246:
139:
830:
24:
979:
674:
467:
661:
944:, and they can alter the electronic structure, defect chemistry, and surface properties of the material. These effects include photoinduced phase transitions, photoinduced oxygen exchange, and photoinduced surface reconstruction. They are influenced by the oxygen pressure, the crystal structure, and the doping level of SrTiO
940:, which determines the energy levels, band gap, carrier concentration, and mobility of the material. At high temperatures (>200 °C), the main effects of light are photoionic, meaning that they involve the migration of oxygen vacancies (negative ions) in the material. These vacancies are the main ionic defects in SrTiO
1473:(YSZ), chemical stability during the reactions which occur at fuel cell electrodes, and electronic conductivity of up to 360 S/cm under SOFC operating conditions. Another key advantage of these LST is that it shows a resistance to sulfur poisoning, which is an issue with the currently used nickel - ceramic (
1231:
distinguish strontium titanate from diamond by the former's softness—manifested by surface abrasions—and excess dispersion (to the trained eye), and occasional gas bubbles which are remnants of synthesis. Doublets can be detected by a join line at the girdle ("waist" of the stone) and flattened air
1484:
which is important as it means the reduction reaction which happens at the cathode can occur over a wider area. Building on this material by adding cobalt on the B-site (replacing titanium) as well as iron, we have the material STFC, or cobalt-substituted STF, which shows remarkable stability as a
1460:
Strontium titanate is doped with different materials for use on different sides of a fuel cell. On the fuel side (anode), where the first reaction occurs, it is often doped with lanthanum to form lanthanum-doped strontium titanate (LST). In this case, the A-site, or position in the unit cell where
935:
where exposing the crystal to light will increase its electrical conductivity by over 2 orders of magnitude. After the light is turned off, the enhanced conductivity persists for several days, with negligible decay. At low temperatures, the main effects of light are electronic, meaning that they
1130:, melts, and lands on a rotating and slowly descending pedestal below. The height of the pedestal is constantly adjusted to keep its top at the optimal position below the flame, and over a number of hours the molten powder cools and crystallises to form a single pedunculated pear or
936:
involve the creation, movement, and recombination of electrons and holes (positive charges) in the material. These effects include photoconductivity, photoluminescence, photovoltage, and photochromism. They are influenced by the defect chemistry of SrTiO
900:
crystals and thin films. Oxygen vacancies induce free electrons in the conduction band of the material, making it more conductive and opaque. These vacancies can be caused by exposure to reducing conditions, such as high vacuum at elevated temperatures.
668:
acquired using a
Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope (STEM) and a high angle annular dark field (HAADF) detector. Brighter spots are columns of atoms containing Sr, and darker spots contain Ti. Columns containing only O atoms are not
744:(the optical property responsible for the "fire" of the cut gemstones) of strontium titanate is 4.3x that of diamond, at 0.190 (B–G interval). This results in a shocking display of fire compared to diamond and diamond simulants such as
1210:
Despite being outmoded, strontium titanate is still manufactured and periodically encountered in jewellery. It is one of the most costly of diamond simulants, and due to its rarity collectors may pay a premium for large i.e. >2
1025:. Merker and Lynd first patented the growth process on February 10, 1953; a number of refinements were subsequently patented over the next four years, such as modifications to the feed powder and additions of colouring dopants.
1194:
inherent to the latter material. While it was softer, it was significantly closer to diamond in likeness. Eventually, however, both would fall into disuse, being eclipsed by the creation of "better" simulants: first by
701:(300) at room temperature and low electric field. It has a specific resistivity of over 10 Ω-cm for very pure crystals. It is also used in high-voltage capacitors. Introducing mobile charge carriers by doping leads to
1461:
strontium usually sits, is sometimes filled by lanthanum instead, this causes the material to exhibit n-type semiconductor properties, including electronic conductivity. It also shows oxygen ion conduction due to the
1167:. As in most thin films, different growth methods can result in significantly different defect and impurity densities and crystalline quality, resulting in a large variation of the electronic and optical properties.
1292:(SOFCs). It demonstrates both electronic and ionic conductivity which is useful for SOFC electrodes because there is an exchange of gas and oxygen ions in the material and electrons on both sides of the cell.
