SNCC" 3498:Joshua, Bloom; Martin, Waldo (2016). 2627: 2215: 1669:Institute of Phenomenological Studies 974:helped to fund a five-day run of the 9283:International African Service Bureau 7424:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument 5888:Regional Council of Negro Leadership 5836:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party 5782:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights 5259:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company 5184:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore 4719: 4602:Sundquist, Eric J. (June 30, 2009). 4512: 3847: 3791:(Routledge, 2014 edition), pp. 89-9. 3358:"The Black Panther Party" (pamphlet) 3336:Lowndes County Freedom Organization" 2765: 2729:Toni Morrison: Telling a Tale Untold 2550: 2523: 1971:Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center 1948: 1198:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party 1192:He soon became project director for 1151:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party 830:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party 10024:Trinidad and Tobago pan-Africanists 9324:Rassemblement Démocratique Africain 8160:Lowndes County Freedom Organization 5831:Lowndes County Freedom Organization 5767:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters 5437:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address 4788:Camara, Dansa (November 25, 2018). 4668:Joseph, Peniel E. (July 21, 2006). 4086:Burke, Jason (September 13, 2022). 4061: 3604:, Tavis Smiley Show, March 10, 2014 3445:The Making of Black Revolutionaries 3418:"Quest for Black Power (1966-1970)" 3323:Lowndes County Freedom Organization 3223: 2781: 2452:See Asante, Molefi K.; Ama Mazama. 2109:In 2002, the American-born scholar 2033:Carmichael's marriages and divorces 1772:. This book expounds an explicitly 1287:Lowndes County Freedom Organization 1269:Lowndes County Freedom Organization 1263:Lowndes County Freedom Organization 1135:“Interview with Stokely Carmichael" 1117:Mississippi and Cambridge, Maryland 834:Lowndes County Freedom Organization 13: 9989:Members of the Black Panther Party 9253:All-African Trade Union Federation 8713: 7275:African-American churches attacked 5841:Montgomery Improvement Association 5816:Georgia Council on Human Relations 5801:Council of Federated Organizations 5772:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 5530:16th Street Baptist Church bombing 5488:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot 5294:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom 5198:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents 5090:University of Nebraska Omaha, 1993 4849: 4243:Whitaker, Matthew C., ed. (2011). 3800:Joshua Bloom and Waldo E. Martin, 2953:Stokely Carmichael and Black Power 2924:"Freedom Rides and White Backlash" 2301:Stokely: The Unfinished Revolution 1674: 14: 10045: 9764:Harry Belafonte and Miriam Makeba 9561: 9313:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania 8633:Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song 8368:Revolutionary Black Panther Party 7347:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute 7220:Jews in the civil rights movement 5050:Consciousness and Unconsciousness 4991:Charles E. Young Research Library 4920: 4271:"Memorial Service for Kwame Ture" 3691:Mapping American Social Movements 2424:Warden, Rob (February 10, 1976). 2174:The Chronicle of Higher Education 2158: 1999:"Memorial Service for Kwame Ture" 1915:government of Trinidad and Tobago 1878:Palestine Liberation Organization 1854:Handbook of Revolutionary Warfare 1759: 1444:Students for a Democratic Society 1006:At Howard, Carmichael joined the 954:His professors included the poet 9618:An Evening with Belafonte/Makeba 9586:The Many Voices of Miriam Makeba 9514: 9502: 9492: 9491: 9482: 9481: 8665: 8664: 8592:1968 Olympics Black Power salute 7541:Civil rights movement portal 7534: 7382:Freedom Riders National Monument 7124:The Kingdom of God Is Within You 5636:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches 5595:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests 5482:Second Emancipation Proclamation 5010:(5 linear ft.) is housed in the 4902:. Random House, 1971, 292 pages. 4820: 4808: 4781: 4755: 4728: 4713: 4687: 4648: 4629:Ferreti, Fred (April 14, 1970). 4622: 4577:"Black Activist Disparages Jews" 4554:10.1002/9781405198073.wbierp0302 4349: 3303:"A Report from Lowndes County". 3052:Holsaert, Faith S., ed. (2010). 2124: 1993: 1886:Irish Republican Socialist Party 1830: 1357:and socioeconomic independence: 1309:Chairman of SNCC and Black Power 1129: 1111: 1098:In a 1964 interview with author 925:The Bronx High School of Science 716: 660: 652: 227: 167: 9924:American civil rights activists 9439:All-African Peoples' Conference 8421:Eldridge Cleaver, Black Panther 8353:New Afrikan Black Panther Party 8140:Deacons for Defense and Justice 7856:Jalil Muntaqim (Anthony Bottom) 7409:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum 7397:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial 5873:National Council of Negro Women 5811:Deacons for Defense and Justice 4670:"Black Power's Powerful Legacy" 4569: 4533: 4506: 4449: 4428: 4394: 4343: 4316: 4304: 4236: 4203: 4191: 4179: 4167: 4155: 4143: 4131: 4113:"Life and Career of Kwame Ture" 4042: 3970: 3887: 3794: 3776: 3756: 3740: 3724: 3697: 3642: 3620: 3607: 3568: 3556: 3539: 3526: 3508: 3491: 3464: 3410: 3394: 3376: 3363: 3360:, Merrit Publishers, June 1966. 3351: 3328: 3316: 3296: 3271: 3245: 3205: 3192: 3148: 3135: 3108: 3096: 3084: 3072: 3045: 3032: 3013: 3001: 2975: 2942: 2872: 2859: 2808: 2750: 2721: 2685: 2660: 2348:(1968), Liberation Records DL-6 2193:, stated in his autobiography, 1876:(NJAC) of Trinidad and Tobago, 1874:National Joint Action Committee 1836:"Life and Career of Kwame Ture" 1804:Information Research Department 1507:1967–68: Transition out of SNCC 1427:; we did not go to sit next to 163: 10029:Trinidad and Tobago socialists 9939:American expatriates in Guinea 8612:New Haven Black Panther trials 8448:In the Event Anyone Disappears 8302:Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi 5289:Mansfield school desegregation 4978:Stokely Carmichael FBI Records 4916:. New York: Basic Books, 2014. 4527:10.1080/00064246.1997.11430870 4465:The Journal of Negro Education 3038:Gavin, Joann (December 1998), 2590: 2565: 2511: 2446: 2115:100 Greatest African Americans 1973:, before returning to Guinea. 1728:, and a student of the exiled 1185:, who led the SNCC chapter in 874: 793:, and last as a leader of the 1: 10014:Trinidad and Tobago activists 9634:The Magnificent Miriam Makeba 9464:United States of Latin Africa 9293:Organisation of African Unity 9222:African Leadership University 8363:New Panther Vanguard Movement 8338:Black Riders Liberation Party 7419:National Voting Rights Museum 7362:Civil Rights Movement Archive 7161:Lynching in the United States 7048:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize" 5503:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 5476:University of Chicago sit-ins 5243:Davis v. Prince Edward County 5016:Stanford University Libraries 4827:Jones, Chris (June 3, 2024). 4387:Miller, Mike (January 1999), 4210:Schaefer, Richard T. (2008). 