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27:
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For each discrete determination of streamflow discharge, the mean velocity of the cross section is determined by dividing streamflow discharge by the cross-sectional area. A rating curve, similar to that used for stage-discharge determinations, is constructed using the mean velocity and the index velocity from the permanently mounted meter. An additional rating curve is constructed that relates stage of the stream to cross-sectional area. Using these two ratings, the automatically collected stage produces an estimate of the cross-sectional area, and the automatically collected index velocity produces an estimate of the mean velocity of the
398:
113:
136:
installed, and the slope of the water surface would be calculated between the gauges. This value would be used along with the stage measurement to more accurately determine the streamflow discharge. Improvements in the accuracy of velocity sensors have also allowed the use of water velocity as a reliable surrogate for streamflow discharge at sites with a stable cross-sectional area. These sensors are permanently mounted in the stream and measure velocity at a particular location in the stream.
161:
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201:
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is conducted. This analysis uses a velocity sensor, often either magnetic or acoustic, to measure the velocity of the flow at a particular location in the stream cross section. Once again, discrete measurements of streamflow discharge are made by the technician or hydrologist at a variety of stages.
184:
Once the rating curve is established, it can be used in conjunction with stage measurements to determine the volumetric streamflow discharge. This record then serves as an assessment of the volume of water that passes by the stream gauge and is useful for many tasks associated with hydrology.
135:
to produce discharge values. In the majority of cases, a stage (the elevation of the water surface) measurement is used as the surrogate. Low gradient (or shallow-sloped) streams are highly influenced by variable downstream channel conditions. For these streams, a second stream gauge would be
423:
To establish a stream gauge, USGS personnel first choose a site on a stream where the geometry is relatively stable and there is a suitable location to make discrete direct measurements of streamflow using specialized equipment. Many times this will be at a bridge or other stream crossing.
493:
In the Czech
Republic, in some measuring places (profiles) are defined three levels which define three degrees of flood-emergency activity. The degree I is a situation of alertness, the degree II is a situation of readiness, the degree III is a situation of danger.
457:. This is an extensive network covering all major rivers and catchments in the country. However, a review of existing gauges raised serious concerns about the reliability of the data of a minority of stations, due in part to ongoing funding problems.
465:
The largest stream gauge network in
Bangladesh is maintained by Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB). At few other locations, Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Authority maintains a few gauges to provide advisories for navigational purposes.
372:
in 1913. The national gauging station network was established in its current form by the early 1970s and consists of approximately 1500 flow measurement stations supplemented by a variable number of temporary monitoring sites. The
438:) to the Water Science Center office where the records are kept. The USGS has a Water Science Center office in every state within the United States. Current streamflow data from USGS streamgages may be viewed in map form at:
533:
521:. As of 2021, it operates or collects data from more than 2800 gauges across Canada. This data is used by provincial and territory governments to inform flood predictions and water management.
219:
A variety of hydraulic structures / primary device are used to improve the reliability of using water level as a surrogate for flow (improving the accuracy of the rating table), including:
454:
145:
must be constructed. A rating curve is the functional relation between stage and discharge. It is determined by making repeated discrete measurements of streamflow discharge using a
131:
and thus requires many cross-sectional velocity measurements. In place of the direct measurement of stream discharge, one or more surrogate measurements can be used as
537:
153:
responsible for determining the rating curve visit the site routinely, with special trips to measure the hydrologic extremes (floods and droughts), and make a
822:
A catalogue of river flow gauging stations and observation wells and boreholes in the United
Kingdom together with summary hydrometric and spatial statistics.
856:
197:. The streamflow discharge is computed as the product of the estimate of the cross section area and the estimate of the mean velocity of the streamflow.
825:
435:
757:
288:
Water pressure measuring device (Bubbler) - to measure water level via pressure (typically done directly in-stream without a stilling well)
506:
Temporarily shifted rating curve for station 05CK004, Red Deer River near
Bindloss, Alberta, Canada, operated by Water Survey of Canada
123:
Automated direct measurement of stream discharge is difficult at present. Mathematically, measuring stream discharge is estimating the
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1087:
1455:
819:
382:
518:
842:
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with a wheel and pulley system connected to a float in a stilling well to provide an electronic reading of the water level
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and some means to measure the channel geometry to determine the cross-sectional area of the channel. The technicians and
2102:
320:
788:
2081:
1612:
689:
2076:
323:. One informal methods that is not acceptable for any official or scientific purpose, but can be useful is the
1637:
335:
549:
26:
736:
Nyabeze, W.R. 2005. Calibrating a distributed model to estimate runoff for ungauged catchments in
Zimbabwe.
