29:
2430:
503:
192:, in which the refutation of an opposing position that is weaker than the opponent's is claimed as a refutation of all opposing arguments. Because they have found significantly increased use of the selection form in modern political argumentation, they view its identification as an important new tool for the improvement of public discourse.
207:. A hollow man argument is one that is a complete fabrication, where both the viewpoint and the opponent expressing it do not in fact exist, or at the very least the arguer has never encountered them. Such arguments frequently take the form of vague phrasing such as "some say," "someone out there thinks" or similar
263:
through addressing the strongest form of the other person's argument, even if it is not the one they explicitly presented. Creating the strongest form of the opponent's argument may involve removing flawed assumptions that could be easily refuted or developing the strongest points which counter one's
73:
The typical straw man argument creates the illusion of having refuted or defeated an opponent's proposition through the covert replacement of it with a different proposition (i.e., "stand up a straw man") and the subsequent refutation of that false argument ("knock down a straw man"), instead of the
312:
This was a straw man response; his critics had never criticized the dog as a gift or suggested he return it. This argument was successful at distracting many people from the funds and portraying his critics as nitpicking and heartless. Nixon received an outpouring of public support and remained on
353:
Tindale comments that "the portrait painted of
Darwinian ideology is a caricature, one not borne out by any objective survey of the works cited." The fact that similar misrepresentations of Darwinian thinking have been used to justify and approve racist practices is beside the point: the position
187:
The selection form focuses on a partial and weaker (and easier to refute) representation of the opponent's position. Then the easier refutation of this weaker position is claimed to refute the opponent's complete position. They point out the similarity of the selection form to the fallacy of
354:
that the legislation is attacking and dismissing is a straw man. In subsequent debate, this error was recognized, and the eventual bill omitted all mention of Darwin and
Darwinist ideology. Darwin passionately opposed slavery and worked to intellectually confront the notions of "
175:
In 2006, Robert
Talisse and Scott Aikin expanded the application and use of the straw man fallacy beyond that of previous rhetorical scholars, arguing that the straw man fallacy can take two forms: the original form that misrepresents the opponent's position, which they call the
243:", as well as a play on the word "nitpicking," nut picking refers to intentionally seeking out extremely fringe, non-representative statements from or members of an opposing group and parading these as evidence of that entire group's incompetence or irrationality.
349:, does hereby reject the core concepts of Darwinist ideology that certain races and classes of humans are inherently superior to others, and does hereby condemn the extent to which these philosophies have been used to justify and approve racist practices.
491:. The church claimed Martin Luther is arguing against serving the Eucharist according to one type of serving practice; Martin Luther states he never asserted that in his criticisms towards them and in fact they themselves are making this argument.
276:
I submit to you that if you can't take this evidence and find these defendants guilty on this evidence then we might as well open all the banks and say, "Come on and get the money, boys," because we'll never be able to convict
296:". When campaigning for vice president in 1952, Nixon was accused of having illegally appropriated $ 18,000 in campaign funds for his personal use. In a televised response, based on Franklin D. Roosevelt's
70:
of refuting an argument different from the one actually under discussion, while not recognizing or acknowledging the distinction. One who engages in this fallacy is said to be "attacking a straw man".
308:, six years old, named it Checkers. And, you know, the kids, like all kids, loved the dog, and I just want to say this right now, that, regardless of what they say about it, we are going to keep it.
482:
My answer is, that this sort of argument is common to all those who write against Luther. They assert the very things they assail, or they set up a man of straw whom they may attack.
641:
1155:, ed. Johan van Bentham, Frans H. van Eemeren, Rob Grootendorst and Frank Veltman. Amsterdam, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, North-Holland, 1996. pp. 115–128
967:
487:
In the quote, he responds to arguments of the Roman
Catholic Church and clergy attempting to delegitimize his criticisms, specifically on the correct way to serve the
477:
Luther's Latin text does not use the phrase "man of straw". This is used in a widespread early 20th century
English translation of his work, the Philadelphia Edition
281:
This was a straw man designed to alarm the appellate judges; the chance that the precedent set by one case would literally make it impossible to convict
433:(1577), complained that when men lived in houses of willow they were men of oak, but now they lived in houses of oak and had become men of willow and
2474:
456:
Respondeo, id genus disputandi omnibus familiare esse, qui contra
Lutherum scribunt, ut hoc asserant quod impugnant, aut fingant quod impugnent.