4152:at African American Registry. 4140:, Columbia University website 2696:Safire's Political Dictionary 2551:Span, Paula (April 8, 1998). 2454:Encyclopedia of Black Studies 2383: 2261: 2236:, Kwame Ture is portrayed by 1744:Break with the Black Panthers 1592:Mississippi Freedom Democrats 1289:(LCFO), a party that had the 1206:Democratic National Committee 867:pan-Africanism. Ture died of 381:Organisation of African Unity 61:May 1966 – June 1967 16:American activist (1941–1998) 10034:Washington, D.C., socialists 9969:Deaths from cancer in Guinea 9929:American community activists 9278:First Pan-African Conference 8343:Black Women's Defense League 8209:United Front Against Fascism 8094:Akua Njeri (Deborah Johnson) 7414:National Civil Rights Museum 7270:March on Washington Movement 7255:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church 5724:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co. 4434:Asante, Molefi Kete (2002), 4329:. Policy Press. p. 28. 3819:Carmichael, Stokely (1992). 3687:"SNCC History and Geography" 3242:, Supplement by County, p. 2 3091:"Mississippi Summer Project" 2815:Carmichael, Stokely (2005). 2572:Johnson, Jacqueline (1980). 2378:List of civil rights leaders 1864:(AIM) of the United States, 1383:, along with others such as 1213:way endanger his position". 1181:He also worked closely with 1166:voting rights project under 966:, who was later awarded the 933:Bronx High School of Science 779:Bronx High School of Science 7: 9999:People from Van Nest, Bronx 9974:Deaths from prostate cancer 9798:The House of the Rising Sun 9698:Comme une symphonie d'amour 8507:Judas and the Black Messiah 8191:Free Breakfast for Children 7058:"This Little Light of Mine" 5806:Dallas County Voters League 5752:Atlanta Negro Voters League 5515:Letter from Birmingham Jail 5222:Brown v. Board of Education 4884:. New York: Scribner, 2005. 4311:"Black Panther Leader Dies" 3914:"April 4: U and Fourteenth" 3860:, Accessed March 17, 2007. 3461:. Retrieved March 17, 2007. 2833:Arsenault, Raymond (2006). 2371: 2267:In 2018 a national tribute 2138:, National Director of the 1663:in July 1967 to attend the 1546:Central Intelligence Agency 1460:Industrial Areas Foundation 1224:Selma to Montgomery marches 1217:Selma to Montgomery marches 1036:Congress of Racial Equality 10: 10050: 9771:The Queen of African Music 9594:The World of Miriam Makeba 9217:African Leadership Academy 8607:Murder of Betty Van Patter 8435:The Murder of Fred Hampton 8414:Interview with Bobby Seale 7624:Phil Hutchings (1968–1969) 7392:Martin Luther King Jr. Day 7260:Holt Street Baptist Church 7230:16th Street Baptist Church 6214:Annie Bell Robinson Devine 5858:Nashville Student Movement 5788:An Appeal for Human Rights 4401:Joseph, Peniel E. (2014). 3585:December 23, 2014, at the 3278:Carson, Clayborne (1995). 2597:Delany, Samuel R. (2004). 2518:"Stokely Carmichael Facts" 2409:, Retrieved April 8, 2011. 2269:'the fight of a lifetime' 2113:listed Ture as one of his 2046:Arlington County, Virginia 1528:Targeted by FBI COINTELPRO 1465: 1266: 1202:1964 Democratic Convention 1137:conducted in 1986 for the 968:Nobel Prize for literature 923:Carmichael as a senior at 871:in 1998 at the age of 57. 785:, first while leading the 346:Third International Theory 175:Marlyatou Barry (divorced) 9994:People from Port of Spain 9867: 9789: 9756: 9682:Miriam Makeba & Bongi 9569: 9509:Pan-Africanism portal 9477: 9416: 9385: 9347: 9273:Economic Freedom Fighters 9263:Convention People's Party 9238:African Unification Front 9230: 9209: 9200: 9015: 8854: 8845: 8794: 8728: 8721: 8660: 8584: 8525: 8380: 8320: 8224: 8217: 8178: 8127: 8102: 8066: 8010: 7884: 7748: 7735: 7694: 7673: 7590: 7530: 7432: 7334: 7148: 7081: 7023: 7002: 6889:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson 6859:Modjeska Monteith Simkins 5931: 5923:Women's Political Council 5918:Wednesdays in Mississippi 5913:United Auto Workers (UAW) 5898:Southern Regional Council 5868:Northern Student Movement 5777:Committee for Freedom Now 5737: 5684:Memphis sanitation strike 5650:Voting Rights Act of 1965 5572: 5393:Savannah Protest Movement 5355: 5213: 5174:Journey of Reconciliation 5166: 5153: 5021: 4962:December 7, 2010, at the 4953:at Spartacus Educational. 4895:. Vintage; reissued 1992. 4887:Carmichael, Stokely (and 4876:Carmichael, Stokely (and 4164:, African Liberation Day. 4049:"Miriam Makeba Biography" 3369:Garrow, David J. (1986), 2638:Thelwell, Ekwueme Michael 2061: 1992: 1987: 1927:Ture and Cuban president 1829: 1824: 1708:1969–98: Travel to Africa 1605:The Wretched of the Earth 1482:, and historians such as 1400:Georgia State Legislature 1390:During the controversial 1380:The Wretched of the Earth 1329:had initiated a solitary 1283:Voting Rights Act of 1965 1259:and other local leaders. 1128: 1123: 202: 187: 179: 145: 125: 98: 93: 89: 77: 65: 54: 46: 42: 30: 23: 9984:Howard University alumni 9944:American pan-Africanists 9429:African-American leftism 9178:Henry Sylvester Williams 8942:Ochola Ogaye Mak'Anyengo 8394:Black Panthers: A Report 8232:American Indian Movement 7997:Michael "Cetewayo" Tabor 5757:Atlanta Student Movement 5706:Civil Rights Act of 1968 5631:1964–1965 Scripto strike 5612:Civil Rights Act of 1964 5510:1963 Birmingham campaign 5403:Civil Rights Act of 1960 5327:Civil Rights Act of 1957 5099:interview (1986) in the 4878:Ekwueme Michael Thelwell 4858:The Massachusetts Review 4735:Ransby, Barbara (2003). 4654:Greenberg, Cheryl Lynn, 3977:Churchill, Ward (2002), 3785:and George Katsiaficas, 3341:August 13, 2013, at the 3025:October 6, 2014, at the 2949:Cwiklik, Robert (1993). 2642:The Massachusetts Review 2311: 2293: 2279: 2189:Carmichael's colleague, 2017:The civil rights leader 1862:American Indian Movement 1665:Dialectics of Liberation 1337:Carmichael joined King, 931:Carmichael attended the 816:after being mentored by 610:African and Black Topics 509:Ochola Ogaye Mak'Anyengo 9809:The Lion Sleeps Tonight 9487:Pan-Africanism category 9459:United States of Africa 9454:Union of African States 9444:East African Federation 9393:Ethnic groups of Africa 9298:Pan African Association 8887:Jean-Jacques Dessalines 8833:United States of Africa 8469:All Power to the People 8358:New Black Panther Party 8348:Huey P. Newton Gun Club 8252:Black Panthers (Israel) 7932:Marshall "Eddie" Conway 7826:Elbert "Big Man" Howard 7309:Voter Education Project 7063:"We Shall Not Be Moved" 6724:Adam Clayton Powell Jr. 6159:Josephine Dobbs Clement 5585:Chester school protests 5580:Twenty-fourth Amendment 5542:Detroit Walk to Freedom 5284:Tallahassee bus boycott 5205:Baton Rouge bus boycott 4957:Stokely Carmichael page 4296:Statement of Kwame Ture 3347:Encyclopedia of Alabama 3306:The Black Panther Party 3155:Branch, Taylor (2006). 2700:Oxford University Press 2672:Oxford University Press 2299:Nambi E. Kelley's play 2220: 2167:written by his friends 1953:After his diagnosis of 1884:(South Africa) and the 1882:Pan Africanist Congress 1720:. They left the US for 1659:Carmichael visited the 1365:According to historian 1275:Lowndes County, Alabama 1240:"Bloody Lowndes" County 1008:Nonviolent Action Group 939:during his time there. 