420:. Within the USGS, the Water Resources Division carries the responsibility for monitoring water resources.
1778:
1728:
1622:
611: – Elevation of the free surface of a stream, lake or reservoir relative to a specified vertical datum
591:
558:
369:
327:, in which a floating object such as a piece of wood or orange peel is observed floating down the stream.
2056:
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340:
469:
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Cableways - for suspending a hydrographer and current meter over a river to make high flow measurement
2066:
2018:
1901:
642:. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station
2051:
1768:
1733:
1575:
194:
2061:
1753:
1518:
378:
55:
637:"Stream channel reference sites: an illustrated guide to field technique. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-24"
2003:
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of the flow. Additional equipment is installed to record and transmit these readings (via the
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measurements of a stream or canal without an established stream gauge can be made using a
8:
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1962:
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In those instances where a velocity measurement is additionally used as a surrogate, an
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by following an explicit set of instructions or standard operating procedures (SOPs).
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605: – Conceptual column of water from the surface to the bottom of a body of water
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in Wales, whilst responsibility for
Scotland and Northern Ireland rests with the
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Stilling well - to provide a calm water level that can be measured by a sensor
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In those instances where only a stage measurement is used as the surrogate, a
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2013:
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is responsible for collection and analysis of hydrometric data in
England,
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416:(USGS) is the principal federal agency tasked with maintaining records of
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617: – Structure for measuring the Nile River's clarity and water level
599: – Device for measuring the change in sea level relative to a datum
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may also be made. The locations of gauging stations are often found on
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The first routine measurements of river flow in
England began on the
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305:- to measure water level in a stilling well or directly in a canal.
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1988:
1937:
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453:, the national stream gauge network is the responsibility of the
267:
Other equipment commonly used at permanent stream gauge include:
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Harrelson, Cheryl C; Rawlins, C. L.; Potyondy, John P. (1994).
510:
90:. Some gauging stations are highly automated and may include
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1911:
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577: – Monitoring the components of the hydrological cycle
540:. It operates nearly 40 gauging station around the island.
223:
165:
428:(the elevation of the water surface) or, more rarely, the
1831:
1272:
690:"A brief history of river level monitoring in Scotland"
756:
Canada, Environment and
Climate Change (2007-01-09).
424:
Technicians then install equipment that measures the
554:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
19:
For the canal boat gauging or indexing station, see
532:In Sri Lanka stream and rivers are monitored by
436:Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite
330:
2094:
864:
588: – Predicting and managing water resources
78:(flow) are generally taken and observations of
810:, Water Resources of New Hampshire and Vermont
850:
658:
656:
826:"Radio Gauge Warns of Flood as Water Rises"
571: – Graph showing the rate of water flow
552: – historic site in Embudo, New Mexico
16:Location used to monitor surface water flow
857:
843:
808:Contoocook River Streamflow-Gaging Station
653:
534:Hydrology and Disaster Management Division
815:"USGS Surface-Water Data for the Nation"
692:. Scottish Environment Protection Agency
513:streams and rivers are monitored by the
501:
468:
396:
334:
285:- for a visual indication of water depth
199:
159:
111:
101:
25:
1456:International scale of river difficulty
339:Plaque marking the construction of the
30:Brant Broughton Gauging Station on the
2095:
792:Volume II - Computation of Discharge.
755:
383:Scottish Environment Protection Agency
368:in the 1880s, and in Scotland on the
838:
519:Environment and Climate Change Canada
94:capability transmitted to a central
13:
778:
738:Physics and Chemistry of the Earth
473:Emergency levels I, II and III at
14:
2114:
800:
718:. Centre of Ecology and Hydrology
670:. Centre of Ecology and Hydrology
488:
455:Zimbabwe National Water Authority
355:
321:Acoustic Doppler current profiler
664:"The UK Gauging Station Network"
392:
1613:Flooded grasslands and savannas
164:December 12, 2001 photo of the
21:Toll point § Gauging point
749:
730:
704:
682:
628:
343:gauging station, dedicated to
331:National stream gauge networks
1:
820:UK Hydrometric Register (pdf)
621:
550:Embudo Stream Gauging Station
460:
168:streamflow-gaging station at
108:Streamflow § Measurement
1779:Universal Soil Loss Equation
1729:Hydrological transport model
1623:Storm Water Management Model
592:Hydrological transport model
559:Willow Beach Gauging Station
527:
190:index velocity determination
7:
543:
444:
60:terrestrial bodies of water
10:
2119:
1283:Antecedent drainage stream
412:In the United States, the
105:
34:in Lincolnshire, England.
