19:
649:(UTW) of the American Federation of Labor. The Southern strike was led by the newly formed National Textile Workers Union (NTWU), and focused on wages and working conditions. The industry was hard hit by the depression and management had imposed new control that were despised, especially struggling employers imposed the hated stretchout tactics of reduced breaks, increased machine-tending and quotas, and more intense supervision. The new rules violated the informal work standards the workers themselves had developed, and they though they had the active support of President Roosevelt. The textile industry was one of the largest employers in the South at the time, and it fought back hard. They hired replacement workers and had the governors call in the National Guard. In the North strikers generally were successful. In the South the strike failed. Few strikers were rehired, and the union movement was demoralized.
667:. They demanded higher pay and better working conditions. The company hired replacement workers. It turned violent on April 20, when police fired on a group of picketers, killing two and injuring many others. The incident became known as the "Kohler massacre" and caused widespread sympathy for the strikers. The strike was settled on June 6, 1934, when the Kohler Company agreed to a 15% wage increase and improvements in working conditions. The strike was hailed a major victory for labor unions and helped pave the way for increased worker protections and unionization across the nation. Management never accepted the notion that national policy called for recognition of unions that had worker support. Kohler mobilized national anti-union interests and became the scene of three more decades of bitter labor disputes that were expensive for both sides.
761:
traditional image of a stable, strong, and unified union. Murray proclaimed a policy of "complete racial equality" concerning SWOC membership. was referring to
European ethnic groups plus Blacks. The strong Communist element in SWOC was promoting the equal inclusion of Black workers. SWOC first goal was to seize the industry's company unions, known as Employee Representation Plans (ERPs), which SWOC aimed to capture from within. By January 1937, many of the ERPs had voted to join SWOC, which claimed to have a membership of 125,000. However, in March 1937, U.S. Steel, which controlled 40% of the industry, signed a collective bargaining agreement with SWOC. US Steel realized tha Roosevelt's reelection in 1936, plus the success of the autoworkers at General Motors, meant union recognition was inevitable.
713:(GM). The Flint sit-in workers adopted the new sitdown tactic recently invented by the rubber workers at Goodyear. They did not leave the plantâthey occupied it blocking strikebreakers. The strike began on December 30, 1936, when workers at the Fisher Body Plant No. 1 stopped working and just sat down inside the factory. Production stopped. The sit-down strike quickly spread to other GM plants in Michigan and across the country, with more than 100,000 workers taking part. The strike lasted for 44 days. Flint was decisive because the strikers won by shutting down this plantâand soon most GM plantsâwhile Ford and other competitors kept producing cars. GM gave up and recognized the
691:
780:. The strike aimed to achieve union recognition among 81,000 workers in 29 plants. It failed. The opposition was energetically led by Republic's Tom M. Girdler who used every level of force, money and political connections to stymie SWOC. Girdler had advantages: The time was not ripe as the economy was in a sharp recession; SWOC was under attack by the AFL as dual unionism, and by conservatives as infiltrated by Communists. Worst of all, a peaceful rally in Chicago ended in
626:
strike was marked by violent clashes between strikers and police, with the worst violence occurring on July 20, 1934, which became known as "Bloody Friday." Police shot into a crowd of unarmed strikers, killing two and injuring many others. Despite the violence, the strike continued, and eventually, the workers' demands were met. The success of the strike helped to galvanize the labor movement in the United States and led to the establishment of the
1628:
1302:
94:
of the coal miners' union used his organizers to unionize the nation's steel, auto, rubber and electrical plants. Organized labor's unprecedented accomplishments during this era were impossible without the aid of strikes. However the AFL and CIO became bitter rivals in 1937, as the economy suddenly
625:
went on strike to demand better working conditions and wages. The strike quickly spread to other industries in the city, including warehouse workers, laundry workers, and others. By the end of the month, over 40,000 workers were on strike, effectively shutting down much of the city's economy. The
69:
Between 1930 and 1941, 27,000 work stoppages led to a loss of 172 million labor days, and about 90 deaths. As the economy declined workers were angry but management was losing money and could not afford to raise wages, so the strikes usually failed. This caused desperation among workers and union
760:
Lewis was consulted on every major activity. He and his team believed that the steel industry's rigidly hierarchical and autocratic structure required a centralized and responsible union. They waged a series of militant strikes, especially the "Little Steel" strike of 1937, that challenged the
717:
union, and gave a 5% raise. Recognition set the standard for heavy industryâmajor corporations realized they had to bargain with their unions. The Flint sit-down was a turning point in labor history, as it demonstrated the power of workers to collectively organize. The issue of pay was less
1445:
784:
as police fired on the crowd, killing ten and ruining the confidence of the strikers. Little Steel defied SWOC in 1937 but when the defense buildup was in high gear in 1941 Washington forced them to accept the unions. SWOC prevailed and swept the industry, becoming the
115:(NIRA), specifically Section 7(a), went further: it gave workers the right to join unions of their choice and collectively bargain with management. These new laws had an immediate impact as the number of strikes doubled, with triple the number of strikers.