879:Carmichael was born in 865:revolutionary socialist 640:Reparations for slavery 572:Ethnic groups of Africa 9858:Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika 9818:" / "Malcolm X" (1965) 9268:East African Community 8907:Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof 8756:Anti-Western sentiment 8483:A Huey P. Newton Story 8267:George Jackson Brigade 8257:British Black Panthers 8237:Black Guerrilla Family 7821:Raymond "Masai" Hewitt 7522:Movement photographers 6764:Bernice Johnson Reagon 6484:Martin Luther King Sr. 6479:Martin Luther King Jr. 6049:William Holmes Borders 5821:Highlander Folk School 5711:Poor People's Campaign 5564:St. Augustine movement 5414:Gomillion v. Lightfoot 5337:Katz Drug Store sit-in 5308:Royal Ice Cream sit-in 5270:Montgomery bus boycott 5055:June 27, 2008, at the 4720:King, Mary E. (1988). 4054:July 11, 2009, at the 3565:, Boston Public Radio. 3257:Zinn Education Project 3238:June 27, 2018, at the 3121:. Simon and Schuster. 2761:. Viking. p. 177. 2757:Watson, Bruce (2010). 2187: 2156: 2140:Anti-Defamation League 1938: 1716:, a noted singer from 1657: 1552:International activism 1512:Stepping down as chair 1504: 1437: 1377:and his landmark book 1363: 1318: 1244:Martin Luther King Jr. 1238:grassroots project in 1155:Martin Luther King Jr. 1109: 1096: 1084: 996: 928: 630:Anti-Western sentiment 439:Félix Houphouët-Boigny 404:Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof 9173:Frances Cress Welsing 8558:Revolutionary Suicide 8333:Black Panther Militia 8242:Black Liberation Army 8179:Programs and projects 8023:Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin 7992:Russell Maroon Shoatz 7357:Civil Rights Memorial 7245:Bethel Baptist Church 6894:Charles Kenzie Steele 6339:Audrey Faye Hendricks 6244:Myrlie Evers-Williams 6224:Patricia Stephens Due 6194:Abraham Lincoln Davis 6129:Colia Lafayette Clark 5883:Operation Breadbasket 5878:National Urban League 5625:Katzenbach v. McClung 5493:Atlanta's Berlin Wall 5146:Civil rights movement 5034:Kwame Ture on Zionism 4898:Carmichael, Stokely, 4704:Top Shelf Productions 4502:on February 19, 2020. 3704:Feldman, Jay (2012). 3673:), November 16, 1998. 3457:Carmichael, Stokely, 3202:(2006), pp. 132, 192. 2201:Waveland, Mississippi 2182: 2151: 2077:In his book on King, 1933: 1806:(IRD) of the British 1652: 1572:Civil Rights Movement 1495: 1412: 1359: 1316: 1104: 1091: 1079: 1064:Parchman Penitentiary 991: 922: 763:civil rights movement 666:Pan-Africanism portal 9355:Black Star of Africa 9308:Pan-African Congress 9258:Conseil de l'Entente 9038:Edward Wilmot Blyden 8962:Abdias do Nascimento 8927:Toussaint Louverture 8647:Black power movement 8622:Rice–Poindexter case 8574:Black Against Empire 8428:Finally Got the News 8381:Films and television 7402:other King memorials 7377:Freedom Rides Museum 7314:1960s counterculture 7265:Edmund Pettus Bridge 6944:Walter Francis White 6849:Alexander D. Shimkin 5363:New Year's Day March 5332:Ministers' Manifesto 5179:Executive Order 9981 4968:Garfield High School 4817:. Archived 10/15/23. 4674:The Chronicle Review 4037:Ready for Revolution 3948:Risen, Clay (2009). 3912:Risen, Clay (2009). 3733:, Associated Press, 3669:, Associated Press ( 3613:Michael Eric Dyson, 3575:"Stokely Carmichael" 3459:"Black Power" speech 3401:"Stokely Carmichael" 3008:"Stokely Carmichael" 2984:"Stokely Carmichael" 2884:Simon & Schuster 2867:Ready for Revolution 2817:Ready for Revolution 2772:"Stokely Carmichael" 2494:Kaufman, Michael T. 2130:Alleged antisemitism 2072:institutional racism 2037:Ture married singer 1712:In 1968, he married 1003:but turned it down. 783:Black Power movement 434:Edward Francis Small 414:Babacar Sedikh Diouf 256:Black Star of Africa 166: 1968; 47:4th Chairman of the 37:In Mississippi, 1966 9949:American socialists 9837:I Shall Be Released 9626:The Magic of Makeba 9602:The Voice of Africa 9408:Conflicts in Africa 9398:Languages of Africa 9372:Pan-African colours 9093:Yosef Ben-Jochannan 8736:African nationalism 8672:Black Panther Party 8307:White Panther Party 8287:Polynesian Panthers 8038:Robert Hillary King 7957:Denise Oliver-Velez 7666:Black Panther Party 7140:Mary McLeod Bethune 7101:Sermon on the Mount 7068:"We Shall Overcome" 6649:William Lewis Moore 6429:Frank Minis Johnson 6404:Richie Jean Jackson 6359:Donald L. Hollowell 6164:Charles E. Cobb Jr. 5969:Gwendolyn Armstrong 5964:William G. Anderson 5944:Victoria Gray Adams 5908:The Freedom Singers 5762:Black Panther Party 5547:March on Washington 5460:Garner v. Louisiana 5421:Boynton v. Virginia 4972:Seattle, Washington 4909:. Henry Holt, 2007. 4905:Joseph, Peniel E., 4889:Charles V. Hamilton 3981:, South End Press, 3671:New York Daily News 3384:Bennett, Lerone Jr. 3259:. September 9, 2016 3231:Lynching in America 2666:Stuckey, Sterling. 2558:The Washington Post 2403:American Experience 2176:article, historian 2068:Charles V. Hamilton 1979:The Washington Post 1967:Trinidad and Tobago 1637:Black Panther Party 1564:Charles V. Hamilton 1187:Cambridge, Maryland 1026:1961: Freedom Rides 885:Trinidad and Tobago 791:Black Panther Party 587:Conflicts in Africa 577:Languages of Africa 554:Yosef Ben-Jochannan 376:Conscious Community 294:African nationalism 289:African communalism 261:Pan-African colours 213:the Politics series 120:Trinidad and Tobago 9964:COINTELPRO targets 9887:Stokely Carmichael 9424:African philosophy 9403:Religion in Africa 9128:Zephania Mothopeng 9078:Amy Ashwood Garvey 9053:John Henrik Clarke 9043:Stokely Carmichael 9028:Molefi Kete Asante 8982:John Nyathi Pokela 8967:Gamal Abdel Nasser 8442:Teach Our Children 8328:Assata's Daughters 8170:Robert F. Williams 8110:Stokely Carmichael 7977:George W. Sams Jr. 7917:Veronza Bowers Jr. 7806:Barbara Easley-Cox 7756:JoNina Abron-Ervin 7613:Stokely Carmichael 7457:Michael Eric Dyson 7342:In popular culture 7225:Fifth Circuit Four 7209:Loving v. Virginia 7202:Hernandez v. Texas 7181:Buchanan v. Warley 7173:Separate but equal 7167:Plessy v. Ferguson 7130:Frederick Douglass 6964:Robert F. Williams 6874:Kelly Miller Smith 6854:Fred Shuttlesworth 6779:Frederick D. Reese 6759:George Raymond Jr. 6749:A. Philip Randolph 6729:Fay Bellamy Powell 6644:Queen Mother Moore 6529:Z. Alexander Looby 6474:Coretta Scott King 6419:Barbara Rose Johns 6399:Jimmie Lee Jackson 6324:William E. Harbour 6104:Stokely Carmichael 6019:Randolph Blackwell 5689:King assassination 5678:Loving v. Virginia 5662:March Against Fear 5642:How Long, Not Long 5520:Children's Crusade 5471:Cambridge movement 5408:Ax Handle Saturday 5373:Greensboro sit-ins 5300:Give Us the Ballot 5029:Stokely Carmichael 5002:Research resources 4951:Stokely Carmichael 4942:Stokely Carmichael 4933:Stokely Carmichael 4912:Joseph, Peniel E. 4635:The New York Times 4581:The New York Times 4024:The New York Times 3773:), August 22, 1968 3735:Lewiston Daily Sun 3648:Clayborne Carson, 2501:The New York Times 2251:Melvin Van Peebles 2216:In popular culture 2111:Molefi Kete Asante 2055:The New York Times 1894:Meridian Hill Park 1866:New Jewel Movement 1544:" Carmichael as a 1488:Michael Eric Dyson 1331:March Against Fear 1319: 1250:had 14 documented 1100:Robert Penn Warren 1001:Harvard University 948:historically black 929: 773:movement. Born in 582:Religion in Africa 299:African philosophy 25:Stokely Carmichael 9954:Anti-imperialists 9896: 9895: 9529: 9528: 9521:Africa portal 9361:Le Marron