109:– rejected the NCAA's "amateurism" argument as an overly broad and outdated defense for failing to allow its revenue-drivers (i.e., student-athletes) to receive compensation. The NCAA contended that the Court should defer to its amateurism model because it is a joint venture along with its member schools, but the Court instead reasoned that deference was inappropriate since the NCAA has a monopoly in the relevant market. The Court further rejected the NCAA's appeal that it was not a "commercial enterprise," noting the "highly profitable" and "professional" nature of certain college sports.
236:
tournament. Because of the revenue and positive attention players bring to their colleges, there is a high demand to be fairly compensated. However, the NCAA forbids players from accepting external forms of compensation, such as payment or improved grades. Instead, the NCAA traditionally compensates players through athletic scholarships that cover the cost of tuition and other academic expenses.
151:, an LSU gymnast with over one million followers on Instagram and TikTok, are making several million dollars a year. There are worries that this type of income will blur the line between college and professional sports and remove the unique appeal and camaraderie of college sports. This has caused concerns about the implications on
248:
defines collectives as organizations which are "structurally independent of a school, yet fund NIL opportunities for the school’s student-athletes." They can be tax-exempt or for profit entities which can either package business opportunities in a marketplace, or pool booster and supporter funds and
235:
Due to the increasing popularity of college sports because of television and media coverage, some players on college sports teams are receiving compensation from sources other than the NCAA. For instance, CBS paid around $ 800 million for broadcasting rights to a three-week 2014 men's basketball
163:
interim policy was put into place. For example, Illinois Public Law 102-0042 permits athletes to receive market-value compensation for the use of their name, image, and likeness. An example of the differing state policies might be: if a recruit is comparing two schools with similar athletic and
139:
because they are classified as charitable organizations. If the NCAA were to frequently enter contracts with student athletes and compensate them it could be at risk to losing this status. One impact on student athletes would be that their athletic scholarships would be subject to income tax.
208:
basketball commits on
October 21 in the state's first high-school NIL deals. Other states allowed high-school NIL deals with restrictions, such as Missouri, which enacted a state law in July 2023 allowing high-school NIL deals only if athletes commit to a Missouri-based college.
69:. Despite further attempts by the NCAA to classify student-athlete compensation as a violation of the Commerce and Contracts Clauses of the U.S. Constitution, "amateurism" in college sports has begun to fade as the push for student-athlete compensation grows stronger.
104:
shed light on modern federal attitudes towards student-athlete compensation. In this case, the Court struck down any potential limitations on education-related benefits that student-athletes may receive. Most notably, the Court – and especially
Justice
159:, the NCAA issued an interim name, image, and likeness policy which permits student-athletes to earn this compensation. States have also followed suit by enacting similar laws. To date, 29 states have some sort of NIL legislation in place since the
552:
249:
deliver them to athletes. Most
Division I universities now have collectives which can provide funds for selected athletes or a full team. However, there has been criticism that the use of collectives may circumvent
1115:
613:
72:
The latest movement in the college athlete compensation space focuses on payment for name, image, and likeness, a practice first adopted by the State of
California in 2019. Namely, in September, Governor
200:
in
October 2022. Some high-school athletics associations subsequently adjusted their rules to allow high-school athletes to sign NIL deals while retaining their athletic eligibility. For example, the
97:. No federal statutes used to touch on this topic, and the only federal regulation permitting college students to accept compensation was 34 CFR § 675.16, which related to work-study programs.
489:
140:
Additionally, student athletes would have to navigate varying state taxes. Some critics argue that because of these complications, student athlete compensation wouldn't be beneficial overall.
1003:
1206:
463:
947:
1031:
520:
57:
The NCAA has long maintained that student-athletes cannot be compensated in the name of "amateurism." In 1953, the NCAA created the term "student-athlete" in response to the
542:
1259:
605:
414:
112:
Several startups like ATHLYT have begun to connect advertisers with their student-athlete members shortly after the NCAA enacted their interim NIL policies.
