1668:
300:
464:
1656:
73:
38:
82:
1716:
649:
1704:
1680:
1692:
574:, which is a single-celled circulation, spanning from the tropics up to the poles, consisting of the tropical upwelling of air from the tropical troposphere and the extra-tropical downwelling of air. Stratospheric circulation is a predominantly wave-driven circulation in that the tropical upwelling is induced by the wave force by the westward propagating
338:, releasing heat. The rapid photolysis and reformation of ozone heat the stratosphere, resulting in a temperature inversion. This increase of temperature with altitude is characteristic of the stratosphere; its resistance to vertical mixing means that it is stratified. Within the stratosphere temperatures increase with altitude
608:
Another large-scale feature that significantly influences stratospheric circulation is the breaking planetary waves resulting in intense quasi-horizontal mixing in the midlatitudes. This breaking is much more pronounced in the winter hemisphere where this region is called the surf zone. This breaking
407:
Sydney
Chapman gave a correct description of the source of stratospheric ozone and its ability to generate heat within the stratosphere; he also wrote that ozone may be destroyed by reacting with atomic oxygen, making two molecules of molecular oxygen. We now know that there are additional ozone loss
76:
This image shows the temperature trend in the lower stratosphere as measured by a series of satellite-based instruments between
January 1979 and December 2005. The lower stratosphere is centered around 18 kilometers above Earth's surface. The stratosphere image is dominated by blues and greens, which
385:, may carry convection into the stratosphere on a very local and temporary basis. Overall, the attenuation of solar UV at wavelengths that damage DNA by the ozone layer allows life to exist on the surface of the planet outside of the ocean. All air entering the stratosphere must pass through the
284:
from
Germany, in separate but coordinated publications and following years of observations, published the discovery of an isothermal layer at around 11–14 km (6.8-8.7 mi), which is the base of the lower stratosphere. This was based on temperature profiles from mostly unmanned and a few
557:
became the record holder for reaching the altitude record for a manned balloon at 135,890 ft (41,419 m). Eustace also broke the world records for vertical speed skydiving, reached with a peak velocity of 1,321 km/h (822 mph) and total freefall distance of 123,414 ft
251:
about 7 km (23,000 ft; 4.3 mi). Temperatures range from an average of −51 °C (−60 °F; 220 K) near the tropopause to an average of −15 °C (5.0 °F; 260 K) near the mesosphere. Stratospheric temperatures also vary within the stratosphere as the
617:. The resultant breaking causes large-scale mixing of air and other trace gases throughout the midlatitude surf zone. The timescale of this rapid mixing is much smaller than the much slower timescales of upwelling in the tropics and downwelling in the extratropics.
628:
in the stratosphere, can be observed in approximately half of winters when easterly winds develop in the stratosphere. These events often precede unusual winter weather and may even be responsible for the cold
European winters of the 1960s.
537:
Because the temperature in the tropopause and lower stratosphere is largely constant with increasing altitude, very little convection and its resultant turbulence occurs there. Most turbulence at this altitude is caused by variations in the
412:(•OH) with ozone. •OH is formed by the reaction of electrically excited oxygen atoms produced by ozone photolysis, with water vapor. While the stratosphere is dry, additional water vapor is produced in situ by the photochemical oxidation of
511:. Stated another way, it allows the airliner to fly faster while maintaining lift equal to the weight of the plane. (The fuel consumption depends on the drag, which is related to the lift by the
389:, the temperature minimum that divides the troposphere and stratosphere. The rising air is literally freeze dried; the stratosphere is a very dry place. The top of the stratosphere is called the
1098:
570:, and chemical processes, in which the horizontal mixing of gaseous components proceeds much more rapidly than does vertical mixing. The overall circulation of the stratosphere is termed as
455:
Paul J. Crutzen, Mario J. Molina and F. Sherwood
Rowland were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1995 for their work describing the formation and decomposition of stratospheric ozone.