1215:(400 mg) specimens. As a diamond simulant, strontium titanate is most deceptive when mingled with melée i.e. <0.20 carat (40 mg) stones and when it is used as the base material for a composite or
1044:
burner. The extra oxygen is required for successful formation of strontium titanate, which would otherwise fail to oxidize completely due to the titanium component. The ratio is ca. 1.5 volumes of
1377:
1454:
1119:, heated to 1000 °C in order to produce a free-flowing granular powder of the required composition, and is then ground and sieved to ensure all particles are between 0.2 and 0.5
779:
to give reds, yellows, browns, and blues. Natural tausonite is usually translucent to opaque, in shades of reddish brown, dark red, or grey. Both have an adamantine (diamond-like)
2421:
Zhang, Shan-Lin; Wang, Hongqian; Lu, Matthew Y.; Zhang, Ai-Ping; Mogni, Liliana V.; Liu, Qinyuan; Li, Cheng-Xin; Li, Chang-Jiu; Barnett, Scott A. (2018). "Cobalt-substituted SrTi
1815:
C. Rodenbücher; P. Meuffels; W. Speier; M. Ermrich; D. Wrana; F. Krok; K. Szot (2017). "Stability and
Decomposition of Perovskite-Type Titanates upon High-Temperature Reduction".
932:
749:
597:
876:
oxides. Its bulk lattice parameter of 3.905Å makes it suitable as the substrate for the growth of many other oxides, including the rare-earth manganites, titanates,
1268:
per gram of
Strontium-90-Titanate) and half life, space based applications, which put a particular premium on low weight, high reliability and longevity prefer
1136:
crystal. This boule is usually no larger than 2.5 centimetres in diameter and 10 centimetres long; it is an opaque black to begin with, requiring further
1280:
and the decreasing price and increasing availability of solar panels, small wind turbines, chemical battery storage and other off-grid power solutions.
1681:
480:
1022:
2359:
Gong, Mingyang; Liu, Xingbo; Trembly, Jason; Johnson, Christopher (2007). "Sulfur-tolerant anode materials for solid oxide fuel cell application".
1766:
865:
1480:
Another related compound is strontium titanium ferrite (STF) which is used as a cathode (oxygen-side) material in SOFCs. This material also shows
557:, making it a quantum paraelectric. It was long thought to be a wholly artificial material, until 1982 when its natural counterpart—discovered in
629:
641:
2394:
Jung, WooChul; Tuller, Harry L. (2009). "Impedance study of SrTi1−xFexO3−δ (x=0.05 to 0.80) mixed ionic-electronic conducting model cathode".
2507:
1018:
2837:
2476:
295:
3016:
2298:
Assessment of environmental, health and safety consequences of decommissioning radioisotope thermal generators (RTGs) in
Northwest Russia
1186:, large quantities of strontium titanate were manufactured for this sole purpose. Strontium titanate was in competition with synthetic
872:
makes it electrically conductive, being one of the only conductive commercially available single crystal substrates for the growth of
927:
can change its properties when it is exposed to light. These changes depend on the temperature and the defects in the material. SrTiO
89:
2305:
96:
1858:
L. Rimai; G. A. deMars (1962). "Electron
Paramagnetic Resonance of Trivalent Gadolinium Ions in Strontium and Barium Titanates".
566:
1245:
1040:
carefully fed through the blowpipe in the typical fashion, but with the addition of a third pipe to deliver oxygen—creating a
920:
an alternative gate dielectric material. This also enables the integration of other thin film perovskite oxides onto silicon.
475:
2433: : a stable high-performance oxygen electrode material for intermediate-temperature solid oxide electrochemical cells".
2187:
2162:
1939:
Siebenhofer, Matthäus; Viernstein, Alexander; Morgenbesser, Maximilian; Fleig, Jürgen; Kubicek, Markus (February 6, 2021).
3698:
1995:
Siebenhofer, Matthäus; Viernstein, Alexander; Morgenbesser, Maximilian; Fleig, Jürgen; Kubicek, Markus (November 2021).
633:
1486:
170:
1298:
705:
metallic behavior already at very low charge carrier densities. At high electron densities strontium titanate becomes
2500:
2262:
2237:
2212:
260:
2474:
An electron micrograph of strontium titanate, as artwork entitled "Strontium" at the DeYoung Museum in San
Francisco
4344:
2830:
2296:
1703:
Xiao Lin, Benoît Fauqué, Kamran Behnia (2015). "Scalable T resistivity in a small single-component Fermi surface".
1384:
2332:
Marina, O (2002). "Thermal, electrical, and electrocatalytical properties of lanthanum-doped strontium titanate".
487:
3130:
857:
1048:
for each volume of oxygen. The highly purified feed powder is derived by first producing titanyl double oxalate
812:
717:
2099:
573:. Its most important application has been in its synthesized form wherein it is occasionally encountered as a
23:
1780:
Koonce, C. S.; Cohen, Marvin L. (1967). "Superconducting
Transition Temperatures of Semiconducting SrTiO3".
1689:
4329:
3553:
2493:
1203:(GGG); and finally by the (to date) ultimate simulant in terms of diamond-likeness and cost-effectiveness,
203:
134:
3581:
3254:
2823:
224:
833:
Strontium titanate single crystal substrates (5x5x0.5mm). The transparent substrate (left) is pure SrTiO
4349:
4339:
3567:
1638:
1470:
2058:(18). Department of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington.: 187403.
