Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

5532: 5491: 5448: 742: 1321:," SNCC proposed, "is no different than the murder of peasants in Vietnam, for both Young and the Vietnamese sought, and are seeking, to secure the rights guaranteed them by law. In each case, the United States government bears a great part of the responsibility for these deaths." In the face of a government that "has never guaranteed the freedom of oppressed citizens, and is not yet truly determined to end the rule of terror and oppression within its own borders," where," it asked, "is the draft for the freedom fight in the United States." It could longer countenance the "hypocrisy" of a call upon "negroes ... to stifle the liberation of Vietnam, to preserve a 'democracy' which does not exist for them at home." 965: 783:

in a police state. This bill will not protect the hundreds of people who have been arrested on trumped-up charges like those in Americus, Georgia, where four young men are in jail, facing a death penalty, for engaging in peaceful protest. I want to know, which side is the federal government on? The revolution is a serious one. Mr. Kennedy is trying to take the revolution out of the streets and put it in the courts. Listen Mr. Kennedy, the black masses are on the march for jobs and for freedom, and we must say to the politicians that there won't be a "cooling-off period."

5473: 5554: 1104:"To get us through the impasse," Casey Hayden tried to attach to Forman's proposal various sub-committees and provisos to ensure that "leadership for all our programs" would continue to be driven from the field, and not from central office "which makes many program areas responsible to one person rather than to all of us." For Forman this still suggested too loose, too confederal a structure for an organization whose challenge, without the manpower and publicity of white volunteers, was to mount and coordinate a Southwide Freedom Summer and "build a 1042:

student volunteers. The local black staff, "the backbone" of the projects were frustrated, even resentful, at having to deal "with a lot of young white people who were intellectual and moneyed," "ignorant" of realities on the ground, and who, with their greater visibility, brought additional risks. But most of all SNCC activists were "staggered" by the debacle in Atlantic City. Being confronted by the Democratic Party "in the role of racist lunch counter owner" had thrown "the core of SNCC's work", voter registration, into question.

1217:...the successes Freedom Summer achieved resulted from its embrace of a paradox — it tried to fight bigotry by appealing to people more concerned about whites, not blacks. Appealing to the nation's racism accepted white supremacy. By acknowledging its dependence on whites to popularize the civil rights struggle in the South, SNCC contradicted its rhetorical belief in the equal worth of all races, and undermined its insistence that indigenous blacks were best prepared to lead the struggle for their deliverance from white dominance. 1061:

speak up at meetings, who should propose ideas in public places, and who should remain silent." Black men were at the top, "then black women, followed by white men, and at the bottom, white women." Field staff, among them "women, black and white," still retained "an enormous amount of operational freedom, they were indeed the ones that were keeping things moving." But from those leading the debate on new directions for the movement DeLott Baker saw "little recognition of that reality," and the ground was shifting.

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reflection of a movement culture that gave Black women greater opportunity "to protest directly". That white women chose an anonymous paper was testimony, in effect, to the "unspoken understanding of who should speak up at meetings" that Delott Baker had identified when she joined Hayden in Mississippi in 1964. But many black women were to dispute the degree and significance of male-domination within the SNCC, denying that it had excluded them from leadership roles. Joyce Ladner's recollection of organizing

5433: 10885: 468:" which, avoiding office hierarchy, sought to reach decisions by consensus. Group meetings were convened in which every participant could speak for as long as they wanted and the meeting would continue until everyone who was left was in agreement with the decision. Given the physical risks involved in many activities in which SNCC was to engage this was thought particularly important: "no one felt comfortable making a decision by majority rule that might cost somebody else's life." 1225:), Carmichael hesitated to accept the implication that whites should be excluded from the movement. It was in December that he led the SNCC national executive in a narrow decision (19 in favor, 18 against and 24 abstentions) to ask white co-workers and volunteers to leave. In May 1967 the Coordinating Committee formally asked its non-black staff to resign. Whites should concentrate on organizing poor white communities and leave SNCC to promote African-American self-reliance. 5482: 1092:

registration, the original campus protest groups had largely evaporated) and that the staff, "the people who do the most work," were the organization's real "nucleus". But the "many problems and many strains within the organization" caused by the "freedom" allowed to organizers in the field were also reason, he argued, to "change and alter" the structure of decision making. Given the "external pressures" the requirement now was for "unity".

999:, just a year before). But with the all-white delegations of other southern states threatening to walk out, Johnson engineered a "compromise" in which the national Democratic Party offered the 68 MFDP delegates two at-large seats from where they could watch the floor proceedings but not take part. Fannie Lou Hamer led her delegates out of the convention: "We didn't come all this way for no two seats when all of us is tired." 5563: 5457: 1129:, who was determined "to keep the SNCC together." But Forman recalls male leaders fighting "her attempts as executive secretary to impose a sense of organizational responsibility and self-discipline," and "trying to justify themselves by the fact that their critic was a woman" In October 1967 Smith-Robinson died, aged just 25, "of exhaustion" according to one of her co-workers, "destroyed by the movement." 8852: 1940:, which he brought back to the office, to be the work of a "thug" and a rapist). "You're talking about liberation and freedom half the night on the racial side," she recalls of her time in the SNCC, "and then all of a sudden men are going to turn around and start talking about putting you in your place. So in 1968 we founded the SNCC Black Women's Liberation Committee to take up some of these issues." 1349:. The call for Black Power and the departure of white activists did not go down well with the liberal foundations and churches in the North. This was at a time when SNCC organizers were themselves heading North to the "ghettoes" where, as the urban riots of the mid-1960s had demonstrated, victories at lunch counters and ballot boxes in the South counted for little. Julian Bond recounts projects being: 45: 1644: 1976:. She emphasized the power women might have acting as a voting majority in the country regardless of race or ethnicity: "A white mother is no different from a black mother. The only thing is they haven't had as many problems. But we cry the same tears." The NWPC continues to recruit, train and support "women candidates for elected and appointed offices at all levels of government" who are " 1866:, who with Mary King was soon outed as one of the authors, regarded the paper as "definitely an aside". But in the course of 1965, while working on leave for the SDS organizing women in Chicago, Hayden was to reconsider. Seeking to further "dialogue within the movement," Hayden circulated an extended version of the "memo" among 29 SNCC women veterans and, with King, had it published in the 680:, a student from Morehouse College in Atlanta, felt that "by rechanneling its energies" what the Kennedys were "trying to do was kill the Movement." But others were already convinced that obtaining the right to vote was the key to unlocking political power for Black Americans. Older Black southerners had been pressing SNCC to move in this direction for some time. Mississippi NAACP leader 5523: 1808:. As a Southerner (as were the other white women first drawn to SNCC), Hayden regarded the "Freedom Movement Against Segregation" as much hers as "anyone else's"—"It was my freedom." But when working full-time in the black community, she was nonetheless conscious of being "a guest." (For this reason it was important to Hayden that an opportunity in 1963 to work alongside 700:, persuaded many that in the Deep South voter registration was as direct a challenge to white supremacy as anything they had been doing before. "If you went into Mississippi and talked about voter registration they're going to hit you on the side of the head and that," Reggie Robinson, one of the SNCC's first field secretaries, quipped is "as direct as you can get." 1179:, emphasized racial solidarity. Black people, he argued, needed to work "without the guidance and/or direction and control of non-Blacks". Without control over their affairs, he warned, "Black people will know no freedom, but only more subtle forms of slavery." A Vine Street Project position paper on Black Power, which Simmons helped write, suggested that: 1263:

civil rights movement when Black people felt they weren't being given the respect they should have, and I agreed. White liberals ran everything." The message to white activists, "organize your own", was one that Terry took home with her to uptown, "Hillbilly Harlem", Chicago. This was the neighborhood in which, having taken the prompt the year before,

1439:, the Panthers' Minister of Information, reportedly thrust a pistol was into Forman's mouth. For Forman and SNCC this was "the last straw". Carmichael was expelled ("engaging in a power struggle" that "threatened the existence of the organization")—and "Forman wound up first in hospital, and later in Puerto Rico, suffering from a nervous breakdown". 1357:, where SNCC workers organized early efforts at community control of public schools; in Los Angeles, where SNCC helped monitor local police and joined an effort at creating a 'Freedom City' in black neighborhoods; and in Chicago, where SNCC workers began to build an independent political party and demonstrated against segregated schools. 3265:"Document 98: Elaine DeLott Baker, excerpts from Francesca Polletta and Elaine DeLott Baker, "The 1964 Waveland Memo and the Rise of Second-Wave Feminism," Organization of American Historians, Annual Meeting, Seattle, 26–29 March 2009, Elaine DeLott Baker Papers, Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University" 1184:

feel intimidated by the presence of whites, because of their knowledge of the power that whites have over their lives. One white person can come into a meeting of Black people and change the complexion of that meeting ... People would immediately start talking about "brotherhood", "love", etc.; race would not be discussed.

2600:~ Civil Rights Movement Archive. (N.B.: This text must be from a different source; at least three versions of the speech were written, and this is the earliest of those three, before "we cannot support" was changed to "we cannot wholeheartedly support" and then later "we support with reservations". See James Forman, 623:" doctrine. After the new ICC rules took effect on November 1, 1961, passengers were permitted to sit wherever they pleased on interstate buses and trains; "white" and "colored" signs were to be removed from the terminals (lunch counters, drinking fountains, toilets, and waiting rooms) serving interstate customers. 654:. King sought advantage in the national media attention his arrest had drawn. In return for the city's commitment to comply with the ICC ruling and to release those protesters willing to post bail, he agreed to leave town. The city reneged, however, so protests and subsequent arrests continued into 1962. 1849:

This paper was not the first time women had raised questions about their roles in SNCC. In the spring of 1964, a group of black and white SNCC staffers had sat-in at James Forman's office in Atlanta to protest at being burdened, and stymied in their contributions, by the assumption that it was they,

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Carmichael gained the confidence of local residents when, handing out voter registration material at a local school, he refused to be intimidated by local police: they were either to arrest him or leave. With SNCC workers then "swarmed" by young people, Carmichael took the initiative to help form the

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The violence and emotional stresses of four years had eroded the focus and spirits of many veteran field staffers who appeared to central office staff as increasingly unpredictable and unreliable. Communication between core staff and field staff was poor and getting worse. To field staff, the Atlanta

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recalls the protest as being "half playful (Forman actually appearing supportive), although "the other thing was, we're not going to do this anymore." The same might be said of the Waveland paper itself. With so many women themselves "insensitive" to the "day-to-day discriminations" (who is asked to

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While other white SNCC activists in the Broad Street Park, Greenwood, crowd that affirmed Carmichael's call for Black Power were bewildered, Peggy Terry recalls "there was never any rift in my mind or my heart. I just felt Black people were doing what they should be doing. We reached a period in the

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This was "not to say that whites have not had an important role in the Movement." If people now had "the right to picket, the right to give out leaflets, the right to vote, the right to demonstrate, the right to print," the Vine City paper allowed that it was "mainly because of the entrance of white

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Negroes in this country have never been allowed to organize themselves because of white interference. As a result of this, the stereotype has been reinforced that Blacks cannot organize themselves. The white psychology that Blacks have to be watched, also reinforces this stereotype. Blacks, in fact,

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saw himself as championing popularly accountable, grassroots organization. Believing it "would detract from, rather than intensify" the focus on ordinary people's involvement in the movement, he had not appreciated King's appearance in Albany in December 1961. When on March 9, 1965, King, seemingly

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Yet when Elaine DeLott Baker joined Hayden in Mississippi in May 1964 she found "a hierarchy in place". Based "on considerations of race, the amount of time spent in the struggle, dangers suffered, and finally, of gender," this was not a hierarchy office, but "an unspoken understanding of who should

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In good conscience, we cannot support the administration's civil rights bill. This bill will not protect young children and old women from police dogs and fire hoses when engaging in peaceful demonstrations. This bill will not protect the citizens of Danville, Virginia who must live in constant fear

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A split over the priority to be accorded voter registration was avoided by Ella Baker's intervention. She suggested that the organization create two distinct wings: one for direct action (which Diane Nash was to lead) and the other for voter registration. But the white violence visited in the summer

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Hulett warned the state of Alabama that it had a last chance to peacefully grant African Americans their rights: "We're out to take power legally, but if we're stopped by the government from doing it legally, we're going to take it the way everyone else took it, including the way the Americans took

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recalls everyone "reeling from the violence" (3 project workers killed; 4 people critically wounded; 80 beaten, 1,000 arrests; 35 shooting incidents, 37 churches bombed or burned; and 30 black businesses or homes burned), and also from "the new racial imbalance" following the summer influx of white

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proposed summer field schools. Encouraging youth "to articulate their own desires, demands, and questions," the schools would help ensure a movement for social change in the state that would continue to be led by Mississippians. This was, he suggested, what organizing for voter registration was all

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As way to "dramatize that the church, the house of all people, fosters segregation more than any other institution," SNCC students also participated in "kneel-ins"—kneeling in prayer outside of Whites-only churches. Presbyterians churches, targeted because their "ministers lacked the protection and

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SNCC did not constitute itself as the youth wing of SCLC. It steered an independent course that sought to channel the students' program through the organizers out in the field rather than through its national office in Atlanta ("small and rather dingy," located above a beauty parlor near the city's

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Salas, Mario Marcel. Masters Thesis: "Patterns of Persistence: Paternal Colonialist Structures and the Radical Opposition in the African American Community in San Antonio, Texas, 1937–2001", University of Texas at San Antonio, John Peace Library 6900 Loop 1604, San Antonio, Texas, 2002. Other SNCC

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Among the Position Papers circulated at Waveland conference in 1964, number 24 ("name withheld by request") opened with the observation that the "large committee" formed to present "crucial constitutional revisions" to the staff "was all men." After cataloguing a number of other instances in which

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graduated from Tougaloo, the first white student to do so. The majority of white women drawn to the movement, however, would have been those from the north who responded to the call for volunteers to help register black voters in Mississippi during the summer of 1964. Among the few that might have

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appointed several women to posts as project directors during his tenure as chairman, and that in the latter half of the 1960s, more women were in charge of SNCC projects than during the early years. On the other hand, Hayden, in the position paper she presented under her own name at Waveland, "On

795:, those who had pushed the change were selling out to the cautious liberal politics of labor-movement leadership and the Catholic and Protestant church hierarchy. "If people had known they had come to Washington to aid the Kennedy administration, they would not have come in the numbers they did." 703:

In 1962, Bob Moses garnered further support for SNCC's efforts by forging a coalition, the Council of Federated Organizations (COFO), with, among other groups, the NAACP and the National Council of Churches. With VEP and COFO funding SNCC was able to expand its voter registration efforts into the

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First, we felt if we go more than five years without the understanding that the organization would be disbanded, we run the risk of becoming institutionalized or being more concerned with trying to perpetuate the organization and in doing so, giving up the freedom to act and to do. ... The other

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found staff cultivating the skills for "organizational infighting" rather than "those that had enabled SNCC to inspire thousands of people outside the group during its years of greatest influence." Attempting to gain the trust of beleaguered communities, "develop indigenous leadership, and build

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At her last Committee meeting in the fall of 1965, Hayden told both Forman and Chairman John Lewis that the "imbalance of power within SNCC" was such that, if the movement was to remain "radically democratic", they would need to step down. Forman and Lewis did step down in their own time, in the

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Recognizing SNCC's determination, CORE and the SCLC rejected the Administration's call for a "cooling off" period and joined with the students in a Freedom Riders Coordinating Committee to keep the Rides rolling through June and into September. During those months, more than 60 different Freedom

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At Waveland Forman proposed that the staff (some twenty), who under the original constitution had had "a voice but no vote," constitute "themselves as the Coordinating Committee" and elect a new Executive. It was time to recognize that SNCC no longer had a "student base" (with the move to voter

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Experienced organizers and staff had moved on. For many the years of "hard work at irregular, subsistence-level pay, in an atmosphere of constant tension" had been as much as they could bear. Some went over to the Black Panthers. Others were to follow Forman into the Black Economic Development

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What was needed now for "people to free themselves" was an "all-Black project" and this had to "exist from the beginning." Future cooperation with whites had to be a matter of "coalition". But there could be "no talk of 'hooking up' unless Black people organize Blacks and white people organize

960:

were discovered buried in an earthen dam. Missing for weeks since disappearing after investigating a church burning in June 1964, they were subjects of a massive manhunt that involved the FBI and United States sailors from a nearby base. In the course of the search the corpses of several black

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Activists, Hayden suggests, were staggered to find the Democratic Party "in the role of racist lunch counter owner": "the core of SNCC's work, voter registration, was open to question." In the wake of Atlantic City, Elaine DeLott Baker recalls the desolation of project offices "that had only

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under the title "Sex and Caste". Employing the movement's own rhetoric of race relations, the article suggested that, like African Americans, women can find themselves "caught up in a common-law caste system that operates, sometimes subtly, forcing them to work around or outside hierarchical

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noted that King's SCLC had taken steps "that seemed to indicate they were assuming control" of the movement in Albany, and that the student group had "moved immediately to recapture its dominant position on the scene." If the differences between the organizations were not resolved, the paper

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The two other women subsequently identified as having direct authorship of the original position paper on women (which has sometimes been mistakenly attributed to Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson), Elaine Delott Baker and Emmie Schrader Adams, were also white. This, it has been suggested, was the

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Questions of strategic direction were also questions of "structure". What Stokely Carmichael described as "not an organization but a lot of people all doing what they think needs to be done," was for Hayden the very realization of her mentor's vision. Such was "the participatory, town-hall,

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five Black colleges). Under the constitution adopted, the SNCC comprised representatives from each of the affiliated "local protest groups," and these groups (and not the committee and its support staff) were to be recognized as "the primary expression of a protest in a given area."

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people into Mississippi, in the summer of '64." But their "role is now over and it should be," for what would it mean "if Black people, once having the right to organize, are not allowed to organize themselves? It means that Blacks' ideas about inferiority are being reinforced."

