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192:
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247:, for instance, refers to the "resources of the 'extended piano'"), such techniques were increasingly called upon during the second half of the 20th century, eventually becoming part of the general vocabulary of contemporary pianistic writing and performance. Many composers have used such "inside-the-piano" techniques sporadically, as special effects; a few have made more substantial use of them, such as Crumb (e.g.,
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offer additional variations to string piano playing. For string piano pieces in which the performer stands alongside the instrument without addressing the keyboard, the pedals of the piano (and even, silently, the keys) may also be employed with the help of an assistant or a deadweight. Cowell also
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suite (1916), he directs the pianist to play on several bass strings with a yarn-covered mallet." Soon afterward, Cowell began using string piano techniques in his compositions. One of his first important works to employ the approach is the solo
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of the strings with devices similar to those used to mute violins. In string piano pieces that call for the performer to sit at the keyboard, the keys may be depressed and held down silently with one hand to create
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171:(ca. 1923) is Cowell's first composition exclusively for string piano—while keys are silently held down, as described above, all the sounding is done by direct address of the strings (
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wrote passages for techniques involving simultaneous manipulation of the strings—sliding along one or more with the fingers or a metal object—and keyboard sounding in order to produce
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Strings may also be pressed at specific points along their length with the fingers of one hand while being played by the other to produce different
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String piano compositions can involve a wide range of techniques. Among those employed by Cowell, the first major proponent of the approach, are:
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448:
Date per
Nicholls (1991), p. 159; confirmed by Hicks (2002), p. 110. The standard Lichtenwanger (1986) catalogue gives the date as 1924.
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61:. Pioneered by Cowell in the 1920s, such techniques are now often called upon in the works of avant-garde classical music composers.
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directs the pianist to play glissandi directly on the piano strings. He calls it "Glissando-piano" in the score. In
Langgaard's
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Although few composers other than Cowell have used the term "string piano" to describe their use of the piano strings (
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According to Cowell biographer
Michael Hicks, "The first 'serious' composer to write for piano strings was probably
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for solo piano from 1917, the pianist is also instructed to play directly on the strings in two of the movements.
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338:(Music and Arts 1044)—includes a number of pieces featuring string piano techniques, performed by Jo Boatright
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effects. Other objects, such as bows and brushes, may also be used to elicit sound directly from the strings.
167:(1925), for piano and string quartet, it combines traditional keyboard sounding with direct string playing.
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348:, for string piano and small orchestra, performed by Continuum, Joel Sachs–conductor, Cheryl Seltzer–piano
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159:(1923). Per the Lichtenwanger listings, Cowell's earliest piece calling for string piano techniques is
410:(New Albion 084)—Fantasy on the Polynesian star path navigators, performed by the Bowed Piano Ensemble
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219:, a student of Cowell's, was inspired by the string piano concept to pursue his explorations of the
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See
Nicholls (1991), pp. 159–166, for descriptions of many of these Cowell pieces and techniques.
329:(1942) for string piano and Music for Piano No. 2 (1953), arranged for bowed piano, performed by
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This article is about piano playing techniques. For the
Leonardo da Vinci instrument, see
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34:, recorded in 1963, with Cowell demonstrating the longitudinal sweeping technique
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209:(1930–31) is for voice and string piano (the accompaniment is adapted from
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Brooklyn, N.Y.: Brooklyn
College Institute for Studies in American Music.
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flicking back and forth across a string with a fingernail (similar to a
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external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
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sweeping across the strings with the flat of the hand (producing a
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sweeping along one or more strings with the flesh of the finger(s)
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84:
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Cambridge, New York, and
Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.