1485:
cathode material as well as lower polarization resistance than other common cathode materials such as
3539:
1200:
1175:
Its cubic structure and high dispersion once made synthetic strontium titanate a prime candidate for
753:
146:
1260:
or other radionuclides which have to be produced in dedicated facilities. However, due to the lower
241:
3455:
2154:
1196:
1069:
745:
164:
1190:("titania") at the time, and had the advantage of lacking the unfortunate yellow tinge and strong
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1502:
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838:
2473:
3846:
3499:
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3066:
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1240:
Due to its high melting point and insolubility in water, strontium titanate has been used as a
1156:
1137:
1108:
873:
538:
430:
2278:
4203:
3646:
3302:
3214:
3044:
2995:
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2295:
Standring, WJF; Selnæs, ØG; Sneve, M; Finne, IE; Hosseini, A; Amundsen, I; Strand, P (2005),
1760:
1289:
1249:
1006:
811:. Under extremely low oxygen partial pressure, strontium titanate decomposes via incongruent
2284:. Washington, DC: U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. June 1994. OTA-BP-ETI-129.
2146:
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8:
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554:
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55:
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2063:
1910:
1871:
1828:
1793:
1728:
1651:
1632:
K. van
Benthem, C. Elsässer and R. H. French (2001). "Bulk electronic structure of SrTiO
1539:
1032:(also known as flame-fusion) is the favoured method of growth. An inverted oxy-hydrogen
245:
138:
4334:
4324:
3684:
3658:
3278:
2936:
2892:
2846:
2756:
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1996:
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772:
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2233:
2208:
2183:
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2149:
Crystal growth technology: from fundamentals and simulation to large-scale production
2100:"Light Exposure Increases Crystal's Electrical Conductivity 400-fold [VIDEO]"
2075:
2026:
1970:
1844:
1740:
1705:
1466:
1248:(RTGs), such as the US Sentinel and Soviet Beta-M series. As strontium-90 has a high
1176:
1127:
808:
709:
below 0.35 K and was the first insulator and oxide discovered to be superconductive.
706:
421:
1667:
4233:
4089:
4074:
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3747:
3736:
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2016:
2008:
1960:
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1914:
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1002:
853:
829:
776:
733:
713:
574:
542:
515:
396:
384:
323:
1752:
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in an oxidizing atmosphere in order to make the crystal colourless and to relieve
192:
4000:
3650:
3355:
3262:
3122:
2685:
2480:
1481:
1132:
1033:
998:
967:
913:
740:
light, 589.3 nm) is nearly identical to that of diamond (at 2.417), but the
616:. This product is currently being marketed for its use in jewelry under the name
550:
534:
531:
2207:. Santa Monica, California: Gemological Institute of America. pp. 214–221.
2120:
1918:
1276:
applications of RTGs meanwhile have been largely phased out due to concern over
569:. Tausonite remains an extremely rare mineral in nature, occurring as very tiny
1204:
952:
893:
757:
725:
625:
458:
2407:
681:. The red spheres are oxygens, blue are Ti cations, and the green ones are Sr.
4318:
4055:
3889:
3878:
3871:
3627:
3603:
1585:
1547:
1277:
1269:
1261:
1257:
1191:
1014:
1010:
804:
788:
694:
373:
127:
1879:
1814:
1801:
1736:
1631:
1256:, Sr-90 based RTGs can in principle be produced cheaper than those based on
3662:
3162:
2079:
2030:
1974:
1836:
1744:
1288:
Strontium titanate's mixed conductivity has attracted attention for use in
1241:
1212:
796:
702:
621:
601:
3415:
1089:
438:
2309:
792:
2455:
2446:
2012:
1956:
1462:
1224:
1120:
864:. It is particularly well known as the substrate for the growth of the
819:
761:
345:
147:
107:
2485:
1994:
1938:
1702:
1659:
1611:
2815:
2257:. Great Britain: Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 173, 176, 177, 293.
1892:
861:
562:
518:
507:
2044:
Tarun, Marianne C.; Selim, Farida A.; McCluskey, Matthew D. (2013).
1894:
822:. Its monocrystals can be used as optical windows and high-quality
818:
At temperatures lower than 105 K, its cubic structure transforms to
645:
457:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
3707:
3463:
1719:
1273:
1228:
1220:
1116:
1093:
1082:
1045:
991:
956:
690:
637:
582:
521:
511:
2232:. Great Britain: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 34, 65.
1232:
bubbles or glue visible within the stone at the point of bonding.