995:: to her portrayal of the brutalities of a sharecropper's life, and of the obstruction and violence encountered by an African American in the exercise her constitutional rights. (Hamer still bore the marks of beatings meted to her, her father and other SNCC workers by police in 842:, who later coined the term “Jane Crow” to describe the double handicap of race and sex, concluded that black women "can no longer postpone or subordinate the fight against discrimination because of sex to the civil rights struggle but must carry on both fights simultaneously.” 488:

in enduring an extended jail time rather than post bail. The "Jail-no-Bail" stand was seen as a moral refusal to accept, and to effectively subsidize, a corrupted constitution-defiant police and judicial system—while at the same time saving the movement money it did not have.

1271:(SDS). Like other new left groups, SDS did not view a self-consciously black SNCC as separatist. Rather it was seen as the vanguard of a prospective "interracial movement of the poor". Accepting the Vine Street challenge, the goal was no longer integration but what Chicago 457:. Baker was a critic of what she perceived as King's top-down leadership at the SCLC. "Strong people don't need strong leaders," she told the young activists. Speaking to the students' own experience of protest organization, it was Baker's vision that appeared to prevail. 4840:

Smith, Harold L. (2015). "Casey Hayden: Gender and the Origins of SNCC, SDS, and the Women's Liberation Movement". In Turner, Elizabeth Hayes; Cole, Stephanie; Sharpless, Rebecca (eds.). Texas Women: Their Histories, Their Lives. University of Georgia Press. pp. 295–318.

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remarked that those marching for jobs and freedom "have nothing to be proud of, for hundreds and thousands of our brothers are not here—for they have no money for their transportation, for they are receiving starvation wages...or no wages at all." He went on to announce:

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had hoped the SNCC would avoid the SCLC's reproduction of the organization and experience of the church: women form the working body and men assume the headship. In SNCC black women did emerge as among the movement's most dynamic and courageous organizers and thinkers.

884:. (Only 6.7 per cent of the black voting age population of Mississippi was registered, compared to 70.2 per cent of the white voting age population). In coordination with CORE, the SNCC followed up on the ballot with the 1964 Mississippi Summer Project, also known as 1912:'s original participatory vision in which women's voices are heard precisely because decision making is not dependent on formal rank position but rather on actual work and commitment, and a movement culture that she recalls as "womanist, nurturing, and familial." 1151:

We have to organize ourselves to speak from a position of strength and stop begging people to look kindly upon us. We are going to build a movement in this country based on the color of our skins that is going to free us from our oppressors and we have to do that

1625:

A final SNCC legacy is the destruction of the psychological shackles which had kept black southerners in physical and mental peonage; SNCC helped break those chains forever. It demonstrated that ordinary women and men, young and old, could perform extraordinary

1373:. The example was proof that Carmichael and his friends needed to stop "going round yelling 'Black Power!'" and "really go down and organize." It is simple, according to Alinsky: it's "called...community power, and if the community is black, it's black power." 1369:. But Alinsky had little patience or understanding for SNCC's new rhetoric. On stage with Carmichael in Detroit, Alinsky was scathing when, pressed for an example of "Black Power", the SNCC leader cited the IAF's-mentored FIGHT community organization in 860:, SNCC organized a protest march on a segregated movie theater that concluded with the arrest of upwards of 33 high-school girls. The "Stolen Girls" were imprisoned 45 days without charge in brutal conditions in the Lee County Public Works building, the 1099:

Leadership is there in the people. You don't have to worry about where your leaders are, how are you going to get some leaders. ... If you go out and work with your people leadership will emerge. ... We don't know who they are now: and we don't need to

1461:, when a bomb on the front floorboard of their car exploded. The bomb's origin is disputed: some say the bomb was planted in an assassination attempt, and others say Payne was intentionally carrying it to the courthouse where Brown was to be tried. 3111: 1563:

for the nation's history of racial exploitation). A greater loss had been to the Democrats (it was after merging with the Alabama Democratic Party in 1970 that LCFO candidates began winning public offices, Hulett becoming county Sheriff) and to

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targeting establishments (restaurants, retail stores, theaters) and public amenities maintaining whites-only or segregated facilities. But it was to adopt a new tactic that helped galvanize the movement nationally. In February 1961, Diane Nash,

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whites." Those "white people who desire change" should go "where the problem (of racism) is most manifest," in their own communities where power has been created "for the express purpose of denying Blacks human dignity and self-determination."

676:(VEP) was formed in early 1962 to channel funds into voter drives in the eleven Southern states. Inducted by sit-in campaigns and hardened in the Freedom Rides, many student activists saw VEP as a government attempt to co-opt their movement. 5326: 1612:, SNCC's second chairman (1961–1963), is that the organization was not designed to last beyond its mission of winning civil rights for blacks, and that at the founding meetings most participants expected it to last no more than five years: 1536:

Ella Baker said that "SNCC came North at a time when the North was in a ferment that led to various interpretations on what was needed to be done. With its own frustrations, it could not take the pace-setter role it took in the South."

1961:: "there was really no place for a woman to exercise what I considered real leadership as it had been in SNCC." Breaking with the NOI's strict gendered hierarchy, she went on to identify, teach and write as an "Islamic feminist." 1427:

Coordinating Committee to an alliance with the Panthers. Like Carmichael, Rap Brown had come to view nonviolence as a tactic rather than as a foundational principle. Violence, he famously quipped, was "as American as cherry pie".

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women appear to have been sidelined, it went on to suggest that "assumptions of male superiority are as widespread and deep rooted and every much as crippling to the woman as the assumptions of white supremacy are to the Negro."

1053:, faith in the Johnson Administration and its liberal allies was ebbing, and a gulf had opened between SNCC and other civil rights organizations. In Atlantic City Fannie Lou Hamer confessed she "lost hope in American society." 1332:

and in the ghetto rebellions that followed had already associated their actions with opposition to the Vietnam War, and SNCC had first disrupted an Atlanta draft board in August 1966. According to historians Joshua Bloom and

1793:. Women were also the expectation when looking for local leadership. "There was always a 'mama'," one SNCC activist recalled,"usually a militant woman in the community, outspoken, understanding and willing to catch hell." 1254:." Certain the federal government was not going to protect him and his fellow LCFO members, Hulett told a federal registrar, "if one of our candidates gets touched, we're going to take care of the murderer ourselves." 899:: white students, he had proposed, would not only "provide needed manpower", "their white skins might provoke interest from the news media that black skins could not produce." With the murder of two of their number, 600:

Rides criss-crossed the South, most of them converging on Jackson, where every Rider was arrested, more than 300 in total. An unknown number were arrested in other Southern towns, and many were beaten including, in

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Even without embracing an explicitly separatist agenda, many veteran project directors accepted the case that the presence of white organizers undermined black self-confidence. (Although overridden, on that basis

880:, a mock gubernatorial election in which over 80,000 black Mississippians demonstrated their willingness to exercise the constitutional right to vote that state law and violent intimidation had denied them since 1233:

Carmichael had been working with a voter registration project in Alabama that had taken what, at the time, may have seemed an equally momentous step. In the face of murderous Klan violence, organizers for the

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consensus-forming nature" of the operation Ella Baker had helped set in motion that Hayden could feel herself to be "at the center of the organization" without having, "in any public way", to be "a leader".

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wrote to SNCC: "Laws and customs requiring racial discrimination are, in our judgement, such serious violations of the law of God as to justify peaceful and orderly disobedience or disregard of these laws."

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LCFO with Hulett, its first chair. The organization would not only register voters but, as a party, run candidates for office—its symbol, a rampant black panther, representing black "strength and dignity".

1337:, SDS's first Stop the Draft Week of October 1967 was "inspired by Black Power emboldened by the ghetto rebellions." SNCC appear to have originated the popular anti-draft slogan: "Hell no! We won't go!" 1087:

where two days before ("Bloody Sunday") the first had been brutally charged and batoned, Forman was appalled. Yet within SNCC itself Forman increasingly was concerned by the lack of "internal cohesion".

10257: 10252: 1922:) is in no doubt that as the SNCC moved away from "sustained community organizing toward Black Power propagandizing that was accompanied by increasing male dominance." (Beal and others objected to the 1588:, a lot of groups that we had cultivated were absorbed into the Democratic Party ... a lot more money came into the states we were working in. A lot of the people we were working with became a part of 968:

Fannie Lou Hamer (1964) speaks at a Democratic Convention regarding the plight of sharecroppers. She founded the Freedom Farm Cooperative, an independent food project to provide aid for sharecroppers.

728:. All of these projects endured police harassment and arrests; KKK violence including shootings, bombings, and assassinations; and economic sanctions against those blacks who dared to try to register. 4294:"Guide to the Microfilm Edition of the FBI File on the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). A Microfilm Publication by SR: Scholarly Resources Inc. Wilmington. Accessed January 05, 2020" 1095:

Bob Moses opposed. The role of SNCC was to stimulate social struggles, not to provide an institutionalized leadership. "Leadership," Moses believed, "will emerge from the movement that emerges."

2273:"The 'Jail, No Bail' strategy became a new tactic in the fight for civil rights. Documentary produced by South Carolina ETV documenting the key moment in civil rights history." (Video and Audio) 10264: 1066:

office was out of touch and becoming more and more irrelevant. Meanwhile, there were no central strategies. Resources were dwindling and tensions over the allocation of resources were mounting

766:. But it was at odds with the other sponsoring civil rights, labor, and religious organizations, all of whom were prepared to applaud the Kennedy Administration for its Civil Rights Bill (the 10005: 1435:, who had resigned as the Panther's Minister of Foreign Affairs and was then heading up the city's SNCC operation. In the course of a "heated discussion" Panthers accompanying Carmichael and 315:, of white participation in the movement, and of field-driven, as opposed to national-office, leadership and direction. At the same time some original organizers were now working with the 1943:

With the SNCC's breakup, the Black Women's Liberation Committee became first the Black Women's Alliance and then, following an approach by revolutionary Puerto-Rican women activists, the

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in October 1966, Carmichael challenged the white left to escalate their resistance to the military draft in a manner similar to the black movement. Some participants in the August 1965

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about – "challenging people in various ways to take control of their own lives." Over the course of Freedom Summer (and with assistance in developing the curriculum from, among others,

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that in a future summer program decision-making be removed from organizers in the field to a new office in New York City responsible directly to liberal-foundation and church funders.

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was determined to deflect the MDFP effort. With the presidential election approaching the priority was to protect the Democrats' "Solid South" against inroads being made by Republican

10269: 2660:

Harold Smith (2015). "Casey Hayden: Gender and the Origins of SNCC, SDS, and the Women's Liberation Movement". In Turner, Elizabeth Hayes; Cole, Stephanie; Sharpless, Rebecca (eds.).

1310:, the first black college student to be killed as a result of his involvement in the civil rights movement, and by the acquittal of his killer. SNCC took the occasion to denounce the 6179: 1431:

In June 1968 the SNCC national executive emphatically rejected the association with the Black Panthers. This was followed in July by a "violent confrontation" in New York City with

330:

Because of the successes of its early years, SNCC is credited with breaking down barriers, both institutional and psychological, to the empowerment of African-American communities.

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38 DVD collection documenting the formal addresses, panel discussions and programs that took place at the 50th anniversary conference at Shaw University in Raleigh, North Carolina.

1555:

By the beginning of 1970, surveillance had everywhere effectively ceased for lack of SNCC activity—save in New York City from where the last FBI report was filed in December 1973.

1552:'s general COINTELPRO directive was for agents to "expose, disrupt, misdirect, discredit, or otherwise neutralize" the activities and leadership of the movements they infiltrated. 3651:

From Beloved Community to Triple Jeopardy: Ideological Change and the Evolution of Feminism Among Black and White Women in the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, 1960–1975

1703:), regarded their own arrests as "about the least harmful thing" that could occur; Annie Pearl Avery, who when organizing in Natchez carried a gun; MDFP state-senate candidate 10955: 9940: 3474: 1540:

These "frustrations" may in part have been fed by undercover agents. Like other potentially "subversive" groups, SNCC had become a target of the Counterintelligence Program (

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In September 1964, at a COFO conference in New York, Bob Moses had to see off two challenges to SNCC's future role in Mississippi. First, he had to defend the SNCC's anti-"

1238:

openly carried arms. Participating in the Selma to Montgomery march, Carmichael had stopped off in the county in March 1965. Local registration efforts were being led by

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News reports across the country portrayed the Albany debacle as "one of the most stunning defeats" in King's career. What they also reported was conflict with SNCC. The

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reported that it was the "opinion of most people in the movement" that the SNCC Carmichael had left was "pre-Watts", while the Panthers were "post-Watts". The 1965

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material located in historical records at the Institute of Texan Cultures, University of Texas at San Antonio as part of the Mario Marcel Salas historical record.

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dismisses, in particular, the suggestion that in its concluding Black Power period SNCC diminished the profile of women within the movement. She points out that

991:

The proceedings of the convention's credentials committee were televised, giving a national and international audience to the testimony of SNCC field secretary

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take minutes, who gets to clean Freedom House), the paper concluded that, "amidst the laughter," further discussion might be the best that could be hoped for.

311:

By the mid-1960s the measured nature of the gains made, and the violence with which they were resisted, were generating dissent from the group's principles of

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the women, who would see to minute taking and other mundane office, and housekeeping, tasks: "No More Minutes Until Freedom Comes to the Atlanta Office" was

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Anne Moody recalls it was the women did the work: young black women college students and teachers were the mainstay of voter registration and of the summer

1621:

By the time of its dissolution, many of the controversial ideas that once had defined SNCC's radicalism had become widely accepted among African Americans:

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Span, Paula (April 8, 1998). "The Undying Revolutionary: As Stokely Carmichael, He Fought for Black Power. Now Kwame Ture's Fighting For His Life".

803:

A feature of the march itself, was that men and women were directed to proceed separately and that only male speakers were scheduled to address the

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At the end of 1964, SNCC fielded the largest staff of any civil rights organization in the South. Yet to many the movement seemed to be at a loss.

5432: 10795: 10035: 7141: 7032: 6452: 6400: 5982: 5952: 5755: 1957:, who co-authored the Vine Street Project paper on Black Power, was struck by the contrast between the SNCC and her subsequent experience of the 1875:

structures of power." Viewed as a bridge between civil rights and women's liberation, "Sex and Caste" has since been regarded as a "key text of

10864: 10839: 8687: 4145: 3135:, "Memorandum on Structure," Waveland, Mississippi, , Elaine DeLott Baker Papers, Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University] 1353:...established in Washington, D.C., to fight for home rule; in Columbus, Ohio, where a community foundation was organized; in New York City's 10849: 10844: 9776: 9224: 8595: 6933: 6852: 4540:"White Women in the 1960s Freedom Movement, From Memory to History: The writing of "Shiloh Witness," a chapter in Deep in Our Hearts (2000)" 953:, gave birth to the Mississippi Freedom Labor Union. At its peak, in the summer of 1965 the MFLU had 1,350 members and about 350 on strike. 10920: 10565: 10401: 10110: 10100: 9758: 9748: 6373: 5632: 942:

in African-American communities across Mississippi. More than 3,000 students attended, many of whom participated in registration efforts.

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Although it is an event largely remembered for King's delivery of his "I Have a Dream" speech, SNCC had a significant role in the 1963

5408: 10486: 9099: 8667: 6920: 6390: 6378: 6361: 5677: 5576: 5447: 5270: 4635: 957: 4325: 838:, was permitted a brief tribute to “Negro Women Fighters for Freedom”. From their “bitterly humiliating” experience in Washington, 10965: 10950: 10834: 10464: 9985: 9207: 9039: 8702: 8657: 8325: 7208: 7136: 6862: 6742: 5020:. Mississippi History Now. Mississippi Historical Society. Archived from the original on March 11, 2015. Retrieved January 1, 2020. 3776: 763: 626:

To test the ICC ruling and in the hope of mobilizing the local black community in a broader campaign, in October 1961 SNCC members

347: 316: 194: 1074:, was organized for November 1964. Like Ella Baker, in criticizing King's "messianic" leadership of the SCLC, Executive Secretary 788: 10800: 10760: 10602: 10506: 10435: 10040: 8616: 7004: 6604: 4197: 4057: 1769: 1026:(a white radical SNCC staffer) remarked that, "What they want is to let the Negro into the existing society, not to change it." 1010:" insistence on "free association": the NAACP had threatened to pull out of COFO if SNCC continued to engage the services of the 1796:

From the outset white students, veterans of college-town sit-ins, had been active in the movement. Among them were Ella Baker's

741: 10970: 10859: 10854: 10822: 10592: 10496: 10459: 10406: 10240: 6982: 3151:

The "Freedom High" and "Harliner" Factions of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee: a Reexamination. Preliminary Draft

1919: 1242:

who that month, with John C. Lawson, a preacher, became the first two black voters in Lowndes County in more than six decades.

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Under the same general principle, that "the people who do the work should make the decisions", the students committed to a "

10975: 10915: 10765: 10750: 10614: 10523: 10518: 10452: 8913: 8739: 7203: 7151: 7097: 6499: 6208: 3133:

Casey Hayden (2014) (to Elaine DeLott Baker, 11 September 2014). Introduction. Document 45. Casey Hayden (aka Sandra Cason)

1973: 1592:

and various kinds of poverty programs. We were too young to really know how to respond effectively. How could we tell poor

915: 301: 204: 10740: 10577: 10547: 10329: 9908: 9120: 8717: 7146: 7082: 6445: 4425: 2553: 1401: 1235: 923: 305: 209: 4264: 3195:; Archives Main Stacks, Z: Accessions M82-445, Box 3, Folder 2, Freedom Summer Collection, Wisconsin Historical Society. 1457:, in 1967. On March 9, 1970, two SNCC workers, Ralph Featherstone and William ("Che") Payne, died on a road approaching 422:, who organized 200 students to participate in sit-ins at whites-only department stores and service counters throughout 10730: 10624: 10540: 10384: 10165: 9965: 9116: 9094: 7156: 7131: 7116: 6845: 6513: 5050: 4941: 4880: 3388: 2545: 1283: 308:

in Alabama also worked to increase the pressure on federal and state government to enforce constitutional protections.