595:(ILA) and went on strike in May 1934 due to the national ILA leadership ignoring their concerns. Shipping companies hired vigilantes to beat strikers, and police opened fire on a crowd of unarmed strikers, killing two and injuring many more. A short-lived
82:. Rank-and-file workers, who initiated most stoppages by walking out or sitting down, weighed their lost wages versus the long-term benefits of union membership if they won. The main gains were made by the old established unions belonging to the
736:
The steel industry was one of the largest and most important. The new CIO succeeded in organizing without a strike U.S. Steel in 1937. However "Little Steel"--six companies next in size--resisted furiously. According to Bruce Nelson, the
644:
The textile strike of 1934 was a nationwide three-week effort by a million textile workers, especially in North
Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. At the same time there were local strikes in the North led by the
587:
In 1934, there was a large strike wave with 1.5 million workers going on strike for long-term union recognition, rather than immediate wage or hour concerns. National attention focused on the
687:(URW). It was a major victory for the labor movement, established the United Rubber Workers as a major union in the rubber industry, and provided a new tactic for future labor struggles.
2502:
718:
important than having a voice. It paved the way for the widespread unionization of the
American auto industry and helped to establish the UAW as a major force in American labor.
757:, to head of SWOC, and most of the organizers were on loan from the miners' union. SWOC was influenced by UMW's policies, and many of its officials were also UMW officials.
103:
The involvement of the federal government in labor disputes caused a gradual weakening of employers' power. To address the demands of trade unionists, Congress enacted the
753:(CIO). Although no steel workers were involved in it at first, the goal was to use UMW and CIO organizers to unionize the nation's great steel industry. Lewis appointed
2492:
1600:
18:
1615:
1306:
70:
leaders. However, as the economy shot up starting in summer 1933, labor knew that management would negotiate rather than lose markets and profits. The
1339:
709:
Kohler was a local strike against a local company. The Flint strike of 1935-36 started as a small operation against the nation's largest corporation,
813:
627:
1488:
808:
1042:
See also
Kenneth B. West, " 'On the Line': Rank and File Reminiscences of Working Conditions and the General Motors Sit-down Strike of 1936-37."
2487:
417:
675:
Rubber workers struck five different rubber companies over the course of several months in Akron, Ohio. The workers at the largest factory,
2507:
1410:
2512:
2497:
818:
604:
592:
402:
1493:
2391:
1664:
22:
Workers gather in the streets of New York during the 1933 Dressmakers' Strike to urge unionization (Kheel Center, Cornell
University)
2482:
2283:
1610:
1571:
372:
112:
107:
in 1932. It blocked federal courts from issuing injunctions that helped management. It also stopped federal courts from enforcing
58:
54:
50:
233:
663:
The Kohler strike began in the small town of Kohler, Wisconsin, on April 5, 1934, when over 2,000 workers walked off the job at
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1461:
1421:
1332:
511:
462:
140:
897:
159:
750:
492:
87:
75:
38:
1605:
1478:
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whereby the strikers seize the plant, stop production, and keep strikebreakers out. Goodyear gave up, and recognized the
1349:
803:
738:
616:
526:
291:
204:
2253:
1775:
1565:
1473:
1399:
1325:
1143:
646:
582:
321:
306:
2366:
1483:
676:
2187:
357:
2436:
1001:
Daniel Nelson, "Origins of the sitâdown era: Worker militancy and innovation in the rubber industry, 1934â38."