95:
88:
3676:
1997:"Photoinduced electronic and ionic effects in strontium titanate"
1941:"Photoinduced electronic and ionic effects in strontium titanate"
909:
869:
842:
721:
586:
570:
558:
363:
179:
1235:
997:
during the late 1940s and early 1950s; other titanates included
693:
of 3.25 eV and a direct gap of 3.75 eV in the typical range of
1474:
1187:
1053:
1037:
994:
768:
737:
578:
524:
1465:
structure tolerance for oxygen vacancies. This material has a
807:
of ca. 2080 °C (3776 °F) and is readily attacked by
767:
Synthetics are usually transparent and colourless, but can be
978:
673:
649:
503:
78:
3011:
783:. Strontium titanate is considered extremely brittle with a
229:
2914:
1489:. These cathodes also have the advantage of not containing
1895:"Crystalline Oxides on Silicon: The First Five Monolayers"
660:
2294:
1561:
Mottana, Annibale (March 1986). "Una brillante sintesi".
1409:
1345:
1313:
604:. Disused trade names for the synthetic product include
553:
down to the lowest temperatures measured as a result of
1493:
which make them cheaper than many of the alternatives.
1151:
can be grown epitaxially by various methods, including
716:
4.88 for natural, 5.13 for synthetic) and much softer (
1521:
1389:
2358:
2144:
1387:
1301:
279:
InChI=1/3O.Sr.Ti/q;2*-1;+2;/rO3Ti.Sr/c1-4(2)3;/q-2;+2
2047:"Persistent Photoconductivity in Strontium Titanate"
1857:
2043:
2227:
2045:
1893:R. A. McKee; F. J. Walker; M. F. Chisholm (1998).
1448:
1371:
1144:. This is done at over 1000 °C for 12 hours.
803:typical of doped stones. Synthetic material has a
1372:{\displaystyle {\ce {H2 + O^2- -> H2O + 2e-}}}
815:of strontium well below the melting temperature.
4316:
2420:
1526:: An intrinsic quantum paraelectric below 4 K".
1283:
990:Synthetic strontium titanate was one of several
866:lanthanum aluminate-strontium titanate interface
697:. Synthetic strontium titanate has a very large
191:
2123:. Max Planck institute for solid state research
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
541:structure. At low temperatures it approaches a
64:
2279:"Power Sources for Remote Arctic Applications"
2180:Jewelrymaking through history: an encyclopedia
1449:{\displaystyle {\ce {1/2O2 + 2e- -> O^2-}}}
3692:
2831:
2501:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1236:Use in radioisotope thermoelectric generators
1223:as the crown or top of the stone). Under the
787:; natural material is cubic or octahedral in
2230:Synthetic, imitation & treated gemstones
1981:
1765:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1580:
1578:
1576:
1170:
378:2,080 °C (3,780 °F; 2,350 K)
2252:
2177:
1779:
795:brown. Through a hand-held (direct vision)
720:5.5 for synthetic, 6–6.5 for natural) than
3699:
3685:
2838:
2824:
2508:
2494:
2393:
2202:
2182:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 73.
1925:
1469:similar to that of the common electrolyte
1005:. Research was conducted primarily at the
244:
137:
115:
2454:
2140:
2138:
2020:
1964:
1718:
1573:
1418:
1357:
211:
2306:Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority
1606:
1604:
1602:
977:
828:
712:Strontium titanate is both much denser (
672:
659:
2515:
1560:
1522:K. A. Muller; H. Burkard (1979). "SrTiO
1482:mixed ionic and electronic conductivity
799:, doped synthetics will exhibit a rich
620:. Other than its type locality of the
240:
169:
4317:
3726:
2845:
2331:
2135:
2092:
1246:radioisotope thermoelectric generators
128:
4174:
3680:
2819:
2489:
2271:
1599:
1036:is used, with feed powder mixed with
628:, natural tausonite is also found in
272:Key: VEALVRVVWBQVSL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
1199:(YAG) and followed shortly after by
2113:
2037:
1115:). The salt is washed to eliminate
545:phase transition with a very large
282:Key: VEALVRVVWBQVSL-VUHNDFTMAE
182:
13:
3706:
2435:Energy & Environmental Science
1487:lanthanum strontium cobalt ferrite
1126:The feed powder falls through the
982:A plate cut out of synthetic SrTiO
14:
4366:
2467:
966:, it is potent to be used as the
868:. Doping strontium titanate with
2145:H. J. Scheel; P. Capper (2008).
1467:thermal coefficient of expansion
858:high-temperature superconductors
664:Atomic resolution image of SrTiO
465:
22:
2414:
2387:
2352:
2325:
2288:
2246:
2221:
2196:
2171:
1886:
1851:
530:. At room temperature, it is a
461:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
2381:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.03.026
2072:10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.187403
1808:
1773:
1696:
1674:
1625:
1554:
1515:
1429:
1332:
852:is an excellent substrate for
1:
3012:Organotitanium(III) compounds
2346:10.1016/S0167-2738(02)00140-6
1508:
1284:Use in solid oxide fuel cells
1252:and is easily extracted from
1219:stone (with, e.g., synthetic
1180:
904:High-quality, epitaxial SrTiO
655:
3640:Organotitanium(IV) compounds
2915:Organotitanium(II) compounds
1028:A modification to the basic
973:
933:persistent photoconductivity
908:layers can also be grown on
269:InChI=1S/3O.Sr.Ti/q;2*-1;+2;
7:
1919:10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.3014
1496:
837:and the black substrate is
10:
4371:
4176:
1688:. ESPICorp. Archived from
1639:Journal of Applied Physics
1636:: Experiment and theory".