199: 10877: 9267: 8918: 8662: 8535: 7009: 6786: 5387: 5373: 5335: 5317: 5298: 5260: 5188: 5174: 5158: 5144: 5130: 5122: 5108: 5094: 5056: 4993: 4846: 4522: 3761: 3734: 3055: 2907: 2779: 2669: 2215: 1816:, Mississippi, had come to her "specifically" because she had the educational qualifications). Having dropped out of 1712: 1458: 1268: 1105: 261: 2418: 2335: 1396:. Returning to the United States in January 1968 he accepted an invitation to become honorary Prime Minister of the 1286:

with which Ella Baker had been working since the 1950s. There, in effort to advance a coalition agenda, they joined

1147:

For Carmichael Black Power was a "call for black people to define their own goals, to lead their own organizations."

856:

The previous month, July 1963, SNCC was involved in another march that eventually made headlines. With the NAACP in

10805: 10770: 10755: 10513: 10115: 9359: 9329: 9145: 8874: 8697: 8439: 6910: 6797: 5500: 4213: 3549: 826:), women were to be featured as singers, but not as speakers. In the event, a few women were allowed to sit on the 757: 749: 403: 320: 4574: 815:

found herself walking up Independence Avenue while the media recorded the men marching down Constitution Avenue.

10812: 10735: 10530: 10374: 10105: 9970: 9675: 9314: 8724: 8712: 7188: 7126: 5071:, a series of archival documents from the FBI that explicitly target SNCC and Stokely Carmichael for suppression. 2575:"A SNCC Activist Describes Police Intimidation in the Voter Registration Campaign · SHEC: Resources for Teachers" 2052: 1944: 1545: 973: 888:. This brought over 700 white Northern students to the South, where they volunteered as teachers and organizers. 835: 823: 411: 346:, attended by 126 student delegates from 58 sit-in centers in 12 states, from 19 northern colleges, and from the 219: 5216:

How Democracy travels: SNCC, Swarthmore students, and the growth of the student movement in the North, 1961–1964

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Mississippians were uncovered whose disappearances had not previously attracted attention outside the Delta.

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support of a church hierarchy," were not long indifferent. In August 1960, the 172nd General Assembly of the

366:(SDS). Among those attending who were to emerge as strategists for the committee and its field projects were 4463: 1376:

In May 1967, Carmichael relinquished the SNCC chairmanship and speaking out against U.S. policy traveled to

1003:

recently been hives of activity and energy" and the shutting down of Freedom Schools and community centers.

10442: 10418: 10413: 10396: 10364: 10307: 9420: 9369: 9202: 8856: 8822: 8729: 8585: 8570: 8194: 7714: 7238: 7039: 6946: 6835: 5194: 3977:"Excerpt From SNCC Central Committee Meeting Regarding Forging a Relation With Saul Alinsky January, 1967"' 2710: 2260: 1778: 359: 355: 151: 5198: 2948: 2307: 1651:

In impressing upon the young student activists the principle "those who do the work, make the decisions,"

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barring discrimination in public accommodations, employment and private education, and the equally broad

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in Los Angeles, they believed, had marked "the end of the middle-class-oriented civil right movement".

10725: 10662: 10652: 10202: 9960: 9920: 9277: 8971: 8707: 8575: 8545: 7529: 7284: 7173: 7103: 6574: 6203: 1160:, "Vine City" Project, SNCC's first effort at urban organizing. Co-directed by William "Bill" Ware and 946: 395: 281: 4088: 2683: 10634: 10447: 10279: 9840: 9339: 9177: 8984: 8373: 8204: 8174: 8109: 7594: 7233: 7213: 7183: 7092: 7026: 6999: 6965: 6708: 6489: 6267: 5700: 5463: 2117:

The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Constitution (as revised in Conference, April 29~ 1962)

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was re-scripted as "we support with reservations". In the view of the then SNCC executive secretary,

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Letters from Mississippi: Reports from Civil Rights Volunteers and Poetry of the 1964 Freedom Summer

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As part of this northern community-organizing strategy, SNCC seriously considered an alliance with

1282:

In the South, as SNCC began turning them away white volunteers moved over to the New Orleans–based

1046: 767: 672:

As a result of meetings brokered by the Kennedy Administration with large liberal foundations, the

611:

With CORE, SNCC had been making plans for a mass demonstration in Washington when Attorney General

5382:. Stanford University Project South oral history collection. Microfilming Corp. of America. 1975. 3900: 3677: 3421: 2442: 1267:

had already been working, organizing welfare mothers into a union. She was "on loan" from SNCC to

10657: 10207: 9861: 9830: 9610: 9550: 9415: 9158: 8624: 8039: 7809: 7474: 7454: 7369: 7324: 6900: 6857: 6840: 6678: 6647: 6599: 6520: 5629: 5068: 3913: 3806: 3792:

Hillbilly Nationalists, Urban Race Rebels, and Black Power: Community Organizing in Radical Times

2996: 2055:

From Civil Rights to Human Rights: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Struggle for Economic Justice

1761: 1136:. When on the night of June 16, 1966, following protests at the shooting of solo freedom marcher 673: 465: 453:

on behalf of the SCLC, but the conference had been conceived and organized by then SCLC director

343: 338:

The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was formed in April 1960 at a conference at

293: 113: 4875:. Elsa Barkley Brown, Rosalyn Terborg-Penn, associate editors. Brooklyn, New York: Carlson Pub. 4596:"Document 43, Position Paper #24, (women in the movement), November 1964, Waveland, Mississippi" 3048:

A Voice that Could Stir an Army: Fannie Lou Hamer and the Rhetoric of the Black Freedom Movement

2629: 10572: 10302: 9540: 9334: 9324: 9262: 9072: 9011: 8079: 7814: 7799: 7794: 7669: 7524: 7364: 7309: 6879: 6729: 6652: 6623: 6585: 5748: 5730: 4539: 2972: 1981: 1719: 1389: 1144:, he asked the waiting crowd "What do you want?." They roared back "Black Power! Black Power!" 1141: 1015: 831: 709: 697: 647: 601: 450: 5380:

Interviews with civil rights workers from the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

4958: 3320:

Text of speech delivered at the staff retreat of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

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Eighth Annual Forum on Women in Leadership Then and Now: Women in the Civil Rights Leadership

3726: 2769: 2134:"Women and Social Movements in the United States,1600-2000 | Alexander Street Documents" 1805: 1765: 1071: 399: 269: 109: 31: 5327:

I've Got the Light of Freedom: The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle

5291:

The River of No Return: The Autobiography of a Black Militant and the Life and Death of SNCC

5241: 3319: 2095: 984:'s third-party challenge. The MFDP nonetheless got to the National Democratic Convention in 10925: 10889: 10297: 10060: 9871: 9823: 9695: 9585: 9490: 9257: 9247: 9219: 9084: 8938: 8692: 8580: 8378: 8259: 8164: 7974: 7604: 6762: 6494: 5472: 4033: 3722:

Fighting the Devil in Dixie: How Civil Rights Activists Took on the Ku Klux Klan in Alabama

3632: 1876: 1867: 1688: 1596:

or maids making a few dollars a day to walk away from poverty program salaries or stipends?

1084: 713: 689: 589: 584:, the two young SNCC members of the original Ride. They traveled on to a savage beating in 135: 5267: 4696: 4333: 4265:"COINTELPRO Revisited – Spying & Disruption – In Black & White: The F.B.I. Papers" 3804:

McDowell, Manfred (2013). "A Step into America: the New Left Organizes the Neighborhood".

1947:

in 1970. Active for another decade, the TWWA was one of the earliest groups advocating an

926:

in Atlantic City and there contest the credentials of the all-white Mississippi regulars.

8: 10672: 10030: 9945: 9425: 9214: 9104: 9034: 8455: 8416: 7964: 7924: 7874: 7784: 7744: 7719: 7674: 7479: 7434: 7279: 7259: 7228: 7223: 7166: 7077: 6872: 6825: 6775: 6736: 6291: 6275: 2311: 1927: 1704: 1672: 1573: 1454: 1453:

Rap Brown himself resigned as SNCC chairman after being indicted for inciting to riot in

1413: 1397: 1370: 1272: 1251: 1198: 1011: 996: 930: 877: 693: 608:. It is estimated that almost 450 people, black and white in equal number, participated. 585: 557: 545: 518: 324: 214: 10677: 5591: 3957: 3498: 2283: 2029: 1164:(Robinson), it took up the challenge of the Georgia State Legislature's refusal to seat 10745: 10682: 10425: 9883: 9650: 9630: 9535: 9460: 9287: 9192: 9182: 9170: 9061: 8958: 8933: 8772: 8540: 8524: 8517: 8496: 8488: 8482: 8445: 8279: 8189: 8169: 8094: 8074: 8064: 8044: 7959: 7844: 7789: 7734: 7639: 7419: 7334: 6993: 6977: 6957: 6723: 6688: 6615: 5886: 5772: 5580: 4620:

Freedom's Daughters: The Unsung Heroines of the Civil Rights Movement from 1830 to 1970

4093: 2235: 2115: 1935: 1904: 1684: 1589: 1507: 1290:, the SNCC's first white field organizer and son of a former Klansman, in working with 1133: 1112:

spring, but with questions of structure and direction for the organization unresolved.

1070:

As an opportunity to take stock, to critique and reevaluate the movement, a retreat in

881: 876:

In the fall of 1963, with the assistance of 100 northern volunteers SNCC conducted the

808: 684:

had tabled a voter registration drive at the SNCC's second conference in October 1960.

677: 620: 569: 511: 439: 285: 277: 5596: 5228:

King, Mary. "Freedom Song: A Personal Story of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement". 1987.

5062: 4911: 4720: 4354: 4061: 1675:, and others already mentioned, these women included Tuskegee student-body president, 911:, this indeed was to be the effect. Freedom Summer attracted international attention. 284:, the Committee sought to coordinate and assist direct-action challenges to the civic 10192: 9913: 9575: 9545: 9140: 8897: 8640: 8555: 8550: 8510: 8383: 8154: 8139: 8104: 7884: 7804: 7749: 7534: 6698: 6693: 6565: 6551: 6544: 6505: 5856: 5553: 5438: 5383: 5331: 5313: 5294: 5286: 5256: 5204: 5184: 5170: 5154: 5140: 5126: 5118: 5104: 5090: 4999: 4989: 4964: 4937: 4876: 4869: 4842: 4761: 4595: 4557: 4518: 3757: 3730: 3587: 3454: 3384: 3264: 3169:"[Casey Hayden (aka Sandra Cason)], "Memorandum on Structure," November 1964" 3168: 3149: 3132: 3070: 3051: 2903: 2775: 2665: 2637: 2398: 2371: 2211: 2204: 1826: 1736: 1715: 1423:(later known as Jamil Abdullah Al-Amin) tried to hold what he now called the Student 1318: 950: 904: 896: 861: 857: 851: 705: 612: 533: 443: 435: 391: 289: 6430: 5197:, Judy Richardson, Betty Garman Robinson, Jean Smith Young, and Dorothy M. Zellner, 4480: 3499:"Bond, Horace Julian | The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute" 2806:

John Lewis, Archie E. Allen (1972) "Black Voter Registration Efforts in the South."

2794: 2771:

Everybody Says Freedom: A history of the Civil Rights Movement in songs and pictures

2351: 2284:"SNCC Project: A Year by Year History 1960-1970 - Mapping American Social Movements" 1605:

strong local institutions," was no longer regarded as sufficiently "revolutionary."

323:

and to federally-funded anti-poverty programs. Following an aborted merger with the

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from the Mapping American Social Movements Project at the University of Washington.

4547: 4239: 4002: 1969: 1931: 1893: 1813: 1757: 1749: 1668: 1601: 1436: 1307: 1157: 1018:. Second, he had deflect a proposal from Lowenstein and Democratic Party operative 992: 919: 827: 804: 415: 241: 5347: 4721:"Casey Hayden (aka Sandra Cason) and Mary King, "Sex and Caste," 18 November 1965" 3294: 2743: 2015: 1951:

approach to women's oppression—"the triple oppression of race, class and gender."

1306:

The Meredith shooting in June 1966 had been preceded in January by the killing of

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Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)

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Jacobs, E (2007), ' Revisiting the Second Wave: In Conversation with Mary King '

4464:"Show Transcripts – Episode 3: Photography Transformed (1960–1999), Civil Rights" 4450: 4442: 3964: 3751: 3720: 3684: 3448: 3322:

at Waveland, Mississippi, November 6, 1964, by James Forman, Executive Secretary.

3026:

The Martin Luther King Jr., Research and Education Institute, Stanford University

3001:

The Martin Luther King Jr., Research and Education Institute, Stanford University

2392: 2365: 2339: 1958: 1915: 1855: 1817: 1790: 1741: 1727: 1723: 1708: 1549: 1416:, in October 1966. For Carmichael the goal was a nation-wide Black United Front. 1023: 977: 939: 787:

Under pressure from the other groups, changes were made. "We cannot support" the

717: 651: 643: 635: 627: 510:(CORE) to dramatize the southern states' disregard of the Supreme Court rulings ( 485: 367: 339: 273: 5623: 4552: 3355:

Undaunted by the Fight: Spelman College and the Civil Rights Movement, 1957/1967

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Wobblies and Zapatistas: Conversations on Anarchism, Marxism and Radical History

2133: 1964:

On top of seeking to increase African-American access to land through a pioneer

1140:, Carmichael walked out of jail (his 27th arrest) and into Broad Street Park in 10780: 10185: 10148: 10138: 9898: 9893: 9835: 9670: 9600: 9530: 9525: 9029: 8953: 8851: 8832: 8421: 8269: 8254: 8184: 8134: 8099: 8084: 8069: 8029: 8009: 7999: 7954: 7939: 7919: 7689: 7659: 7649: 7619: 7609: 7519: 7489: 7289: 6915: 6867: 6757: 5087:

Ready for Revolution: The Life and Struggles of Stokely Carmichael (Kwame Ture)

4807: 3475:""Black Power" Speech (28 July 1966, by Stokely Carmichael) | Encyclopedia.com" 2875: 2597: 1948: 1900: 1889: 1569: 1565: 1409: 1137: 981: 885: 725: 659: 631: 427: 5353: 4220:, Martin Luther King Jr Research and Education Institute, Stanford University. 4204:, Martin Luther King Jr Research and Education Institute, Stanford University. 3867: 2862: 2554:

Stanford University | Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute

2070:"Ella Baker and the Politics of Hope – Lessons From the Civil Rights Movement" 964: 592:, and to confinement in the Maximum Security (Death Row) Unit of the infamous 268:) was the principal channel of student commitment in the United States to the 10904: 9738: 9720: 9710: 9680: 9625: 9580: 9565: 9510: 9500: 9485: 9435: 9430: 9400: 9197: 9125: 8948: 8827: 8757: 8605: 8471: 8294: 8224: 8129: 7979: 7914: 7899: 7889: 7849: 7774: 7764: 7724: 7709: 7599: 7589: 7549: 7499: 7374: 7299: 7269: 6415: 6335: 5620:

Online collection of original SNCC documents ~ Civil Rights Movement Archive.

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Still Lifting, Still Climbing: Contemporary African American Women's Activism

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Waiting 'Til the Midnight Hour: A Narrative History of Black Power in America

2641: 2253:"'Jail, No Bail' Idea Stymied Cities' Profiting From Civil Rights Protesters" 2162:

Inspiring Participatory Democracy: Student Movements from Port Huron to Today

1609: 1487: 1385: 1029: 985: 819: 525: 524:) outlawing segregation in interstate transportation, in May 1961, the first 407: 296:, SNCC committed to the registration and mobilization of black voters in the 5603:

SNCC 1960 – 1966: Six years of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

5393: 3522: 3401:"BBC Two – Witness, Civil Rights, USA, Stokely Carmichael and 'Black Power'" 3400: 2574: 10050: 9818: 9743: 9715: 9700: 9685: 9640: 9615: 9595: 9505: 9475: 9470: 9440: 9390: 9242: 8928: 8787: 8767: 8289: 8244: 8239: 8199: 8034: 8014: 7969: 7904: 7839: 7824: 7739: 7729: 7684: 7634: 7624: 7614: 7584: 7579: 7569: 7554: 7514: 7449: 7429: 7424: 7404: 7399: 7389: 7349: 7304: 7274: 6657: 5514: 4790: 4660: 3937: 1923: 1863: 1801: 1773: 1731: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1680: 1593: 1517: 1477: 1432: 1420: 1362: 1341:

1967–1968: Northern strategy and the split with Carmichael and the Panthers

1334: 1276: 1264: 1175:

Ware, who had been greatly affected by his experience of newly independent

1075: 1038: 1019: 908: 839: 812: 792: 605: 565: 541: 529: 375: 5053:. Collection Number: M323. Dates: 1963 – 1988. Volume: 1.7 ft³ (48 L) 4897:"Frances Beal: A Voice for Peace, Racial Justice and the Rights of Women". 3889:

The Wrong Side of Murder Creek: A White Southerner in the Freedom Movement

3825: 914:

For SNCC the focus of summer project became the organization, through the

811:

and other the wives of civil leaders SNCC staffer and Ella Baker protégé

10070: 10055: 9903: 9866: 9705: 9660: 9645: 9410: 9405: 9252: 8807: 8777: 8404: 8368: 8309: 8304: 8264: 8214: 8149: 8144: 8054: 8004: 7934: 7929: 7869: 7854: 7704: 7699: 7564: 7444: 7414: 7354: 7319: 6580: 6410: 6325: 5602: 5481: 5356:, Joyce Ladner is one of the panelists and shares many stories about SNCC 5303: 4664: 3976: 3942:

Black Against Empire: The History and Politics of the Black Panther Party

3235: 2765: 2522:"Amzie Moore puts voter registration on table at SNCC Atlanta conference" 2332: 1830: 1809: 1753: 1676: 1631: 1447: 1405: 1329: 1325: 1311: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1239: 1210: 1206: 1169: 1165: 1007: 935: 892: 681: 581: 561: 431: 383: 312: 121: 5650: 5420:. Oxford, Ohio: General Materials (c. June 1964). Retrieved May 2, 2005. 5029: 4934:

The Movements of the New Left, 1950–1975: A Brief History with Documents

4777: 4636:"Sex and Caste at 50: 1964 SNCC Position Paper on Women in the Movement" 4231: 3944:(University of California Press, 2013), pp. 29, 41–42, 102–103, 128–130. 3614: 3612: 2924:"Civil Rights Movement -- History & Timeline, 1964 (Freedom Summer)" 2923: 2850: 1314:, the first statement of its kind by a major civil rights organization. 646:

had more than 500 protesters in jail. There they were joined briefly by

9605: 9590: 9560: 9555: 9304: 9272: 9111: 9079: 8431: 8089: 8019: 7989: 7859: 7834: 7779: 7679: 7294: 7264: 5496: 5231: 4243: 1977: 1909: 1783: 1745: 1660: 1652: 1541: 1497: 1346: 865: 774: 745: 577: 553: 454: 387: 371: 297: 176: 147: 81: 9941:

Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)

5268:

Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement: A Radical Democratic Vision

4829:

Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement: A Radical Democratic Vision

10219: 10065: 9570: 9354: 9292: 9187: 8409: 7879: 7864: 3609: 1829:, then a journalist. She had worked on a voter registration drive in 1617:

thing is that by the end of that time you'd either be dead or crazy …

868:

smuggling himself into the Stockade to publicize the case nationally

8866: 5374:

The University of Southern Mississippi Libraries Special Collections

5057:

The University of Southern Mississippi Libraries Special Collections

4697:"Revisiting "A Kind of Memo" from Casey Hayden and Mary King (1965)" 4544:

Transatlantica. Revue d'études américaines. American Studies Journal

3753:

Bloody Lowndes: Civil Rights and Black Power in Alabama's Black Belt

3633:"Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) Actions 1960–1970" 10692: 10687: 10197: 7769: 3295:"1965-Students March in Montgomery; Confrontation at Dexter Church" 2492: 2490: 2467:

David Miller, "A Loss for Dr. King—New Negro Roundup: They Yield,"

2074: 1400:

for Self Defense. Inspired by John Hulet's stand and borrowing the

1120: 972:

Notwithstanding the national outrage generated by the murders, the

956:

On August 4, 1964, before the state MFDP convention, the bodies of

117: 9956:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

5655: 5646: 5562: 4411:

Ready for Revolution: The Life and Struggles of Stokely Carmichael

3236:"Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement – In the Attics of My Mind" 688:

of 1961 on the first registration efforts (under the direction of

9309: 8358: 3381:

Soon We Will Not Cry: The Liberation of Ruby Doris Smith Robinson

1918:(who worked with SNCC's International Affairs Commission and its 1222: 1132:

Replacing John Lewis as chairman in May 1966 was the 24-year old

537: 472: 131: 4232:"Fbi Paranoia: The Fbi's War Against Core & Sncc, 1956-1971" 2487: 10143: 8426: 6356: 5651:

Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee collection 1964–1989

4517:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 183. 3050:. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. pp. 102, 272. 1683:'s teacher, Jean Wiley; head of COFO's Mississippi operations, 1393: 1354: 4675:

Hands on the Freedom Plow: Personal Accounts by Women in SNCC)

2058:, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007, p. 104 922:. The MFDP would send an integrated slate of delegates to the 907:, alongside local activist (Freedom Rider and voter educator) 895:, their presence can be credited to freelance social activist 552:, CORE announced it was discontinuing the action. Undeterred, 9955: 7161: 5200:

Hands on the Freedom Plow: Personal Accounts by Women in SNCC

3586:. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press. pp. 303–323. 2447:

The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute

1643: 1381: 1176: 639: 619:(ICC) to issue rules giving force to the repudiation of the " 5409:

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Founding Statement

5293:. University Press of Mississippi; 1990 reprint. 289 pages. 5181:

Deep in Our Hearts: Nine White Women in the Freedom Movement

4034:"Comm; CBS Library of Contemporary Quotations; H. Rap Brown" 3671: 1699:

who, in the violence of Mississippi (and having worked with

731: 544:. Local police stood by. After they were assaulted again in 44: 10000: 5577:

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Collected Records

5522: 5103:. Cambridge Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1981. 4326:"FBI File on the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee" 3990:

Let Them Call Me Rebel: The Life and Legacy of Saul Alinsky

2889: 1797: 1377: 333: 5647:

Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library

5586: 4193: 4191: 5608: 2739: 2156: 2154: 1679:; Mississippi Delta field secretary, Cynthia Washington; 1471:

Chairmen of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

250: 27:

Activist organization during the US civil rights movement

4986:

Women Embracing Islam: Gender and Conversion in the West

3308:

Reclaiming Democracy: The Sixties in Politics and Memory

2480:

Claude Sitton, "Rivalries Beset Integration Campaigns,"

2367:

Freedom Riders: 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice

272:

during the 1960s. Emerging in 1960 from the student-led

8611:

Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam

8389:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)" 5166:

The Speeches of Fannie Lou Hamer: To Tell it Like it is

5117:, 1985 and 1997, Open Hand Publishing, Washington D.C. 4831:(University of North Carolina Press, 2003), pp. 310–11. 4188: 1404:'s black panther moniker, the party had been formed by 319:(SCLC), and others were being lost to a de-segregating 8635:

African American founding fathers of the United States

6988:

Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement

6853:

John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights

5223:

Many Minds, One Heart: SNCC's Dream for a New America,

5101:

In Struggle, SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s

4760:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 4515:

Up South: Civil Rights and Black Power in Philadelphia

4397:

In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s

3333:

In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s

3191:

Mary E. King. Notes; SNCC meeting; Fall, 1965, p. 87.

2151: 2003:

In Struggle, SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s

471:

Initially the SNCC continued the focus on sit-ins and

6460: 4791:"Mississippi Movement Set Example for Female Leaders" 3698:"March 23, 1965: Selma to Montgomery March Continues" 3668:, pp. xvi–xv (2nd edn 1997). Accessed March 17, 2007. 3076: 2730:

George, Bradley; Blankenship, Grant (July 19, 2016),

949:, a meeting of cotton pickers at a Freedom School in 262: 253: 247: 244: 10961:

Student political organizations in the United States

10946:

Nonviolence organizations based in the United States

3297:, Civil Rights Movement Archive History and Timeline 2949:"June 1965: Mississippi Freedom Labor Union founded" 2821:"Freedom Summer - Definition, Murders & Results" 1896:

of doing in SNCC "anything I was big enough to do."

1752:

took a fatal shot-gun blast in Hayneville, Alabama;

667: 8683:

Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument

4988:(1st ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. 4175:"SNCC Has Lost Much of Its Power to Black Panthers" 2684:"The Role of Women In the 1963 March on Washington" 2164:, ed. Tom Hayden. New York: Routledge, 2015, p. 65. 480:, Charles Sherrod, and J. Charles Jones joined the 5592:The SNCC Project: A Year by Year History 1960–1970 5416:Memorandum: on the SNCC Mississippi Summer Project 5051:Ellin (Joseph and Nancy) Freedom Summer Collection 4936:. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. pp. 131–133. 4871:Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia 4868: 4447:We Want Freedom: A Life in the Black Panther Party 3620:Historical Dictionary of the Civil Rights Movement 3618:Christopher M. Richardson, Ralph E. Luker (2014). 3101: 2630:"Where Were the Women in the March on Washington?" 2240:Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia 2203: 1079:on his own authority, was able to turn the second 834:, who had been instrumental in the integration of 10956:Post–civil rights era in African-American history 2729: 2016:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Founded 773:In the version of his speech leaked to the press 10902: 9991:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 7219:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 5441:button which was probably worn at an SNCC event 4857:Casey Hayden (2010). "In the Attics of My Mind." 3453:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 44. 1756:, who ran the Selma, Alabama office; the singer 1301: 1121:Carmichael and the Vine Street Project Statement 1030:1965: Differences over "structure" and direction 484:sit-in protests and followed the example of the 10931:Civil rights organizations in the United States 10036:Black players in professional American football 9986:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 7209:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 7142:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights 7033:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County 5236:Walking With the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement 4089:"S.N.C.C. in decline after 8 years in the lead" 2895: 945:With the encouragement of SNCC field secretary 8688:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument 5372:. SNCC member and Freedom Summer participant. 5253:Prairie Radical: A Journey Through the Sixties 4950: 3952: 3950: 3450:Black Power: Politics of Liberation in America 2851:"Address to Freedom Summer 50th Commemoration" 1201:already in 1962 had suspended whites from the 528:(seven black, six white, led by CORE director 8882: 8596:List of lynching victims in the United States 6934:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States 6446: 5671: 5402: 5139:. Rutgers University Press, 1998. 274 pages. 4912:"The Film — She's Beautiful When She's Angry" 3847:"Southern Conference Educational Fund (SCEF)" 3581: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3045: 3022:"Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP)" 2397:. Greenhaven Publishing LLC. pp. 86–88. 2160:Casey Hayden (2015), "Only Love Is Radical." 1115: 918:(MFDP), of a parallel state Democratic Party 532:) travelled together on interstate buses. In 9749:Historically black colleges and universities 6374:International Civil Rights Center and Museum 5466:, taken during 2011 oral history interview. 5255:. California: Shire Press. 2001. 376 pages. 4384:Dissent: A Quarterly of Politics and Culture 3446: 2764: 2664:. University of Georgia Press. pp. 359–384. 1862:At the time, and in "the Waveland setting," 1840: 1298:to organize white students and poor whites. 7063:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights 4198:"Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee" 3947: 3690: 3447:Hamilton, Charles V.; Ture, Kwame (2011) . 3071:MFDP Challenge to the Democratic Convention 2232:"Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee" 2224: 2173:Staughton Lynd and Andrej Grubacic (2008). 1882: 1279:was to project as the "rainbow coalition". 30:"SNCC" redirects here. For other uses, see 8889: 8875: 7112:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership 6453: 6439: 5678: 5664: 4758:What Women Want: The Ideas of the Movement 4512: 4436: 4417: 4124:"SNCC Crippled by Defection of Carmichael" 4082: 4080: 4078: 3252: 3228: 3087:sfn error: no target: CITEREFDittmer1993 ( 2774:, W. W. Norton & Company, p. 97, 1955:Gwendolyn Delores Robinson/Zoharah Simmons 1600:As their numbers diminished, SNCC veteran 818:Despite protesting behind the scenes with 43: 18:Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee 10911:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 9966:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC) 8668:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument 6219:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 5279:University of North Carolina Press. 2003. 5225:University of North Carolina Press. 2007. 5169:, University Press of Mississippi, 2011. 5018:"Fannie Lou Hamer: Civil Rights Activist" 4983: 4551: 4468:American Photography: A Century of Images 3781:(pamphlet), Merrit Publishers, June 1966. 3718: 3344:quoted in Meta Mendel-Reyes (2013). p. 36 3285:. University of Washington Press, p. 255. 2662:Texas Women: Their Histories, Their Lives 2363: 1994: 1464: 1221:Yet like Forman (now urging the study of 732:1963 Washington and the Leesburg Stockade 642:and a number of other organizations, the 540:, they were brutally attacked by mobs of 232:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 38:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 10941:History of African-American civil rights 8703:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change 6743:University of Georgia desegregation riot 5030:National Women's Political Action Caucus 4956: 4537: 3803: 3749: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3095: 2598:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom 2370:. Oxford University Press. p. 271. 1892:is of "women's full participation," and 1642: 1257: 1156:A new direction SNCC was evident in the 980:'s campaign and to minimise support for 963: 764:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom 740: 348:Southern Christian Leadership Conference 334:1960: Emergence from the sit-in movement 317:Southern Christian Leadership Conference 195:Southern Christian Leadership Conference 8617:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence 8354:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus" 8349:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round" 5238:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 1998. 4778:Women & Men in the Freedom Movement 4075: 4038:American Archive of Public Broadcasting 3582:Allured, Janet; Gentry, Judith (2009). 3383:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 3163: 3161: 3082: 2705: 2703: 2627: 2128: 2126: 1908:Structure", had seen herself defending 1770:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission 638:. By mid-December, having drawn in the 14: 10903: 10865:Topics related to the African diaspora 9971:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) 8531:African-American women in the movement 6983:White House Conference on Civil Rights 6814:"Segregation now, segregation forever" 5203:. University of Illinois Press, 2010. 5069:FBI COINTELPRO Black Extremist Records 4906: 4904: 4895:Frances Beal interview (May 6, 2015). 4659: 4630: 4628: 4380:"Black Politics and the Establishment" 4236:Maryland Shared Open Access Repository 4143: 4086: 4001: 3656: 3584:Louisiana Women: Their Lives and Times 3102:Lemongello, Steven (August 24, 2014). 2758: 2725: 2723: 2712:Stolen Girls remember 1963 in Leesburg 2210:. New York: Carlson Publishing, 1993. 2027: 2000: 1920:National Black Antiwar Antidraft Union 871: 798: 736: 10845:Landmark African-American legislation 8896: 8870: 6972:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections 6434: 5659: 5183:, University of Georgia Press, 2002. 4931: 4497: 4355:"Lowndes County Freedom Organization" 4229: 4146:"Bombing: A Way of Protest and Death" 4087:Fraser, C. Gerald (October 7, 1968). 3678:"Lowndes County Freedom Organization" 3544: 3542: 3198: 3147: 3143: 3141: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2681: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2390: 2242:, New York: Carlson Publishing, 1993. 2186: 2067: 501: 380:American Baptist Theological Seminary 327:in 1968, SNCC effectively dissolved. 292:. From 1962, with the support of the 9976:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC) 8740:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument 7204:Regional Council of Negro Leadership 7152:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party 7098:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights 6575:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company 6500:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore 6209:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights 4866: 4423: 4378:Rakim Brooks and Charles E. Cobb Jr. 4257: 3826:"A Step into America – New Politics" 3158: 3104:"Black Mississippians create legacy" 2732:"The Girls Of The Leesburg Stockade" 2700: 2546:"Council of Federated Organizations" 2201: 2191:. New York: Dell Publishing Company. 2123: 1638: 1345:By early 1967, SNCC was approaching 916:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party 845: 634:led a sit-in at the bus terminal in 302:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party 205:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party 10921:Civil rights movement organizations 10330:African-American Vernacular English 7147:Lowndes County Freedom Organization 7083:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters 6753:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address 5685: 5137:A Circle of Trust: Remembering SNCC 5115:The Making of Black Revolutionaries 4977: 4925: 4901: 4625: 4588: 4347: 3992:. New York. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 508 3891:. Montgomery, AL., New south Books. 3665:The Making of Black Revolutionaries 3283:The Making of Black Revolutionaries 2720: 2602:The Making of Black Revolutionaries 1760:("the Voice of Selma"); playwright 1236:Lowndes County Freedom Organization 1125:In May 1966 Forman was replaced by 924:1964 Democratic National Convention 696:, including the murder of activist 306:Lowndes County Freedom Organization 210:Lowndes County Freedom Organization 24: 10248:U.S. cities with large populations 9951:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 8591:African-American churches attacked 7157:Montgomery Improvement Association 7132:Georgia Council on Human Relations 7117:Council of Federated Organizations 7088:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 6846:16th Street Baptist Church bombing 6804:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot 6610:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom 6514:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents 5539: 5039: 4984:Nieuwkerk, Karin van, ed. (2006). 4577:In Our Time Memoir of a Revolution 4399:. Harvard University Press. p. 287 3539: 3335:. Harvard University Press. p. 303 3138: 3114:from the original on March 4, 2016 2838: 2616: 2498:"Voter Education Project launches" 1812:in starting a literacy project at 1324:At an SDS-organized conference at 1284:Southern Conference Education Fund 1168:because of SNCC opposition to the 822:(who was to go on to co-found the 560:, Jean C. Thompson, Rudy Lombard, 449:The invitation had been issued by 200:Council of Federated Organizations 25: 10992: 9121:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013 9117:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009 8924:African American founding fathers 8663:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute 8536:Jews in the civil rights movement 5570: 4867:Hine, Darlene Clark, ed. (1993). 4408:Kwame Ture and Michael Thelwell, 4214:"Federal Bureau of Investigation" 3794:. Brooklyn, Melville House. p. 53 3725:. Chicago Review Press. pp. 3649:Kristin Anderson-Bricker (1992). 3637:Mapping American Social Movements 3357:. Mercer University Press. p, 216 2230:Clayborne Carson and Heidi Hess, 1974:National Women's Political Caucus 1269:Students for a Democratic Society 1228: 668:1962 voter registration campaigns 664:predicted "tragic consequences". 364:Students for a Democratic Society 10883: 10001:United Negro College Fund (UNCF) 9146:Nadir of American race relations 8857:Civil rights movement portal 8850: 8698:Freedom Riders National Monument 8440:The Kingdom of God Is Within You 6952:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches 6911:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests 6798:Second Emancipation Proclamation 5561: 5552: 5530: 5521: 5501:Civil Rights March on Washington 5489: 5480: 5471: 5455: 5446: 5431: 5348:SNCC 50th Anniversary Conference 5023: 5010: 4914:. Shesbeautifulwhenshesangry.com 4889: 4860: 4851: 4834: 4821: 4800: 4783: 4780:~ Civil Rights Movement Archive. 4771: 4750: 4737: 4713: 4689: 4653: 4612: 4568: 4531: 4506: 4491: 4473: 4456: 4402: 4389: 4372: 4318: 4286: 4223: 4207: 4167: 4137: 4117: 4108: 4050: 4026: 4013: 3995: 3622:. Rowman and Littlefield. p. 181 3073:~ Civil Rights Movement Archive. 2865:~ Civil Rights Movement Archive. 2797:~ Civil Rights Movement Archive. 2628:Scanlon, Jennifer (2016-03-16). 2354:~ Civil Rights Movement Archive. 2322:from the original on 2017-01-07. 2018:~ Civil Rights Movement Archive. 1984:(ERA) to the U.S. Constitution. 758:Civil Rights March on Washington 750:Civil Rights March on Washington 276:at segregated lunch counters in 240: 10966:Youth empowerment organizations 10951:Nonviolent resistance movements 9007:Civil rights movement 1954–1968 8997:Civil rights movement 1865–1896 8725:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum 8713:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial 7189:National Council of Negro Women 7127:Deacons for Defense and Justice 6180:Audubon Regional Library sit-in 5626:, Civil Rights Digital Library. 5611:- the official website for the 5508: 5369:An Oral History with Terri Shaw 4470:. PBS. Retrieved July 11, 2013. 4275:from the original on 2008-05-16 3982: 3970: 3930: 3906: 3894: 3881: 3860: 3839: 3818: 3797: 3784: 3770: 3743: 3712: 3643: 3625: 3600: 3575: 3566: 3515: 3491: 3467: 3440: 3414: 3393: 3373: 3370:. New York: Bantam. pp. 314–315 3360: 3347: 3338: 3325: 3313: 3300: 3288: 3275: 3185: 3126: 3064: 3039: 3014: 2989: 2977:Federal Bureau of Investigation 2965: 2941: 2916: 2899:Howard Zinn: A Life on the Left 2868: 2856: 2813: 2800: 2788: 2675: 2654: 2607: 2591: 2567: 2538: 2514: 2474: 2461: 2435: 2411: 2384: 2357: 2345: 2326: 2300: 2276: 2245: 2195: 2180: 2167: 1825:had obvious qualifications was 1546:Federal Bureau of Investigation 1365:'s mainstream-church supported 1317:"The murder of Samuel Young in 1045:Notwithstanding passage of the 929:As part of this project SNCC's 836:Little Rock Central High School 824:National Organization for Women 412:South Carolina State University 9996:Thurgood Marshall College Fund 9002:Civil right movement 1896–1954 6605:Mansfield school desegregation 6244:Peterson v. City of Greenville 5397:Vanderbilt documentary website 5312:. Boston: Beacon Press, 1964. 4747:, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 102–116 . 4622:. Simon & Schuster. p. 334 4230:Tyson, Pearline Marie (2010). 3790:Amy Sony, James Tracy (2011), 3750:Jeffries, Hasan Kwame (2009). 3193:Mary E. King papers, 1962–1999 3046:Parker Brooks, Maegan (2014). 2902:. New Press. pp. 99–100. 2109: 2088: 2061: 2046: 2021: 2009: 1926:'s initial enthusiasm for the 1559:Council (whose key demand was 958:Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner 789:1963 Kennedy Civil Rights Bill 617:Interstate Commerce Commission 594:Mississippi State Penitentiary 548:, and under pressure from the 410:, who led student protests at 13: 1: 10971:Social movement organizations 10176:Cherokee freedmen controversy 9152:The Negro Motorist Green Book 8735:National Voting Rights Museum 8678:Civil Rights Movement Archive 8477:Lynching in the United States 8364:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize" 6819:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 6792:University of Chicago sit-ins 6559:Davis v. Prince Edward County 6168:University of Chicago sit-ins 5613:Civil Rights Movement Archive 5360: 5089:. Scribner, 2005. 848 pages. 4670:Civil Rights Movement Archive 4538:Browning, Joan (2017-12-31). 4424:Bond, Julian (October 2000). 4414:, Scribner, 2003, p. 297–298. 3756:. New York University Press. 3148:Baker, Elaine DeLott (1994). 2853:, Jackson, MS. June 28, 2014. 2342:. Retrieved February 1, 2010. 2138:documents.alexanderstreet.com 1987: 1302:Opposition to the Vietnam War 604:, SNCC's Executive Secretary 8730:National Civil Rights Museum 8586:March on Washington Movement 8571:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church 7040:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co. 5195:Martha Prescod Norman Noonan 5135:Greenberg, Cheryl Lynn, ed. 5032:. Retrieved January 1, 2020. 4756:Yates, Gayle Graham (1975). 4513:Countryman, Matthew (2006). 4500:Coming of Age in Mississippi 4060:. 2006-02-16. Archived from 3653:. Syracuse University. p. 56 3215:content.wisconsinhistory.org 2391:Sharp, Anne Wallace (2012). 2259:(transcript). Archived from 2189:Coming of Age in Mississippi 1980:" and who support a federal 1945:Third World Women's Alliance 1854:'s placard. Like Mary King, 1779:Coming of Age in Mississippi 938:), COFO set up more than 40 864:. It took SNCC photographer 360:National Student Association 356:Fellowship of Reconciliation 220:Third World Women's Alliance 7: 10976:Selma to Montgomery marches 10046:Black players in ice hockey 9981:National Urban League (NUL) 9807:American Society of Muslims 9045:Selma to Montgomery marches 8965:Brown v. Board of Education 8374:"This Little Light of Mine" 7122:Dallas County Voters League 7068:Atlanta Negro Voters League 6831:Letter from Birmingham Jail 6538:Brown v. Board of Education 6236:Gober v. City of Birmingham 5309:SNCC: The New Abolitionists 5044: 4957:Springer, Kimberly (1999). 4725:womhist.alexanderstreet.com 4701:womhist.alexanderstreet.com 4600:womhist.alexanderstreet.com 4553:10.4000/transatlantica.9993 4144:Holden, Todd (1970-03-23). 3550:"Atlanta Project Statement" 3173:womhist.alexanderstreet.com 2364:Arsenault, Raymond (2011). 2068:Boyte, Harry (2015-07-01). 2005:. Harvard University Press. 1367:Industrial Areas Foundation 508:Congress of Racial Equality 420:Johnson C. Smith University 352:Congress of Racial Equality 288:and political exclusion of 93:; 54 years ago 65:; 64 years ago 10: 10997: 10203:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 9961:Nashville Student Movement 8972:Children of the plantation 8708:Martin Luther King Jr. Day 8576:Holt Street Baptist Church 8546:16th Street Baptist Church 7530:Annie Bell Robinson Devine 7174:Nashville Student Movement 7104:An Appeal for Human Rights 6204:Nashville Student Movement 5543: 5512: 5424: 5403:Publications and documents 5153:, Ballantine Books, 1999. 5063:SNCC History and Geography 4963:. NYU Press. p. 113. 4793:. Originally published in 4665:"In the Attics of My Mind" 4579:Dail Books. "The Founders" 4462:Joyce Ladner interviewed, 4009:. Henry Holt. p. 219. 3687:, Encyclopedia of Alabama. 