303:
The ozone layer in the stratosphere blocks harmful UV radiation from reaching the surface of the Earth. A gamma ray burst would deplete the ozone layer, allowing UV radiation through.
322:
region, at wavelengths shorter than about 240 nm. Radicals produced from the homolytically split oxygen molecules combine with molecular oxygen to form ozone. Ozone in turn is
724:. In 2001, dust was collected at a height of 41 kilometres in a high-altitude balloon experiment and was found to contain bacterial material when examined later in the laboratory.
408:
mechanisms and that these mechanisms are catalytic, meaning that a small amount of the catalyst can destroy a great number of ozone molecules. The first is due to the reaction of
247:, the lower edge of the stratosphere is as high as 20 km (66,000 ft; 12 mi), at mid-latitudes around 10 km (33,000 ft; 6.2 mi), and at the
452:. The chlorine atoms are recycled when ClO reacts with O in the upper stratosphere, or when ClO reacts with itself in the chemistry of the Antarctic ozone hole.
1148:
499:
typically cruise at altitudes of 9–12 km (30,000–39,000 ft) which is in the lower reaches of the stratosphere in temperate latitudes. This optimizes
1439:
326:
much more rapidly than molecular oxygen as it has a stronger absorption that occurs at longer wavelengths, where the solar emission is more intense. Ozone (O
1012:
1538:
1231:
1275:
1206:
632:
Stratospheric warming of the polar vortex results in its weakening. When the vortex is strong, it keeps the cold, high-pressure air masses
428:
is recycled to OH by reaction with oxygen atoms or ozone. In addition, solar proton events can significantly affect ozone levels via
264:
in the stratosphere can far exceed those in the troposphere, reaching near 60 m/s (220 km/h; 130 mph) in the
Southern
846:
1460:
1252:
236:
is in contrast to the troposphere, where temperature decreases with altitude, and between the troposphere and stratosphere is the
1188:
1492:
1383:
1102:
1058:
996:
884:
609:
is caused due to a highly non-linear interaction between the vertically propagating planetary waves and the isolated high
1531:
1293:
179:
640:; when the vortex weakens, air masses move equatorward, and results in rapid changes of weather in the mid latitudes.
1746:
1022:
365:, with warmer layers above and cooler layers below, makes the stratosphere dynamically stable: there is no regular
1511:
1400:
440:
O) is produced by biological activity at the surface and is oxidised to NO in the stratosphere; the so-called NO
1524:
311:
621:
28:
17:
732:
Some bird species have been reported to fly at the upper levels of the troposphere. On
November 29, 1973, a
448:
molecules are photolysed in the stratosphere releasing chlorine atoms that react with ozone giving ClO and O
1741:
487:
heats the stratosphere, making conditions stable. The stratosphere is also the altitude limit of jets and
818:
672:
680:
is a family of short-lived electrical-breakdown phenomena that occur well above the altitudes of normal
373:
in this part of the atmosphere. However, exceptionally energetic convection processes, such as volcanic
1646:
1028:
876:
868:
684:
and storm clouds. Upper-atmospheric lightning is believed to be electrically induced forms of luminous
582:
362:
163:
277:
571:
307:
The mechanism describing the formation of the ozone layer was described by
British mathematician and
1228:
1272:
1203:
503:, mostly due to the low temperatures encountered near the tropopause and low air density, reducing
299:
233:
733:
402:
315:
1482:
1318:
DasSarma, Priya; DasSarma, Shiladitya (2018). "Survival of microbes in Earth's stratosphere".