746:
392:
79:
1657:
479:
764:
The Little Steel strike was a violent 1937 labor strike by SWOC against dour smaller steel companies led by
387:
219:
83:
34:
1795:
1735:
1180:
Class and power in the New Deal: Corporate moderates, Southern
Democrats, and the liberal-labor coalition
1173:
599:
of 125,000 workers ensued in the city. By the end of July, under the leadership of left-wing firerbrand
554:
1317:
2192:
2037:
1682:
1577:
1363:
781:
174:
1701:
1498:
777:
714:
639:
104:
2371:
2233:
2207:
2177:
1826:
1650:
1535:
1524:
1263:
The last great strike: Little Steel, the CIO, and the struggle for labor rights in New Deal
America
1104:
The last great strike: Little Steel, the CIO, and the struggle for labor rights in New Deal
America
432:
1207:
American labor on stage: dramatic interpretations of the steel and textile industries in the 1930s
2197:
2017:
1841:
1785:
1740:
1632:
1553:
194:
179:
603:, dockworkers won their main demand for a union-controlled hiring hall. Their new union was the
2376:
2057:
1503:
622:
362:
296:
1123:
246:
2182:
1836:
1369:
704:
684:
447:
46:
1266:
1163:
1107:
1846:
1760:
1750:
823:
334:
251:
95:
went into reverse and the conservative
Republicans made major gains in the 1938 elections.
45:
agencies, the unions played a major role in
Democratic Party efforts to reelect President
8:
2441:
2295:
2278:
1902:
1861:
1755:
1467:
786:
727:
475:
330:
108:
2426:
2228:
2202:
2127:
2007:
1997:
1831:
1433:
1387:
1288:
1237:
1210:
1085:
Philip L. Cook, "Tom M. Girdler and the Labor Policies of Republic Steel Corporation."
977:
422:
2351:
2346:
2137:
2062:
1971:
1887:
1851:
1559:
1547:
1529:
1427:
1393:
1375:
1200:
1190:
209:
189:
1227:
621:
The Minneapolis general strike of 1934 began on May 16, 1934, when truck drivers in
2356:
2331:
1816:
1518:
1404:
1381:
571:
276:
30:
2172:
2122:
2022:
1992:
1730:
1692:
1541:
1507:
1226:(U of Illinois Press, 1961), strong on clothing, teamsters, steel, meat packing.
769:
497:
452:
407:
377:
311:
145:
1278:
630:, which went on to become one of the most powerful labor unions in the country.
2451:
2336:
2310:
2290:
2268:
2152:
2147:
2132:
2095:
1897:
1725:
1415:
1249:
765:
710:
690:
680:
658:
596:
164:
974:
Testing the New Deal: The General Textile Strike of 1934 in the American South
2476:
2421:
2386:
2381:
2300:
2258:
2082:
2052:
2012:
1892:
1882:
1856:
1821:
1800:
1583:
1153:
920:
Robert W. Cherny, "The making of a labor radical: Harry Bridges, 1901-1934."
798:
754:
742:
600:
588:
539:
501:
266:
91:
74:
unintentionally fueled labor militancy, giving unions a powerful tool in the
1006:
41:(CIO). Energized by successful strikes in major industries with the help of
2456:
2416:
2411:
2341:
2117:
2105:
2072:
1966:
1961:
1907:
1745:
1687:
1074:
Forging a Union of Steel: Philip Murray, SWOC, and the United Steel Workers
773:
544:
281:
1063:
edited by Robert S. McElvaine, (Macmillan Reference USA, 2004) 2:931â933.
935:
A terrible anger: The 1934 waterfront and general strikes in San Francisco
2401:
2361:
2273:
2067:
1987:
1956:
1946:
1936:
1866:
1790:
1780:
1765:
1697:
1347:
1234:
The voice of southern labor: radio, music, and textile strikes, 1929-1934
516:
437:
326:
1090:
1047:
2431:
2406:
2396:
2315:
2305:
2223:
1951:
1770:
1031:
664:
149:
843:
For statistics see "Work Stoppages" in W.S. Woytinsky and Associates,
29:
played a major role in reshaping the economy as it recovered from the
2263:
2112:
2047:
2032:
2027:
1941:
1026:
Sidney Fine, "The General Motors Sit-Down Strike: A Re-examination."
694:
Sit-down strikers guarding window entrance to Fisher body plant 1937.
