455:"In on pitchers, the rule to be observed this season by leading umpires will be as follows: When the game commences, the umpire, after making such allowance for accidental unfair delivery as the circumstances will justify, will without appeal call “ball to the bat,” after which notice should the pitcher fail “repeatedly”, viz., twice or three times to deliver a fair ball, then the umpire will call “one ball;” and if the pitcher persists in such action, that is, delivers one or two unfair balls directly after such warning and calling of one ball, two and three balls are to be called, and the player given his base. Less latitude will be allowed in this matter than was permitted last season, and the practice of taking the opinion of the two nines or their captains as to the degree of latitude to be observed in making allowance for unfair balls is to be entirely done away with."
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443:"Should the pitcher repeatedly fail to deliver to the striker fair balls, for the apparent purpose of delaying the game, or for any other cause, the umpire, after warning him, shall call one ball, and if the pitcher persists in such action, two and three balls; when three balls shall have been called, the striker shall be entitled to the first base; and should any base be occupied at that time, each player occupying them shall be entitled to one base without being put out."
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shall call one strike, and if he persists in such action, two and three strikes. When three strikes are called, he shall be subject to the same rules as if he had struck at three balls." The called ball first appeared in the rules of 1863, similarly as a discretionary penalty imposed on the pitcher for persistently delivering "unfair" balls.
153:. Thus, a pitch that touches the outer boundary of the zone is as much a strike as a pitch that is thrown right down the center. A pitch passing outside the front of the strike zone but curving so as to enter this volume farther back (without being hit) is sometimes called a "back-door strike". Various other rulebooks for baseball and
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diminished and the implementation of the new Zone
Evaluation system in all the parks went largely unmentioned to fans. Like the old system, the new system will be used to grade umpires on accuracy and used to determine which umpires receive postseason assignments, but games themselves are still subject to their error.
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The
Official Baseball Rules (Rule 8.02(a), including Comment) state that objections to judgment calls on the field, including balls and strikes, shall not be tolerated, and that any manager, coach, or player who leaves his dugout or field position to contest a judgment call will first be warned, and
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convention that a rule was adopted authorizing the umpire to impose a penalty strike for such conduct: "Should a striker stand at the bat without striking at good balls repeatedly pitched to him, for the purpose of delaying the game or of giving advantage to a player, the umpire, after warning him,
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Whether or not a pitch was "unfair" or the batter was being unreasonably picky was left entirely to the umpire's judgment. Well into the 1870s, umpires were reluctant to make such calls, since they were viewed as penalties for unsportsmanlike play; but by the 1880s they had become routine, and the
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has been testing an automated-balls-and-strikes system on an experimental basis for several seasons. While the umpire continues to call balls and strikes, an automated system determines the strike zone and could be used when a team challenged the umpire's call. Major League
Baseball commissioner
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In 2009, a new system called Zone
Evaluation was implemented in all 30 Major League ballparks, replacing the QuesTec system; the new system records the ball's position in flight more than 20 times before it reaches home plate. Much of the early resistance from Major League umpires to QuesTec had
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207:(1845) read "Three balls being struck at and missed and the last one caught, is a hand-out." There was no adverse consequence if the batter chose not to swing, i.e. the called strike did not exist, the result being batters prepared to wait all day for "their" pitch. It was not until the 1858
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threw a record 58â…” consecutive scoreless innings during the 1968 season. As a result of the dropping offensive statistics, Major League
Baseball reduced pitchers' advantage by lowering the height of the mound from 15 inches to 10 inches, and by reducing the size of the strike zone for the
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created the full strike zone, eliminating the batter's right to call the height of the pitch, and instead requiring the umpire to call a strike on any pitch that "passes over home plate not lower than the batsman's knee, nor higher than his shoulders."
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pitch-tracking system, the enforced strike zone in 2002–2006 was larger compared to the zone in 1996–2000 and thus closer to the rulebook definition. Some commentators believed that the zone had changed so much that some pitchers, such as
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then it is a strike. The idea is to give the pitcher a chance against some cranky umpires who compelled the twirlers to almost cut the plate in two before a strike would be called, even if the height was right." The following year, the
191:. In very early iterations of the rules during the 19th century, it took up to nine balls for a batter to earn a walk; however, to make up for this, the batter could request the ball to be pitched high, low, or medium.