1672:
594:
341:
1074:
922:
547:
1249:
899:
8:
1736:
1708:
1547:
1223:
1123:
838:
610:
167:
969:
1423:
1351:
701:
665:
512:
445:
229:
1488:
1431:
1415:
1379:
1343:
1335:
1156:
1054:
1018:
992:
880:
796:
323:
248:
221:
194:
57:
1355:
1180:
1684:
1369:
1327:
808:
802:
775:
745:
685:
409:
378:
112:
1655:
1456:
1373:
1279:
1256:
1235:
1210:
904:
813:
780:
500:
488:
374:
281:
72:
1480:
542:
and other local wind shears, although areas of significant convective activity (
334:. The oxygen atom product combines with atmospheric molecular oxygen to reform O
1720:
1660:
791:
534:
cruised at Mach 3 at 85,000 ft (26 km), all within the stratosphere.
504:
37:
1516:
1331:
1273:
A stratospheric influence on the winter NAO and North
Atlantic surface climate
1730:
1419:
1339:
1160:
765:
753:
597:
that is important for the global stratospheric transport of tracers, such as
433:
1435:
788:(projectile was the first artificial object to reach the upper stratosphere)
1696:
1573:
1401:"Collision between a Vulture and an Aircraft at an Altitude of 37,000 Feet"
1347:
948:
770:
614:
586:
575:
554:
543:
491:, as air is roughly a thousand times thinner there than at the troposphere.
308:
265:
90:
740:) was ingested into a jet engine 11,278 m (37,000 ft) above the
1623:
1606:
1596:
1558:
1149:"Parachutist's Record Fall: Over 25 Miles in 15 Minutes (Published 2014)"
741:
689:
653:
625:
602:
590:
527:
476:
472:
390:
294:
257:
210:
206:
190:
182:
171:
98:
45:
1204:
Quasi-biennial oscillation in ozone in a coupled chemistry-climate model
1633:
1628:
1591:
1568:
1427:
1051:
Atmospheric chemistry and physics: from air pollution to climate change
697:
661:
648:
539:
516:
480:
468:
429:
386:
370:
366:
237:
218:
175:
94:
81:
65:
53:
1715:
566:
The stratosphere is a region of intense interactions among radiative,
1601:
1578:
785:
721:
681:
567:
382:
86:
41:
463:
717:
693:
657:
523:
508:
496:
240:
border that demarcates the beginning of the temperature inversion.
198:
85:
Diagram showing the five primary layers of the Earth's atmosphere:
61:
546:) in the troposphere below may produce turbulence as a result of
1610:
1512:
Current map of global winds and temperatures at the 10 hPa level.
1099:"The Stratosphere - overview | UCAR Center for Science Education"
413:
244:
1294:"How Sudden Stratospheric Warming Affects the Whole Atmosphere"
637:
347:
253:
225:
1201:
N.Butchart, A.A. Scaife, J. Austin, S.H.E. Hare, J.R. Knight.
145:
1481:
Thomas
Alerstam; David A. Christie; Astrid Ulfstrand (1993).
598:
531:
484:
346:; the top of the stratosphere has a temperature of about 270
214:
1181:"Google's Alan Eustace beats Baumgartner's skydiving record"
1011:
Jacob, Daniel J. (1999). "CHAPTER 10. STRATOSPHERIC OZONE".
355:
351:
720:
life survives in the stratosphere, making it a part of the
581:
An interesting feature of stratospheric circulation is the
319:
261:
154:
133:
1691:
871:(2003) , Peter Roach; James Hartmann; Jane Setter (eds.),
444:
radical cycles also deplete stratospheric ozone. Finally,
202:
186:
127:
1375:
Time, Space, Stars & Man: The Story of the Big Bang
558:(37,617 m) – lasting four minutes and 27 seconds.
467:
Aircraft typically cruise at the stratosphere to avoid
318:. Molecular oxygen absorbs high energy sunlight in the
256:
change, reaching particularly low temperatures in the
1644:
1368:
1270:
A.A. Scaife, J.R. Knight, G.K. Vallis, C.K. Folland.
1250:
Stratospheric Harbingers of Anomalous Weather Regimes
393:, above which the temperature decreases with height.