649:
1233:
77:
signed Senate Bill 206, which generally allowed student-athletes in
California to accept compensation for the use of their name, image, and likeness. The "
45:
1326:
871:
634:
485:
298:
32:
924:
825:
1086:
437:
754:"The Billion Dollar Industry That Has Never Paid Its Money-Makers: The NCAA's Attempt at Compensation through Names, Images and Likeness"
384:
342:
664:
512:
369:"A Short Treatise on College-Athlete Name, Image, and Likeness Rights: How America Regulates College Sports's New Economic Frontier"
168:
and the other is not, the school in the state that allows student athlete compensation receives a significant recruiting advantage.
36:
1331:
20:
82:
582:
710:"NIL Bills—An Examination of the Implications of Compensating College Athletes Under Name, Image, and Likeness Legislation"
201:
974:
1116:"Lake Oswego's Mia Brahe-Pedersen makes history as first high school track and field athlete to sign NIL deal with Nike"
785:"A Critique of the NCAA – A Comparative Analysis of US Federal Law and California State Law in Criticism of NCAA Rules"
406:
40:
894:
543:"If college athletes could profit off their marketability, how much would they be worth? In some cases, millions"
135:
status by claiming its purpose in "fostering ... amateur athletics." NCAA universities are typically exempt from
23:, a student-athlete who participates in a varsity sport on any and all levels is eligible to profit from their
1207:"Inside the world of 'collectives' using name, image and likeness to pay college athletes, influence programs"
1192:
1290:
1059:
916:
851:
278:
39:(NCAA) resisted efforts to compensate college athletes beyond the scholarship and stipend. However, the
89:
and advanced with testimony from former
Stanford volleyball star and 2015 national freshman of the year
65:
that an injured football player was an "employee" of the
University of Denver and therefore entitled to
155:
due to the lack of national standardization for NIL legislation. Shortly after the Court's decision in
650:"Joe Manchin and Tommy Tuberville introduce bill on name, image and likeness rules for college sports"
1336:
143:
Another protest about student athlete compensation is that the NIL landscape will take away from the
852:"Pay to Play: Looking Beyond Direct Compensation and Towards Paying College Athletes for Themselves"
279:"Pay to Play: Looking Beyond Direct Compensation and Towards Paying College Athletes for Themselves"
245:
66:
818:
606:"Grambling State name, image and likeness deal would provide student-athletes with annual income"
220:
177:
709:
948:"Nike signs sister soccer players to company's first high school name, image and likeness deal"
204:
approved student NIL deals on
October 10, 2022, leading to a local apparel company signing two
176:
Athletes still in high school began signing NIL deals in May 2022, beginning with Nike signing
144:
58:
753:
380:
331:
1060:"New MO law allows high school athletes to cash in on image if they sign to in-state college"
513:"Should college athletes profit from their prowess? NCAA says no, but California may say yes"
127:
One area of concern from recent NIL bills are the tax implications for student athletes. The
1064:
486:"Senators Bradford and Skinner Respond to NCAA's Announcement on Name, Image, and Likeness"
165:
113:
78:
1032:"West Linn's Jackson Shelstad, Jesuit's Sofia Bell sign first Oregon high school NIL deal"
407:"Bill Text - SB-206 Collegiate athletics: student athlete compensation and representation"
8:
442:
212:
680:
224:
152:
136:
1234:"Utes NIL collective expands leased vehicles offer to basketball, gymnastics athletes"
1298:
1174:
863:
800:
765:
731:
455:
447:
438:"This state senator once caused McDonald's to change. No wonder she took on the NCAA"
376:
290:
193:
119:
In July 2023, multiple bills were introduced by members of
Congress to regulate NIL.
1164:
1008:
792:
721:
1291:"Student. Athlete. Mogul? – How Sponsorship Deals are Transforming College Sports"
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185:
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which require equal opportunities between men and women in college sports.