1471:yttria-stabilized zirconia
931:has been shown to possess
896:are fairly common in SrTiO
892:) and many others. Oxygen
350:183.49 g/mol
3728:
3715:
3639:
3348:
3029:
2929:
2853:
2523:
2408:10.1016/j.ssi.2009.02.008
2255:Gemmology, second edition
1201:gadolinium gallium garnet
1171:Use as a diamond simulant
455:
414:
316:
291:
256:
48:
35:
30:
21:
2361:Journal of Power Sources
1548:10.1103/PhysRevB.19.3593
1244:-containing material in
1197:yttrium aluminium garnet
598:Lev Vladimirovich Tauson
171:Strontium+titanium+oxide
38:Strontium titanium oxide
4345:Transition metal oxides
2228:O'Donoghue, M. (2002).
2052:Physical Review Letters
1880:10.1103/PhysRev.127.702
1817:Phys. Status Solidi RRL
1802:10.1103/PhysRev.163.380
1737:10.1126/science.aaa8655
1503:Calcium copper titanate
1165:atomic layer deposition
1153:pulsed laser deposition
951:Due to the significant
600:(1917–1989), a Russian
596:was given in honour of
565:—was recognised by the
358:White, opaque crystals
1837:10.1002/pssr.201700222
1450:
1373:
1290:solid oxide fuel cells
1157:molecular beam epitaxy
1109:titanium tetrachloride
987:
916:, thereby making SrTiO
845:
841:with 0.5% (weight) of
736:(2.410—as measured by
682:
670:
606:strontium mesotitanate
2153:. Wiley-VCH. p.
1451:
1374:
1250:fission product yield
1007:National Lead Company
981:
860:and many oxide-based
832:
676:
663:
634:Concepción department
2253:Read, P. G. (1999).
2178:R. W. Hesse (2007).
1682:"Strontium Titanate"
1385:
1299:
555:quantum fluctuations
4330:Strontium compounds
2517:Strontium compounds
2373:2007JPS...168..289G
2203:Nassau, K. (1980).
2102:. Nature World News
2064:2013PhRvL.111r7403T
1911:1998PhRvL..81.3014M
1872:1962PhRv..127..702R
1829:2017PSSRR..1100222R
1794:1967PhRv..163..380K
1729:2015Sci...349..945L
1652:2001JAP....90.6156V
1540:1979PhRvB..19.3593M
1411:
1347:
1315:
1147:Thin films of SrTiO
886:strontium ruthenate
878:lanthanum aluminate
801:absorption spectrum
785:conchoidal fracture
699:dielectric constant
547:dielectric constant
385:Solubility in water
18:
17:Strontium titanate
3349:Titanate compounds
2847:Titanium compounds
2479:2013-10-22 at the
2447:10.1039/C8EE00449H
2402:(11–13): 843–847.
2396:Solid State Ionics
2334:Solid State Ionics
2121:"Mixed conductors"
2013:10.1039/d1ma00906k
1957:10.1039/D1MA00906K
1945:Materials Advances
1446:
1399:
1398:
1369:
1335:
1303:
1254:spent nuclear fuel
1177:simulating diamond
1079:strontium chloride
988:
846:
824:sputter deposition
683:
677:Structure of SrTiO
671:
585:, and in advanced
500:Strontium titanate
488:Infobox references
16:
4350:Diamond simulants
4340:Ceramic materials
4312:
4311:
4306:
4305:
3674:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3025:
3024:
2925:
2924:
2813:
2812:
2189:978-0-313-33507-5
2164:978-3-527-31762-2
2007:(23): 7583–7619.
1951:(23): 7583–7619.
1660:10.1063/1.1415766
1563:Scienza e Dossier
1491:rare earth metals
1435:
1422:
1402:
1397:
1361:
1350:
1338:
1322:
1306:
1128:oxyhydrogen flame
809:hydrofluoric acid
777:transition metals
496:Chemical compound
494:
493:
422:Crystal structure
225:CompTox Dashboard
97:Interactive image
90:Interactive image
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2657:
2649:
2648:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2487:
2486:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2441:(7): 1870–1879.
2418:
2412:
2411:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2329:
2323:
2322:
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2320:
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2308:, archived from
2303:
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2269:
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2250:
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2205:Gems made by man
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1534:(7): 3593–3602.