142:
139:
136:
118:
1311:
585:(QBO) in the tropical latitudes, which is driven by
151:
130:
124:
121:
115:
805:, world record for highest recorded jump 2012-2014
799:, world record for highest recorded jump 1961-2012
929:. University Corporation for Atmospheric Research
756:, whose summit is 8,848 m (29,029 ft).
515:.) It also allows the airplane to stay above the
1728:
1317:
964:
962:
197:of the Earth). The increase of temperature with
1546:
989:Der Wettermann - Leben und Werk Richard Aßmanns
1048:
917:
915:
643:
578:, in a phenomenon called Rossby-wave pumping.
530:at about 60,000 ft (18 km), and the
314:in 1930, and is known as the Chapman cycle or
1532:
959:
424:radical produced by the reaction of OH with O
193:) and the cooler layers lower (closer to the
34:Layer of the atmosphere above the troposphere
1362:
1229:Breaking planetary waves in the stratosphere
396:
1487:. Cambridge University Press. p. 276.
941:
912:
839:"Atmospheric Temperature Trends, 1979–2005"
1539:
1525:
1122:Cheng, Daniel (2003). Elert, Glenn (ed.).
986:
949:"NWS JetStream - Layers of the Atmosphere"
1398:
561:
692:into the stratosphere is referred to as
647:
462:
298:
80:
71:
36:
1146:
1124:"Altitude of a commercial jet airplane"
1049:Seinfeld, J. H.; Pandis, S. N. (2006).
589:that are convectively generated in the
14:
1729:
970:"Nasa Ozone Watch: Polar vortex facts"
1520:
1399:Laybourne, Roxie C. (December 1974).
1121:
1103:National Center for Science Education
1014:Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry
1010:
867:
849:from the original on 5 September 2015
620:During northern hemispheric winters,
475:. The blue beam in this image is the
432:with the subsequent formation of OH.
201:is a result of the absorption of the
1053:(2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
1075:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1995"
24:
1248:M.P. Baldwin and T.J. Dunkerton. '
1214:, Journal of Geophysical Research.
1038:– via acmg.seas.harvard.edu.
458:
178:. The stratosphere is composed of
25:
1758:
1505:
1378:. World Scientific. p. 388.
991:, Neuenhagen, Germany: Findling,
185:zones, with the warmer layers of
1714:
1702:
1690:
1678:
1666:
1654:
1445:from the original on 2014-02-22.
1191:from the original on 2014-10-25.
688:. Lightning extending above the
111:
1474:
1463:from the original on 2011-09-14
1449:
1392:
1320:Current Opinion in Microbiology
1286:
1283:, Geophysical Research Letters.
1264:
1242:
1217:
1195:
1173:
1140:
1115:
1091:
1067:
1042:
1017:. Princeton University Press.
1004:
980:
905:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
892:
873:English Pronouncing Dictionary
861:
831:
652:Lightning extending above the
624:, caused by the absorption of
288:
285:manned instrumented balloons.
101:. The layers are not to scale.
77:indicates a cooling over time.
13:
1:
923:"The Stratosphere - overview"
824:
696:, and that reaching into the
622:sudden stratospheric warmings
330:) photolysis produces O and O
29:Stratosphere (disambiguation)
1147:Markoff, John (2014-10-24).
519:weather of the troposphere.
271:
64:, such as in this case of a
7:
819:Upper-atmospheric lightning
759:
712:
678:Upper-atmospheric lightning
673:Upper-atmospheric lightning
644:Upper-atmospheric lightning
10:
1763:
877:Cambridge University Press
670:
583:quasi-biennial oscillation
400:
292:
189:located higher (closer to
26:
1619:
1587:
1554:
1332:10.1016/j.mib.2017.11.002
987:Steinhagen, Hans (2005),
752:) sometimes migrate over
656:into the stratosphere as
572:Brewer-Dobson circulation
479:, beaming further to the
397:Formation and destruction
1747:Meteorological phenomena
974:ozonewatch.gsfc.nasa.gov
727:
1459:. Audubonmagazine.org.