1547:
1552:
413:
is that it refers to men who stood outside courthouses with a straw in their shoe to signal their willingness to be a false witness. The
645:
448:
1392:
678:
304:
It was a little cocker spaniel dog, in a crate he had sent all the way from Texas, black and white, spotted, and our little girl
977:
195:
Aikin and Casey expanded on this model in 2010, introducing a third form. Referring to the "representative form" as the classic
2459:
730:
Demir, Yeliz (2018). "Derailment of strategic maneuvering in a multi-participant TV debate: The fallacy of ignoratio elenchi".
1325:
1236:
1112:
930:
801:
763:
686:
1930:
211:, or it might attribute a non-existent argument to a broad movement in general, rather than an individual or organization.
145:
Quoting an opponent's words out of context—i.e., choosing quotations that misrepresent the opponent's intentions (see
1587:
1429:
440:" The phrase men of straw appears to refer to pampered softness and a lack of character, rather than the modern meaning.
417:
states that the term "man of straw" can be traced back to 1620 as "an easily refuted imaginary opponent in an argument."
1073:
1002:
1741:
146:
393:
The term's origins are a matter of debate, though the usage of the term in rhetoric suggests a human figure made of
345:
Therefore, be it resolved that the legislature of
Louisiana does hereby deplore all instances and all ideologies of
2454:
86:
264:
own position. Developing counters to steel man arguments may produce a stronger argument for one's own position.
1186:
1036:
2349:
1557:
1349:
2479:
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1950:
1223:
1315:
1225:
The
Description of England : The Classic Contemporary Account of Tudor Social Life, ed. George Edelen
1962:
1706:
366:
As a fallacy, the identification and name of straw man arguments are of relatively recent date, although
320:
1972:
22:
460:(I answer that this kind of discussion is familiar to all who write against Luther, so they can assert
272:
In a 1977 appeal of a U.S. bank robbery conviction, a prosecuting attorney said in his oral argument:
2380:
1937:
1833:
426:
1265:
85:, after a pub game of the same name, where patrons throw sticks or battens at a post to knock off a
36:
has shot a cannon (labeled McKinley's Letter) that has involved a "straw man" and its constructors (
2375:
2215:
1683:
1519:
1475:
333:
259:) is the opposite of a straw man argument. Steelmanning is the practice of applying the rhetorical
240:
1350:"The Babylonian Captivity of the Church [from the Philadelphia Edition of Luther's works]"
2395:
2210:
1726:
1422:
383:
319:
presents, as an example, the following passage from a draft of a bill (HCR 74) considered by the
166:
Exaggerating (sometimes grossly) an opponent's argument, then attacking this exaggerated version.
41:
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138:: it fails to address the proposition in question by misrepresenting the opposing position.
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1945:
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identified "the first inclusion of it we can find in a textbook as an informal fallacy" in
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28:
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1231:. Washington D.C, New York: Folger Shakespeare Library, Dover Publications. p. 276.
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Darwin's Sacred Cause: How a Hatred of
Slavery Shaped Darwin's Views on Human Evolution
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Oversimplifying an opponent's argument, then attacking this oversimplified version.
67:
33:
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592: – Techniques in which partisans create an image that favours their interests
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2123:
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1719:
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1671:
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293:
219:
A variation on the selection form, or "weak man" argument, that combines with an
74:
opponent's proposition. Straw man arguments have been used throughout history in
1381:
532: – Figure of speech and former official position within the Catholic Church
82:
2464:
2060:
2045:
1967:
1886:
1812:
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331:, the father of evolution, promoted the justification of racism, and his books
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defender, then denying that person's arguments—thus giving the appearance that
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390:(1970) neither mentions it as a distinct type, nor even as a historical term.
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upholder of that position (and thus the position itself) has been defeated.