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1182:
1106:
1076:
1030:Verneuil process
1003:calcium titanate
912:without forming
854:epitaxial growth
734:refractive index
714:specific gravity
689:has an indirect
640:; and along the
575:diamond simulant
549:~10 but remains
537:material with a
516:chemical formula
478:
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397:Refractive index
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324:Chemical formula
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1899:Phys. Rev. Lett
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1713:(6251): 945–8.
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1569:(1). Giunti: 9.
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1023:Langtry E. Lynd
1009:(later renamed
999:barium titanate
985:
976:
968:mixed conductor
965:
947:
943:
939:
930:
926:
919:
914:silicon dioxide
907:
899:
891:
883:
851:
836:
707:superconducting
688:
680:
667:
658:
577:, in precision
532:centrosymmetric
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2468:External links
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1692:on 2015-09-24.
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1278:orphan sources
1272:. Terrestrial
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1234:
1205:cubic zirconia
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1077:) by reacting
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4087:
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3800:
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3768:
3765:
3762:
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3709:
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3697:
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3454:
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3438:
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3426:
3424:
3414:
3412:
3398:
3396:
3390:
3388:
3374:
3372:
3362:
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3354:
3353:
3351:
3347:
3341:
3301:
3299:
3293:
3291:
3285:
3283:
3277:
3275:
3261:
3259:
3253:
3251:
3229:
3227:
3213:
3211:
3193:
3191:
3173:
3171:
3161:
3159:
3153:
3151:
3141:
3139:
3129:
3127:
3121:
3119:
3113:
3111:
3105:
3103:
3093:
3091:
3085:
3083:
3073:
3071:
3065:
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3020:
3014:
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2982:
2980:
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2975:
2972:
2970:
2964:
2962:
2956:
2954:
2948:
2946:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:Titanium(III)
2928:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2907:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2883:
2881:
2875:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2859:
2858:
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2760:
2758:
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2753:
2750:
2748:
2717:
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2709:
2707:
2697:
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2672:
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2638:
2636:
2630:
2628:
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2620:
2614:
2612:
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2600:
2594:
2592:
2574:
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2554:
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2546:
2544:
2538:
2536:
2526:
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2518:
2511:
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2499:
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2382:
2378:
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2370:
2366:
2362:
2355:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2328:
2315:on 2016-03-03
2311:
2307:
2300:
2299:
2291:
2280:
2274:
2266:
2264:0-7506-4411-7
2260:
2256:
2249:
2241:
2239:0-7506-3173-2
2235:
2231:
2224:
2216:
2214:0-87311-016-1
2210:
2206:
2199:
2191:
2185:
2181:
2174:
2166:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2150:
2141:
2139:
2122:
2116:
2101:
2095:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2040:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
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1908:
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1394:
1391:
1381:
1363:
1354:
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1340:
1327:
1324:
1316:
1308:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1270:Plutonium-238
1263:
1262:power density
1259:
1258:plutonium-238
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1192:birefringence
1189:
1178:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1161:RF sputtering
1158:
1154:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1110:
1095:
1091:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1015:United States
1012:
1011:NL Industries
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
993:
980:
971:
969:
961:
958:
954:
949:
934:
921:
915:
911:
902:
895:
887:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
844:
840:
831:
827:
825:
821:
816:
814:
810:
806:
805:melting point
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
771:with certain
770:
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
718:Mohs hardness
715:
710:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
675:
662:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
630:Cerro Sarambi
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
543:ferroelectric
540:
536:
533:
526:
523:
520:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
489:
482:
477:
460:
454:
451:
443:
440:
436:
435:
432:
429:
426:
423:
419:
418:
413:
409:
402:
398:
394:
393:
389:
386:
382:
381:
377:
375:
374:Melting point
372:
371:
367:
365:
362:
361:
357:
354:
353:
349:
347:
344:
343:
328:
325:
321:
320:
315:
306:
301:
300:
297:
290:
276:
266:
265:
262:
255:
247:
243:
239:
238:
236:
226:
222:
221:
214:
210:
209:
207:
205:
202:
201:
194:
190:
189:
187:
181:
177:
176:
172:
168:
166:
163:
162:
155:
154:
152:
150:
145:
144:
140:
136:
133:
131:
129:ECHA InfoCard
126:
125:
118:
114:
113:
111:
109:
106:
105:
98:
94:
91:
87:
86:
84:
80:
75:
74:
67:
63:
62:
60:
57:
53:
52:
47:
42:
34:
29:
25:
20:
3928:
3619:
3030:Titanium(IV)
2854:Titanium(II)
2769:
2438:
2434:
2416:
2399:
2395:
2389:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2317:, retrieved
2310:the original
2297:
2290:
2273:
2254:
2248:
2229:
2223:
2204:
2198:
2179:
2173:
2148:
2127:16 September
2125:. Retrieved
2115:
2104:. Retrieved
2094:
2083:. Retrieved
2055:
2051:
2039:
2004:
2000:
1948:
1944:
1905:(14): 3014.