3503:kinginstitute.stanford.edu 3306:Meta Mendel-Reyes (2013), 2863:Mississippi Summer Project 2604:(1971; 1997), pp. 334–37.) 2001:Carson, Clayborne (1981). 1419:Carmichael's replacement, 1116:1966: Black Power Movement 849: 830:platform and the NAACP's 755: 495:United Presbyterian Church 396:Nashville Student Movement 374:, Tennessee State student 278:Greensboro, North Carolina 29: 10873: 10840:Index of related articles 10718: 10633: 10357: 10290: 10228: 10128: 10089: 10021: 10014: 9929: 9849: 9841:Doctrine of Father Divine 9787: 9729: 9378: 9233: 9225:Women's suffrage movement 9178:Reconstruction Amendments 8985:Voting Rights Act of 1965 8904: 8846: 8748: 8650: 8464: 8397: 8339: 8318: 8205:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson 8175:Modjeska Monteith Simkins 7247: 7239:Women's Political Council 7234:Wednesdays in Mississippi 7229:United Auto Workers (UAW) 7214:Southern Regional Council 7184:Northern Student Movement 7093:Committee for Freedom Now 7053: 7000:Memphis sanitation strike 6966:Voting Rights Act of 1965 6888: 6709:Savannah Protest Movement 6671: 6529: 6490:Journey of Reconciliation 6482: 6469: 6349: 6318: 6308:Hamm v. City of Rock Hill 6268:Bouie v. City of Columbia 6227: 6196: 6189: 6148: 5765: 5701:Alexandria Library sit-in 5693: 5499:representing SNCC at the 5464:Gwendolyn Zoharah Simmons 5081:Carmichael, Stokely, and 5016:Mills, Kay (April 2007). 4575:Susan Brownmiller (1999) 4453:: Cambridge, 2004. p. 159 4395:Clayborne Carson (1995). 3719:Greenshaw, Wayne (2011). 3353:Harry G. Lefever (2005). 3331:Clayborne Carson (1995). 2688:amazingwomeninhistory.com 2682:Engel, Keri Lynn (2022). 1852:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson 1822:Joan Trumpauer Mulholland 1665:Ruby Doris Smith Robinson 1586:Voting Rights Act in 1965 1162:Gwendolyn Zoharah Simmons 1127:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson 1081:Selma to Montgomery march 1051:Voting Rights Act of 1965 748:representing SNCC at the 615:finally prevailed on the 574:Joan Trumpauer Mulholland 482:Rock Hill, South Carolina 300:. Affiliates such as the 187: 183:Poor People's Corporation 175: 157: 141: 127: 105: 87: 77: 59: 51: 42: 10890:United States portal 10325:African-American English 9754:Inventors and scientists 9446:George Washington Carver 9050:Chicago Freedom Movement 7073:Atlanta Student Movement 7022:Civil Rights Act of 1968 6947:1964–1965 Scripto strike 6928:Civil Rights Act of 1964 6826:1963 Birmingham campaign 6719:Civil Rights Act of 1960 6643:Civil Rights Act of 1957 6300:Barr v. City of Columbia 6214:Atlanta Student Movement 5737:Dockum Drug Store sit-in 5725:Read's Drug Store sit-in 5605:. Retrieved May 2, 2005. 5587:The SNCC Digital Gateway 5395:Who Speaks for the Negro 5376:. Retrieved May 2, 2005. 5341: 5075: 5059:. Retrieved May 2, 2005. 4502:. New York: Bantam Dell. 3903:Encyclopedia of Alabama. 3379:Cynthia Fleming (1998). 2896:Martin Duberman (2012). 2423:New Georgia Encyclopedia 1966:Freedom Farm Cooperative 1883:Black Women's Liberation 1582:Civil Rights Act in 1964 1047:Civil Rights Act of 1964 768:Civil Rights Act of 1964 10916:Anti–Vietnam War groups 10813:African-American firsts 9862:Back-to-Africa movement 9831:Black Hebrew Israelites 9611:Adam Clayton Powell Jr. 9159:Partus sequitur ventrem 8625:Voter Education Project 8379:"We Shall Not Be Moved" 8040:Adam Clayton Powell Jr. 7475:Josephine Dobbs Clement 6901:Chester school protests 6896:Twenty-fourth Amendment 6858:Detroit Walk to Freedom 6600:Tallahassee bus boycott 6521:Baton Rouge bus boycott 6260:Avent v. North Carolina 4359:Encyclopedia of Alabama 3988:Sanford Horwitt (1989) 3778:The Black Panther Party 3366:Paula Giddings (1984). 3310:, Routledge. pp. 46–47. 2469:New York Herald Tribune 1776:' daughter and author ( 1762:Endesha Ida Mae Holland 1647:Anne Moody in the 1970s 674:Voter Education Project 556:called for new riders. 466:participatory democracy 344:Raleigh, North Carolina 294:Voter Education Project 114:Participatory democracy 10781:Spingarn Medal winners 10270:States and territories 10041:Black NFL quarterbacks 9541:Martin Luther King Jr. 9073:Dred Scott v. Sandford 9012:Montgomery bus boycott 8838:Movement photographers 8080:Bernice Johnson Reagon 7800:Martin Luther King Sr. 7795:Martin Luther King Jr. 7365:William Holmes Borders 7137:Highlander Folk School 7027:Poor People's Campaign 6880:St. Augustine movement 6730:Gomillion v. Lightfoot 6653:Katz Drug Store sit-in 6624:Royal Ice Cream sit-in 6586:Montgomery bus boycott 6037:Corpus Christi sit-ins 5971:St. Petersburg sit-ins 5809:Elizabeth City sit-ins 5749:Katz Drug Store sit-in 5731:Royal Ice Cream sit-in 5597:SNCC Actions 1960–1970 5289:, and Robert Terrell. 4795:Jackson Clarion Ledger 4134:), September 26, 1968. 4058:"James Forman Tribute" 3368:When and Where I Enter 3108:Press of Atlantic City 2768:; Reiser, Bob (1989), 2613:Forman (1971). p. 335. 2206:Black Women in America 2202:Hine, Darlene (1993). 2096:"SNCC National Office" 1982:Equal Rights Amendment 1730:; womanist theologian 1648: 1636: 1619: 1598: 1465:1969–1970: Dissolution 1359: 1219: 1186: 1154: 1142:Greenwood, Mississippi 1102: 1068: 1016:National Lawyers Guild 988:at the end of August. 974:Johnson Administration 969: 785: 753: 648:Martin Luther King Jr. 602:Monroe, North Carolina 550:Kennedy Administration 451:Martin Luther King Jr. 394:, all involved in the 10091:Athletic associations 10026:Negro league baseball 9797:African-American Jews 9516:Ketanji Brown Jackson 9481:Henry Highland Garnet 9340:Negro National Anthem 9090:George Floyd protests 9055:Post–civil rights era 8673:Civil Rights Memorial 8561:Bethel Baptist Church 8210:Charles Kenzie Steele 7655:Audrey Faye Hendricks 7560:Myrlie Evers-Williams 7540:Patricia Stephens Due 7510:Abraham Lincoln Davis 7445:Colia Lafayette Clark 7199:Operation Breadbasket 7194:National Urban League 6941:Katzenbach v. McClung 6809:Atlanta's Berlin Wall 6462:Civil rights movement 6043:St. Augustine sit-ins 5965:Daytona Beach sit-ins 5791:Winston-Salem sit-ins 5743:Oklahoma City sit-ins 4789:Joyce Ladner (2014), 4183:Eugene Register-Guard 4132:St. Petersburgh Times 4114:Carson (1995). p. 292 3572:Carson (1995). p. 299 3403:. BBC. 10 August 2012 3281:James Forman (1972). 2973:"Mississippi Burning" 2808:Notre Dame Law Review 2715:, WALB, July 24, 2006 1768:, first chair of the 1766:Eleanor Holmes Norton 1646: 1623: 1614: 1578: 1351: 1258:Interracial coalition 1215: 1181: 1149: 1097: 1072:Waveland, Mississippi 1063: 967: 807:rally. Together with 780: 744: 400:Vanderbilt University 270:civil rights movement 110:Civil rights movement 32:SNCC (disambiguation) 10298:Afro-Seminole Creole 9824:Azusa Street Revival 9696:Booker T. Washington 9220:Underground Railroad 9085:Free people of color 8939:Atlantic slave trade 8718:other King memorials 8693:Freedom Rides Museum 8630:1960s counterculture 8581:Edmund Pettus Bridge 8260:Walter Francis White 8165:Alexander D. Shimkin 6679:New Year's Day March 6648:Ministers' Manifesto 6495:Executive Order 9981 6252:Lombard v. Louisiana 6019:Jacksonville sit-ins 5785:Fayetteville sit-ins 5649:, Emory University: 5641:One Person, One Vote 5099:Carson, Claybourne. 4618:Lynne Olson (2001). 4498:Moody, Anne (1968). 4485:Digital SNCC Gateway 4386:, February 15, 2012. 4269:What Really Happened 3956:Julian Bond (2000). 3918:SNCC Digital Gateway 3887:Bob Zellner (2008). 3554:SNCC Digital Gateway 3527:SNCC Digital Gateway 3479:www.encyclopedia.com 3422:"Stokely Carmichael" 2795:Freedom Ballot in MS 2526:SNCC Digital Gateway 2502:SNCC Digital Gateway 2288:depts.washington.edu 2187:Moody, Anne (1970). 1894:Jean Wheeler Smith's 1877:second-wave feminism 1868:War Resisters League 1689:Natchez, Mississippi 1548:(FBI). FBI Director 1085:Edmund Pettus Bridge 590:Jackson, Mississippi 282:Nashville, Tennessee 10693:Trinidad and Tobago 10308:Black American Sign 10135:By African descent 10129:Ethnic subdivisions 10116:Southwestern (SWAC) 10031:Baseball color line 9946:Black Panther Party 9850:Political movements 9767:in computer science 9426:Carol Moseley Braun 9215:Tulsa race massacre 9208:Treatment of slaves 9040:March on Washington 9035:Birmingham movement 8456:Mary McLeod Bethune 8417:Sermon on the Mount 8384:"We Shall Overcome" 7965:William Lewis Moore 7745:Frank Minis Johnson 7720:Richie Jean Jackson 7675:Donald L. Hollowell 7480:Charles E. Cobb Jr. 7285:Gwendolyn Armstrong 7280:William G. Anderson 7260:Victoria Gray Adams 7224:The Freedom Singers 7078:Black Panther Party 6863:March on Washington 6776:Garner v. Louisiana 6737:Boynton v. Virginia 6384:Tallahassee jail-in 6292:Robinson v. Florida 6276:Griffin v. Maryland 6174:Woolworth's sit-ins 6091:Baton Rouge sit-ins 6049:Statesville sit-ins 6025:San Antonio sit-ins 6001:Little Rock sit-ins 5995:New Orleans sit-ins 5899:Chattanooga sit-ins 5881:Chapel Hill sit-ins 5863:Tallahassee sit-ins 5242:Martínez, Elizabeth 5163:Hamer, Fannie Lou, 5149:Halberstam, David. 4932:Gosse, Van (2005). 4640:Sex and Caste at 50 4481:"Annie Pearl Avery" 4426:"SNCC: What We Did" 4306:on January 25, 2021 4185:), October 9, 1968. 4021:The Washington Post 3979:, January 20, 1967. 3901:"Samuel Younge Jr." 2810:. Vol. 48:1. p. 112 2484:, 24 December 1961. 2471:, 19 December 1961. 2312:American Experience 2177:. PM Press. p. 113. 2053:Thomas F. Jackson, 2034:SNCC Legacy Project 1928:Black Panther Party 1833:and organized with 1740:associate producer 1734:; LCFO veteran and 1691:, project director 1673:Oretha Castle Haley 1473: 1455:Cambridge, Maryland 1414:Oakland, California 1398:Black Panther Party 1371:Rochester, New York 1252:American Revolution 1199:Oretha Castle Haley 997:Winona, Mississippi 872:1964 Freedom Summer 799:Sidelining of women 737:March on Washington 694:McComb, Mississippi 596:--"Parchman Farm". 586:Montgomery, Alabama 568:, Angeline Butler, 558:Oretha Castle Haley 546:Birmingham, Alabama 520:Boynton v. Virginia 446:, Washington, D.C. 325:Black Panther Party 215:Black Panther Party 39: 10936:COINTELPRO targets 10791:US representatives 10786:US cabinet members 10678:Dominican Republic 10265:Metropolitan areas 10106:Mid-Eastern (MEAC) 9931:Civic and economic 9909:Self-determination 9730:Education, science 9651:Fred Shuttlesworth 9631:A. Philip Randolph 9536:Coretta Scott King 9461:Frederick Douglass 9288:Harlem Renaissance 9193:Separate but equal 9183:Reconstruction era 9171:Plessy v. Ferguson 9062:Cornerstone Speech 8976:Civil Rights Acts 8959:Black Lives Matter 8934:American Civil War 8773:Michael Eric Dyson 8658:In popular culture 8541:Fifth Circuit Four 8525:Loving v. Virginia 8518:Hernandez v. Texas 8497:Buchanan v. Warley 8489:Separate but equal 8483:Plessy v. Ferguson 8446:Frederick Douglass 8280:Robert F. Williams 8190:Kelly Miller Smith 8170:Fred Shuttlesworth 8095:Frederick D. Reese 8075:George Raymond Jr. 8065:A. Philip Randolph 8045:Fay Bellamy Powell 7960:Queen Mother Moore 7845:Z. Alexander Looby 7790:Coretta Scott King 7735:Barbara Rose Johns 7715:Jimmie Lee Jackson 7640:William E. Harbour 7420:Stokely Carmichael 7335:Randolph Blackwell 7005:King assassination 6994:Loving v. Virginia 6978:March Against Fear 6958:How Long, Not Long 6836:Children's Crusade 6787:Cambridge movement 6724:Ax Handle Saturday 6689:Greensboro sit-ins 6616:Give Us the Ballot 6406:Biracial committee 6133:Starkville sit-ins 6115:Darlington sit-ins 6103:Birmingham sit-ins 6073:Wilmington sit-ins 5941:Petersburg sit-ins 5929:Orangeburg sit-ins 5923:Montgomery sit-ins 5887:Charleston sit-ins 5839:Portsmouth sit-ins 5821:High Point sit-ins 5773:Greensboro sit-ins 5635:2020-09-20 at the 5581:Swarthmore College 5287:Sellers, Cleveland 5273:2015-12-22 at the 4583:The New York Times 4330:library.truman.edu 4244:10.13016/M2XK84T29 4173:C. Gerald Fraser, 4094:The New York Times 3963:2020-01-23 at the 3828:. 10 February 2013 3683:2013-08-13 at the 2579:shec.ashp.cuny.edu 2338:2008-02-05 at the 2236:Darlene Clark Hine 2030:"Founding Members" 1905:Stokely Carmichael 1713:Cambridge Movement 1685:Muriel Tillinghast 1649: 1508:Stokely Carmichael 1469: 1134:Stokely Carmichael 1108:political party." 970: 809:Coretta Scott King 754: 720:, and the Alabama 678:Lonnie C. King Jr. 621:separate but equal 570:Stokely Carmichael 513:Morgan v. Virginia 502:1961 Freedom Rides 440:Stokely Carmichael 398:; their mentor at 37: 10898: 10897: 10726:African Americans 10598:Dallas–Fort Worth 10193:Black Southerners 10124: 10123: 9576:Thurgood Marshall 9546:Bernard Lafayette 9141:Million Man March 8898:African Americans 8864: 8863: 8641:Eyes on the Prize 8556:A.G. Gaston Motel 8551:Kelly Ingram Park 8511:Sweatt v. Painter 8195:Mary Louise Smith 8155:Cleveland Sellers 8140:Michael Schwerner 8105:Gloria Richardson 7885:Thurgood Marshall 7805:Bernard Lafayette 7535:John Wesley Dobbs 7049: 7048: 6768:Birmingham attack 6748:Rock Hill sit-ins 6699:Sibley Commission 6694:Nashville sit-ins 6566:Gebhart v. Belton 6552:Briggs v. Elliott 6545:Bolling v. Sharpe 6506:Sweatt v. Painter 6428: 6427: 6424: 6423: 6156:Rock Hill sit-ins 6085:Lynchburg sit-ins 6079:Arlington sit-ins 6013:Galveston sit-ins 5989:Knoxville sit-ins 5935:Lexington sit-ins 5917:Frankfort sit-ins 5911:Baltimore sit-ins 5875:Salisbury sit-ins 5857:Nashville sit-ins 5845:Rock Hill sit-ins 5815:Henderson sit-ins 5797:Charlotte sit-ins 5713:Baltimore sit-ins 5630:The Story of SNCC 5624:Americus Movement 5439:One man, one vote 5323:Payne, Charles M. 5265:Ransby, Barbara. 5221:Hogan, Wesley C. 5214:Hogan, Wesley C. 5209:978-0-252-03557-9 5193:Holsaert, Faith; 4970:978-0-8147-8124-1 4766:978-0-674-95079-5 4432:. p. legacy. 4218:King Encyclopedia 4202:King Encyclopedia 3936:Joshua Bloom and 3593:978-0-8203-2946-8 3460:978-0-307-79527-4 2550:King Encyclopedia 2443:"Albany Movement" 2419:"Albany Movement" 2404:978-1-4205-0732-4 2394:The Freedom Rides 2377:978-0-19-979296-2 1827:Susan Brownmiller 1737:Eyes on the Prize 1716:Gloria Richardson 1695:, and her sister 1639:Women in the SNCC 1608:The judgement of 1580:After we got the 1534: 1533: 1459:Bel Air, Maryland 1390:Ahmed Sékou Touré 1388:, and finally to 1319:Tuskegee, Alabama 1213:later reflected: 951:Shaw, Mississippi 905:Michael Schwerner 897:Allard Lowenstein 862:Leesburg Stockade 858:Americus, Georgia 852:Leesburg Stockade 846:Leesburg Stockade 706:Mississippi Delta 613:Robert F. Kennedy 506:Organized by the 444:Howard University 436:Morehouse College 392:Bernard Lafayette 290:African Americans 228: 227: 164:The Student Voice 16:(Redirected from 10988: 10888: 10887: 10886: 10850:Lynching victims 10349:Louisiana Creole 10320:American English 10208:Louisiana Creole 10181:Choctaw freedmen 10019: 10018: 9556:Huddie Ledbetter 9496:Fannie Lou Hamer 9466:W. E. B. Du Bois 9456:Claudette Colvin 9451:Shirley Chisholm 9268:Family structure 9136:Military history 9018:Browder v. Gayle 8891: 8884: 8877: 8868: 8867: 8855: 8854: 8818:Charles M. Payne 8803:Steven F. Lawson 8793:David Halberstam 8763:Clayborne Carson 8504:Hocutt v. Wilson 8451:W. E. B. Du Bois 8300:Sammy Younge Jr. 8285:Q. V. Williamson 8250:Wyatt Tee Walker 8115:Bernice Robinson 8060:Lincoln Ragsdale 8050:Rodney N. Powell 7945:Douglas E. Moore 7820:Sanford R. Leigh 7755:J. Charles Jones 7630:Fannie Lou Hamer 7545:Joseph Ellwanger 7505:Jonathan Daniels 7495:Claudette Colvin 7485:Annie Lee Cooper 7470:Kathleen Cleaver 7465:Eldridge Cleaver 7440:Shirley Chisholm 7330:Gloria Blackwell 6921:workers' murders 6868:"I Have a Dream" 6763:Anniston bombing 6714:Greenville Eight 6629:Little Rock Nine 6592:Browder v. Gayle 6480: 6479: 6455: 6448: 6441: 6432: 6431: 6341:Greenville Eight 6284:Bell v. Maryland 6194: 6193: 6109:Danville sit-ins 6097:Marshall sit-ins 6061:New Bern sit-ins 6055:Savannah sit-ins 5959:Columbia sit-ins 5947:Tuskegee sit-ins 5905:Richmond sit-ins 5680: 5673: 5666: 5657: 5656: 5583:Peace Collection 5565: 5556: 5534: 5525: 5493: 5484: 5475: 5459: 5450: 5435: 5251:Pardun, Robert. 5083:Michael Thelwell 5033: 5027: 5021: 5014: 5008: 5007: 4981: 4975: 4974: 4954: 4948: 4947: 4929: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4919: 4908: 4899: 4893: 4887: 4886: 4874: 4864: 4858: 4855: 4849: 4838: 4832: 4827:Barbara Ransby, 4825: 4819: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4804: 4798: 4797:, June 29, 2014. 4787: 4781: 4775: 4769: 4754: 4748: 4741: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4731: 4717: 4711: 4710: 4708: 4707: 4693: 4687: 4684: 4681: 4680: 4657: 4651: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4632: 4623: 4616: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4606: 4592: 4586: 4572: 4566: 4565: 4555: 4535: 4529: 4528: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4477: 4471: 4460: 4454: 4443:Abu-Jamal, Mumia 4440: 4434: 4433: 4421: 4415: 4406: 4400: 4393: 4387: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4351: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4341: 4332:. 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Zinn Education 3694: 3688: 3675: 3669: 3660: 3654: 3647: 3641: 3640: 3629: 3623: 3616: 3607: 3604: 3598: 3597: 3579: 3573: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3561: 3560: 3546: 3537: 3536: 3534: 3533: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3510: 3509: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3486: 3485: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3444: 3438: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3409: 3408: 3397: 3391: 3377: 3371: 3364: 3358: 3351: 3345: 3342: 3336: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3304: 3298: 3292: 3286: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3269:Alexander Street 3261: 3250: 3249: 3247: 3246: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3207: 3196: 3189: 3183: 3182: 3180: 3179: 3165: 3156: 3155: 3145: 3136: 3130: 3124: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3080: 3074: 3068: 3062: 3061: 3043: 3037: 3036: 3034: 3033: 3018: 3012: 3011: 3009: 3008: 2997:"Freedom Summer" 2993: 2987: 2986: 2984: 2983: 2969: 2963: 2962: 2960: 2959: 2945: 2939: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2920: 2914: 2913: 2893: 2887: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2872: 2866: 2860: 2854: 2847: 2836: 2835: 2833: 2832: 2817: 2811: 2804: 2798: 2792: 2786: 2784: 2762: 2756: 2754: 2753: 2751: 2746:on June 16, 2020 2742:, archived from 2727: 2718: 2716: 2707: 2698: 2697: 2695: 2694: 2679: 2673: 2658: 2652: 2651: 2649: 2648: 2634:The New Republic 2625: 2614: 2611: 2605: 2595: 2589: 2588: 2586: 2585: 2571: 2565: 2564: 2562: 2561: 2542: 2536: 2535: 2533: 2532: 2518: 2512: 2511: 2509: 2508: 2494: 2485: 2478: 2472: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2439: 2433: 2432: 2430: 2429: 2415: 2409: 2408: 2388: 2382: 2381: 2361: 2355: 2349: 2343: 2333:Freedom Ride Map 2330: 2324: 2323: 2308:"Freedom Riders" 2304: 2298: 2297: 2295: 2294: 2280: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2257:The PBS NewsHour 2249: 2243: 2228: 2222: 2221: 2209: 2199: 2193: 2192: 2184: 2178: 2171: 2165: 2158: 2149: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2130: 2121: 2113: 2107: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2092: 2086: 2085: 2083: 2082: 2065: 2059: 2050: 2044: 2043: 2041: 2040: 2025: 2019: 2013: 2007: 2006: 1998: 1970:Fannie Lou Hamer 1932:Eldridge Cleaver 1820:, Freedom Rider 1814:Tougaloo College 1758:Bettie Mae Fikes 1750:Jonathan Daniels 1711:; leader of the 1707:; MFDP delegate 1669:Fannie Lou Hamer 1634: 1602:Clayborne Carson 1488:Charles F. McDew 1474: 1468: 1437:Eldridge Cleaver 1308:Sammy Younge Jr. 1158:Atlanta, Georgia 993:Fannie Lou Hamer 828:Lincoln Memorial 805:Lincoln Memorial 542:Ku Klux Klansmen 478:Ruby Doris Smith 438:, Atlanta; and 416:J. Charles Jones 408:Charles F. McDew 321:Democratic Party 265: 260: 259: 256: 255: 252: 249: 246: 101: 99: 94: 73: 71: 66: 47: 40: 36: 21: 10996: 10995: 10991: 10990: 10989: 10987: 10986: 10985: 10981:Sit-in movement 10901: 10900: 10899: 10894: 10884: 10882: 10869: 10835:Historic places 10828:US state firsts 10714: 10629: 10353: 10286: 10258:2010 majorities 10253:2000 majorities 10224: 10171:Black Seminoles 10120: 10111:Southern (SIAC) 10094: 10093:and conferences 10092: 10085: 10081:Serena Williams 10076:Jackie Robinson 10010: 9934: 9932: 9925: 9845: 9812:Nation of Islam 9783: 9731: 9725: 9666:Sojourner Truth 9656:Clarence Thomas 9621:Gabriel Prosser 9521:Michael Jackson 9396:Crispus Attucks 9386:Ralph Abernathy 9374: 9330:Musical theater 9229: 9095:Great Migration 9067:COVID-19 impact 9025:Sit-in movement 8900: 8895: 8865: 8860: 8849: 8842: 8823:Thomas E. Ricks 8813:Diane McWhorter 8798:Vincent Harding 8783:Adam Fairclough 8750: 8744: 8646: 8601:Freedom Schools 8460: 8393: 8341: 8335: 8326:Omaha, Nebraska 8314: 8230:Hartman Turnbow 8220:Dorothy Tillman 8180:Glenn E. Smiley 8160:Charles Sherrod 8120:Jo Ann Robinson 7995:Charles Neblett 7985:Elijah Muhammad 7950:Harriette Moore 7910:Floyd McKissick 7895:Franklin McCain 7830:Stanley Levison 7695:T. R. M. Howard 7645:Vincent Harding 7575:Walter Fauntroy 7460:Xernona Clayton 7410:John H. Calhoun 7395:Aurelia Browder 7385:Stanley Branche 7380:Raylawni Branch 7360:Joseph E. Boone 7345:Ezell Blair Jr. 7340:Unita Blackwell 7315:Harry Belafonte 7255:Ralph Abernathy 7243: 7179:Nation of Islam 7055: 7045: 6884: 6841:Birmingham riot 6782:Albany Movement 6704:Atlanta sit-ins 6684:Sit-in movement 6667: 6663:Biloxi wade-ins 6635:Cooper v. Aaron 6525: 6471: 6465: 6459: 6429: 6420: 6367:Biloxi wade-ins 6345: 6331:Friendship Nine 6314: 6223: 6185: 6162:Sewanee sit-ins 6144: 6121:Augusta sit-ins 6067:Memphis sit-ins 6031:Atlanta sit-ins 5977:Houston sit-ins 5851:Norfolk sit-ins 5833:Hampton sit-ins 5827:Raleigh sit-ins 5803:Concord sit-ins 5761: 5719:Dresden sit-ins 5707:Chicago sit-ins 5689: 5687:Sit-in movement 5684: 5637:Wayback Machine 5573: 5566: 5557: 5548: 5546:Unita Blackwell 5542: 5540:Unita Blackwell 5535: 5526: 5517: 5511: 5504: 5494: 5485: 5476: 5467: 5460: 5451: 5442: 5436: 5427: 5405: 5363: 5344: 5330:, 2nd edition. 