91:. The degree of coagulation of raw water may be monitored by the use of an SCM to provide a positive feedback control of coagulant injection. As the streaming current of the wastewater increases, more coagulant agent is injected into the stream. The higher levels of coagulant agent cause the small colloidal particles to coagulate and sediment out of the stream. Since less colloid particles are in the wastewater stream, the streaming potential decreases. The SCM recognizes this and subsequently reduces the amount of coagulant agent injected into the wastewater stream. The implementation of SCM feedback control has led to a significant materials cost reduction, one that was not realized until the early 1980s. In addition to monitoring capabilities, the streaming current could, in theory, generate usable
135:
placed on either side of a fluidic geometry across which a known pressure difference is applied. When both electrodes are held at the same potential, the streaming current is measured directly as the electric current flowing through the electrodes. Alternatively, the electrodes can be left floating,
82:
are used for evaluations of formations. Streaming potential has to be considered in design for flow of poorly conductive fluids (e.g., gasoline lines) because of the danger of buildup of high voltages. The streaming current monitor (SCM) is a fundamental tool for monitoring
856:
Menachem
Elimelech and Amy E. Childress, "Zeta Potential of Reverse Osmosis Membranes: Implications for Membrane Performance". U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver Office. Water Treatment Technology Program Report No. 10. December
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The transport of counterions along with the pressure-driven fluid flow gives rise to a net charge transport: the streaming current. The reverse effect, generating a fluid flow by applying a potential difference, is called
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843:"Measurement and Interpretation of Electrokinetic Phenomena", International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technical Report, published in Pure Appl. Chem., vol 77, 10, pp. 1753–1805, 2005
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A streaming potential is defined as positive when the electric potential is higher on the high pressure end of the flow system than on the low pressure end.
830:
670:
715:
269:
776:
560:
there is no surface conduction (which typically may become important when the zeta potential is large, e.g., |ζ| > 50 mV)
729:
Olthuis, Wouter; Schippers, Bob; Eijkel, Jan; Van Den Berg, Albert (2005). "Energy from streaming current and potential".
691:
877:
96:
107:
Adjacent to the channel walls, the charge-neutrality of the liquid is violated due to the presence of the
248:{\displaystyle I_{str}=-{\frac {\epsilon _{rs}\epsilon _{0}a^{2}\pi }{\eta }}{\frac {\Delta P}{L}}\zeta }
656:
95:. This process, however, has yet to be applied as typical streaming potential mechanical to electrical
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The first observation of the streaming potential is generally attributed to the German physicist
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Streaming currents in well-defined geometries are a sensitive method to characterize the
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430:{\displaystyle U_{str}={\frac {\epsilon _{rs}\epsilon _{0}\zeta }{\eta K_{L}}}\Delta P}
44:
345:
At steady state, the streaming potential built up across the flow system is given by:
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is driven by a pressure gradient through a channel or porous plug with charged walls.
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709:
32:
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current, which is equal in magnitude to the streaming current at steady state, is:
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allowing a streaming potential to build up between the two ends of the channel.
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the double layer is not too large compared to the pores or capillaries (i.e.,
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Mansouri et al. The
Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 112(42), 16192 (2008)
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A typical setup to measure streaming currents consists of two reversible
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Micro- and
Nanoscale Fluid Mechanics: Transport in Microfluidic Devices
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F.H.J. van der Heyden et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 116104 (2005)
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C. Werner et al., J. Colloid
Interface Sci. 208, 329 (1998)
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J. Lyklema, Fundamentals of
Interface and Colloid Science
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335:{\displaystyle I_{c}=K_{L}a^{2}\pi {\frac {U_{str}}{L}}}
455:- streaming potential at zero net current conditions, V
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448:- streaming current under short-circuit conditions, A
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811:Karniadakis, G.M., Beskok, A., Aluru, N. (2005).
514:The equation above is usually referred to as the
70:of surfaces, which is important in the fields of
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563:there is no electrical double layer polarization
510:- specific conductivity of the bulk liquid, S·m
615:Fundamentals of Interface and Colloid Science
142:The value of streaming current observed in a
829:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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714:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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78:. In geology, measurements of related
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115:attracted by the charged surface.
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731:Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical
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521:The above equations assume that:
634:Electrokinetics in Microfluidics
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516:Helmholtz–Smoluchowski equation
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771:. Cambridge University Press.
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1:
651:Chang, H.C., Yeo, L. (2009).
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547:{\displaystyle \kappa a\gg 1}
497:ΔP - pressure difference, Pa
473:of the liquid, dimensionless
7:
89:wastewater treatment plants
10:
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657:Cambridge University Press
146:is usually related to the
794:Theoretical Microfluidics
749:10.1016/j.snb.2005.03.039
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47:which originates when an
813:Microflows and Nanoflows
31:studied in the areas of
29:electrokinetic phenomena
16:Electrokinetic phenomena
798:Oxford University Press
503:a - capillary radius, m
500:L - capillary length, m
462:- conduction current, A
109:electrical double layer
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150:through the relation:
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494:ζ - zeta potential, V
491:of the liquid, kg·m·s
471:relative permittivity
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80:spontaneous potential
56:Georg Hermann Quincke
27:are two interrelated
765:Kirby, B.J. (2010).
733:. 111–112: 385–389.
613:Lyklema, J. (1995).
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878:Colloidal chemistry
121:electroosmotic flow
25:streaming potential
792:Bruus, H. (2007).
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127:Measurement method
111:: a thin layer of
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68:zeta potential
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39:. They are an
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699:. Retrieved
692:the original
679:
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627:
614:
556:Debye length
520:
515:
513:
487:η - dynamic
482:permittivity
439:
344:
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97:efficiencies
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62:Applications
53:
24:
20:
18:
113:counterions
85:coagulation
49:electrolyte
867:Categories
701:2013-05-07
596:References
577:Literature
261:conduction
133:electrodes
825:cite book
735:CiteSeerX
665:cite book
539:≫
533:κ
489:viscosity
440:Symbols:
422:Δ
406:η
401:ζ
392:ϵ
379:ϵ
307:π
243:ζ
231:Δ
223:η
219:π
200:ϵ
187:ϵ
180:−
144:capillary
58:in 1859.
45:potential
710:cite web
72:colloid
775:
737:
103:Origin
857:1996.
845:(pdf)
695:(PDF)
688:(PDF)
831:link
773:ISBN
716:link
671:link
259:The
74:and
35:and
23:and
745:doi
453:str
446:str
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476:ε
465:ε
460:c
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238:L
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210:a
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