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season to extend only from the batter's armpits to the top of the knees. In 1985, the top of the strike zone was lowered to the midpoint of the batter's torso, as viewed from a vertical angle by the umpire.
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enforced strike zone can vary based on the umpire's perspective. The official rules define a pitch as a strike "if any part of the ball passes through any part of the strike zone", with the ball required to
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games would use the method in the 2023 season. For 2023, the system was used for half of all games, with the other half using umpires, with ABS used for up to three challenges per team for each game.
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164:—is also a strike, unless the batter already has two strikes. Any pitch not called a strike, swung on and missed, or fouled-off, is a "ball" (originally "no ball").
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Major League
Baseball has occasionally redefined the strike zone to control the balance of power between pitchers and hitters. After the record home run year by
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modern view took hold, that every pitch results in either a swing, a ball or a called strike. The first rule leading to the creation of a defined strike
46:(not pictured) pitches a baseball to the catcher; the batter attempts to hit this baseball; and the umpire decides whether pitches are balls or strikes.
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took a baseball bat to a QuesTec camera and destroyed it after a loss, saying the umpires shouldn't be changing the strike zone to match the machines.
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on March 17, 1886, "the ball must be delivered at the height called for by the batsman. If at such height it passes over any part of the
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The strike zone is a volume of space, a vertical right pentagonal prism. Its sides are vertical planes extending up from the edges of
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A pitch is also a strike if the batter swings or offers the bat in an attempt to hit the pitch. A pitch batted into foul territory—a
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Many umpires, players and analysts, including the authors of a
University of Nebraska study on the subject, believe that due to the
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must pass in order to be called a strike even if the batter does not swing. The strike zone is defined as the volume of space above
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Newswise Social and
Behavioral Sciences News | Larger Strike Zone, Drug Testing Reduced Hitting in Baseball Since 2000
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While baseball rules provide a precise definition for the strike zone, in practice, it is up to the judgment of the
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70:. Whether a pitch passes through the zone is decided by an umpire, who is generally positioned behind the catcher.
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said in
October 2022 that this method would eventually be used in Major League games. ESPN reported that all
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and the top of the uniform pants, and the bottom of the strike zone is at the hollow beneath the
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483:"The Strike Zone: A History of Official Strike Zone Rules by Baseball Almanac"
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at the ball in an effort to hit it. For example, the 11th rule of the
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Umpires and totals: Men behind the mask occasionally steal the show
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The Strike Zone: A Chronological
Examination of the Official Rules
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if the batter does not swing at it. Balls are desirable for the
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of that batter. A pitch that misses the strike zone is called a
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Originally, the word "strike" was used literally: the batter
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772:(April 6, 1987). "What Ever Happened to the Strike Zone?".
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and between the batter's knees and the midpoint of their
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D'backs' Schilling fined for destroying QuesTec camera
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to decide whether the pitch passed through the zone.
581:"McLain Says Lower Mound Will Take Toll of Pitchers"
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776:. Vol. 66, no. 14. pp. 36–40, 45–46.
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587:. Associated Press. 14 January 1969. p. 13
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157:define the strike zone slightly differently.
73:Strikes are desirable for the pitcher and the
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561:. Associated Press. 8 March 1963. p. 9
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472:, Wednesday, March 17, 1886, p. 1, col. 2.
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224:before the 1886 season. As explained in
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58:is the volume of space through which a
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445:https://protoball.org/1863_NABBP_Rules
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951:Comparison of baseball and softball
506:. thisgreatgame.com. Archived from
275:hitter to finish the season with a
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680:Preview 2009: The umpires' arbiter
16:Target zone for a pitched baseball
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2418:The Neyer/James Guide to Pitchers
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263:dominated hitters, producing 339
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187:) and is awarded advancement to
806:"Strike Zone: Fact vs. Fiction"
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607:"Official Baseball Rules, 2018"
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555:"Expanded strike zone unveiled"
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431:"1858 NABBP Rules – Protoball"
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309:An umpire calling a strike on
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746:Effress, Sarah (2023-07-01).