347:
261:
1312:
2461:
2446:
2042:
1224:
Chicago and the Labor Movement: Metropolitan Unionism in the 1930's
71:
42:
1642:
1444:
2142:
871:
The turbulent years: A history of the American worker, 1933-1941
2090:
2002:
1301:
1627:
2100:
1059:
Bruce Nelson, "Steel Workers Organizing Committee (SWOC)" in
809:
Labor history of the United States§Organized labor, 1929â1955
858:
The lean years: A history of the American worker, 1920-1933
731:
2503:
Manufacturing industry labor disputes in the United States
1256:
New Deal Labor Policy and the American Industrial Economy
961:
The General Textile Strike of 1934: From Maine to Alabama
898:"Milwaukee sales clerks strike for wage increases, 1934"
33:. Unions gained millions of members for unions in the
1601:
List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
1616:
List of worker deaths in United States labor disputes
610:
78:, known as the "Wagner Act." It set up the pro-union
1246:
The AF of L. from the Death of Gompers to the Merger
1217:
Labor Conflict in the United States: An Encyclopedia
1140:
Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-Class History
111:in which workers promised not to join a union. The
591:docks when longshoremen formed a new local of the
2474:
2493:History of labor relations in the United States
1160:The Encyclopedia of Strikes in American History
847:(The Twentieth Century Fund, 1953) pp: 282â292.
2081:
1658:
1333:
1118:Daniel J. Leab, "The Memorial Day Massacre."
814:Timeline of United States history (1930â1949)
1489:Westmoreland County coal strike of 1910â1911
819:Category:1930s strikes in the United States
605:International Longshore and Warehouse Union
1665:
1651:
1340:
1326:
1195:Dubofsky, Melvyn, and Warren R. Van Tine.
1185:Dubofsky, Melvyn, and Joseph A. McCartin.
990:Kohler on Strike: Thirty Years of Conflict
86:(AFL), and even more dramatically by the
2392:International comparisons of labor unions
1411:Coeur d'Alene, Idaho labor strike of 1892
1007:https://doi.org/10.1080/00236568208584653
845:Employment and Wages in the United States
90:(CIO), which split from the AFL in 1935.
27:Strikes in the United States in the 1930s
1611:Anti-union violence in the United States
689:
593:International Longshoremen's Association
113:National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933
17:
721:
633:
344:1934â35 Milwaukee sales clerks' strike
234:California agricultural strikes of 1933
2475:
1494:Paint CreekâCabin Creek strike of 1912
1462:Streetcar strikes in the United States
1422:Streetcar strikes in the United States
1168:Derber, Milton, and Edwin Young, eds.
512:1938 San Antonio pecan shellers strike
418:Pacific Coast maritime workers' strike
141:Imperial Valley lettuce strike of 1930
2488:Great Depression in the United States
1646:
1321:
1152:(South End Press, 1997). pp 144â220.
1120:Midcontinent American Studies Journal
937:(Wayne State University Press, 1996).
895:
373:1935 Gulf Coast longshoremen's strike
1178:Domhoff, G., and Michael J. Webber.
1061:Encyclopedia of the Great Depression
948:Minneapolis teamsters strike of 1934
896:White, Jonathan (January 24, 2013).
882:Milton Derber and Edwin Young, eds.
751:Congress of Industrial Organizations
88:Congress of Industrial Organizations
76:National Labor Relations Act of 1935
39:Congress of Industrial Organizations
2508:Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt
1672:
1606:Union violence in the United States
1479:1907 San Francisco streetcar strike
741:(SWOC), was established in 1936 by
403:Gulf Coast maritime workers' strike
13:
2513:1930s strikes in the United States
2498:Labor history of the United States
1514:Copper Country strike of 1913â1914
1443:
1307:Labor history of the United States
1132:
804:Labor history of the United States
739:Steel Workers Organizing Committee
617:Minneapolis general strike of 1934
611:Minneapolis general strike of 1934
527:1938 New York City truckers strike
463:Remington Rand strike of 1936â1937
292:Minneapolis general strike of 1934
160:Tampa cigar makers' strike of 1931
14:
2524:
1294:
1285:John L. Lewis : labor leader
902:Global Nonviolent Action Database
670:
647:United Textile Workers of America
583:1934 West Coast waterfront strike
307:1934 West Coast waterfront strike
2367:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
2254:Labor spies in the United States
1626:
1572:Gulf Coast longshoremen's strike
1484:Pressed Steel Car strike of 1909
1300:
1197:John L. Lewis : a biography
652:
576:
493:1937 LewistonâAuburn shoe strike
118:
2483:1935 labor disputes and strikes
2188:Enterprise bargaining agreement
1209:(1996); the view from Broadway
1112:
1096:
1079:
1066:
1053:
1036:
1020:
1011:
995:
982:
966:
358:Pacific Northwest lumber strike
205:Century Airlines pilots' strike
98:
2437:Occupational safety and health
1474:1905 Chicago teamsters' strike
1400:Cotton pickers' strike of 1891
1265:(U of California Press, 2016)
1172:(U. of Wisconsin Press, 1957)
1106:(U of California Press, 2016)
953:
940:
927:
914:
889:
876:
863:
850:
837:
787:United Steelworkers of America
747:United Mine Workers of America
393:Los Angeles County, California
322:Textile workers' strike (1934)
80:National Labor Relations Board
1:
963:(U of Missouri Press, 2002).