1902:
1898:
1888:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1785:
1781:
1775:
1761:cite journal
1710:
1704:
1698:
1690:the original
1685:
1676:
1646:(12): 6156.
1643:
1637:
1627:
1616:. Retrieved
1590:. Retrieved
1588:. Webmineral
1566:
1562:
1556:
1531:
1528:Phys. Rev. B
1527:
1517:
1479:
1459:
1287:
1242:strontium-90
1239:
1229:gemmologists
1216:
1209:
1179:. Beginning
1174:
1146:
1131:
1125:
1041:
1027:
989:
950:
922:
903:
847:
817:
797:spectroscope
766:
711:
703:Fermi-liquid
684:
642:Kotaki River
622:Murun Massif
617:
613:
609:
605:
593:
591:
551:paraelectric
535:paraelectric
499:
498:
400:
49:Identifiers
40:
36:Other names
4355:Perovskites
3271:·20TiO
3263:NiO·Sb
2456:11336/99985
2304:, Østerås:
1686:ESPI Metals
1612:"Tausonite"
1586:"Tausonite"
1184: 1955
1121:micrometres
1090:oxalic acid
1019:Leon Merker
813:sublimation
439:Space group
355:Appearance
317:Properties
135:100.031.846
4319:Categories
3612:Pb(Zr,Ti)O
2319:2013-12-04
2106:2013-11-18
2085:2013-11-18
1866:(3): 702.
1788:(2): 380.
1720:1508.07812
1618:2009-06-06
1592:2009-06-06
1509:References
1477:) anodes.
1463:perovskite
1225:microscope
960:conduction
957:electronic
874:perovskite
862:thin films
820:tetragonal
773:rare earth
762:Moissanite
742:dispersion
656:Properties
602:geochemist
561:and named
539:perovskite
431:Perovskite
415:Structure
390:insoluble
368:5.11 g/cm
346:Molar mass
213:OLH4I98373
108:ChemSpider
77:3D model (
66:12060-59-2
56:CAS Number
41:Tausonite
4335:Gemstones
4325:Titanates
3215:Ti(OCH(CH
2001:Mater Adv
1860:Phys. Rev
1845:102882984
1782:Phys. Rev
1456:(cathode)
1441:−
1430:⟶
1425:−
1364:−
1333:⟶
1328:−
1138:annealing
1123:in size.
1013:) in the
992:titanates
974:Synthesis
894:vacancies
826:targets.
614:Marvelite
594:tausonite
592:The name
583:varistors
563:tausonite
514:with the
508:strontium
156:235-044-1
148:EC Number
3708:Titanate
2477:Archived
2080:24237562
2031:34913036
1975:34913036
1745:26315430
1668:54065614
1614:. Mindat
1497:See also
1274:off-grid
1221:corundum
1117:chloride
1046:hydrogen
1034:blowpipe
995:patented
962:of SrTiO
732:and its
691:band gap
669:visible.
638:Paraguay
618:Fabulite
587:ceramics
571:crystals
512:titanium
4177:
3456:EuBaTiO
2369:Bibcode
2060:Bibcode
2022:8628302
1966:8628302
1907:Bibcode
1868:Bibcode
1825:Bibcode
1790:Bibcode
1725:Bibcode
1706:Science
1648:Bibcode
1536:Bibcode
1379:(anode)
1266:thermal
1264:(~0.45W
1217:doublet
1107:) with
1052:(SrTiO(
1042:tricone
986:crystal
910:silicon
870:niobium
843:niobium
793:streaks
722:diamond
624:in the
559:Siberia
481:what is
479: (
450:No. 221
364:Density
340:
180:PubChem
3416:CaZrTi
3255:KTiOPO
3231:Ti(OCH
3131:Ti(NMe
3075:Ti(ClO
2711:Sr(OH)
2604:Sr(ClO
2556:Sr(BrO
2261:
2236:
2211:
2186:
2161:
2078:
2029:
2019:
1973:
1963:
1843:
1753:148360
1751:
1743:
1666:
1475:cermet
1188:rutile
1142:strain
1088:) and
1038:oxygen
888:(SrRuO
880:(LaAlO