707:
383:supercell thunderstorms
278:Léon Teisserenc de Bort
162:) is the second-lowest
843:NASA/Earth Observatory
668:
660:and reaching into the
562:Circulation and mixing
492:
304:
209:(UV) radiation by the
102:
78:
69:
1370:Michael Mark Woolfson
651:
595:secondary circulation
553:On October 24, 2014,
466:
401:Further information:
342:temperature inversion
302:
293:Further information:
234:temperature inversion
84:
75:
40:
1128:The Physics Factbook
613:region known as the
593:. The QBO induces a
548:convective overshoot
526:aircraft cruised at
170:, located above the
97:, stratosphere, and
27:For other uses, see
1742:Atmosphere of Earth
1408:The Wilson Bulletin
1260:, Science Magazine.
611:potential vorticity
168:atmosphere of Earth
1548:Earth's atmosphere
1278:2014-05-18 at the
1255:2014-01-12 at the
1234:2017-03-17 at the
1209:2014-05-18 at the
1153:The New York Times
908:. Merriam-Webster.
669:
513:lift-to-drag ratio
493:
446:chlorofluorocarbon
403:Ozone–oxygen cycle
316:ozone–oxygen cycle
305:
230:a cyclical fashion
103:
79:
70:
1642:
1641:
1494:978-0-521-44822-2
1385:978-1-84816-933-3
1060:978-0-471-72018-8
998:978-3-933603-33-3
886:978-3-12-539683-8
797:Project Excelsior
734:Rüppell's vulture
410:hydroxyl radicals
379:overshooting tops
195:planetary surface
58:atmospheric entry
16:(Redirected from
1754:
1719:
1718:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1695:
1694:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1659:
1658:
1650:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1518:
1517:
1499:
1498:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1457:"Audubon: Birds"
1453:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1405:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1290:
1284:
1268:
1262:
1246:
1240:
1221:
1215:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1027:. Archived from
1008:
1002:
1001:
984:
978:
977:
966:
957:
956:
945:
939:
938:
936:
934:
919:
910:
909:
896:
890:
889:
865:
859:
858:
856:
854:
835:
809:RQ-4 Global Hawk
803:Red Bull Stratos
776:Overshooting top
746:Bar-headed geese
489:weather balloons
375:eruption columns
280:from France and
161:
160:
157:
156:
153:
148:
147:
144:
141:
138:
135:
132:
129:
126:
123:
120:
117:
60:begins, leaving
56:(dark) at which
21:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1713:
1703:
1701:
1689:
1679:
1677:
1667:
1665:
1653:
1645:
1643:
1638:
1615:
1583:
1550:
1545:
1508:
1503:
1502:
1495:
1479:
1475:
1466:
1464:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1442:
1403:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1367:
1363:
1316:
1312:
1303:
1301:
1300:. 20 March 2018
1292:
1291:
1287:
1280:Wayback Machine
1269:
1265:
1257:Wayback Machine
1247:
1243:
1236:Wayback Machine
1226:, T.N. Palmer.
1222:
1218:
1211:Wayback Machine
1200:
1196:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1165:
1163:
1145:
1141:
1132:
1130:
1120:
1116:
1107:
1105:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1083:
1081:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1061:
1047:
1043:
1034:
1032:
1025:
1009:
1005:
999:
985:
981:
968:
967:
960:
953:www.weather.gov
947:
946:
942:
932:
930:
921:
920:
913:
898:
897:
893:
887:
866:
862:
852:
850:
845:. 6 July 2007.
837:
836:
832:
827:
814:Service ceiling
781:Ozone depletion
762:
730:
715:
710:
675:
646:
564:
501:fuel efficiency
471:rampant in the
461:
459:Aircraft flight
451:
443:
439:
427:
423:
419:
405:
399:
369:and associated
337:
333:
329:
297:
291:
282:Richard Assmann
274:
150:
114:
110:
52:(blue) and the
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1760:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1724:
1723:
1711:
1699:
1687:
1675:
1673:Earth sciences
1663:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1544:
1543:
1536:
1529:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1507:
1506:External links
1504:
1501:
1500:
1493:
1484:Bird Migration
1473:
1448:
1414:(4): 461–462.