698:
480:Memorial Day massacre of 1937
1566:West Coast waterfront strike
1350:American labor union history
976:(U of Illinois Press. 2000)
565:
220:Briggs Manufacturing Company
84:American Federation of Labor
35:American Federation of Labor
7:
1796:Duty of fair representation
1736:National trade union center
1215:Filippelli, Ronald L., ed.
1187:Labor in America: A history
1072:Paul F. Clark, et al. eds.
1017:Bernstein, 1970 pp 598â602.
792:
555:Tool and die strike of 1939
64:
10:
2529:
2193:Global Framework Agreement
1044:Michigan Historical Review
1028:American Historical Review
725:
702:
679:invented a new tacticâthe
656:
637:
614:
580:
569:
262:1934 New York hotel strike
175:Santa Clara cannery strike
2324:
2246:
2216:
2165:
1980:
1929:
1920:
1875:
1809:
1718:
1711:
1678:
1624:
1593:
1499:1913 Ipswich Mills strike
1454:
1441:
1356:
1348:Major armed conflicts in
922:Pacific Historical Review
782:the Memorial Day Massacre
778:Youngstown Sheet and Tube
715:United Automobile Workers
640:US Textile strike of 1934
2372:Equal pay for equal work
2208:Union security agreement
2178:Collaborative bargaining
1827:Social movement unionism
1536:Battle of Blair Mountain
1525:1920 Alabama coal strike
830:
745:, president of both the
2018:Occupation of factories
1741:Global union federation
1633:Portal:Organized Labour
1554:Columbine Mine massacre
1222:Newell, Barbara Warne.
1158:Brenner, Aaron et al.,
195:Harlan County, Kentucky
180:Santa Clara, California
2377:Exploitation of labour
2058:Organizational dissent
1504:Colorado Coalfield War
1448:
1170:Labor and the New Deal
1030:70.3 (1965): 691-713.
1005:23.2 (1982): 198-225.
924:64.3 (1995): 363-388.
884:Labor and the New Deal
695:
623:Minneapolis, Minnesota
433:Goodyear rubber strike
363:U.S. Pacific Northwest
297:Minneapolis, Minnesota
23:
2234:Workers' compensation
2183:Collective bargaining
1837:Members-only unionism
1578:Memorial Day massacre
1447:
1370:Rock Springs massacre
1364:Great Railroad Strike
1232:Roscigno, Vincent J.
992:(Beacon Press, 1966).
705:Flint sit-down strike
693:
685:United Rubber Workers
570:Further information:
448:Flint sit-down strike
105:NorrisâLa Guardia Act
47:Franklin D. Roosevelt
21:
1847:Open-source unionism
1761:Father of the chapel
1751:Union representative
1309:at Wikimedia Commons
1182:(Stanford UP, 2011).
824:Venice celery strike
722:Little Steel in 1937
634:Textile strikes 1934
388:Venice celery strike
335:U.S. southern states
252:Sheboygan, Wisconsin
109:yellow-dog contracts
2442:Occupational stress
2296:Demarcation dispute
2279:Anti-union violence
1903:Industrial unionism
1862:Solidarity unionism
1776:Vigilance committee
1756:Clerk of the chapel
1468:Colorado Labor Wars
1313:Labor History Links
950:(MSU Press, 19950.
728:Little Steel strike
476:Little Steel strike
331:Mid-Atlantic region
2427:Professional abuse
2229:Union wage premium
2203:Pattern bargaining
2138:Solidarity actions
1998:Diversity training
1832:Community unionism
1449:
1434:Illinois coal wars
1388:Thibodaux massacre
1283:Zieger, Robert H.
