439:, and occurred for over two thousands years in northern and southern Europe, as evidenced by skeleton remains. It's uncertain why it was so common, but researchers speculate a person bound in this way might be considered to have strangled themselves, versus being killed by someone else. Victims may have been part of a ritual sacrifice. Rock art in Addaura Cave, in Sicily, made between 16,000 and 13,000 BP, depict two human figures bound in the incaprettamento manner. Today, it is a method of homicide mostly associated with the
360:
31:
137:
393:, the victim may struggle for a period of time, with unconsciousness typically occurring in 10 to 15 seconds. Cases of ligature strangulation generally involve homicides of women, children, and the elderly. Compared to hanging, the ligature mark will most likely be located lower on the neck of the victim.
337:, when applied correctly and released promptly after loss of consciousness, strangleholds that constrict blood flow are regarded as a safer means to render an opponent unconscious, when compared to other methods, especially strikes to the head, the latter of which can cause potentially
639:
1080:
Ludes, Bertrand; Alcouffe, Ameline; Tupikova, Irina; Gérard, Patrice; Tchérémissinoff, Yaramila; Ribéron, Alexandre; Guilaine, Jean; Beeching, Alain; Crubézy, Eric (2024).
294:
Manual strangulation also has a history as a form of capital punishment, during the 18th century, a sentence of "Death by
Throttling" would be passed upon the verdict of a
291:, due to its extremely frightening and potentially lethal nature, and an observed correlation between non-fatal strangulation in domestic violence and future homicide.
1061:
534:
400:, victims who admitted their alleged sins and recanted were killed via ligature strangulation (i.e. the garrote) before their bodies were burnt during the
1056:
647:
381:) either partially or fully circumferencing the neck. Even though the mechanism of strangulation is similar, it is usually distinguished from
245:
is sometimes considered a mechanism of death in cases of strangulation, but it remains highly disputed. The reported time from application to
260:(also known as "throttling") is strangling with the hands, fingers, or other extremities and sometimes also with blunt objects, such as
268:, interfere with the flow of blood in the neck, or work as a combination of the two. Consequently, manual strangulation may damage the
249:
varies from 7–14 seconds if effectively applied to one minute in other cases, with death occurring minutes after unconsciousness.
867:
719:
1010:
597:
542:
952:
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482:
284:
24:
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or other bones in the neck. In cases of airway compression, manual strangling leads to the frightening sensation of
920:
431:
is a method of strangulation in which the victims neck is tied to their legs bent behind their back (similar to
309:" more technically referring to internal airway restriction), and are extensively practised and used in various
210:
is usually the main mechanism. Complete obstruction of blood flow to the brain is associated with irreversible
1027:
385:
by the strangling force being something other than the person's own body weight. Incomplete occlusion of the
206:
Depending on the particular method of strangulation, one or several of these typically occur in combination;
77:. Fatal strangulation typically occurs in cases of violence, accidents, and is one of two main ways that
242:
1175:
759:"A systematic review of the epidemiology of nonfatal strangulation, a human rights and health concern"
700:
Medicolegal
Investigation of Death: Guidelines for the Application of Pathology to Crime Investigation
238:
1180:
237:
As in all cases of strangulation, the rapidity of death can be affected by the susceptibility to
342:
43:
1028:"Neolithic women in Europe were tied up and buried alive in ritual sacrifices, study suggests"
100:
systems. Strangling can be divided into three general types according to the mechanism used:
20:
191:
1082:"A ritual murder shaped the Early and Middle Neolithic across Central and Southern Europe"
8:
1160:
716:
435:), so that the victim effectively strangle themselves. This method was common throughout
397:
338:
330:
322:
111:
85:
1110:
1081:
84:
Strangling does not have to be fatal; limited or interrupted strangling is practised in
832:
807:
783:
758:
457:
410:
used ligature strangulation as a means of murdering their victims. Confessed
American
231:
219:
180:
678:
1170:
1136:
1006:
977:
837:
788:
301:
More technical variants of manual strangulation are referred to as strangleholds, or
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207:
165:
148:
Strangling involves one or several mechanisms that interfere with the normal flow of
66:
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436:
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223:
157:
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956:
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414:
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58:
950:
A guide to the physical analysis of ligature patterns in homicide investigations
377:
is strangling with some form of cord such as rope, wire, chain, or shoelaces (a
1165:
417:
used ligature strangulation in the rapes and/or murders of his victims, as did
407:
172:
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808:"Non-fatal strangulation is an important risk factor for homicide of women"
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452:
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318:
314:
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211:
140:
The neck contains several vulnerable targets for compression including the
97:
93:
89:
1041:
230:
occurs with a pressure of around 3.4 N/cm (4.9 psi), while the
199:
195:
110:— Strangulation without suspension using some form of cord-like object (
894:
868:"John Danaher Explains The Difference Between a Choke & a Strangle"
477:
277:
218:, but during strangulation there is still unimpeded blood flow in the
30:
535:"How to Improve Investigation and Prosecution of Strangulation Cases"
364:
302:
974:
Dogs of God: Columbus, the
Inquisition, and the Defeat of the Moors.