205:
197:
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74:
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796:
148:
784:
1260:"Colleges getting cozy with NIL collectives worries Title IX activists"
979:
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49:(2021) allows for non-scholarship earned income across every division.
1087:"Top hoops prospect Kiyomi McMiller signs NIL deal with Jordan Brand"
1004:"OSAA approves changes to NIL rules for high school student-athletes"
547:
250:
367:
Holden, John T.; Edelman, Marc; McCann, Michael (March 11, 2022).
116:
signed what is believed to be one of the first NIL deals in 2022.
665:"New NIL bill pushes Athlete's Rights, including group licensing"
219:'s first high-school NIL deal in February 2023, and in July 2023
635:"Senators offer latest bill aimed at college sports, NIL reform"
917:"Illinois General Assembly - Full Text of Public Act 102-0042"
164:
education opportunities but one school is in state that has a
1151:
Sanderson, Allen R.; Siegfried, John J. (February 1, 2015).
1091:
952:
128:
227:
signed Nike's first high-school track-and-field NIL deal.
147:
and commercialize college sports. Top NIL earners such as
35:(NAIA) was the first association to permit pro-am, as the
188:, followed by NIL deals signed by basketball prospects
215:
basketball prospect Kiyomi McMiller signed Nike label
975:"Bronny James, four others sign NIL deals with Nike"
366:
1150:
856:Washington University Journal of Law & Policy
283:Washington University Journal of Law & Policy
81:" bill was authored by California state senators
33:National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics
1318:
435:
100:However, the Supreme Court's 2021 decision in
1193:"Name, Image, and Likeness (NIL) Collectives"
93:and Oklahoma State University football star
1288:
1168:
1001:
945:
752:Palmieri, Christopher (January 1, 2021).
725:
1327:National Collegiate Athletic Association
751:
575:"34 CFR § 675.16 - Payments to students"
37:National Collegiate Athletic Association
1057:
927:from the original on September 30, 2021
831:from the original on September 26, 2021
681:"Legislative Services Database - LSDBi"
171:
1319:
1289:Schoenfeld, Bruce (January 24, 2023).
1153:"The Case for Paying College Athletes"
1113:
1029:
892:
747:
745:
707:
703:
701:
603:
555:from the original on February 28, 2022
523:from the original on February 28, 2022
492:from the original on February 28, 2022
21:college athletics in the United States
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
895:"The New Frontier of NIL Legislation"
849:
616:from the original on November 5, 2022
510:
276:
1002:Dieckhoff, Andy (October 10, 2022).
874:from the original on October 8, 2021
782:
585:from the original on October 8, 2021
417:from the original on October 8, 2021
348:from the original on October 1, 2021
326:
324:
322:
320:
318:
316:
301:from the original on October 8, 2021
272:
270:
268:
266:
230:
202:Oregon School Activities Association
1231:
893:Murray, Laura C. (March 18, 2023).
843:
742:
698:
604:Bailey, Analis (January 31, 2022).
466:from the original on August 4, 2022
13:
1282:
1135:
708:Bunner, Brian P. (June 16, 2021).
14:
1348:
579:LII / Legal Information Institute
436:Chuck Culpepper (June 30, 2021).
387:from the original on July 6, 2023
313:
263:
1157:Journal of Economic Perspectives
1058:Bayless, Kacen (July 17, 2023).
1030:Streng, Nik (October 21, 2022).
1252:
1225:
1199:
1185:
1107:
1079:
1051:
1023:
995:
967:
946:VanHaaren, Tom (May 17, 2022).
939:
909:
886:
850:Tepen, Luke (January 1, 2021).
811:
776:
673:
658:
643:
628:
597:
511:Mello, Felicia (July 3, 2019).
277:Tepen, Luke (January 1, 2021).