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1167:
Attacking Faulty
Reasoning: A Practical Guide to Fallacy-Free Arguments
517:
300:, he spoke about another gift, a dog he had been given by a supporter:
236:
220:
1356:. Robert E. Smith, Project Wittenberg, Wesley R. Smith, Lucas C. Smith
1280:
2191:
2175:
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601:
571:
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402:
367:
2337:
1317:
Works of Martin Luther : With Introductions and Notes, Volume 2
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875:
446:
blames his opponents for misrepresenting his arguments in his work
825:
1439:
98:
75:
81:
Straw man tactics in the United Kingdom may also be known as an
1061:
406:
346:
1127:
435:"a great manie altogither of straw, which is a sore alteration
394:
78:, particularly regarding highly charged emotional subjects.
550: – Repetition of one expression as part of another one
343:
postulate a hierarchy of superior and inferior races. . . .
1302:
Works of martin luther : with introduction and notes.
994:
Litigation Logic: A Practical Guide to Effective Argument
288:
Another example of a strawman argument is U.S. president
567:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
552:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1102:
1062:
Rottenberg, Annette T.; Donna Haisty Winchell (2011).
1284:(online text based on Weimar Edition, vol. 6, p. 497)
675:
How to Win Every Argument: The Use and Abuse of Logic
520: – Attacking the person rather than the argument
498:
239:. A combination of "nut" (i.e., insane person) and "
152:
Presenting someone who defends a position poorly as
544: – Credit for a work given to the wrong person
118:argues against a superficially similar proposition
610: – Fallacious approach to mislead an audience
313:the ticket. He and Eisenhower were later elected.
1304:The Philadelphia edn. Philadelphia: Muhlenberg P.
1179:
2446:
824:Talisse, Robert; Aikin, Scott (September 2006).
598: – Chinese phrase for an ineffectual threat
397:that is easy to knock down or destroy—such as a
472:what they attack, or pretend what they attack.)
16:Form of incorrect argument and informal fallacy
1548:Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise
1107:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 19–28.
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1016:
1014:
920:
370:makes remarks that suggest a similar concern;
1553:Negative conclusion from affirmative premises
1423:
1057:
1055:
785:
633:
616:– Idiom meaning "attacking imaginary enemies"
101:occurs in the following pattern of argument:
48:) in a great explosion. Caption: "SMASHED!",
1031:. American Bar Association. pp. 60–61.
962:
956:
823:
1437:
1089:
1011:
946:Kevin Drum (11 August 2006). "Nutpicking".
639:
1430:
1416:
1052:
945:
873:
836:(3). Kluwer Academic Publishers: 345–352.
779:
742:
526: – Logic founded on unproven premises
2131:
1143:
1141:
1139:
997:. American Bar Association. p. 393.
914:
449:On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church
170:
2284:
1221:
874:Aikin, Scott; Casey, John (March 2011).
679:Continuum International Publishing Group
27:
2475:Political metaphors referring to people
1128:Adrian Desmond and James Moore (2009).
990:
984:
869:
867:
748:
700:
698:
2447:
1395:, more examples of straw man arguments
1313:
1278:
1173:
1136:
665:
663:
565: – Person who sows discord online
538: – Fallacy of incomplete evidence
1411:
1281:"De captivitate ecclesiae babylonica"
1164:
876:"Straw Men, Weak Men, and Hollow Men"
758:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 80.
729:
669:
586: – List of faulty argument types
382:from 1956 (p. 40). By contrast,
122:, falsely, as if an argument against
1320:. A.J. Holman Company. p. 173.
939:
864:
695:
1290:. Ricardt Riis. p. section 15.
886:(1). Springer Netherlands: 87–105.
660:
13:
1347:
968:"The Highest Form of Disagreement"
199:, and the "selection form" as the
14:
2491:
1371:
622: – Fallacy in informal logic
604: – Fallacy in informal logic
578:Fallacy of quoting out of context
147:fallacy of quoting out of context
2429:
2428:
1209:"Origin of the term 'straw man'"
1105:Fallacies and Argument Appraisal
501:
420:
358:" that were used to justify it.
1341:
1307:
1294:
1272:
1215:
1201:
1158:
1121:
1103:Christopher W. Tindale (2007).
1068:. MacMillan. pp. 315–316.