264:. Depending on how the strangling is performed, it may compress the
234:
demands six times more at approximately 22 N/cm (32 psi).
390:
184:
740:
661:
921:"One-punch killings: They happen more often than you might think"
487:
467:
382:
378:
354:
334:
306:
115:
78:
74:
35:
16:
Compression of the neck that may lead to unconsciousness or death
1057:"Typical Homicide Ritual of the Italian Mafia (Incaprettamento)"
741:
Deaths
Allegedly Caused by the Use of "Choke Holds" (Shime-Waza)
432:
269:
265:
176:
149:
70:
39:
287:, and is regarded by experts as an especially severe form of
273:
222:. Estimates have been made that significant occlusion of the
215:
62:
19:"Strangulation" redirects here. For bowel strangulation, see
1130:
1079:
506:
326:
124:
136:
1062:
The
American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology
959:. Knowledge Solutions Library, Electronic Publication.
532:
406:. Throughout much of the 20th and 21st centuries, the
104:
Hanging — Suspension from a cord wound around the neck
806:
Glass N, Laughon K, Campbell JC, et al. (2008).
717:
Carotid Sinus reflex death - a theory and its history
443:, who have used it as a ritual warning or reprimand.
363:
Illustration depicting the ligature strangulation of
81:
causes death (alongside breaking the victim's neck).
805:
756:
421:(the Green River Killer) and British serial killer
298:for the crime of desertion from the British Army.
1152:
1128:
999:Killing for Company: The Case of Dennis Nilsen
572:
69:state in the brain by restricting the flow of
57:is compression of the neck that may lead to
1147:Basic reference on judo choking techniques.
637:
23:. For domestic violence strangulation, see
698:, with quotations from Spitz and Fisher's
595:
1109:
1099:
944:
942:
831:
782:
348:
285:common in situations of domestic violence
1054:
1048:
1025:
750:
633:
631:
629:
627:
625:
623:
500:
358:
135:
92:, and is an important technique in many
29:
993:
860:
757:Sorenson SB, Joshi M, Sivitz E (2014).
568:
566:
564:
562:
560:
325:application. In some martial arts like
252:
1153:
939:
733:
688:
654:
918:
730:. URL last accessed 28 February 2006.
679:Death from law enforcement neck holds
620:
526:
345:much more quickly and unpredictably.
892:
557:
509:"Hanging Injuries and Strangulation"
280:and may induce violent struggling.
671:
573:Jones, Richard (26 February 2006).
507:Ernoehazy, William; Ernoehazy, WS.
123:— Strangulation using the fingers (
13:
483:Strangulation in domestic violence
25:Strangulation in domestic violence
14:
1192:
963:. URL last accessed 1 March 2006.
895:"Blood Chokes: How Do They Work?"
893:Buck, Andrew (3 September 2019).
763:American Journal of Public Health
706:. URL last accessed 3 March 2006.
668:. URL last accessed 3 March 2006.
1026:Metcalfe, Tom (April 10, 2014).
685:. URL last accessed 3 March 2006
1073:
1019:
987:
966:
912:
886:
848:
799:
747:URL last accessed 3 March 2006.
533:Strack, Gael; McClane, George.
857:. BBC Drama Documentary, 1964.
824:10.1016/j.jemermed.2007.02.065
709:
589:
1:
919:Green, Aimee (20 July 2015).
493:
389:is expected and, in cases of
677:Reay, Donald; Eisele, John.
662:How Safe is Choking in Judo?
7:
1055:Fineschi, V. (March 1998).
446:
65:by causing an increasingly
10:
1197:
1122:
352:
341:or fatal and irreversible
243:Carotid sinus reflex death
131:
18:
1135:. McGraw-Hill Education.
321:systems, and in military
239:carotid sinus stimulation
1129:Ohlenkamp, Neil (2006).
775:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302191
283:Manual strangulation is
1101:10.1126/sciadv.adl3374
961:www.corpus-delicti.com
948:Turvey, Brent (1996).