404:, performed by Mary Ann Hart–mezzo-soprano, Jeanne Golan–pianist
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scraping along one or more strings with the fingernail(s)
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in which sound is produced by direct manipulation of the
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The Bowed Piano
Ensemble perform Stephen Scott's Entrada
118:. These sounding techniques may be combined with direct
380:, performed by Henry Cowell (album pictured in article)
703:
George Crumb—Makrokosmos I—Primeval Sounds (Genesis I)
183:). Among his other works purely for string piano are
666:
Crumb, Makrokosmos Bk.I, 1—Primeval Sounds (Cancer)
547:
The Music of Henry Cowell: A Descriptive
Catalogue.
678:Crumb, Makrokosmos Bk.I, 4—Crucifixus (Capricorn)
600:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines
525:George Crumb: Complete Crumb Edition, Volume Five
1282:
747:video of performance by the Bowed Piano Ensemble
696:, including Margaret Leng Tan's performance of
45:(1897–1965) to collectively describe pianistic
41:is a term coined by American composer-theorist
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384:New Music: Piano Compositions by Henry Cowell
53:, instead of or in addition to striking the
672:Crumb, Makrokosmos Bk.I, 2—Proteus (Pisces)
232:, composed in 1916–18, the Danish composer
1020:Bowed string instrument extended technique
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759:
468:"Rued Langgaard – Modernist piano effects"
352:Henry Cowell: A Continuum Portrait, Vol. 2
342:Henry Cowell: A Continuum Portrait, Vol. 1
705:video of performance by Margaret Leng Tan
636:Learn how and when to remove this message
323:Daughters of the Lonesome Isle: John Cage
336:George Crumb: Makrokosmos, Vols. 1 and 2
22:
1270:Category:Musical performance techniques
148:(1882–1961): at the close of his
1283:
780:
686:video of performance by Jiun Yoong Lim
650:The Aeolian Harp Piece by Henry Cowell
562:American Experimental Music 1890–1940.
534:Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
368:(Smithsonian Folkways 40801)—includes
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658:six works by the composer, including
523:Crumb, George (2001). Liner notes to
735:video of performance by Scot Hawkins
729:video of performance by Scot Hawkins
723:video of performance by Scot Hawkins
717:video of performance by Scot Hawkins
711:video of performance by Scot Hawkins
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163:(ca. 1920–22) for solo piano. Like
94:across the strings with the fingers
13:
741:by Kris Lennox, September 29, 2012
652:video of performance by Lydia Aoki
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14:
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390:, performed by Chris Brown, and
656:Art of the States: Henry Cowell
545:Lichtenwanger, William (1986).
1296:Musical performance techniques
694:Daughters of the Lonesome Isle
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1:
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491:""The Bowed Piano Ensemble",
362:, performed by Cheryl Seltzer
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698:In the Name of the Holocaust
356:Piece for Piano with Strings
327:In the Name of the Holocaust
157:Piece for Piano with Strings
7:
414:
400:(Albany–Troy 240)—includes
10:
1317:
662:, performed by Sorrel Hays
394:, performed by Sorrel Hays
386:(New Albion 103)—includes
372:and (linked on one track)
354:(Naxos 8.559193)—includes
344:(Naxos 8.559192)—includes
325:(New Albion 070)—includes
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972:Piano extended techniques
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560:Nicholls, David (1991 ).
366:Henry Cowell: Piano Music
1209:Extended vocal technique
1012:Bowed string instruments
426:
421:Piano extended technique
739:"Reinventing the piano"
690:Epitonic.com: John Cage
684:Crumb—Tora! Tora! Tora!
532:Henry Cowell, Bohemian.
530:Hicks, Michael (2002).
493:BowedPianoEnsemble.com
408:Vikings of the Sunrise
35:
439:Hicks (2002), p. 110.
398:Songs of Henry Cowell
287:Klavierstücke XII–XIV
283:Karlheinz Stockhausen
263:Dancer on a Tightrope
161:The Sword of Oblivion
26:
1166:Snare drum technique
987:Three-hand technique
733:Makrokosmos, Clip #5
727:Makrokosmos, Clip #4
721:Makrokosmos, Clip #3
715:Makrokosmos, Clip #2
709:Makrokosmos, Clip #1
680:video of performance
674:video of performance
668:video of performance
606:improve this article
501:on February 11, 2021
307:Bowed Piano Ensemble
229:Music of the Spheres
1301:Extended techniques
934:Harmonica technique
909:Saxophone technique
826:Finger substitution
618:footnote references
480:Crumb (2001), p. 8.