1275:The CIO, 1935â1955
1273:Zieger, Robert H.
1191:online 6th edition
1122:8.2 (1967): 3-17.
1076:(ILR Press, 1987).
988:Walter H. Uphoff,
946:Philip A. Korth,
886:(1957) pp 361â372.
869:Irving Bernstein,
860:(1960) pp 341-343.
856:Irving Bernstein,
749:(UMW) and the new
696:
559:Detroit, Michigan
423:U.S. Pacific Coast
225:Detroit, Michigan
24:
2470:
2469:
2352:Conflict theories
2347:Four-day workweek
2242:
2241:
2161:
2160:
2063:Industrial action
1972:Union co-op model
1916:
1915:
1888:Independent union
1852:Business unionism
1640:
1639:
1560:Harlan County War
1548:Hanapepe massacre
1530:Battle of Matewan
1428:Lattimer massacre
1394:Morewood massacre
1376:Bay View massacre
1305:Media related to
1254:Vittoz, Stanley.
1148:Brecher, Jeremy.
959:John A. Salmond,
933:David F. Selvin,
563:
562:
210:Chicago, Illinois
190:Harlan County War
37:(AFL)and the new
2520:
2357:Critique of work
2332:35-hour workweek
2123:Pen-down strikes
2079:
2078:
1930:Shops and hiring
1927:
1926:
1817:Organizing model
1716:
1715:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1644:
1643:
1630:
1594:Related articles
1519:Everett massacre
1506:, including the
1405:Homestead Strike
1382:Haymarket affair
1342:
1335:
1328:
1319:
1318:
1304:
1189:(7th ed. 2017).
1126:
1116:
1110:
1100:
1094:
1083:
1077:
1070:
1064:
1057:
1051:
1040:
1034:
1024:
1018:
1015:
1009:
999:
993:
986:
980:
970:
964:
957:
951:
944:
938:
931:
925:
918:
912:
911:
909:
908:
893:
887:
880:
874:
867:
861:
854:
848:
841:
768:, and including
572:Auto-Lite strike
277:Auto-Lite strike
123:
122:
31:Great Depression
2528:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2320:
2238:
2212:
2198:Master contract
2173:Bargaining unit
2157:
2153:Wildcat strikes
2077:
2023:Precarious work
1993:Contingent work
1976:
1922:
1912:
1871:
1805:
1731:Union organizer
1707:
1674:
1673:Organized labor
1671:
1641:
1636:
1620:
1589:
1542:Herrin massacre
1508:Ludlow Massacre
1450:
1439:
1352:
1346:
1297:
1248:(Harper, 1959)
1142:(3 Vol, 2006).
1138:Arnesen, Eric.
1135:
1133:Further reading
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628:Teamsters union
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453:Flint, Michigan
408:U.S. Gulf Coast
378:U.S. Gulf Coast
312:U.S. West Coast
146:Imperial Valley
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1296:
1295:External links
1293:
1292:
1291:
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1269:
1261:White, Ahmed.
1259:
1252:
1244:Taft, Philip.
1241:
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1205:Duffy, Susan.