Inconnu 9343: 9342: 9196: 9195: 8992:Ahmed Sékou Touré 8841: 8840: 8761:Black nationalism 8741:African socialism 8681: 8680: 8376: 8375: 8297:The Pink Panthers 8204:Rainbow Coalition 8197:The Black Panther 8186:Ten-Point Program 8123: 8122: 7912:Dhoruba bin Wahad 7851:Joan Tarika Lewis 7771:William Lee Brent 7631: 7630: 7548: 7547: 7325:Eyes on the Prize 7240:A.G. Gaston Motel 7235:Kelly Ingram Park 7195:Sweatt v. Painter 6879:Mary Louise Smith 6839:Cleveland Sellers 6824:Michael Schwerner 6789:Gloria Richardson 6569:Thurgood Marshall 6489:Bernard Lafayette 6219:John Wesley Dobbs 5733: 5732: 5452:Birmingham attack 5432:Rock Hill sit-ins 5383:Sibley Commission 5378:Nashville sit-ins 5250:Gebhart v. Belton 5236:Briggs v. Elliott 5229:Bolling v. Sharpe 5190:Sweatt v. Painter 5096:Eyes on the Prize 5039:February 17, 1968 4987:Los Angeles Times 4769:. August 10, 2018 4748:978-0-8078-5616-1 4708:Marietta, Georgia 4699:March: Book Three 4615:978-0-674-04414-2 4563:978-1-4051-9807-3 4515:The Black Scholar 4350:Race, Richard W. 4336:978-1-86134-774-9 4277:. January 9, 1999 4256:978-0-313-37643-6 3963:978-0-470-17710-5 3931:978-0-470-17710-5 3737:, August 19, 1967 3579:King Encyclopedia 3405:King Encyclopedia 3065:978-0-252-03557-9 2908:978-0-684-85003-0 2890:. Retrieved from 2852:978-0-19-513674-6 2776:King Encyclopedia 2745:978-0-7613-1852-1 2716:978-0-19-534334-2 2520:, YourDictionary. 2508:on June 28, 2023. 2326:978-1-55652-649-7 2303:premiered at the 2255:Mario Van Peebles 2243:In the 1995 film 2136:Abraham H. Foxman 2066:Ture, along with 2008: 2007: 1949:Illness and death 1845: 1844: 1726:Ahmed Sékou Touré 1596:Tuskegee, Alabama 1343:Cleveland Sellers 1183:Gloria Richardson 1160: 1159: 1139:Eyes on the Prize 977:Three Penny Opera 944:Howard University 709: 708: 399:Ahmed Sékou Touré 314:Black nationalism 304:African socialism 284:African anarchism 206: 205: 192:Howard University 129:November 15, 1998 10041: 9722:Eyes on Tomorrow 9642:All About Miriam 9556: 9549: 9542: 9533: 9532: 9519: 9518: 9517: 9507: 9506: 9495: 9494: 9485: 9484: 9377:Pan-African flag 9207: 9206: 9153:Randall Robinson 9088:Leonard Jeffries 9068:W. E. B. Du Bois 9063:Cheikh Anta Diop 9058:Martin R. Delany 8882:David Comissiong 8852: 8851: 8751:Anti-imperialism 8726: 8725: 8708: 8701: 8694: 8685: 8684: 8673: 8668: 8667: 8627:Robert Templeton 8602:Intercommunalism 8585:Related articles 8566:A Taste of Power 8491:Night Catches Us 8247:Black Liberators 8222: 8221: 8145:W. E. B. Du Bois 8002:James Dixon York 7885:East Coast based 7749:West Coast based 7746: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7712:Kathleen Cleaver 7707:Eldridge Cleaver 7667: 7658: 7651: 7644: 7635: 7634: 7581:Chairmen of the 7575: 7568: 7561: 7552: 7551: 7539: 7538: 7502:Charles M. Payne 7487:Steven F. Lawson 7477:David Halberstam 7447:Clayborne Carson 7188:Hocutt v. Wilson 7135:W. E. B. Du Bois 6984:Sammy Younge Jr. 6969:Q. V. Williamson 6934:Wyatt Tee Walker 6799:Bernice Robinson 6744:Lincoln Ragsdale 6734:Rodney N. Powell 6629:Douglas E. Moore 6504:Sanford R. Leigh 6439:J. Charles Jones 6314:Fannie Lou Hamer 6229:Joseph Ellwanger 6189:Jonathan Daniels 6179:Claudette Colvin 6169:Annie Lee Cooper 6154:Kathleen Cleaver 6149:Eldridge Cleaver 6124:Shirley Chisholm 6014:Gloria Blackwell 5605:workers' murders 5552:"I Have a Dream" 5447:Anniston bombing 5398:Greenville Eight 5313:Little Rock Nine 5276:Browder v. Gayle 5164: 5163: 5139: 5132: 5125: 5116: 5115: 5110:TexasArchive.org 4873: 4844: 4843: 4841: 4839: 4824: 4818: 4812: 4806: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4785: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4763:"BlacKkKlansman" 4759: 4753: 4752: 4732: 4726: 4725: 4717: 4711: 4691: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4665: 4659: 4652: 4646: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4626: 4620: 4619: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4583:. March 11, 1996 4573: 4567: 4566: 4537: 4531: 4530: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4501: 4495:. Archived from 4462: 4453: 4447: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4398: 4392: 4385: 4374: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4364:on July 20, 2020 4363: 4357:. Archived from 4356: 4347: 4341: 4340: 4320: 4314: 4308: 4302: 4293: 4287: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4267: 4261: 4260: 4240: 4234: 4233: 4217: 4207: 4201: 4195: 4189: 4188:, KwameTure.com. 4183: 4177: 4171: 4165: 4159: 4153: 4147: 4141: 4135: 4129: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4119:. April 15, 1998 4109: 4103: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4083: 4077: 4065: 4059: 4046: 4040: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4020:"Stokely Speaks" 4015: 4009: 4008: 3974: 3968: 3967: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3909: 3903: 3902: 3891: 3885: 3867: 3861: 3851: 3845: 3844: 3816: 3805: 3798: 3792: 3783:Kathleen Cleaver 3780: 3774: 3760: 3754: 3753:, 2012, pg. 8-11 3744: 3738: 3728: 3722: 3721: 3710:. Anchor Books. 3701: 3695: 3694: 3683: 3674: 3664: 3655: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3624: 3618: 3611: 3605: 3599: 3590: 3572: 3566: 3560: 3554: 3553: 3551: 3543: 3537: 3532:Plotkin, Wendy, 3530: 3524: 3523: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3468: 3462: 3455: 3449: 3440: 3434: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3424:on June 16, 2014 3414: 3408: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3380: 3374: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3332: 3326: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3311: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3275: 3269: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3249: 3243: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3209: 3203: 3200:At Canaan's Edge 3196: 3190: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3180:. 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Delany 826:two-party system 756: 755: 752: 751: 748: 745: 742: 738: 737: 734: 731: 728: 725: 722: 701: 694: 687: 674: 664: 663: 656: 655: 625:Anti-imperialism 549:W. E. B. Du Bois 419:Cheikh Anta Diop 266:Pan-African flag 231: 208: 207: 171: 169: 165: 132: 112: 110: 94:Personal details 80: 68: 59: 35: 21: 20: 10049: 10048: 10044: 10043: 10042: 10040: 10039: 10038: 9934:American exiles 9899: 9898: 9897: 9892: 9863: 9785: 9752: 9666:Keep Me in Mind 9565: 9560: 9530: 9525: 9515: 9513: 9501: 9497:Africa category 9473: 9412: 9381: 9339: 9226: 9192: 9188:Omali Yeshitela 9168:Issa Laye Thiaw 9098:Maulana Karenga 9083:John G. 