18:
2103:Hydrology instrumentation
2047:
2019:River valley civilization
1981:
1920:
1902:Riparian-zone restoration
1802:
1664:
1636:
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303:Simple ultrasonic devices
2082:Countries without rivers
2057:Rivers by discharge rate
1769:Runoff model (reservoir)
1734:Infiltration (hydrology)
758:"Water Survey of Canada"
127:, which is in general a
56:environmental scientists
1754:River Continuum Concept
1519:Agricultural wastewater
712:"Measuring Authorities"
379:Natural Resources Wales
116:Stream Gaging Station,
2077:River name etymologies
2004:Hydraulic civilization
1862:Floodplain restoration
1638:Point source pollution
1413:Sedimentary structures
787:Volume I - Fieldwork.
515:Water Survey of Canada
507:
485:
414:U.S. Geological Survey
409:
404:of the March 13, 2007
352:
308:Electromagnetic gauges
216:
208:at Doddieburn, on the
181:
120:
50:is a location used by
48:stream gauging station
35:
1689:Discharge (hydrology)
1651:Industrial wastewater
1132:Sedimentary processes
538:Irrigation Department
505:
472:
400:
338:
203:
163:
155:discharge measurement
118:Carnation, Washington
115:
102:Measurement equipment
74:") and/or volumetric
29:
1794:Volumetric flow rate
1378:Riffle-pool sequence
716:Hydrometry in the UK
668:Hydrometry in the UK
278:Water level gauges:
204:Stream gauge B62, a
125:volumetric flow rate
70:surface elevation ("
58:to monitor and test
1968:Whitewater kayaking
1963:Whitewater canoeing
1764:Runoff curve number
1608:Flood pulse concept
349:The Compleat Angler
283:Staff (head) gauges
174:McMurdo Dry Valleys
1994:Aquatic toxicology
1907:Stream restoration
1872:Infiltration basin
1724:Hydrological model
1240:Sediment transport
1063:Estavelle/Inversac
941:Subterranean river
586:Hydrological model
508:
486:
410:
375:Environment Agency
353:
217:
182:
121:
88:topographical maps
36:
2090:
2089:
2067:Whitewater rivers
1973:Whitewater slalom
1804:River engineering
1704:Groundwater model
1665:River measurement
1593:Flood forecasting
1408:Sedimentary basin
1265:Fluvial landforms
1170:Bed material load
946:River bifurcation
828:Popular Mechanics
418:natural resources
2110:
2052:Rivers by length
1887:River morphology
1789:Wetted perimeter
1694:Drainage density
1205:Headward erosion
1034:Perennial stream
906:Blackwater river
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406:Snoqualmie River
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66:measurements of
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1977:
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1892:Retention basin
1852:Erosion control
1847:Detention basin
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1714:Hjulström curve
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1576:Non-water flood
1533:
1505:
1451:Helicoidal flow
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1338:Fluvial terrace
1333:Floating island
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1117:Rhythmic spring
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1024:Stream gradient
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951:River ecosystem
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210:Mzingwane River
133:proxy variables
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801:External links
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2014:Riparian zone
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1628:Return period
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1588:Flood control
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1215:Palaeochannel
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1175:Granular flow
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901:Braided river
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393:United States
390:
388:
387:Rivers Agency
384:
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346:
342:
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328:
326:
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318:
317:current meter
314:
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297:potentiometer
294:
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241:sharp-crested
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233:
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195:cross section
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137:
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130:
129:flux integral
126:
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109:
99:
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85:
84:water quality
81:
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69:
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57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
33:
28:
22:
2072:Flash floods
2024:River cruise
1921:River sports
1774:Stream gauge
1773:
1759:Rouse number
1749:Relief ratio
1598:Flood-meadow
1529:Urban runoff
1443:Fluvial flow
1428:River valley
1398:River island
1363:Meander scar
1278:Alluvial fan
1220:Progradation
1095:Karst spring
1039:Winterbourne
994:Chalk stream
956:River source
931:Distributary
827:
807:
765:. Retrieved
761:
751:
741:
737:
732:
720:. Retrieved
715:
706:
694:. Retrieved
684:
672:. Retrieved
667:
644:. Retrieved
630:
603:Water column
536:a branch of
531:
523:
509:
492:
475:Tichá Orlice
464:
448:
429:
425:
422:
411:
359:
347:, author of
345:Izaak Walton
325:float method
324:
311:
277:
266:
218:
189:
187:
183:
154:
151:hydrologists
142:rating curve
140:
138:
122:
96:data logging
52:hydrologists
47:
43:
40:stream gauge
39:
37:
1933:Fly fishing
1857:Fish ladder
1842:Daylighting
1561:Flash flood
1524:First flush
1471:Plunge pool
1195:Downcutting
1180:Debris flow
1155:Aggradation
1029:Stream pool
830:, July 1935
744:, 625-633.