1203:
1193:
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1166:
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1128:
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1111:
1095:
1089:(1967): 21-30
1087:Social Science
1078:
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1046:(1986): 57-82
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766:Republic Steel
723:
720:
711:General Motors
703:Main article:
700:
697:
681:sitdown strike
672:
671:Rubber in 1936
669:
659:Kohler strikes
657:Main article:
654:
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638:Main article:
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615:Main article:
612:
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597:general strike
581:Main article:
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2118:Overtime bans
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2053:Strike notice
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1857:Dual unionism
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1842:One Big Union
1840:
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1822:Service model
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1726:Labor council
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1683:Labor history
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1102:Ahmed White,
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1069:
1062:
1056:
1049:
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1039:
1033:
1029:
1023:
1014:
1008:
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1003:Labor History
998:
991:
985:
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972:Janet Irons,
969:
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799:John L. Lewis
797:
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755:Philip Murray
752:
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743:John L. Lewis
740:
733:
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719:
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660:
653:Kohler strike
650:
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631:
629:
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601:Harry Bridges
598:
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589:San Francisco
584:
577:San Francisco
573:
558:
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540:Hilo massacre
538:
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502:Auburn, Maine
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267:New York City
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247:Kohler strike
245:
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119:Major strikes
116:
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96:
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92:John L. Lewis
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
62:
60:
56:
53:, as well as
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
20:
16:
2457:Wage slavery
2417:Maximum wage
2412:Minimum wage
2342:Six-hour day
2325:Other topics
2217:Compensation
2073:Work-to-rule
2013:Labor revolt
1967:Scope clause
1908:Police union
1746:Unionization
1688:Labor rights
1631:
1455:20th century
1357:19th century
1284:
1274:
1262:
1255:
1245:
1233:
1223:
1216:
1206:
1196:
1186:
1179:
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1149:
1139:
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1103:
1098:
1086:
1081:
1073:
1068:
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1055:
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1038:
1027:
1022:
1013:
1002:
997:
989:
984:
973:
968:
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955:
947:
942:
934:
929:
921:
916:
905:. Retrieved
901:
891:
883:
878:
870:
865:
857:
852:
844:
839:
774:Inland Steel
763:
759:
735:
708:
674:
662:
643:
620:
586:
545:Hilo, Hawaii
282:Toledo, Ohio
102:
99:Federal role
68:
26:
25:
15:
2362:Decent work
2316:Union raids
2306:Goon squads
2274:Paper local
2128:Recognition
2068:Unfair list
1988:Bossnapping
1957:Hiring hall
1947:Agency shop
1937:Closed shop
1867:Syndicalism
1791:Trades hall
1781:Union label
1766:Local union
1698:Trade union
1562:, 1931â1932
1510:, 1913â1914
1470:, 1903â1904
1464:, 1895â1929
1436:, 1898â1899
1424:, 1895â1929
517:San Antonio
484:nationwide
438:Akron, Ohio
327:New England
238:California
2477:Categories
2432:Protection
2402:Labor code
2397:Job strain
2224:Strike pay
2166:Bargaining
2113:Green bans
2106:newspapers
1952:Union shop
1921:Industrial
1771:Union dues
907:2021-07-04
699:GM in 1937
665:Kohler Co.
478:including
150:California
2407:Labor law
2264:Givebacks
2247:Reactions
2048:Stay-away
2033:Picketing
2028:Precarity
2008:Grievance
1942:Open shop
1923:relations
1719:Structure
1712:Formation
789:in 1942.
566:1934 wave
348:Milwaukee
2462:Workload
2447:Overwork
2043:Slowdown
1277:(1995).
1162:(2009).
793:See also
677:Goodyear
607:(ILWU).
459:1936â37
444:1936â37
414:1936â37
341:1934â35
72:New Deal
65:Overview
43:New Deal
2148:Whipsaw
2143:Walkout
2038:Salting
1981:Actions
1287:(1988)
1236:(2004)
1219:(1990).
1199:(1986)
1150:Strike!
1144:excerpt
978:online.
873:(1970).
222:strike
129:Strike
2091:Hartal
2003:Gherao
1810:Models
1586:, 1938
1580:, 1937
1574:, 1935
1568:, 1934
1556:, 1927
1550:, 1924
1544:, 1922
1538:, 1921
1532:, 1920
1521:, 1916
1430:, 1897
1418:, 1894
1407:, 1892
1396:, 1891
1390:, 1887
1384:, 1886
1378:, 1886
1372:, 1885
1366:, 1877
1289:online
1279:online
1267:online
1258:(1987)
1250:online
1238:online
1228:online
1211:online
1201:online
1174:online
1164:online
1154:online
1124:online
1108:online
1091:online
1048:online
1032:online
826:(1936)
776:, and
132:Place
2101:Bandh
1876:Types
831:Notes
551:1939
536:1938
523:1938
508:1938
489:1937
472:1937
429:1936
399:1936
384:1936
369:1935
354:1935
318:1934
303:1934
288:1934
273:1934
258:1934
243:1934
230:1933
216:1933
201:1932
186:1931
171:1931
156:1931
137:1930
126:Date
1962:Bump
1786:Salt
732:SWOC
730:and
500:and
333:and
59:1944
57:and
55:1940
51:1936
49:in
2479::
1093:.
900:.
772:,
329:,
148:,
61:.
1704:)
1700:(
1666:e
1659:t
1652:v
1341:e
1334:t
1327:v
1050:.
910:.
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