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Garrow 2064: 2035: 1994: 1988:External videos 1959:Nation of Islam 1955:prostate cancer 1951: 1902: 1831: 1825:External videos 1820: 1796: 1787:military regime 1762: 1746: 1710: 1690:J. Edgar Hoover 1677: 1675:1968 D.C. riots 1554: 1534:J. Edgar Hoover 1530: 1514: 1509: 1468: 1416:white supremacy 1392:Atlanta Project 1367:David J. Garrow 1339:Floyd McKissick 1311: 1271: 1265: 1219: 1130: 1124:External videos 1119: 1114: 1041:Washington Post 1028: 1020:sit-in movement 877: 869:prostate cancer 849:J. Edgar Hoover 769:and the global 739: 719: 715: 705: 672:Politics portal 670: 661: 653: 645: 644: 600: 592: 591: 567: 559: 558: 519:Patrice Lumumba 514:Omali Yeshitela 499:Muammar Gaddafi 464:Issa Laye Thiaw 394: 386: 385: 366: 358: 357: 279: 271: 270: 239: 174: 173: 170: 1973) 161: 157: 154: 134: 130: 114: 108: 106: 105: 104: 78: 66: 60: 55: 38: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10047: 10037: 10036: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10011: 10006: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9979:Freedom Riders 9976: 9971: 9966: 9961: 9956: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9936: 9931: 9926: 9921: 9916: 9911: 9894: 9893: 9891: 9890: 9884: 9878: 9871: 9869: 9865: 9864: 9862: 9861: 9854: 9847: 9840: 9833: 9826: 9819: 9812: 9805:The Click Song 9801: 9793: 9791: 9787: 9786: 9784: 9783: 9775: 9767: 9760: 9758: 9754: 9753: 9751: 9750: 9742: 9734: 9730:Sing Me a Song 9726: 9718: 9710: 9702: 9694: 9686: 9678: 9670: 9662: 9654: 9646: 9638: 9630: 9622: 9614: 9606: 9598: 9590: 9582: 9573: 9571: 9567: 9566: 9559: 9558: 9551: 9544: 9536: 9527: 9526: 9524: 9523: 9511: 9499: 9489: 9478: 9475: 9474: 9472: 9471: 9469:Year of Africa 9466: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9446: 9441: 9436: 9434:Africanization 9431: 9426: 9420: 9418: 9414: 9413: 9411: 9410: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9389: 9387: 9383: 9382: 9380: 9379: 9374: 9369: 9364: 9357: 9351: 9349: 9345: 9344: 9341: 9340: 9338: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9234: 9232: 9228: 9227: 9225: 9224: 9219: 9213: 9211: 9204: 9198: 9197: 9194: 9193: 9191: 9190: 9185: 9183:Amos N. Wilson 9180: 9175: 9170: 9165: 9160: 9155: 9150: 9145: 9143:Runoko Rashidi 9140: 9135: 9133:George Padmore 9130: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9019: 9017: 9013: 9012: 9010: 9009: 9004: 9002:Robert Sobukwe 8999: 8997:Haile Selassie 8994: 8989: 8987:Thomas Sankara 8984: 8979: 8977:Julius Nyerere 8974: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8912:Kenneth Kaunda 8909: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8892:Anténor Firmin 8889: 8884: 8879: 8877:Amílcar Cabral 8874: 8872:Nnamdi Azikiwe 8869: 8864: 8858: 8856: 8849: 8843: 8842: 8839: 8838: 8836: 8835: 8830: 8823: 8816: 8809: 8804: 8798: 8796: 8792: 8791: 8789: 8788: 8783: 8781:Uhuru Movement 8778: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8732: 8730: 8723: 8719: 8718: 8715:Pan-Africanism 8711: 8710: 8703: 8696: 8688: 8679: 8678: 8676: 8675: 8661: 8658: 8657: 8655: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8637: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8588: 8586: 8582: 8581: 8579: 8578: 8570: 8562: 8554: 8546: 8542:Seize the Time 8538: 8529: 8527: 8523: 8522: 8520: 8519: 8511: 8503: 8495: 8487: 8479: 8473: 8465: 8457: 8451: 8445: 8439: 8431: 8425: 8417: 8411: 8405: 8401:Black Panthers 8397: 8391: 8384: 8382: 8378: 8377: 8374: 8373: 8371: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8324: 8322: 8318: 8317: 8315: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8262:Dalit Panthers 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8228: 8226: 8219: 8215: 8214: 8212: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8193: 8188: 8182: 8180: 8176: 8175: 8173: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8131: 8129: 8125: 8124: 8121: 8120: 8118: 8117: 8112: 8106: 8104: 8100: 8099: 8097: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8079:William O'Neal 8076: 8070: 8068: 8064: 8063: 8061: 8060: 8058:Albert Woodfox 8055: 8053:Herman Wallace 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8014: 8012: 8011:Southern based 8008: 8007: 8005: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7952:Lonnie McLucas 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7927:W. Paul Coates 7924: 7922:Safiya Bukhari 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7902:Ashanti Alston 7899: 7897:Sundiata Acoli 7894: 7888: 7886: 7882: 7881: 7879: 7878: 7876:Michael Zinzun 7873: 7871:Robert Trivers 7868: 7866:Geronimo Pratt 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7846:George Jackson 7843: 7838: 7836:Ericka Huggins 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7801:B. Kwaku Duren 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7766:Charles Barron 7763: 7758: 7752: 7750: 7743: 7733: 7732: 7730: 7729: 7727:David Hilliard 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7698: 7696: 7692: 7691: 7689: 7688: 7683: 7681:Huey P. Newton 7677: 7675: 7671: 7670: 7661: 7660: 7653: 7646: 7638: 7629: 7628: 7626: 7625: 7622: 7616: 7610: 7604: 7598: 7591: 7588: 7587: 7578: 7577: 7570: 7563: 7555: 7546: 7545: 7531: 7528: 7527: 7525: 7524: 7519: 7517:Akinyele Umoja 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7438: 7436: 7430: 7429: 7427: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7405: 7404: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7338: 7336: 7332: 7331: 7329: 7328: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7305: 7304: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7205: 7198: 7191: 7184: 7177: 7176: 7175: 7163: 7158: 7152: 7150: 7146: 7145: 7143: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7120: 7119: 7118: 7113: 7106:Mahatma Gandhi 7103: 7098: 7097: 7096: 7085: 7083: 7079: 7078: 7076: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7029: 7027: 7021: 7020: 7018: 7017: 7015:South Carolina 7012: 7006: 7004: 7000: 6999: 6997: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6954:Hosea Williams 6951: 6946: 6941: 6939:Hollis Watkins 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6869:A. Maceo Smith 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6819:Bernie Sanders 6816: 6811: 6809:Angela Russell 6806: 6801: 6796: 6794:David Richmond 6791: 6786: 6784:Walter Reuther 6781: 6776: 6771: 6769:Cordell Reagon 6766: 6761: 6756: 6754:George Raymond 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6714:Charles Person 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6684:Huey P. Newton 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6639:Harry T. Moore 6636: 6631: 6626: 6624:Cecil B. Moore 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6604:James Meredith 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6434:Clarence Jones 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6374:Zilphia Horton 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6344:Lola Hendricks 6341: 6336: 6334:Dorothy Height 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6304:Lawrence Guyot 6301: 6296: 6294:Jack Greenberg 6291: 6286: 6281: 6279:Andrew Goodman 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6204:Joseph DeLaine 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6174:Dorothy Cotton 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6119:J. L. Chestnut 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6054:Amelia Boynton 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5974:Arnold Aronson 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5935: 5933: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5854: 5853: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5792: 5791: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5743: 5741: 5735: 5734: 5731: 5730: 5728: 5727: 5720: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5702: 5701: 5696: 5686: 5681: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5652: 