246:
203:, the third form is called the
180:; and a new form they call the
1926:Correlation implies causation
1300:Luther, M. et al. (1915-1943)
1187:Dictionary of Phrase and Fable
1169:. Wadsworth. pp. 157–159.
1165:Damer, T. Edward (1995).
925:. Cambridge University Press.
817:
789:Talking Philosophy: A Wordbook
723:
62:fallacy (sometimes written as
1:
2460:Barriers to critical thinking
627:
214:
1132:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
826:"Two Forms of the Straw Man"
574: – Philosophical theory
361:
7:
494:
415:Online Etymology Dictionary
380:Guides to Straight Thinking
321:Louisiana State Legislature
267:
92:
10:
2496:
2350:I'm entitled to my opinion
1222:Harrison, William (1994).
1180:Brewer, E. Cobham (1898).
23:Straw man (disambiguation)
20:
2424:
2333:
2272:
2206:
2122:
2031:
2006:
1981:
1905:
1857:
1793:
1768:
1740:
1705:
1655:
1609:
1600:
1538:
1504:
1460:
1451:
1065:The Structure of Argument
1025:; JoAnne A. Epps (2001).
892:10.1007/s10503-010-9199-y
842:10.1007/s10503-006-9017-8
755:Understanding Uncertainty
327:Whereas, the writings of
235:), a neologism coined by
126:were an argument against
2376:Motte-and-bailey fallacy
1476:Affirming the consequent
1021:Waicukauski, Ronald J.;
923:Methods of Argumentation
580: – Informal fallacy
431:A Description of England
334:On the Origin of Species
285:bank robbers is remote.
2455:16th-century neologisms
2396:Two wrongs make a right
1727:Denying the correlative
1401:at Fallacy Check, with
1380:at Fallacy Check, with
1314:Luther, Martin (1915).
1279:Luther, Martin (1520).
1153:Logic and Argumentation
921:Douglas Walton (2013).
732:Dil ve Edebiyat Dergisi
706:"The Straw Man Fallacy"
642:"The Logical Fallacies"
399:military training dummy
42:Oswald Garrison Villard
2381:Psychologist's fallacy
2318:Argument to moderation
2308:Argument from anecdote
2258:Chronological snobbery
1882:Quoting out of context
1849:Overwhelming exception
1732:Suppressed correlative
1632:Quoting out of context
1507:quantificational logic
1481:Denying the antecedent
991:Bosanac, Paul (2009).
949:The Washington Monthly
786:A. W. Sparkes (1991).
485:
475:
351:
310:
279:
225:fallacy of composition
171:Contemporary revisions
55:
2344:The Four Great Errors
2324:Argumentum ad populum
2313:Argument from silence
2017:Argumentum ad baculum
1795:Faulty generalization
1486:Argument from fallacy
1387:The Straw Man Fallacy
1149:The straw man fallacy
479:
454:
325:
302:
274:
31:
2362:Invincible ignorance
2168:Reductio ad Stalinum
2154:Reductio ad Hitlerum
2110:Wisdom of repugnance
1877:Moving the goalposts
1742:Illicit transference
1667:Begging the question
1588:Undistributed middle
1496:Mathematical fallacy
1471:Affirming a disjunct
1389:at the Fallacy Files
1028:The Winning Argument
681:. pp. 155–157.
614:Tilting at windmills
524:Begging the question
261:principle of charity
190:hasty generalization
136:fallacy of relevance
134:This reasoning is a
108:asserts proposition
21:For other uses, see
2480:Relevance fallacies
2095:Parade of horribles
2071:In-group favoritism
1897:Syntactic ambiguity
1540:Syllogistic fallacy
1463:propositional logic
964:Friedersdorf, Conor
317:Christopher Tindale
178:representative form
54:, 22 September 1900
2181:Poisoning the well
1998:Proof by assertion
1973:Texas sharpshooter
1907:Questionable cause
1844:Slothful induction
1803:Anecdotal evidence
1663:Circular reasoning
1558:Exclusive premises
1520:Illicit conversion
1182:"Man of Straw (A)"
750:Lindley, Dennis V.