5275:Wayback Machine 5248:. Zephyr Press. 5113:Forman, James. 5078: 5047: 5042: 5040:Further reading 5037: 5036: 5028: 5024: 5015: 5011: 4996: 4982: 4978: 4971: 4955: 4951: 4944: 4930: 4926: 4917: 4915: 4910: 4909: 4902: 4894: 4890: 4883: 4865: 4861: 4856: 4852: 4839: 4835: 4826: 4822: 4812: 4810: 4806: 4805: 4801: 4788: 4784: 4776: 4772: 4755: 4751: 4742: 4738: 4729: 4727: 4719: 4718: 4714: 4705: 4703: 4695: 4694: 4690: 4678: 4676: 4658: 4654: 4644: 4642: 4634: 4633: 4626: 4617: 4613: 4604: 4602: 4594: 4593: 4589: 4573: 4569: 4536: 4532: 4525: 4511: 4507: 4496: 4492: 4479: 4478: 4474: 4461: 4457: 4451:South End Press 4441: 4437: 4422: 4418: 4407: 4403: 4394: 4390: 4377: 4373: 4363: 4361: 4353: 4352: 4348: 4339: 4337: 4324: 4323: 4319: 4309: 4307: 4303: 4296: 4292: 4291: 4287: 4278: 4276: 4263: 4262: 4258: 4248: 4246: 4228: 4224: 4212: 4208: 4196: 4189: 4172: 4168: 4159: 4157: 4156:on June 4, 2011 4142: 4138: 4128:Washington Post 4122: 4118: 4113: 4109: 4099: 4097: 4085: 4076: 4067: 4065: 4056: 4055: 4051: 4042: 4040: 4032: 4031: 4027: 4018: 4014: 4000: 3996: 3987: 3983: 3975: 3971: 3965:Wayback Machine 3955: 3948: 3938:Waldo E. Martin 3935: 3931: 3922: 3920: 3912: 3911: 3907: 3899: 3895: 3886: 3882: 3872: 3870: 3866: 3865: 3861: 3851: 3849: 3845: 3844: 3840: 3831: 3829: 3824: 3823: 3819: 3802: 3798: 3789: 3785: 3775: 3771: 3764: 3748: 3744: 3737: 3717: 3713: 3703: 3701: 3696: 3695: 3691: 3685:Wayback Machine 3676: 3672: 3661: 3657: 3648: 3644: 3631: 3630: 3626: 3617: 3610: 3605: 3601: 3594: 3580: 3576: 3571: 3567: 3558: 3556: 3548: 3547: 3540: 3531: 3529: 3521: 3520: 3516: 3507: 3505: 3497: 3496: 3492: 3483: 3481: 3473: 3472: 3468: 3461: 3445: 3441: 3431: 3429: 3426:www.history.com 3420: 3419: 3415: 3406: 3404: 3399: 3398: 3394: 3378: 3374: 3365: 3361: 3352: 3348: 3343: 3339: 3330: 3326: 3318: 3314: 3305: 3301: 3293: 3289: 3280: 3276: 3263: 3262: 3253: 3244: 3242: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3219: 3217: 3209: 3208: 3199: 3190: 3186: 3177: 3175: 3167: 3166: 3159: 3146: 3139: 3131: 3127: 3117: 3115: 3100: 3096: 3086: 3081: 3077: 3069: 3065: 3058: 3044: 3040: 3031: 3029: 3020: 3019: 3015: 3006: 3004: 2995: 2994: 2990: 2981: 2979: 2971: 2970: 2966: 2957: 2955: 2947: 2946: 2942: 2932: 2930: 2922: 2921: 2917: 2910: 2894: 2890: 2880: 2878: 2874: 2873: 2869: 2861: 2857: 2848: 2839: 2830: 2828: 2819: 2818: 2814: 2805: 2801: 2793: 2789: 2782: 2763: 2759: 2749: 2747: 2728: 2721: 2709: 2708: 2701: 2692: 2690: 2680: 2676: 2659: 2655: 2646: 2644: 2626: 2617: 2612: 2608: 2596: 2592: 2583: 2581: 2573: 2572: 2568: 2559: 2557: 2556:. 27 April 2017 2544: 2543: 2539: 2530: 2528: 2520: 2519: 2515: 2506: 2504: 2496: 2495: 2488: 2479: 2475: 2466: 2462: 2452: 2450: 2441: 2440: 2436: 2427: 2425: 2417: 2416: 2412: 2405: 2389: 2385: 2378: 2362: 2358: 2350: 2346: 2340:Wayback Machine 2331: 2327: 2306: 2305: 2301: 2292: 2290: 2282: 2281: 2277: 2266: 2264: 2251: 2250: 2246: 2229: 2225: 2218: 2200: 2196: 2185: 2181: 2172: 2168: 2159: 2152: 2142: 2140: 2132: 2131: 2124: 2114: 2110: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2093: 2089: 2080: 2078: 2066: 2062: 2051: 2047: 2038: 2036: 2026: 2022: 2014: 2010: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1972:co-founded the 1959:Nation of Islam 1916:Frances M. Beal 1885: 1856:Judy Richardson 1843: 1841:"Sex and Caste" 1818:Duke University 1791:Freedom Schools 1742:Judy Richardson 1728:Freedom Singers 1724:Albany Movement 1709:Unita Blackwell 1659:In addition to 1641: 1635: 1630: 1550:J. Edgar Hoover 1527:Phil Hutchings 1467: 1343: 1304: 1260: 1231: 1123: 1118: 1037:In Mississippi 1032: 1024:Dorothy Zellner 1012:Communist Party 978:Barry Goldwater 940:Freedom Schools 874: 854: 848: 801: 760: 739: 734: 670: 652:Ralph Abernathy 644:Albany Movement 636:Albany, Georgia 628:Charles Sherrod 588:, to arrest in 504: 486:Friendship Nine 368:Fisk University 340:Shaw University 336: 263: 243: 239: 224: 182: 181:Friends of SNCC 167: 160: 144: 120: 116: 112: 97: 95: 92: 69: 67: 64: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10994: 10984: 10983: 10978: 10973: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10948: 10943: 10938: 10933: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10913: 10896: 10895: 10893: 10892: 10880: 10874: 10871: 10870: 10868: 10867: 10862: 10857: 10852: 10847: 10842: 10837: 10832: 10831: 10830: 10825: 10820: 10810: 10809: 10808: 10803: 10801:Visual artists 10798: 10793: 10788: 10783: 10778: 10773: 10768: 10763: 10761:Mathematicians 10758: 10753: 10748: 10743: 10738: 10733: 10722: 10720: 10716: 10715: 10713: 10712: 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10189: 10188: 10186:Creek Freedmen 10183: 10178: 10173: 10163: 10161:Alabama Creole 10158: 10157: 10156: 10151: 10146: 10141: 10132: 10130: 10126: 10125: 10122: 10121: 10119: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10101:Central (CIAA) 10097: 10095: 10090: 10087: 10086: 10084: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10022: 10016: 10012: 10011: 10009: 10008: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9968: 9963: 9958: 9953: 9948: 9943: 9937: 9935: 9930: 9927: 9926: 9924: 9923: 9918: 9917: 9916: 9906: 9901: 9896: 9894:Pan-Africanism 9891: 9886: 9881: 9876: 9875: 9874: 9864: 9859: 9853: 9851: 9847: 9846: 9844: 9843: 9838: 9836:Black theology 9833: 9828: 9827: 9826: 9816: 9815: 9814: 9809: 9799: 9793: 9791: 9785: 9784: 9782: 9781: 9780: 9779: 9777:in STEM fields 9774: 9769: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9735: 9733: 9732:and technology 9727: 9726: 9724: 9723: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9698: 9693: 9688: 9683: 9678: 9673: 9671:Harriet Tubman 9668: 9663: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9628: 9623: 9618: 9613: 9608: 9603: 9601:Michelle Obama 9598: 9593: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9573: 9568: 9563: 9558: 9553: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9531:Barbara Jordan 9528: 9526:Harriet Jacobs 9523: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9416:Amelia Boynton 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9382: 9380: 9379:Notable people 9376: 9375: 9373: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9315:LGBT community 9312: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9296: 9295: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9239: 9237: 9231: 9230: 9228: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9211: 9210: 9200: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9175: 9167: 9162: 9155: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9114: 9109: 9108: 9107: 9102: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9058: 9057: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9030:Freedom Riders 9027: 9022: 9014: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8993: 8992: 8987: 8982: 8974: 8969: 8961: 8956: 8954:Black genocide 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8910: 8908: 8902: 8901: 8894: 8893: 8886: 8879: 8871: 8862: 8861: 8847: 8844: 8843: 8841: 8840: 8835: 8833:Akinyele Umoja 8830: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8754: 8752: 8746: 8745: 8743: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8721: 8720: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8654: 8652: 8648: 8647: 8645: 8644: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8621: 8620: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8521: 8514: 8507: 8500: 8493: 8492: 8491: 8479: 8474: 8468: 8466: 8462: 8461: 8459: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8436: 8435: 8434: 8429: 8422:Mahatma Gandhi 8419: 8414: 8413: 8412: 8401: 8399: 8395: 8394: 8392: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8345: 8343: 8337: 8336: 8334: 8333: 8331:South Carolina 8328: 8322: 8320: 8316: 8315: 8313: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8270:Hosea Williams 8267: 8262: 8257: 8255:Hollis Watkins 8252: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8185:A. Maceo Smith 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8135:Bernie Sanders 8132: 8127: 8125:Angela Russell 8122: 8117: 8112: 8110:David Richmond 8107: 8102: 8100:Walter Reuther 8097: 8092: 8087: 8085:Cordell Reagon 8082: 8077: 8072: 8070:George Raymond 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8030:Charles Person 8027: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8002: 8000:Huey P. Newton 7997: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7955:Harry T. Moore 7952: 7947: 7942: 7940:Cecil B. Moore 7937: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7920:James Meredith 7917: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7750:Clarence Jones 7747: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7690:Zilphia Horton 7687: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7660:Lola Hendricks 7657: 7652: 7650:Dorothy Height 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7620:Lawrence Guyot 7617: 7612: 7610:Jack Greenberg 7607: 7602: 7597: 7595:Andrew Goodman 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7520:Joseph DeLaine 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7490:Dorothy Cotton 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7435:J. L. Chestnut 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7370:Amelia Boynton 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7290:Arnold Aronson 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7251: 7249: 7245: 7244: 7242: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7170: 7169: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7108: 7107: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7059: 7057: 7051: 7050: 7047: 7046: 7044: 7043: 7036: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7018: 7017: 7012: 7002: 6997: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6968: 6963: 6962: 6961: 6949: 6944: 6937: 6930: 6925: 6924: 6923: 6916:Freedom Summer 6913: 6908: 6906:Bloody Tuesday 6903: 6898: 6892: 6890: 6886: 6885: 6883: 6882: 6877: 6876: 6875: 6870: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6849: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6823: 6822: 6821: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6772: 6771: 6770: 6765: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6733: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6675: 6673: 6669: 6668: 6666: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6639: 6638: 6626: 6621: 6620: 6619: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6596: 6595: 6583: 6578: 6571: 6570: 6569: 6562: 6555: 6548: 6533: 6531: 6527: 6526: 6524: 6523: 6518: 6510: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6486: 6484: 6477: 6467: 6466: 6458: 6457: 6450: 6443: 6435: 6426: 6425: 6422: 6421: 6419: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6387: 6386: 6376: 6371: 6370: 6369: 6359: 6353: 6351: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6322: 6320: 6316: 6315: 6313: 6312: 6304: 6296: 6288: 6280: 6272: 6264: 6256: 6248: 6240: 6231: 6229: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6200: 6198: 6191: 6187: 6186: 6184: 6183: 6177: 6171: 6165: 6159: 6152: 6150: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6142: 6139:Dallas sit-ins 6136: 6130: 6127:Biloxi sit-ins 6124: 6118: 6112: 6106: 6100: 6094: 6088: 6082: 6076: 6070: 6064: 6058: 6052: 6046: 6040: 6034: 6028: 6022: 6016: 6010: 6007:Austin sit-ins 6004: 5998: 5992: 5986: 5980: 5974: 5968: 5962: 5956: 5950: 5944: 5938: 5932: 5926: 5920: 5914: 5908: 5902: 5896: 5893:Shelby sit-ins 5890: 5884: 5878: 5872: 5869:Sumter sit-ins 5866: 5860: 5854: 5848: 5842: 5836: 5830: 5824: 5818: 5812: 5806: 5800: 5794: 5788: 5782: 5779:Durham sit-ins 5776: 5769: 5767: 5763: 5762: 5760: 5759: 5753: 5752: 5751: 5740: 5734: 5728: 5722: 5716: 5710: 5704: 5697: 5695: 5691: 5690: 5683: 5682: 5675: 5668: 5660: 5654: 5653: 5644: 5627: 5621: 5618:SNCC Documents 5615: 5606: 5600: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5572: 5571:External links 5569: 5568: 5567: 5560: 5558: 5551: 5544:Main article: 5541: 5538: 5537: 5536: 5529: 5527: 5520: 5513:Main article: 5510: 5507: 5506: 5505: 5495: 5488: 5486: 5479: 5477: 5470: 5468: 5462:Photograph of 5461: 5454: 5452: 5445: 5443: 5437: 5430: 5426: 5423: 5422: 5421: 5412: 5404: 5401: 5400: 5399: 5391: 5377: 5362: 5359: 5358: 5357: 5351: 5343: 5340: 5339: 5338: 5320: 5301: 5284: 5280: 5263: 5249: 5239: 5229: 5226: 5219: 5212: 5191: 5178: 5161: 5147: 5133: 5111: 5097: 5077: 5074: 5073: 5072: 5066: 5060: 5054: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5035: 5034: 5022: 5009: 4994: 4976: 4969: 4949: 4943:978-1403968043 4942: 4924: 4900: 4888: 4882:978-0926019614 4881: 4859: 4850: 4833: 4820: 4808:"Jean Wheeler" 4799: 4782: 4770: 4749: 4736: 4712: 4688: 4652: 4624: 4611: 4587: 4567: 4530: 4523: 4505: 4490: 4472: 4455: 4435: 4430:Monthly Review 4416: 4401: 4388: 4371: 4346: 4317: 4285: 4256: 4222: 4206: 4187: 4181:news service ( 4179:New York Times 4166: 4136: 4130:news service ( 4116: 4107: 4074: 4049: 4025: 4012: 4003:Joseph, Peniel 3994: 3981: 3969: 3946: 3929: 3905: 3893: 3880: 3859: 3838: 3817: 3796: 3783: 3769: 3762: 3742: 3735: 3711: 3689: 3670: 3662:James Forman, 3655: 3642: 3624: 3608: 3599: 3592: 3574: 3565: 3538: 3514: 3490: 3466: 3459: 3439: 3413: 3392: 3389:978-0847689729 3372: 3359: 3346: 3337: 3324: 3312: 3299: 3287: 3274: 3251: 3240:www.crmvet.org 3227: 3197: 3184: 3157: 3137: 3125: 3094: 3075: 3063: 3056: 3038: 3013: 2988: 2964: 2940: 2928:www.crmvet.org 2915: 2908: 2888: 2876:"Charlie Cobb" 2867: 2855: 2837: 2812: 2799: 2787: 2780: 2757: 2719: 2699: 2674: 2653: 2615: 2606: 2590: 2566: 2537: 2513: 2486: 2482:New York Times 2473: 2460: 2449:. Apr 24, 2017 2434: 2410: 2403: 2383: 2376: 2356: 2344: 2325: 2299: 2275: 2244: 2223: 2216: 2194: 2179: 2166: 2150: 2122: 2108: 2087: 2060: 2045: 2020: 2008: 1992: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1949:intersectional 1901:Barbara Ransby 1890:Freedom Summer 1884: 1881: 1842: 1839: 1720:Bernice Reagon 1640: 1637: 1628: 1570:War on Poverty 1566:Lyndon Johnson 1532: 1531: 1528: 1524: 1523: 1520: 1514: 1513: 1510: 1504: 1503: 1500: 1494: 1493: 1490: 1484: 1483: 1480: 1466: 1463: 1444:New York Times 1342: 1339: 1330:Watts Uprising 1303: 1300: 1259: 1256: 1230: 1229:Lowndes County 1227: 1138:James Meredith 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1031: 1028: 982:George Wallace 901:Andrew Goodman 886:Freedom Summer 882:Reconstruction 878:Freedom Ballot 873: 870: 847: 844: 800: 797: 738: 735: 733: 730: 669: 666: 660:New York Times 632:Cordell Reagon 526:Freedom Riders 503: 500: 428:North Carolina 335: 332: 226: 225: 223: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 191: 189: 185: 184: 179: 173: 172: 161: 158: 155: 154: 145: 142: 139: 138: 129: 125: 124: 107: 103: 102: 89: 85: 84: 79: 75: 74: 61: 57: 56: 53: 49: 48: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10993: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10908: 10906: 10891: 10881: 10879: 10876: 10875: 10872: 10866: 10863: 10861: 10860:Neighborhoods 10858: 10856: 10853: 10851: 10848: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10838: 10836: 10833: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10823:Sports firsts 10821: 10819: 10816: 10815: 10814: 10811: 10807: 10804: 10802: 10799: 10797: 10794: 10792: 10789: 10787: 10784: 10782: 10779: 10777: 10774: 10772: 10769: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10728: 10727: 10724: 10723: 10721: 10717: 10709: 10706: 10705: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10674: 10671: 10670: 10668: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10645: 10644: 10641: 10640: 10638: 10636: 10632: 10626: 10625:West Virginia 10623: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10590: 10589: 10586: 10584: 10581: 10579: 10576: 10574: 10571: 10567: 10564: 10563: 10562:Pennsylvania 10561: 10559: 10556: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10542: 10541:New York City 10539: 10538: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10525: 10522: 10521: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10508: 10505: 10504: 10502: 10498: 10495: 10494: 10492: 10488: 10485: 10484: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10471: 10468: 10467: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10454: 10451: 10450: 10449: 10446: 10444: 10441: 10437: 10434: 10433: 10432: 10429: 10427: 10424: 10420: 10417: 10416: 10415: 10412: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10399: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10386: 10385:San Francisco 10383: 10381: 10378: 10377: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10362: 10360: 10358:By state/city 10356: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10328: 10327: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10318: 10317: 10316: 10313: 10309: 10306: 10305: 10304: 10303:American Sign 10301: 10299: 10296: 10295: 10293: 10289: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10272: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10259: 10256: 10254: 10251: 10250: 10249: 10246: 10242: 10239: 10238: 10237: 10236:Neighborhoods 