5647: 5646: 5645: 5633: 5628: 5621: 5614: 5609: 5608: 5607: 5600:Freedom Summer 5597: 5592: 5590:Bloody Tuesday 5587: 5582: 5576: 5574: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5566: 5561: 5560: 5559: 5554: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5533: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5507: 5506: 5505: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5456: 5455: 5454: 5449: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5417: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5359: 5357: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5323: 5322: 5310: 5305: 5304: 5303: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5280: 5279: 5267: 5262: 5255: 5254: 5253: 5246: 5239: 5232: 5217: 5215: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5207: 5202: 5194: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5170: 5168: 5161: 5151: 5150: 5142: 5141: 5134: 5127: 5119: 5113: 5112: 5103: 5092: 5087: 5078: 5065: 5060: 5046: 5036: 5031: 5023: 5020: 5019: 5018: 5003: 5000: 4999: 4998: 4981: 4975: 4954: 4948: 4939: 4930: 4922: 4921:External links 4919: 4918: 4917: 4910: 4903: 4896: 4885: 4874: 4864:(4): 639–651. 4851: 4848: 4846: 4845: 4819: 4815:whosampled.com 4807: 4780: 4754: 4747: 4727: 4712: 4686: 4660: 4647: 4621: 4614: 4594: 4568: 4562: 4532: 4521:(3–4): 32–38. 4505: 4448: 4427: 4413: 4393: 4375: 4342: 4335: 4315: 4303: 4288: 4262: 4255: 4235: 4228: 4202: 4190: 4178: 4166: 4154: 4142: 4130: 4104: 4078: 4060: 4041: 4010: 3988:978-0896086463 3987: 3969: 3962: 3940: 3930: 3904: 3886: 3862: 3846: 3831: 3806: 3793: 3775: 3769:news service ( 3755: 3739: 3723: 3716: 3696: 3675: 3656: 3641: 3619: 3606: 3591: 3567: 3555: 3538: 3525: 3520:www.crmvet.org 3507: 3490: 3483: 3463: 3450: 3435: 3409: 3393: 3388:Ebony Magazine 3375: 3362: 3350: 3327: 3325:Black Past.org 3315: 3295: 3288: 3270: 3244: 3222: 3217:www.crmvet.org 3204: 3191: 3162: 3147: 3134: 3127: 3107: 3095: 3083: 3071: 3064: 3044: 3031: 3012: 3000: 2974: 2967: 2941: 2930:on May 8, 2011 2912: 2871: 2858: 2851: 2837:Freedom Riders 2822: 2807: 2800: 2780: 2764: 2749: 2727:Haskins, Jim. 2720: 2684: 2659: 2648:(4): 634–636. 2626: 2611: 2589: 2582: 2564: 2561:. p. D01. 2522: 2510: 2458: 2445: 2411: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2381: 2380: 2373: 2370: 2369: 2368: 2366:978-0684850047 2355: 2349: 2343: 2328: 2313: 2310: 2309: 2308: 2295: 2292: 2291: 2290: 2281: 2278: 2277: 2276: 2263: 2260: 2259: 2258: 2241: 2233:BlacKkKlansman 2222: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2165:position paper 2160: 2159:Views on women 2157: 2131: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2094:'s biography, 2063: 2060: 2034: 2031: 2006: 2005: 1990: 1989: 1950: 1947: 1901: 1898: 1843: 1842: 1827: 1826: 1819: 1816: 1808:Foreign Office 1795: 1792: 1761: 1760:Life in Guinea 1758: 1745: 1742: 1738:United Nations 1709: 1706: 1702:Huey P. Newton 1676: 1673: 1661:United Kingdom 1646:revolutionary 1553: 1550: 1529: 1526: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1467: 1464: 1327:James Meredith 1310: 1307: 1267:Main article: 1264: 1261: 1248:Lowndes County 1218: 1215: 1172:Freedom Summer 1158: 1157: 1147:Freedom Summer 1126: 1125: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1027: 1024: 983:Bertolt Brecht 956:Sterling Brown 950:university in 876: 873: 804:of 1961 under 802:freedom riders 707: 706: 704: 703: 696: 689: 681: 678: 677: 676: 675: 668: 647: 646: 643: 642: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 601: 598: 597: 594: 593: 590: 589: 584: 579: 574: 568: 565: 564: 561: 560: 557: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 534:Thomas Sankara 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 481: 479:Julius Nyerere 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 454:Haile Selassie 451: 449:George Padmore 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 424:C. L. R. James 421: 416: 411: 409:Amos N. Wilson 406: 401: 395: 392: 391: 388: 387: 384: 383: 378: 373: 367: 364: 363: 360: 359: 356: 355: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 280: 277: 276: 273: 272: 269: 268: 263: 258: 253: 252: 251: 240: 237: 236: 233: 232: 224: 223: 221:Pan-Africanism 217: 216: 204: 203: 200: 199: 189: 185: 184: 181: 177: 176: 159: 155: 150: 149: 147: 143: 142: 133:(aged 57) 127: 123: 122: 102: 100: 96: 95: 91: 90: 87: 86: 81: 75: 74: 69: 63: 62: 52: 51: 44: 43: 40: 39: 36: 28: 27: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10046: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9906: 9904: 9889:(4th husband) 9888: 9885: 9883:(3rd husband) 9882: 9881:Hugh Masekela 9879: 9876: 9873: 9872: 9870: 9866: 9859: 9855: 9852: 9851:Brand New Day 9848: 9845: 9841: 9838: 9834: 9831: 9827: 9824: 9820: 9817: 9813: 9810: 9806: 9802: 9799: 9795: 9794: 9792: 9788: 9781: 9780: 9776: 9773: 9772: 9768: 9765: 9762: 9761: 9759: 9755: 9748: 9747: 9743: 9740: 9739: 9735: 9732: 9731: 9727: 9724: 9723: 9719: 9716: 9715: 9711: 9708: 9707: 9703: 9700: 9699: 9695: 9692: 9691: 9687: 9684: 9683: 9679: 9676: 9675: 9671: 9668: 9667: 9663: 9660: 9659: 9655: 9652: 9651: 9647: 9644: 9643: 9639: 9636: 9635: 9631: 9628: 9627: 9623: 9620: 9619: 9615: 9612: 9611: 9610:Makeba Sings! 9607: 9604: 9603: 9599: 9596: 9595: 9591: 9588: 9587: 9583: 9580: 9579: 9578:Miriam Makeba 9575: 9574: 9572: 9570:Studio albums 9568: 9564: 9563:Miriam Makeba 9557: 9552: 9550: 9545: 9543: 9538: 9537: 9534: 9522: 9512: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9498: 9490: 9488: 9480: 9479: 9476: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9421: 9419: 9415: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9390: 9388: 9384: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9367:Lion of Judah 9365: 9363: 9362: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9352: 9350: 9346: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9325: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9243:African Union 9241: 9239: 9236: 9235: 9233: 9229: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9214: 9212: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9202:Organizations 9199: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9163:Burning Spear 9161: 9159: 9158:Walter Rodney 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9138:Motsoko Pheko 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9118:Archie Mafeje 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9103:Alice Kinloch 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9020: 9018: 9014: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8972:Kwame Nkrumah 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8957:Robert Mugabe 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8937:Samora Machel 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8922:Jomo Kenyatta 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8902:Marcus Garvey 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8859: 8857: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8844: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8828: 8824: 8822: 8821: 8817: 8815: 8814: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8799: 8797: 8793: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8733: 8731: 8727: 8724: 8720: 8716: 8709: 8704: 8702: 8697: 