1391:
1384:
1361:
1310:
1285:
1263:
1241:
1216:
1194:
1187:. 2014-10-24.
1172:
1139:
1114:
1090:
1079:NobelPrize.org
1066:
1059:
1041:
1023:
1003:
997:
979:
958:
940:
927:scied.ucar.edu
911:
900:"Stratosphere"
891:
885:
860:
829:
828:
826:
823:
822:
821:
816:
811:
806:
800:
794:
792:Perlan Project
789:
783:
778:
773:
768:
761:
758:
738:Gyps rueppelli
729:
726:
714:
711:
709:
706:
671:Main article:
645:
642:
563:
560:
505:parasitic drag
460:
457:
449:
441:
437:
425:
421:
417:
398:
395:
363:stratification
361:This vertical
335:
331:
327:
312:Sydney Chapman
290:
287:
273:
270:
219:exothermically
174:and below the
48:(orange), the
33:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1759:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1700:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1686:
1676:
1674:
1664:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1530:
1528:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1496:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1477:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1402:
1395:
1387:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1245:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1225:
1224:M.E. McIntyre
1220:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1198:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1143:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1062:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1031:on 2019-09-30
1030:
1026:
1024:9781400841547
1020:
1016:
1015:
1007:
1000:
994:
990:
983:
975:
971:
965:
963:
954:
950:
944:
928:
924:
918:
916:
907:
906:
901:
895:
888:
882:
878:
875:, Cambridge:
874:
870:
869:Jones, Daniel
864:
848:
844:
840:
834:
830:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
793:
790:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
766:Le Grand Saut
764:
763:
757:
755:
754:Mount Everest
751:
750:Anser indicus
747:
743:
739:
735:
725:
723:
719:
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
674:
667:
663:
659:
655:
650:
641:
639:
635:
630:
627:
623:
618:
616:
612:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
587:gravity waves
584:
579:
577:
573:
569:
559:
556:
551:
549:
545:
544:thunderstorms
541:
535:
533:
529:
525:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
465:
456:
453:
447:
435:
434:Nitrous oxide
431:
415:
411:
404:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
343:
325:
321:
317:
313:
310:
301:
296:
286:
283:
279:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
250:
246:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
159:
108:
100:
96:
92:
88:
83:
74:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
30:
19:
18:Stratospheric
1709:Solar System
1574:Thermosphere
1564:Stratosphere
1563:
1483:
1476:
1465:. Retrieved
1451:
1411:
1407:
1394:
1374:
1364:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1302:. Retrieved
1297:
1288:
1271:
1266:
1259:
1244:
1227:
1219:
1202:
1197:
1184:
1175:
1164:. Retrieved
1152:
1142:
1131:. Retrieved
1127:
1117:
1106:. Retrieved
1093:
1082:. Retrieved
1078:
1069:
1050:
1044:
1033:. Retrieved
1029:the original
1013:
1006:
988:
982:
973:
952:
943:
931:. Retrieved
926:
903:
894:
872:
863:
851:. Retrieved
842:
833:
771:Lockheed U-2
749:
737:
731:
716:
677:
676:
633:
631:
626:Rossby waves
619:
615:polar vortex
607:
580:
576:Rossby waves
565:
555:Alan Eustace
552:
536:
521:
494:
454:
406:
360:
339:
309:geophysicist
306:
275:
266:polar vortex
242:
107:stratosphere
106:
104:
91:thermosphere
50:stratosphere
49:
1624:Ozone layer
1607:Thermopause
1597:Stratopause
1559:Troposphere
742:Ivory Coast
690:troposphere
654:troposphere
603:water vapor
591:troposphere
495:Commercial
477:ozone layer
473:troposphere
391:stratopause
295:Ozone layer
289:Ozone layer
258:polar night
211:ozone layer
207:ultraviolet
191:outer space
183:temperature
172:troposphere
99:troposphere
46:troposphere
1737:Atmosphere
1731:Categories
1634:Ionosphere
1629:Turbopause
1592:Tropopause
1569:Mesosphere
1467:2011-11-08
1304:2020-07-21
1166:2020-10-20
1133:2022-01-21
1108:2021-02-06
1084:2020-07-21
1035:2020-10-20
825:References
698:mesosphere
662:mesosphere
540:jet stream
481:mesosphere
469:turbulence
430:radiolysis
387:tropopause
381:in severe
371:turbulence
367:convection
324:photolysed
260:(winter).