620:Trivial objections
590:Media manipulation
340:The Descent of Man
253:steel man argument
56:
2442:
2441:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2356:Ignoratio elenchi
2268:
2267:
2118:
2117:
2080:Not invented here
1785:Converse accident
1707:Correlative-based
1684:Compound question
1627:False attribution
1622:False equivalence
1596:
1595:
1327:978-0-7222-2123-5
1238:978-0-486-28275-6
1147:Douglas Walton, "
1114:978-0-521-84208-2
1023:Paul Mark Sandler
932:978-1-107-43519-3
803:978-0-415-04223-9
765:978-0-470-04383-7
688:978-0-8264-9894-6
640:Downes, Stephen.
584:List of fallacies
542:False attribution
509:Philosophy portal
372:Douglas N. Walton
356:scientific racism
89:balanced on top.
2487:
2432:
2431:
2403:Special pleading
2282:
2281:
2143:Appeal to motive
2129:
2128:
2105:Stirring symbols
2085:Island mentality
2023:Wishful thinking
2004:
2003:
1720:Perfect solution
1697:No true Scotsman
1692:Complex question
1677:Leading question
1656:Question-begging
1642:No true Scotsman
1607:
1606:
1530:Quantifier shift
1525:Proof by example
1458:
1457:
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1425:
1418:
1409:
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1348:Luther, Martin.
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976:. Archived from
966:(26 June 2017).
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710:fallacyfiles.org
702:
693:
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653:
644:. Archived from
637:
568:
553:
530:Devil's advocate
511:
506:
505:
504:
427:William Harrison
386:'s classic text
76:polemical debate
68:informal fallacy
34:William McKinley
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2386:Rationalization
2329:
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2124:Genetic fallacy
2114:
2027:
2002:
1977:
1901:
1892:Sorites paradox
1872:False precision
1853:
1834:Double counting
1789:
1764:
1736:
1701:
1688:Loaded question
1672:Loaded language
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1288:martinluther.dk
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1005:
989:
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980:on 6 June 2021.
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933:
919:
915:
872:
865:
822:
818:
808:
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796:. p. 104.
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747:
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714:
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703:
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648:on 3 March 2016
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411:false etymology
409:. A common but
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294:Checkers speech
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51:Harper's Weekly
32:U.S. president
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17:
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5:
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2216:Accomplishment
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2012:
2010:
2001:
2000:
1991:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1976:
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1970:
1968:Slippery slope
1965:
1960:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1943:
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1941:
1934:
1924:
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1911:
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1887:Slippery slope
1884:
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1863:
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1846:
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1813:Cherry picking
1805:
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1372:External links
1370:
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1354:lutherdansk.dk
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1262:|website=
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557:Cognitive bias
554:
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536:Cherry picking
533:
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422:
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363:
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329:Charles Darwin
269:
266:
248:
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241:cherry picking
216:
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182:selection form
172:
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97:The straw man
94:
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15:
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2470:Martin Luther
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2076:Invented here
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1839:False analogy
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1808:Sampling bias
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1715:False dilemma
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1583:Illicit minor
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1578:Illicit major
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880:Argumentation
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835:
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830:Argumentation
827:
820:
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767:
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745:
737:
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707:
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676:
672:
671:Pirie, Madsen
666:
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612:
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563:Concern troll
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469:
466:, literally:
465:
461:
453:
451:
450:
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444:Martin Luther
441:
439:
436:
432:
428:
421:Related usage
418:
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389:
385:
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291:
290:Richard Nixon
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141:For example:
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61:
53:
52:
47:
46:Richard Olney
43:
39:
35:
30:
24:
19:
2407:
2371:Naturalistic
2354:
2342:
2322:
2293:
2277:of relevance
2220:
2198:Whataboutism
2190:
2166:
2160:Godwin's law
2152:
2132:
2015:
2008:Consequences
1989:Law/Legality
1963:Single cause
1936:
1929:
1769:
1637:Loki's Wager
1617:Equivocation
1610:Equivocation
1360:14 September
1358:. Retrieved
1353:
1343:
1333:14 September
1331:. Retrieved
1316:
1309:
1301:
1296:
1287:
1274:
1244:14 September
1242:. Retrieved
1224:
1217:
1203:
1191:. Retrieved
1185:
1175:
1166:
1160:
1152:
1129:
1123:
1104:
1079:. Retrieved
1064:
1042:. Retrieved
1027:
993:
986:
978:the original
973:The Atlantic
971:
958:
947:
941:
922:
916:
883:
879:
833:
829:
819:
807:. Retrieved
788:
781:
769:. Retrieved
754:
744:
735:
731:
725:
713:. Retrieved
709:
674:
650:. Retrieved
646:the original
635:
548:Misquotation
486:
481:
480:
476:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
447:
442:
437:
434:
430:
424:
414:
392:
387:
379:
376:Stuart Chase
365:
352:
338:
332:
326:
315:
311:
303:
287:
282:
280:
275:
271:
257:steelmanning
256:
252:
250:
247:Steelmanning
232:
228:
218:
209:weasel words
204:
200:
196:
194:
186:
181:
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140:
133:
127:
123:
119:
115:
109:
105:
96:
80:
72:
63:
59:
57:
49:
18:
2391:Red herring
2148:Association
1829:Conjunction
1750:Composition
1647:Reification
1563:Existential
1515:Existential
1399:Nut picking
1081:25 February
1044:25 February
809:25 February
771:25 February
738:(1): 25-58.