10234: 10233: 10231: 10227: 10221: 10218: 10214: 10211: 10210: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10191: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10168: 10167: 10166:Black Indians 10164: 10162: 10159: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10137: 10136: 10134: 10133: 10131: 10127: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10098: 10096: 10088: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10023: 10020: 10017: 10013: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9938: 9936: 9928: 9922: 9919: 9915: 9912: 9911: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9873: 9870: 9869: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9854: 9852: 9848: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9825: 9822: 9821: 9820: 9817: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9804: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9794: 9792: 9790: 9786: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9764: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9744:Black schools 9742: 9740: 9739:Black studies 9737: 9736: 9734: 9728: 9722: 9721:Whitney Young 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9711:Oprah Winfrey 9709: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9681:Denmark Vesey 9679: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9626:Joseph Rainey 9624: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9581:Toni Morrison 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9566:Joseph Lowery 9564: 9562: 9559: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9511:Jesse Jackson 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9501:Kamala Harris 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9486:Marcus Garvey 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9436:Blanche Bruce 9434: 9432: 9431:Edward Brooke 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9421:James Bradley 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9401:James Baldwin 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9383: 9381: 9377: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9345:Neighborhoods 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9294: 9291: 9290: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9240: 9238: 9236: 9232: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9209: 9206: 9205: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9198:Silent Parade 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9173: 9172: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9160: 9156: 9154: 9153: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9126:Jim Crow laws 9124: 9122: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9097: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9075: 9074: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9020: 9019: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9009: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8977: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8967: 8966: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8949:Black cowboys 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8911: 8909: 8907: 8903: 8899: 8892: 8887: 8885: 8880: 8878: 8873: 8872: 8869: 8859: 8858: 8853: 8845: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8828:Timothy Tyson 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8758:Taylor Branch 8756: 8755: 8753: 8747: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8719: 8716: 8715: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8655: 8653: 8649: 8643: 8642: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8618: 8614: 8613: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8606:Freedom songs 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8526: 8522: 8520: 8519: 8515: 8513: 8512: 8508: 8506: 8505: 8501: 8499: 8498: 8494: 8490: 8487: 8486: 8485: 8484: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8472:Jim Crow laws 8470: 8469: 8467: 8463: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8441: 8437: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8424: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8411: 8408: 8407: 8406: 8403: 8402: 8400: 8396: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8369:"Oh, Freedom" 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8346: 8344: 8338: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8323: 8321: 8317: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8295:Whitney Young 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8275:Kale Williams 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8235:Albert Turner 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8225:A. P. Tureaud 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8130:Bayard Rustin 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7980:William Moyer 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7915:Joseph McNeil 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7900:Charles McDew 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7890:Benjamin Mays 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7875:Vivian Malone 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7850:Joseph Lowery 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7775:Clyde Kennard 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7765:Vernon Jordan 7763: 7761: 7760:Matthew Jones 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7725:T. J. Jemison 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7710:Jesse Jackson 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7600:Robert Graetz 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7590:Golden Frinks 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7550:Charles Evers 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7500:Vernon Dahmer 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7455:Septima Clark 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7375:Bruce Boynton 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7300:James Baldwin 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7270:Mathew Ahmann 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7252: 7250: 7246: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7168: 7167:Youth Council 7165: 7164: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7106: 7105: 7101: 7100: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7060: 7058: 7052: 7042: 7041: 7037: 7035: 7034: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7007: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6995: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6973: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6959: 6955: 6954: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6942: 6938: 6936: 6935: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6922: 6919: 6918: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6893: 6891: 6887: 6881: 6878: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6865: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6828: 6827: 6824: 6820: 6817: 6816: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6799: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6760: 6759: 6758:Freedom Rides 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6738: 6734: 6732: 6731: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6676: 6674: 6670: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6637: 6636: 6632: 6631: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6617: 6613: 6612: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6594: 6593: 6589: 6588: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6567: 6563: 6561: 6560: 6556: 6554: 6553: 6549: 6547: 6546: 6542: 6541: 6540: 6539: 6535: 6534: 6532: 6528: 6522: 6519: 6516: 6515: 6511: 6508: 6507: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6487: 6485: 6483:Prior to 1954 6481: 6478: 6475: 6468: 6463: 6456: 6451: 6449: 6444: 6442: 6437: 6436: 6433: 6417: 6416:Direct action 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6401:Jail, No Bail 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6385: 6382: 6381: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6368: 6365: 6364: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6354: 6352: 6348: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6336:Tougaloo Nine 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6323: 6321: 6317: 6310: 6309: 6305: 6302: 6301: 6297: 6294: 6293: 6289: 6286: 6285: 6281: 6278: 6277: 6273: 6270: 6269: 6265: 6262: 6261: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6249: 6246: 6245: 6241: 6238: 6237: 6233: 6232: 6230: 6226: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6197:Organizations 6195: 6192: 6188: 6181: 6178: 6175: 6172: 6169: 6166: 6163: 6160: 6157: 6154: 6153: 6151: 6147: 6140: 6137: 6134: 6131: 6128: 6125: 6122: 6119: 6116: 6113: 6110: 6107: 6104: 6101: 6098: 6095: 6092: 6089: 6086: 6083: 6080: 6077: 6074: 6071: 6068: 6065: 6062: 6059: 6056: 6053: 6050: 6047: 6044: 6041: 6038: 6035: 6032: 6029: 6026: 6023: 6020: 6017: 6014: 6011: 6008: 6005: 6002: 5999: 5996: 5993: 5990: 5987: 5984: 5983:Miami sit-ins 5981: 5978: 5975: 5972: 5969: 5966: 5963: 5960: 5957: 5954: 5953:Tampa sit-ins 5951: 5948: 5945: 5942: 5939: 5936: 5933: 5930: 5927: 5924: 5921: 5918: 5915: 5912: 5909: 5906: 5903: 5900: 5897: 5894: 5891: 5888: 5885: 5882: 5879: 5876: 5873: 5870: 5867: 5864: 5861: 5858: 5855: 5852: 5849: 5846: 5843: 5840: 5837: 5834: 5831: 5828: 5825: 5822: 5819: 5816: 5813: 5810: 5807: 5804: 5801: 5798: 5795: 5792: 5789: 5786: 5783: 5780: 5777: 5774: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5764: 5757: 5756:Miami sit-ins 5754: 5750: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5738: 5735: 5732: 5729: 5726: 5723: 5720: 5717: 5714: 5711: 5708: 5705: 5702: 5699: 5698: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5681: 5676: 5674: 5669: 5667: 5662: 5661: 5658: 5652: 5648: 5645: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5631: 5628: 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5123:0-295-97659-4 5120: 5116: 5112: 5110: 5109:0-674-44727-1 5106: 5102: 5098: 5096: 5095:0-684-85004-4 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5079: 5070: 5067: 5064: 5061: 5058: 5055: 5052: 5049: 5048: 5031: 5026: 5019: 5013: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4995:9780292712737 4991: 4987: 4980: 4972: 4966: 4962: 4961: 4953: 4945: 4939: 4935: 4928: 4913: 4907: 4905: 4898: 4892: 4884: 4878: 4873: 4872: 4863: 4854: 4848: 4847:9780820347905 4844: 4837: 4830: 4824: 4809: 4803: 4796: 4792: 4786: 4779: 4774: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4753: 4746: 4740: 4726: 4722: 4716: 4702: 4698: 4692: 4686: 4683: 4673:(Written for 4672: 4671: 4666: 4662: 4661:Hayden, Casey 4656: 4641: 4637: 4631: 4629: 4621: 4615: 4601: 4597: 4591: 4584: 4581:. Excerpt in 4580: 4578: 4571: 4563: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4534: 4526: 4524:9780812220025 4520: 4516: 4509: 4501: 4494: 4486: 4482: 4476: 4469: 4465: 4459: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4439: 4431: 4427: 4420: 4413: 4412: 4405: 4398: 4392: 4385: 4381: 4375: 4360: 4356: 4350: 4336:on 2015-09-18 4335: 4331: 4327: 4321: 4302: 4295: 4289: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4260: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4226: 4219: 4215: 4210: 4203: 4199: 4194: 4192: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4170: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4140: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4120: 4111: 4096: 4095: 4090: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4064:on 2006-02-16 4063: 4059: 4053: 4039: 4035: 4029: 4022: 4016: 4008: 4004: 3998: 3991: 3985: 3978: 3973: 3966: 3962: 3959: 3958:: What we did 3953: 3951: 3943: 3939: 3933: 3919: 3915: 3909: 3902: 3897: 3890: 3884: 3869: 3868:"Bob Zellner" 3863: 3848: 3842: 3827: 3821: 3814:(2): 133–141. 3813: 3809: 3808: 3800: 3793: 3787: 3780: 3779: 3773: 3765: 3763:9780814743065 3759: 3755: 3754: 3746: 3738: 3736:9781569768259 3732: 3728: 3724: 3723: 3715: 3699: 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Wells 9691:David Walker 9686:C. T. Vivian 9641:Paul Robeson 9636:Hiram Revels 9616:Colin Powell 9596:Barack Obama 9551:James Lawson 9506:Jimi Hendrix 9476:James Farmer 9471:Medgar Evers 9441:Ralph Bunche 9391:Maya Angelou 9365:Middle class 9243:Afrofuturism 9169: 9157: 9150: 9071: 9016: 8963: 8929:Afrocentrism 8919:Abolitionism 8848: 8788:David Garrow 8768:John Dittmer 8639: 8566:Brown Chapel 8523: 8516: 8509: 8502: 8495: 8481: 8438: 8290:Andrew Young 8245:A. T. Walden 8240:C. T. Vivian 8200:Maxine Smith 8035:Homer Plessy 8015:James Orange 7970:Irene Morgan 7925:William Ming 7905:Ralph McGill 7840:Viola Liuzzo 7825:Jim Letherer 7810:James Lawson 7740:Vernon Johns 7730:Esau Jenkins 7685:Myles Horton 7635:Fred Hampton 7625:Prathia Hall 7615:Dick Gregory 7585:Marie Foster 7580:James Forman 7570:James Farmer 7555:Medgar Evers 7515:Angela Davis 7450:Ramsey Clark 7430:James Chaney 7425:Johnnie Carr 7405:Ralph Bunche 7400:H. Rap Brown 7390:Ruby Bridges 7350:Joanne Bland 7325:Claude Black 7305:Marion Barry 7275:Muhammad Ali 7218: 7102: 7038: 7031: 6992: 6970: 6939: 6932: 6774: 6735: 6728: 6658:Kissing Case 6633: 6590: 6573: 6564: 6557: 6550: 6543: 6536: 6512: 6504: 6306: 6298: 6290: 6282: 6274: 6266: 6258: 6250: 6242: 6234: 6228:Sit-in cases 6218: 5640: 5515:H. Rap Brown 5509:H. Rap Brown 5415: 5394: 5379: 5368: 5367:Transcript: 5325: 5307: 5304:Zinn, Howard 5290: 5266: 5252: 5245: 5235: 5222: 5215: 5199: 5180: 5165: 5151:The Children 5150: 5136: 5114: 5100: 5086: 5025: 5012: 4985: 4979: 4959: 4952: 4933: 4927: 4916:. Retrieved 4891: 4870: 4862: 4853: 4836: 4828: 4823: 4811:. Retrieved 4802: 4794: 4785: 4773: 4757: 4752: 4744: 4739: 4728:. Retrieved 4724: 4715: 4704:. Retrieved 4700: 4691: 4685: 4677:. Retrieved 4674: 4668: 4655: 4643:. Retrieved 4639: 4619: 4614: 4603:. 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Rap Brown 1418: 1375: 1363:Saul Alinsky 1360: 1352: 1344: 1335:Waldo Martin 1323: 1316: 1305: 1281: 1277:Fred Hampton 1265:Casey Hayden 1261: 1248: 1244: 1232: 1220: 1216: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1182: 1174: 1155: 1150: 1146: 1131: 1124: 1110: 1103: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1083:back at the 1076:James Forman 1069: 1064: 1059: 1055: 1044: 1039:Casey Hayden 1036: 1033: 1020:Barney Frank 1005: 1001: 990: 971: 955: 944: 931:Charlie Cobb 928: 913: 909:James Chaney 890: 875: 855: 840:Pauli Murray 817: 813:Casey Hayden 802: 793:James Forman 786: 781: 772: 761: 712:, Southwest 702: 686: 671: 658: 656: 625: 610: 606:James Forman 598: 566:Marion Barry 530:James Farmer 519: 512: 505: 491: 470: 463: 459: 448: 404:James Lawson 376:Marion Barry 354:(CORE), the 350:(SCLC), the 337: 329: 310: 235: 231: 229: 188:Affiliations 177:Subsidiaries 169:The Movement 168: 163: 152:Mid-Atlantic 128:Headquarters 52:Abbreviation 10926:Black Power 10796:US senators 10766:Republicans 10751:Journalists 10608:San Antonio 10573:Puerto Rico 10514:Mississippi 10407:Tallahassee 10380:Los Angeles 10071:Jesse Owens 10056:Arthur Ashe 9914:Nationalism 9904:Raised fist 9867:Black power 9772:in medicine 9706:Roy Wilkins 9661:Emmett Till 9646:Al Sharpton 9411:Julian Bond 9406:James Bevel 9370:Upper class 9360:Stereotypes 9253:Black mecca 9165:Plantations 8944:Black Codes 8808:Doug McAdam 8778:Chuck Fager 8405:Nonviolence 8310:James Zwerg 8305:Bob Zellner 8265:Roy Wilkins 8215:Hank Thomas 8150:Pete Seeger 8145:Bobby Seale 8010:Jack O'Dell 8005:Edgar Nixon 7935:Amzie Moore 7930:Jack Minnis 7870:Mae Mallory 7855:Clara Luper 7815:Bernard Lee 7705:Cecil Ivory 7700:Ruby Hurley 7670:Oliver Hill 7665:Aaron Henry 7565:Chuck Fager 7525:Dave Dennis 7415:Guy Carawan 7355:Julian Bond 7320:James Bevel 7310:Daisy Bates 6581:Emmett Till 6464:(1954–1968) 6411:Nonviolence 6326:Richmond 34 5766:During 1960 5694:Before 1960 5232:Lewis, John 3606:Bond (2014) 3523:"Bill Ware" 2953:snccdigital 1937:Soul on Ice 1831:East Harlem 1810:Doris Derby 1754:Fay Bellamy 1748:, for whom 1677:Gwen Patton 1632:Julian Bond 1561:reparations 1448:Watts riots 1410:Huey Newton 1406:Bobby Seale 1326:UC Berkeley 1312:Vietnam War 1296:Anne Braden 1288:Bob Zellner 1240:John Hulett 1211:Julian Bond 1207:New Orleans 1205:chapter in 1170:Vietnam War 1166:Julian Bond 1014:associated 1008:Red-baiting 947:Frank Smith 936:Howard Zinn 893:Julian Bond 832:Daisy Bates 698:Herbert Lee 682:Amzie Moore 582:Hank Thomas 562:James Bevel 432:Julian Bond 384:James Bevel 362:(NSA), and 358:(FOR), the 313:nonviolence 286:segregation 171:(1966–1970) 166:(1960–1965) 122:Black Power 10905:Categories 10741:Astronauts 10531:New Jersey 10375:California 9879:Capitalism 9676:Nat Turner 9606:Rosa Parks 9591:Diane Nash 9561:John Lewis 9350:Newspapers 9320:Literature 9305:Juneteenth 9258:Businesses 9112:Exodusters 9080:Free Negro 8751:historians 8432:Satyagraha 8398:Influences 8090:James Reeb 8025:James Peck 8020:Rosa Parks 7990:Diane Nash 7860:Danny Lyon 7835:John Lewis 7780:A. D. King 7680:James Hood 7295:Ella Baker 7265:Zev Aelony 6319:Defendants 6149:After 1960 5609:crmvet.org 5497:John Lewis 5418:Transcript 5361:Interviews 4918:2017-04-28 4730:2019-12-17 4706:2019-12-17 4679:2020-12-29 4605:2019-12-17 4340:2022-05-16 4279:2008-06-23 4160:2010-02-14 4100:10 January 4068:2019-12-17 4043:2019-12-17 3923:2019-12-17 3832:2019-12-17 3559:2019-12-17 3532:2019-12-17 3508:2023-10-13 3484:2019-12-17 3407:2019-12-17 3245:2019-12-17 3178:2019-12-17 3032:2019-05-01 3007:2019-05-01 2982:2019-05-01 2958:2019-11-03 2831:2023-10-13 2693:2023-10-12 2647:2023-10-12 2584:2023-10-13 2560:2019-12-04 2531:2019-12-17 2507:2019-12-17 2428:2023-10-13 2293:2023-10-17 2267:21 October 2081:2019-06-03 2039:2023-10-13 1988:References 1978:pro-choice 1968:, in 1971 1930:, judging 1910:Ella Baker 1899:Historian 1872:Liberation 1784:Anne Moody 1746:Ruby Sales 1661:Diane Nash 1653:Ella Baker 1590:Head Start 1542:COINTELPRO 1498:John Lewis 1347:bankruptcy 1250:it in the 1152:ourselves. 1106:Black Belt 866:Danny Lyon 850:See also: 775:John Lewis 756:See also: 746:John Lewis 722:Black Belt 578:John Lewis 554:Diane Nash 455:Ella Baker 388:John Lewis 372:Diane Nash 298:Deep South 159:Main organ 148:Deep South 82:Ella Baker 10855:Monuments 10731:Activists 10583:Tennessee 10503:Michigan 10487:Baltimore 10477:Louisiana 10470:Lexington 10453:Davenport 10392:Cleveland 10291:Languages 10220:Melungeon 10198:Blaxicans 10066:Joe Louis 9921:Socialism 9857:Anarchism 9586:Bob Moses 9571:Malcolm X 9491:Fred Gray 9355:Soul food 9293:New Negro 9278:Folktales 9188:Redlining 8410:Padayatra 8359:"Kumbaya" 8319:By region 7975:Bob Moses 7880:Bob Mants 7865:Malcolm X 7785:C.B. King 7605:Fred Gray 7248:Activists 6889:1964–1968 6672:1960–1963 6530:1954–1959 6141:(Apr. 28) 6135:(Apr. 23) 6129:(Apr. 17) 6105:(Mar. 31) 6099:(Mar. 29) 6093:(Mar. 28) 6087:(Mar. 26) 6081:(Mar. 19) 6075:(Mar. 19) 6069:(Mar. 19) 6063:(Mar. 17) 6057:(Mar. 16) 6051:(Mar. 15) 6045:(Mar. 15) 6039:(Mar. 15) 6033:(Mar. 15) 6027:(Mar. 13) 6021:(Mar. 12) 6015:(Mar. 11) 6009:(Mar. 11) 6003:(Mar. 10) 5955:(Feb. 27) 5949:(Feb. 26) 5943:(Feb. 26) 5937:(Feb. 26) 5931:(Feb. 25) 5925:(Feb. 25) 5919:(Feb. 22) 5913:(Feb. 22) 5907:(Feb. 20) 5901:(Feb. 19) 5895:(Feb. 18) 5889:(Feb. 18) 5883:(Feb. 17) 5877:(Feb. 16) 5871:(Feb. 14) 5865:(Feb. 13) 5859:(Feb. 13) 5853:(Feb. 12) 5847:(Feb. 12) 5841:(Feb. 11) 5835:(Feb. 11) 5829:(Feb. 10) 5004:614535522 4768:. pp. 6–7 4745:Meridians 4562:1765-2766 4364:August 3, 4023:. p. 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