238:tropopause
222:photolyzed
180:stratified
176:mesosphere
95:mesosphere
66:spacecraft
54:mesosphere
1685:Astronomy
1602:Mesopause
1579:Exosphere
1420:0043-5643
1340:1369-5274
1326:: 24–30.
1239:, Nature.
1161:0362-4331
853:24 August
786:Paris Gun
722:biosphere
718:Bacterial
682:lightning
634:contained
568:dynamical
517:turbulent
497:airliners
420:). The HO
276:In 1902,
272:Discovery
243:Near the
87:exosphere
62:contrails
42:Afterglow
1461:Archived
1440:Archived
1436:46381512
1372:(2013).
1356:19041112
1348:29156444
1276:Archived
1253:Archived
1232:Archived
1207:Archived
1189:Archived
1185:BBC News
847:Archived
760:See also
713:Bacteria
694:blue jet
658:blue jet
524:Concorde
509:airframe
213:, where
199:altitude
68:reentry.
1721:Science
1661:Weather
1647:Portals
1611:Exobase
1428:4160546
933:25 July
700:as red
664:as red
636:in the
507:on the
414:methane
354:or 26.6
254:seasons
245:equator
232:. This
166:of the
44:of the
1491:
1434:
1426:
1418:
1382:
1354:
1346:
1338:
1159:
1057:
1021:
995:
883:
702:sprite
686:plasma
666:sprite
638:Arctic
528:Mach 2
483:. The
226:oxygen
1697:Stars
1443:(PDF)
1424:JSTOR
1404:(PDF)
1352:S2CID
728:Birds
599:ozone
532:SR-71
485:ozone
340:(see
262:Winds
249:poles
224:into
215:ozone
164:layer
1489:ISBN
1432:OCLC
1416:ISSN
1380:ISBN
1344:PMID
1336:ISSN
1157:ISSN
1055:ISBN
1019:ISBN
993:ISBN
935:2018
881:ISBN
855:2015
708:Life
522:The
377:and
320:UV-C
105:The
1328:doi
1298:Eos
601:or
416:(CH
358:).
350:(−3
228:in
217:is
205:'s
203:Sun
187:air
146:ɪər
1733::
1609:/
1438:.
1430:.
1422:.
1412:86
1410:.
1406:.
1350:.
1342:.
1334:.
1324:43
1322:.
1296:.
1183:.
1155:.
1151:.
1126:.
1101:.
1077:.
972:.
961:^
951:.
925:.
914:^
902:.
879:,
841:.
744:.
704:.
605:.
550:.
436:(N
356:°F
352:°C
268:.
158:-/
155:oʊ
149:,-
93:,
89:,
1649::
1540:e
1533:t
1526:v
1497:.
1470:.
1388:.
1358:.
1330::
1307:.
1169:.
1136:.
1111:.
1087:.
1063:.
976:.
955:.
937:.
857:.
748:(
736:(
450:2
442:x
438:2
426:3
422:2
418:4
348:K
344:)
336:3
332:2
328:3
152:t
143:f
140:s
137:ˌ
134:ə
131:t
128:æ
125:r
122:t
119:s
116:ˈ
113:/
109:(
31:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