301:. In 1977 composer
295:Corona for Pianists
271:Trio in drei Sätzen
253:, vols. 1 and 2 ),
47:extended techniques
914:Circular breathing
816:Extended technique
782:Musical techniques
378:Sinister Resonance
203:Sinister Resonance
36:
1278:
1277:
646:
645:
638:
331:Margaret Leng Tan
259:Sofia Gubaidulina
1308:
1268:
1267:
1245:Related articles
1224:Overtone singing
1025:Violin technique
924:Flutter-tonguing
901:Wind instruments
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692:two tracks from
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497:. Archived from
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402:How Old Is Song?
311:Colorado College
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267:Mauricio Kagel
234:Rued Langgaard
221:prepared piano
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165:A Composition
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151:In a Nutshell
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33:
32:: Piano Music
31:
25:
19:
1235:Sprechgesang
1233:
1186:Stevens grip
1176:Cymbal choke
1125:Third bridge
1045:BartĂłk pizz.
997:String piano
996:
876:Stopped note
796:Articulation
697:
693:
660:Aeolian Harp
659:
632:
623:
608:by removing
595:
561:
546:
531:
524:
503:. Retrieved
499:the original
492:
485:
476:
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453:
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407:
401:
397:
392:Aeolian Harp
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374:Aeolian Harp
373:
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345:
341:
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322:
306:
305:founded the
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245:George Crumb
242:
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211:Aeolian Harp
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206:
205:(ca. 1930).
202:
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169:Aeolian Harp
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149:
143:
110:
99:tone cluster
68:
43:Henry Cowell
39:String piano
38:
37:
30:Henry Cowell
28:
1219:Death growl
1201:Human voice
1171:Burton grip
1100:Flatpicking
1095:Fingerstyle
1090:Downpicking
1057:Free bowing
939:Overblowing
851:Multiphonic
811:Double stop
388:The Banshee
370:The Banshee
360:The Banshee
346:Irish Suite
299:David Tudor
250:Makrokosmos
238:Insektarium
186:The Banshee
1285:Categories
1214:Beatboxing
1158:Percussion
1002:Tack piano
949:Split tone
919:Embouchure
846:Intonation
518:References
73:plucking (
65:Techniques
1229:Screaming
1181:Drum roll
1052:Col legno
1040:Pizzicato
1035:Bariolage
861:Pizzicato
841:Harmonics
836:Glissando
821:Fingering
626:July 2017
610:excessive
505:March 12,
275:Carl Orff
217:John Cage
134:glissando
90:sweeping
75:pizzicato
27:Cover of
1072:Two bows
1067:Spiccato
954:Tonguing
929:Growling
871:Slapping
866:Position
856:Phrasing
415:See also
279:Antigonæ
113:harmonic
82:mandolin
1191:Rimshot
1120:Tambour
1105:Picking
1062:Martelé
982:Luthéal
891:Vibrato
886:Tremolo
806:Damping
789:General
604:Please
596:use of
297:), and
293:(e.g.,
285:(e.g.,
277:(e.g.,
269:(e.g.,
261:(e.g.,
140:History
116:pitches
85:tremolo
51:strings
1082:Guitar
801:Bowing
568:
553:
538:
201:) and
195:listen
189:(1925
177:listen
129:pedals
125:chords
120:muting
1291:Piano
1252:Étude
964:Piano
427:Notes
55:piano
1140:Harp
566:ISBN
551:ISBN
536:ISBN
507:2021
376:and
358:and
59:keys
612:or
309:at
289:),
281:),
273:),
265:),
226:In
213:).
57:'s
1287::
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223:.
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633:(
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20:.
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