698:Joseph, Andrew (2022-10-10).
665:, an April 2009 article from
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725:Zietlow, Alex (2023-01-13).
117:gets a strike in Japan, 2024
21:Strike zone (disambiguation)
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788:2001 Changes in Strike Zone
504:"1968: Year of the Pitcher"
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1258:
1253:
1251:Cleanup hitter
1248:
1243:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1224:sacrifice bunt
1216:
1211:
1206:
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1196:
1194:Baltimore chop
1191:
1185:
1183:
1177:
1176:
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1163:
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1129:
1128:
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1125:
1123:Uniform number
1120:
1115:
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1103:Protective cup
1100:
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1080:
1078:Batting helmet
1075:
1070:
1065:
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1054:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1030:On-deck circle
1027:
1022:
1020:Foul territory
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
981:
979:
969:
968:
966:
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964:
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948:
943:
938:
936:Suspended game
933:
928:
926:Protested game
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867:
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782:External links
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770:Gammons, Peter
764:
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366:
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339:Curt Schilling
325:then ejected.
302:
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15:
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2174:
2171:
2170:Knuckle curve
2168:
2166:
2162:
2159:
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2150:
2147:
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2141:
2135:
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1980:Sign stealing
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1910:Baseball card
1908:
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1832:Infield shift
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1744:(positioning)
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1634:Time of pitch
1632:
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1460:Breaking ball
1458:
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1418:Switch hitter
1416:
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1393:Sacrifice fly
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1266:Double switch
1264:
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1249:
1247:
1246:Checked swing
1244:
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1209:Batting count
1207:
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1149:extra innings
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1139:Batting order
1137:
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1073:Batting glove
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
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1055:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1041:
1040:Warning track
1038:
1036:
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1023:
1021:
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541:
536:
535:"Strike Zone"
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271:was the only
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210:
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182:
181:base on balls
178:
174:
171:and is ruled
170:
165:
163:
158:
156:
152:
147:
146:
141:
137:
133:
129:
116:
98:
96:
95:base on balls
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
75:fielding team
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
45:
41:
37:
33:
28:
22:
2426:Knuckleball!
2424:
2416:
2411:
2257:Eephus pitch
2249:Junk pitches
2042:
2030:
2018:
1960:Scorekeeping
1945:Injured list
1935:Doubleheader
1920:Bench jockey
1837:Interference
1717:Squeeze play
1682:Left on base
1662:Bases loaded
1649:Base running
1623:
1569:Perfect game
1522:split-finger
1407:
1368:Mendoza Line
1306:Hit by pitch
1234:squeeze play
1171:Pace of play
1132:Game process
1068:Batting cage
1000:Batter's eye
995:Batter's box
930:
916:Interference
901:Ground rules
874:
868:
809:
804:John Walsh,
801:MLB website.