652:25 February
608:Red herring
596:Paper tiger
298:Fala speech
233:nut picking
38:Carl Schurz
2449:Categories
2367:Moralistic
2301:Sealioning
2295:Ad nauseam
2222:Ipse dixit
2134:Ad hominem
1958:Regression
1760:Ecological
1573:Four terms
1491:Masked man
1038:1570739382
715:12 October
628:References
518:Ad hominem
237:Kevin Drum
229:nutpicking
221:ad hominem
215:Nutpicking
205:hollow man
83:Aunt Sally
2408:Straw man
2286:Arguments
2275:fallacies
2249:Tradition
2239:Etymology
2211:Authority
2192:Tu quoque
2176:Bulverism
1946:Gambler's
1915:Animistic
1859:Ambiguity
1825:Base rate
1568:Necessity
1440:fallacies
1393:Straw Man
1378:Straw Man
1264:ignored (
1254:cite book
908:143594966
900:1572-8374
850:1572-8374
794:Routledge
602:Pooh-pooh
572:Cratylism
489:Eucharist
425:Reverend
403:scarecrow
388:Fallacies
368:Aristotle
362:Etymology
323:in 2001:
292:'s 1952 "
197:straw man
66:) is the
60:straw man
2434:Category
2066:Ridicule
2051:Flattery
2041:Children
1938:Post hoc
1818:McNamara
1780:Accident
1755:Division
1602:Informal
1403:examples
1382:examples
858:15523437
752:(2006).
673:(2007).
495:See also
452:(1520):
268:Examples
201:weak man
116:Person 2
106:Person 1
93:Overview
64:strawman
2253:Novelty
2228:Poverty
2090:Loyalty
2056:Novelty
2033:Emotion
1982:Appeals
1951:Inverse
1931:Cum hoc
1920:Furtive
1438:Common
384:Hamblin
99:fallacy
87:skittle
2338:Cliché
2273:Other
2244:Nature
2232:Wealth
1867:Accent
1453:Formal
1324:
1235:
1193:13 May
1151:". In
1111:
1072:
1035:
1001:
929:
906:
898:
856:
848:
800:
762:
685:
677:. UK:
407:effigy
347:racism
306:Tricia
2465:Error
2100:Spite
1994:Stone
904:S2CID
854:S2CID
464:plant
462:(or:
429:, in
405:, or
395:straw
277:them.
158:every
2186:Tone
2061:Pity
2046:Fear
1444:list
1362:2023
1335:2023
1322:ISBN
1266:help
1246:2023
1233:ISBN
1195:2009
1109:ISBN
1083:2016
1070:ISBN
1046:2016
1033:ISBN
999:ISBN
927:ISBN
896:ISSN
846:ISSN
811:2016
798:ISBN
773:2016
760:ISBN
717:2007
683:ISBN
654:2016
337:and
255:(or
231:(or
223:and
1505:In
1461:In
888:doi
838:doi
468:sow
378:'s
283:any
227:is
154:the
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2369:/
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2078:/
1996:/
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1690:/
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1352:.
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1256:}}
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