781:lustre
760:, and
738:sodium
724:. Its
646:Honshū
612:, and
610:Diagem
579:optics
502:is an
476:verify
473:
410:2.394
296:SMILES
31:Names
4204:EuTiO
4056:PbTiO
4001:BaTiO
3929:SrTiO
3872:ZnTiO
3861:NiTiO
3847:MnTiO
3825:CaTiO
3710:salts
3628:ZnTiO
3620:SrTiO
3604:PbTiO
3596:NiTiO
3500:MnTiO
3464:FeTiO
3392:CaTiO
3356:BaTiO
3143:Ti(NO
3123:TiOSO
3058:TiS(S
2790:SrRuO
2770:SrTiO
2674:Sr(NO
2616:SrCrO
2313:(PDF)
2302:(PDF)
2282:(PDF)
1841:S2CID
1749:S2CID
1715:arXiv
1664:S2CID
1213:carat
1133:boule
1111:(TiCl
1101:· 2 H
1092:((COO
1017:, by
953:ionic
923:SrTiO
848:SrTiO
839:doped
789:habit
769:doped
730:cubic
685:SrTiO
650:Japan
581:, in
504:oxide
428:Cubic
330:SrTiO
308:.()=O
303:.()=O
261:InChI
193:82899
117:74801
79:JSmol
3400:CaCu
3304:Ti(C
3295:TiSi
3287:TiSe
3199:(OCH
3175:Ti(C
3067:TiCl
3045:TiBr
2950:TiCl
2942:TiBr
2937:TiAl
2903:TiSi
2877:TiBr
2861:TiCl
2762:SrSO
2757:SrSe
2596:SrCl
2576:Sr(C
2568:SrCO
2548:SrBr
2528:SrAl
2259:ISBN
2234:ISBN
2209:ISBN
2184:ISBN
2159:ISBN
2129:2016
2076:PMID
2027:PMID
1971:PMID
1767:link
1741:PMID
1163:and
1068:· 2
1050:salt
1021:and
1001:and
955:and
791:and
510:and
204:UNII
165:MeSH
4302:No
4299:Md
4296:Fm
4293:Es
4290:Cf
4287:Bk
4284:Cm
4281:Am
4278:Pu
4275:Np
4269:Pa
4266:Th
4263:Ac
4260:**
4255:Yb
4252:Tm
4249:Er
4214:Tb
4211:Gd
4200:Sm
4197:Pm
4194:Nd
4191:Pr
4188:Ce
4185:La
4170:Og
4167:Ts
4164:Lv
4161:Mc
4158:Fl
4155:Nh
4152:Cn
4149:Rg
4146:Ds
4143:Mt
4140:Hs
4137:Bh
4134:Sg
4131:Db
4128:Rf
4125:Lr
4122:**
4119:Ra
4116:Fr
4111:Rn
4108:At
4105:Po
4068:TiO
4052:Tl
4049:Hg
4046:Au
4043:Pt
4040:Ir
4037:Os
4034:Re
4028:Ta
4025:Hf
4022:Lu
4012:TiO
3993:TiO
3983:Xe
3977:Te
3974:Sb
3971:Sn
3968:In
3965:Cd
3962:Ag
3959:Pd
3956:Rh
3953:Ru
3950:Tc
3947:Mo
3944:Nb
3941:Zr
3925:Rb
3920:Kr
3917:Br
3914:Se
3911:As
3908:Ge
3905:Ga
3883:TiO
3868:Cu
3857:Co
3854:Fe
3843:Cr
3837:Ti
3834:Sc
3816:Ar
3813:Cl
3804:Si
3801:Al
3798:Mg
3791:TiO
3781:Ne
3763:Be
3741:TiO
3731:He
3587:TiF
3573:TiF
3559:TiF
3545:TiF
3532:TiO
3530:0.5
3526:0.5
3492:TiO
3432:TiO
3368:TiO
3279:TiS
3167:TiO
3155:TiO
3115:TiI
3107:TiH
3099:TiF
3087:TiF
3053:TiC
3037:TiB
2979:TiP
2974:TiN
2966:TiI
2958:TiF
2898:TiS
2893:TiO
2885:TiI
2869:TiH
2802:RuO
2752:SrS
2738:SrO
2691:SrO
2686:SrO
2632:SrI
2624:SrF
2540:SrB
2451:hdl
2443:doi
2431:3−δ
2427:0.7
2425:Fe
2423:0.3
2404:doi
2400:180
2377:doi
2365:168
2342:doi
2338:149
2155:431
2068:doi
2056:111
2017:PMC
2009:doi
1961:PMC
1953:doi
1915:doi
1876:doi
1864:127
1833:doi
1798:doi
1786:163
1733:doi
1711:349
1656:doi
1544:doi
1081:(Sr
884:),
856:of
775:or
754:GGG
750:GAG
746:YAG
728:is
644:of
567:IMA
506:of
448:m,
230:EPA
183:CID
43:STO
4321::
4272:U
4238:Ti
4234:Ho
4222:Ti
4218:Dy
4182:*
4094:Ti
4090:Bi
4085:12
4079:Ti
4075:Bi
4070:20
4066:12
4064:Bi
4031:W
4019:*
4008:Ba
3989:Cs
3980:I
3938:Y
3894:Ti
3890:Zn
3879:Zn
3840:V
3821:K
3810:S
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