790:
773:
751:
741:
730:
720:
709:. Retrieved
703:
693:
685:Star Tribune
683:
675:
666:
658:
647:
636:
625:
614:. Retrieved
601:
589:. Retrieved
584:
575:
563:. Retrieved
558:
549:
538:
512:. Retrieved
508:the original
477:
469:
464:
456:
451:
439:
425:
414:. Retrieved
410:
401:
348:As of 2022,
347:
343:
327:
323:
316:
289:Don Drysdale
257:Denny McLain
242:
225:
217:
214:
200:
198:
184:
166:
159:
143:
125:
91:batting team
72:
56:strike zone
55:
49:
2421:(2004 book)
2412:Strike zone
2339:Quick pitch
2262:Knuckleball
2049:WikiProject
1872:Triple play
1847:Passed ball
1787:Double play
1752:Appeal play
1722:Stolen base
1687:Obstruction
1672:Hit and run
1624:Strike zone
1594:Quick pitch
1579:Pitch count
1554:Knuckleball
1408:Strike zone
1388:Pull hitter
1348:Infield hit
1301:Hit and run
1204:Batted ball
931:Strike zone
921:Pitch clock
799:Strike Zone
591:25 December
565:25 December
514:25 December
355:Rob Manfred
335:Tom Glavine
311:Barry Bonds
301:Enforcement
245:Roger Maris
2443:Categories
2374:Deliveries
2365:Wild pitch
2329:Shine ball
2324:Emery ball
1894:Wheel play
1889:Wall climb
1877:unassisted
1812:Fourth out
1807:Force play
1712:Small ball
1639:Wild pitch
1529:Full count
1492:Emery ball
1442:(softball)
1413:Sweet spot
1363:Line drive
1321:Grand slam
1108:Shin guard
711:2023-01-14
616:2018-06-20
416:2018-04-29
393:References
261:Bob Gibson
189:first base
169:struck out
128:home plate
122:Definition
64:home plate
2396:Submarine
2289:brushback
2201:Changeups
2176:Screwball
2161:Curveball
2114:Four-seam
2101:Fastballs
1930:Dead ball
1619:Strikeout
1599:Screwball
1564:No-hitter
1507:four-seam
1482:Curveball
1403:Strikeout
1291:Hat trick
1271:Foul ball
1229:slap bunt
1161:Positions
1050:Equipment
1015:Foul pole
911:In flight
896:Ejections
705:USA Today
162:foul ball
136:shoulders
79:strikeout
2386:Overhand
2334:Spitball
2319:Beanball
2301:Pitchout
2229:Splitter
2224:Palmball
2214:Forkball
2134:Gyroball
2119:Two-seam
2025:Category
1975:Shagging
1741:Fielding
1677:Lead off
1614:Spitball
1589:Pitchout
1502:two-seam
1497:Fastball
1470:Changeup
1455:Beanball
1438:Pitching
1336:Moonshot
1331:Walk-off
1316:Home run
1276:Foul tip
1199:Bat flip
1113:Stirrups
1088:Doughnut
1035:Outfield
985:Backstop
973:Ballpark
946:Cheating
876:Glossary
861:concepts
859:softball
855:Baseball
795:article.
365:See also
287:pitcher
265:shutouts
201:striking
155:softball
145:de facto
89:and the
52:baseball
2405:Related
2391:Sidearm
2185:Sweeper
1998:winning
1989:Streak
1903:Related
1867:Tag out
1862:Rundown
1852:Pickoff
1692:Rundown
1604:Shutout
1574:Pickoff
1373:On-deck
1341:Chinese
1181:Batting
1144:Innings
1118:Uniform
1025:Infield
1005:Bullpen
870:Outline
688:article
540:MLB.com
330:QuesTec
195:History
140:kneecap
44:pitcher
36:catcher
2191:Slurve
2181:Slider
2129:Sinker
2124:Shuuto
2109:Cutter
2037:Portal
1993:losing
1965:Series
1955:Pepper
1940:Jargon
1857:Putout
1757:Assist
1727:Tag up
1609:Slider
1559:Maddux
1517:sinker
1512:cutter
1487:Eephus
1423:Triple
1398:Single
1261:Double
1189:At bat
1010:Dugout
319:umpire
115:batter
87:batter
54:, the
42:. The
40:umpire
32:batter
2353:Other
1985:Slump
1792:Error
1767:Catch
1707:Slide
977:field
884:Rules
610:(PDF)
313:(#25)
232:plate
209:NABBP
68:torso
60:pitch
2360:Balk
2219:Fosh
2165:12–6
1697:Safe
1657:Balk
1450:Balk
1428:Walk
1219:Bunt
1058:Ball
857:and
593:2011
567:2011
516:2011
294:1969
259:and
253:1968
249:1961
218:zone
185:walk
183:(or
83:ball
38:and
1296:Hit
1166:Run
1156:Out
1083:Cap
1063:Bat
359:AAA
247:in
173:out
50:In
2445::
873:·
808:,
750:.
729:.
702:.
583:.
557:.
537:.
524:^
491:^
409:.
267:.
113:A
97:.
34:,
2187:)
2183:(
2172:)
2163:(
2085:e
2078:t
2071:v
975:/
847:e
840:t
833:v
754:.
735:.
714:.
619:.
595:.
569:.
518:.
485:.
433:.
419:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