927:. Advance Publications
371:Ligature strangulation
367:
349:Ligature strangulation
145:
108:Ligature strangulation
47:
44:Timbavati Game Reserve
650:on 27 September 2009.
362:
353:Further information:
139:
33:
21:Strangulation (bowel)
585:on 26 February 2006.
258:Manual strangulation
253:Manual strangulation
208:vascular obstruction
192:carotid sinus reflex
127:) or other extremity
121:Manual strangulation
696:On Chokes (Medical)
398:Spanish Inquisition
331:Brazilian jiu-jitsu
323:hand-to-hand combat
305:(despite the term "
212:neurological damage
190:Stimulation of the
171:Compression of the
156:Compression of the
972:Reston, James Jr.
955:2012-07-24 at the
874:. 18 December 2020
872:Bjj Eastern Europe
722:2012-05-04 at the
458:Capital punishment
368:
220:vertebral arteries
146:
48:
1176:Execution methods
1012:978-0-812-83104-7
1001:. New York City:
976:Doubleday, 2005.
683:charlydmiller.com
638:J. A. J. Ferris.
602:forensicmed.co.uk
579:forensicmed.co.uk
545:on 4 January 2013
289:domestic violence
272:and fracture the
166:cerebral ischemia
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1087:Science Advances
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651:
646:. Archived from
644:pathology.ubc.ca
635:
618:
617:
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608:on 30 April 2006
604:. Archived from
596:Jones, Richard.
593:
587:
586:
581:. Archived from
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555:
554:
552:
550:
541:. Archived from
530:
524:
523:
521:
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437:Neolithic Europe
387:carotid arteries
224:carotid arteries
158:carotid arteries
152:into the brain:
142:carotid arteries
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1181:Causes of death
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1005:. p. 160.
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598:"Strangulation"
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429:Incaprettamento
415:Altemio Sanchez
365:Saint Godelieve
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247:unconsciousness
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86:erotic asphyxia
59:unconsciousness
28:
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818:(3): 329–335.
798:
769:(11): e54–61.
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739:Koiwai, Karl.
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1035:. Retrieved
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1003:Random House
998:
989:
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968:
960:
929:. Retrieved
924:
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902:. Retrieved
899:Find Your Gi
898:
888:
876:. Retrieved
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815:
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766:
762:
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745:judoinfo.com
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666:judoinfo.com
665:
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648:the original
643:
610:. Retrieved
606:the original
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591:
583:the original
578:
547:. Retrieved
543:the original
539:polaroid.com
538:
528:
516:. Retrieved
512:
502:
428:
427:
419:Gary Ridgway
401:
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339:catastrophic
319:self-defense
311:martial arts
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98:self-defense
90:choking game
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73:through the
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50:
49:
1069:(1): 87–92.
1042:Yahoo! News
1032:LiveScience
812:J Emerg Med
715:Passig, K.
396:During the
200:hypotension
196:bradycardia
114:) called a
1161:Strangling
1155:Categories
1037:2024-04-10
925:oregonlive
640:"Asphyxia"
575:"Asphyxia"
494:References
478:Short drop
403:auto-da-fé
303:chokeholds
278:air hunger
202:, or both.
51:Strangling
473:Long drop
453:Beheading
375:garroting
194:—causing
183:—causing
164:—causing
88:, in the
1171:Violence
1111:11006212
997:(1985).
953:Archived
855:Culloden
842:17961956
793:25211747
720:Archived
612:30 April
447:See also
391:homicide
185:asphyxia
112:ligature
1123:Sources
931:27 July
904:27 July
878:27 July
833:2573025
784:4202982
549:3 March
518:3 March
488:Thuggee
468:Hanging
383:hanging
379:garrote
355:Garrote
335:jujutsu
232:trachea
181:trachea
132:General
116:garrote
79:hanging
75:trachea
67:hypoxic
36:cheetah
1139:
1108:
1094:(15).
1009:
980:
840:
830:
791:
781:
433:hogtie
333:, and
270:larynx
266:airway
262:batons
177:larynx
150:oxygen
71:oxygen
40:impala
1166:Abuse
307:choke
274:hyoid
216:death
179:, or
125:hands
63:death
1137:ISBN
1007:ISBN
978:ISBN
933:2021
906:2021
880:2021
838:PMID
789:PMID
614:2006
551:2006
520:2006
327:judo
226:and
214:and
96:and
1106:PMC
1096:doi
828:PMC
820:doi
779:PMC
771:doi
767:104
373:or
241:.
160:or
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1067:97
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