1332:College football controversies
567:
535:
504:
478:
429:
399:
360:
239:
63:University of Denver v. Nemeth
1:
256:
16:Payments for college athletes
1114:Streng, Nik (July 3, 2023).
122:
7:
1195:. Internal Revenue Service.
10:
1353:
727:10.5195/taxreview.2021.136
411:leginfo.legislature.ca.gov
52:
25:name, image, and likeness
246:Internal Revenue Service
789:SSRN Electronic Journal
670:. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
655:. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
640:. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
221:Lake Oswego High School
178:Harvard-Westlake School
145:Amateurism in the NCAA
59:Colorado Supreme Court
714:Pittsburgh Tax Review
67:workers' compensation
31:). Historically, the
1266:. September 18, 2023
1170:10.1257/jep.29.1.115
1065:The Kansas City Star
819:"Interim NIL Policy"
797:10.2139/ssrn.3463503
172:High school athletes
166:Fair Pay to Play Act
114:Grambling University
79:Fair Pay to Play Act
1095:. February 22, 2023
783:Cole, Jens (2019).
446:. Washington, D.C.
443:The Washington Post
213:Life Center Academy
1295:The New York Times
1213:. January 26, 2022
983:. October 10, 2022
899:Houston Law Review
488:. April 30, 2020.
373:Georgia Law Review
339:U.S. Supreme Court
225:Mia Brahe-Pedersen
153:college recruiting
137:federal income tax
375:. Rochester, NY.
231:Media involvement
194:Dajuan Wagner Jr.
1344:
1337:2020s neologisms
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332:"NCAA v. Alston"
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1283:Further reading
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1232:Furlong, Josh.
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186:Gisele Thompson
182:Alyssa Thompson
180:soccer players
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107:Brett Kavanaugh
87:Steven Bradford
55:
43:'s decision in
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1163:(1): 115–138.
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862:(1): 213–246.
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289:(1): 213–246.
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102:NCAA v. Alston
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46:NCAA v. Alston
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95:Russell Okung
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83:Nancy Skinner
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61:'s ruling in
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41:Supreme Court
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34:
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1306:. Retrieved
1294:
1268:. Retrieved
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1242:. Retrieved
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1227:
1215:. Retrieved
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1125:. Retrieved
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1013:. Retrieved
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921:www.ilga.gov
920:
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876:. Retrieved
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688:. Retrieved
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618:. Retrieved
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559:February 28,
557:. Retrieved
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527:February 28,
525:. Retrieved
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496:February 28,
494:. Retrieved
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470:February 28,
468:. Retrieved
441:
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389:. Retrieved
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350:. Retrieved
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303:. Retrieved
286:
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217:Jordan Brand
211:
206:Oregon Ducks
198:JuJu Watkins
190:Bronny James
175:
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156:
142:
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111:
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75:Gavin Newsom
71:
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44:
28:
24:
18:
1308:January 25,
1264:Dallas News
1238:www.ksl.com
620:November 5,
240:Collectives
149:Livvy Dunne
1321:Categories
1270:January 1,
1244:January 1,
1217:January 1,
980:Fox Sports
931:October 8,
878:October 8,
835:October 8,
589:October 8,
517:Calmatters
460:1330888409
421:October 8,
352:October 8,
305:October 8,
257:References
133:tax-exempt
131:maintains
1303:0362-4331
1179:0895-3309
1127:August 9,
1099:August 9,
1071:August 9,
1043:August 9,
1015:August 9,
987:August 9,
959:August 9,
905:(3): 757.
868:1533-4686
805:1556-5068
770:8756-7326
736:1932-1996
610:USA Today
548:USA Today
452:0190-8286
391:August 1,
295:1533-4686
123:Criticism
925:Archived
872:Archived
826:Archived
690:July 27,
668:Sportico
653:NBC News
614:Archived
583:Archived
553:Archived
521:Archived
490:Archived
464:Archived
415:Archived
385:Archived
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