609:Water level
564:Flood stage
370:River Garry
247:combination
147:velocimeter
68:water level
64:Hydrometric
32:River Brant
2039:Wild river
1719:Hydrograph
1709:Hack's law
1674:Baer's law
1618:Inundation
1603:Floodplain
1543:stormwater
1501:Whitewater
1373:Oxbow lake
1210:Knickpoint
1185:Deposition
1078:Hot spring
1019:Streamflow
1009:Stream bed
926:Confluence
767:2021-06-26
646:2011-01-13
622:References
597:Tide gauge
581:Hyetograph
575:Hydrometry
569:Hydrograph
461:Bangladesh
402:Hydrograph
341:River Dove
178:Antarctica
170:Huey Creek
106:See also:
98:facility.
44:streamgage
2009:Limnology
1958:Triathlon
1928:Canyoning
1897:Revetment
1827:Check dam
1739:Main stem
1496:Waterfall
1383:Point bar
1368:Mouth bar
1308:Billabong
1255:Water gap
1250:Wash load
1230:Saltation
1150:Anabranch
1073:Holy well
961:Tributary
615:Nilometer
528:Sri Lanka
477:river in
313:Discharge
92:telemetry
76:discharge
2097:Category
1812:Aqueduct
1679:Baseflow
1646:Effluent
1323:Cut bank
1288:Avulsion
1165:Bed load
1145:Abrasion
722:29 March
696:29 March
674:29 March
544:See also
511:Canadian
451:Zimbabwe
445:Zimbabwe
431:velocity
214:Zimbabwe
1989:Aquifer
1982:Related
1938:Rafting
1466:Meander
1461:Log jam
1423:Thalweg
1328:Estuary
1200:Erosion
1137:erosion
1049:Springs
1004:Current
971:Streams
911:Channel
874:springs
870:streams
293:encoder
229:V-notch
1784:WAFLEX
1656:Sewage
1539:Floods
1481:Riffle
1476:Rapids
1418:Strath
1388:Ravine
1313:Canyon
1068:Geyser
999:Coulee
984:Bourne
979:Arroyo
882:Rivers
866:Rivers
498:Canada
479:Choceň
362:Thames
291:Stage
255:Flumes
1882:Levee
1867:Flume
1822:Canal
1566:Flood
1486:Shoal
1353:Gully
1348:Gulch
1318:Chine
1303:Bayou
1160:Armor
1112:Ponor
887:lists
640:(PDF)
426:stage
408:flood
249:weirs
224:Weirs
80:biota
72:stage
1912:Weir
1877:Leat
1541:and
1433:Wadi
1393:Rill
1358:Glen
1343:Gill
1293:Bank
1135:and
1100:list
1083:list
1054:list
989:Burn
872:and
724:2011
698:2011
676:2011
385:and
364:and
295:- a
166:USGS
82:and
1832:Dam
1298:Bar
1273:Ait
449:In
366:Lea
319:or
243:and
54:or
46:or
2099::
868:,
760:.
742:30
740:,
714:.
666:.
655:^
481:,
441:.
212:,
176:,
172:,
62:.
42:,
38:A
1056:)
1052:(
889:)
885:(
858:e
851:t
844:v
770:.
726:.
700:.
678:.
649:.
351:.
237:,
231:,
180:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