8695: 8690: 8689: 8686: 8674: 8663: 8662: 8659: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8642: 8641:Panther Power 8638: 8635: 8634: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8589: 8587: 8583: 8576: 8575: 8571: 8568: 8567: 8563: 8560: 8559: 8555: 8552: 8551: 8547: 8544: 8543: 8539: 8536: 8535: 8531: 8530: 8528: 8524: 8517: 8516: 8515:The Big Cigar 8512: 8509: 8508: 8504: 8501: 8500: 8496: 8493: 8492: 8488: 8485: 8484: 8480: 8477: 8474: 8471: 8470: 8466: 8463: 8462: 8458: 8455: 8452: 8449: 8446: 8443: 8440: 8437: 8436: 8432: 8429: 8426: 8423: 8422: 8418: 8415: 8412: 8409: 8406: 8403: 8402: 8398: 8395: 8392: 8389: 8386: 8385: 8383: 8379: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8325: 8323: 8319: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8272:Gray Panthers 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8229: 8227: 8223: 8220: 8216: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8198: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8183: 8181: 8177: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8155:Harry Haywood 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8132: 8130: 8126: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8107: 8105: 8101: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8089:Marion Stamps 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8071: 8069: 8067:Chicago based 8065: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8015: 8013: 8009: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7987:Assata Shakur 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7962:Larry Pinkney 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7947:Warren Kimbro 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7889: 7887: 7883: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7796:Emory Douglas 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7781:Bunchy Carter 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7753: 7751: 7747: 7744: 7741: 7734: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7699: 7697: 7693: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7678: 7676: 7672: 7668: 7659: 7654: 7652: 7647: 7645: 7640: 7639: 7636: 7623: 7620: 7617: 7614: 7611: 7608: 7605: 7602: 7601:Charles McDew 7599: 7596: 7593: 7592: 7589: 7584: 7576: 7571: 7569: 7564: 7562: 7557: 7556: 7553: 7543: 7542: 7537: 7529: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7512:Timothy Tyson 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7442:Taylor Branch 7440: 7439: 7437: 7431: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7403: 7400: 7399: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7339: 7337: 7333: 7327: 7326: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7302: 7298: 7297: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7290:Freedom songs 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7210: 7206: 7204: 7203: 7199: 7197: 7196: 7192: 7190: 7189: 7185: 7183: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7171: 7170: 7169: 7168: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7156:Jim Crow laws 7154: 7153: 7151: 7147: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7108: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7095: 7092: 7091: 7090: 7087: 7086: 7084: 7080: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7053:"Oh, Freedom" 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7030: 7028: 7022: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7007: 7005: 7001: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6979:Whitney Young 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6959:Kale Williams 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6919:Albert Turner 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6909:A. P. Tureaud 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6814:Bayard Rustin 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6664:William Moyer 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6599:Joseph McNeil 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6584:Charles McDew 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6574:Benjamin Mays 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6559:Vivian Malone 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6534:Joseph Lowery 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6459:Clyde Kennard 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6449:Vernon Jordan 6447: 6445: 6444:Matthew Jones 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6409:T. J. Jemison 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6394:Jesse Jackson 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6284:Robert Graetz 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6274:Golden Frinks 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6234:Charles Evers 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6184:Vernon Dahmer 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6139:Septima Clark 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6059:Bruce Boynton 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5984:James Baldwin 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5954:Mathew Ahmann 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5930: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5852: 5851:Youth Council 5849: 5848: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5790: 5789: 5785: 5784: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5744: 5742: 5736: 5726: 5725: 5721: 5719: 5718: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5691: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5679: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5657: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5643: 5639: 5638: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5626: 5622: 5620: 5619: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5606: 5603: 5602: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5571: 5565: 5562: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5512: 5511: 5508: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5483: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5443: 5442:Freedom Rides 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5422: 5418: 5416: 5415: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5354: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5321: 5320: 5316: 5315: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5301: 5297: 5296: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5278: 5277: 5273: 5272: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5251: 5247: 5245: 5244: 5240: 5238: 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3717:9780307388230 3713: 3709: 3708: 3700: 3692: 3688: 3682: 3680: 3672: 3668: 3663: 3661: 3653: 3652: 3645: 3629: 3623: 3616: 3610: 3603: 3598: 3596: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3571: 3564: 3559: 3548: 3542: 3535: 3529: 3521: 3517: 3511: 3503: 3502: 3494: 3486: 3484:9783319562155 3480: 3476: 3475: 3467: 3460: 3454: 3447: 3446: 3439: 3423: 3419: 3413: 3406: 3402: 3397: 3389: 3385: 3379: 3372: 3366: 3359: 3354: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3337: 3331: 3324: 3319: 3308: 3307: 3299: 3291: 3289:9780674447271 3285: 3281: 3274: 3258: 3254: 3248: 3241: 3237: 3234: 3233:, 2nd edition 3232: 3226: 3218: 3214: 3208: 3201: 3195: 3179: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3158: 3151: 3144: 3138: 3130: 3128:9781596981485 3124: 3120: 3119: 3111: 3104: 3099: 3092: 3087: 3080: 3075: 3067: 3061: 3057: 3056: 3048: 3041: 3035: 3028: 3024: 3021: 3016: 3009: 3004: 2989: 2985: 2978: 2970: 2968:9781562942762 2964: 2960: 2955: 2954: 2945: 2929: 2925: 2919: 2917: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2900:0-684-85003-6 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2875: 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2018 film 2229: 2225: 2224: 2213: 2209: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2197: 2192: 2186: 2181: 2180:later wrote: 2179: 2175: 2170: 2166: 2155: 2150: 2148: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2134:According to 2125:Controversies 2122: 2118: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2105: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2092:Peniel Joseph 2089: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2059: 2057: 2056: 2051: 2047: 2042: 2040: 2039:Miriam Makeba 2030: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2019:Jesse Jackson 2015: 2013: 2004: 2000: 1991: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1980: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1946: 1944: 1937: 1932: 1930: 1925: 1923: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1906: 1897: 1895: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1857: 1855: 1849: 1841: 1837: 1828: 1823: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1791: 1788: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1734:Kwame Nkrumah 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1714:Miriam Makeba 1705: 1703: 1699: 1698:bad-jacketing 1695: 1691: 1685: 1682: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1656: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1625:North Vietnam 1622: 1618: 1613: 1609: 1607: 1606: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1587: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1560: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1503: 1501: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1484:Peniel Joseph 1481: 1475: 1473: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1417: 1411: 1409: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1381: 1376: 1370: 1368: 1362: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1335: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1315: 1306: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1291:black panther 1288: 1284: 1280: 1279:disfranchised 1276: 1270: 1260: 1258: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1214: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1170:. Throughout 1169: 1165: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1127: 1122: 1112:1964–67: SNCC 1108: 1103: 1101: 1095: 1090: 1087: 1083: 1078: 1075: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1060: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1043: 1042: 1037: 1033: 1032:Freedom Rides 1023: 1021: 1017: 1016:Bayard Rustin 1013: 1009: 1004: 1002: 995: 990: 988: 984: 980: 978: 973: 969: 965: 964:Toni Morrison 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 940: 938: 934: 926: 921: 917: 915: 914: 913:Life Magazine 909: 905: 901: 896: 894: 893:New York City 890: 886: 882: 881:Port of Spain 872: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 845: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 798: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 767:United States 764: 760: 754: 713: 702: 697: 695: 690: 688: 683: 682: 680: 679: 673: 669: 667: 659: 658:Africa portal 651: 650: 649: 648: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 602: 596: 595: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 569: 563: 562: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 544:Walter Rodney 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 524:Robert Mugabe 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 494:Marcus Garvey 492: 490: 487: 485: 484:Kwame Nkrumah 482: 480: 477: 475: 474:Julius Malema 472: 470: 469:Jomo Kenyatta 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 396: 390: 389: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 371:African Union 369: 368: 365:Organizations 362: 361: 354: 353: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 326: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 281: 275: 274: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 250: 247: 246: 245: 242: 241: 235: 234: 230: 226: 225: 222: 219: 218: 214: 210: 209: 201: 197: 193: 190: 186: 182: 178: 153: 152:Miriam Makeba 148: 144: 141: 137: 128: 124: 121: 117: 116:Port of Spain 113:June 29, 1941 101: 97: 92: 88: 85: 82: 76: 73: 70: 64: 58: 53: 50: 45: 41: 34: 29: 22: 19: 9886: 9875:Bongi Makeba 9844:Soweto Blues 9830:Mas que Nada 9777: 9769: 9763: 9757:Compilations 9744: 9736: 9728: 9720: 9712: 9704: 9696: 9690:Country Girl 9688: 9680: 9672: 9664: 9656: 9648: 9640: 9632: 9624: 9616: 9608: 9600: 9592: 9584: 9576: 9359: 9322: 9148:Paul Robeson 9073:Frantz Fanon 9048:Aimé Césaire 9042: 8917:Modibo Keïta 8862:Dennis Akumu 8825: 8818: 8811: 8746:Afrocentrism 8631: 8572: 8564: 8556: 8548: 8540: 8532: 8513: 8505: 8497: 8489: 8481: 8476:Public Enemy 8475: 8467: 8460: 8453: 8447: 8441: 8433: 8427: 8419: 8413: 8407: 8399: 8393: 8387: 8225:Contemporary 8196: 8150:Frantz Fanon 8109: 8033:James Forman 8018:H. Rap Brown 7982:Afeni Shakur 7972:Nile Rodgers 7967:Alex Rackley 7937:Jamal Joseph 7841:Bobby Hutton 7831:John Huggins 7816:Reggie Forte 7786:Mark Comfort 7761:Richard Aoki 7722:Fred Hampton 7702:Elaine Brown 7619:H. Rap Brown 7612: 7595:Marion Barry 7532: 7472:David Garrow 7452:John Dittmer 7323: 7250:Brown Chapel 7207: 7200: 7193: 7186: 7179: 7165: 7122: 6974:Andrew Young 6929:A. T. Walden 6924:C. T. Vivian 6884:Maxine Smith 6719:Homer Plessy 6699:James Orange 6654:Irene Morgan 6609:William Ming 6589:Ralph McGill 6524:Viola Liuzzo 6509:Jim Letherer 6494:James Lawson 6424:Vernon Johns 6414:Esau Jenkins 6369:Myles Horton 6319:Fred Hampton 6309:Prathia Hall 6299:Dick Gregory 6269:Marie Foster 6264:James Forman 6254:James Farmer 6239:Medgar Evers 6199:Angela Davis 6134:Ramsey Clark 6114:James Chaney 6109:Johnnie Carr 6103: 6089:Ralph Bunche 6084:H. Rap Brown 6074:Ruby Bridges 6034:Joanne Bland 6009:Claude Black 5989:Marion Barry 5959:Muhammad Ali 5786: 5722: 5715: 5676: 5654: 5623: 5616: 5458: 5419: 5412: 5342:Kissing Case 5317: 5274: 5257: 5248: 5241: 5234: 5227: 5220: 5196: 5188: 5094: 5067: 5048: 4913: 4906: 4899: 4892: 4881: 4861: 4857: 4836:. Retrieved 4832: 4822: 4810: 4798:. Retrieved 4793: 4783: 4771:. Retrieved 4766: 4757: 4737: 4730: 4721: 4715: 4697: 4689: 4677:. Retrieved 4673: 4663: 4650: 4638:. Retrieved 4634: 4624: 4604: 4597: 4585:. Retrieved 4580: 4571: 4545: 4541: 4535: 4518: 4514: 4508: 4497:the original 4468: 4464: 4451: 4435: 4430: 4418:. Retrieved 4403: 4396: 4366:. Retrieved 4359:the original 4345: 4325: 4318: 4306: 4291: 4281:September 9, 4279:. Retrieved 4265: 4245: 4238: 4213: 4205: 4193: 4181: 4169: 4157: 4145: 4133: 4123:September 9, 4121:. Retrieved 4107: 4095:. Retrieved 4092:The Guardian 4091: 4081: 4071: 4063: 4044: 4036: 4027:. 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