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see Greece under the military regime, set himself on fire the first morning hours of 19th
September 1970 in the Matteoti Sq. in the Italian city of Genoa. For security reasons his body was buried in Corfu four months later, his self-sacrifice though, a rare event for that time, caused international sensation and was considered one of the most important resistance acts of that period. Later the Hellenic State and his homeland Corfu honoured the man, who with his life became a symbol of resistance and patriotism, herald of the students' sacrifice in Polytechnion in 1973
802:
1100:
1024:, and come from families with liberal political views. Later studies from early 1970s, however, suggested that participation in protests was broader, through still more likely for students from social sciences and humanities than more vocational-oriented fields like economy or engineering. Student protesters were also more likely to describe themselves as having liberal or centrist political beliefs, and feeling politically alienated, lacking confidence in the party system and public officials.
1122:, to more active forms that can spread off-campus and include violent clashes with the authorities. Campus protests can also involve faculty members participating in them in addition to students, through protests led by or organized by faculty, rather than students, are a minority. Just like students can worry about being expelled for participation in the protests, some faculty members are concerned about their job security if they were to become involved in such incidents.
84:
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32:
1130:. Whereas a normal strike is intended to inflict economic damage to an employer, a student strike is more of a logistical threat: the concerned institution or government cannot afford to have a large number of students simultaneously fail to graduate. The term "student strike" has been criticized as inaccurate by some
1166:
the university response to campus protest in the United States is much more likely to be negotiations, and willingness to yield at least to some of the student demands. There was a resurgence of student activism in the United States in 2015. In
Germany, tuition in public universities were abolished in response to
1706:
During the years of dictatorship in Greece (1967–1974) many
Corfiots were enlisted in resistance groups, but the case of Kostas Georgakis is unique in the whole of Greece. The 22-year-old Corfiot student of geology with an act of self-sacrifice and a spirit of dynamic protest, which could not bear to
1165:
Over time, university tolerance of campus protests have grown; while protests occurred before the 20th century they were more likely to be "crushed... with an iron fist... by university leaders" than by mid-20th century, when they have become much more common and tolerated. By the early 21st century,
1125:
A common tactic of student protest is to go on strike (sometimes called a boycott of classes), which occurs when students enrolled at a teaching institution such as a school, college or university refuse to go to class. It is meant to resemble strike action by
1876:
In 1971 at the Piazza
Matteotti in Genova, the young student Kostas Georgakis set himself ablaze in protest against the ... a Panteios student and presentday political scientist, recalls how he suffered when Georgakis died, being inspired by his
1220:
1781:
In memoriam Kostas
Georgakis Er starb fĂĽr die Freiheit Griechenlands so wie Jan Palach fĂĽr die der Tschechoslowakei Lieber Vater, verzeih mir diese Tat und weine nicht. Dein Sohn ist kein Held, er ist ein Mann wie alle anderen, vielleicht
1039:
students and faculty are less likely to organize or join campus protests. A study of campus protests in the United States in the early 1990s identified major themes for approximately 60% of over two hundred incidents covered by media as
1810:
no di questi fu lo studente greco Kostas
Georgakis, un ragazzo di 22 anni che il 29 settembre 1970 si bruciò vivo a Genova per protestare contro la soppressione della libertà in Grecia. La sera del suo sacrificio riaccompagnò a casa la
1743:
geologia Kostas
Georgakis, op- positore greco di cultura laica, esasperato dalle minacce e dalle rappresaglie subite da agenti dei servizi segreti greci in Italia, s'im- molò in piazza Matteotti per protestare contro la giunta dei Co-
1173:
University response to student activism and campus protests can still be much harsher in less liberal countries like China or Taiwan. In 1980 student protests in South Korea were violently suppressed by the military (the
1988:
831:
issue and mobilization to communicate this dissatisfaction to the authorities (university or civil or both) and society in general and hopefully remedy the problem. Protest forms include but are not limited to:
1012:
Early studies of campus protests conducted in the United States in the mid-1960s suggested that students who were more likely to take part in the protests tended to come from middle class and
1167:
919:(1925, 1927). The protests often involved civil rights issues between black students and white administrators. In the 1930s, some Jewish students in Poland protested against anti-Semitic
1846:. Erga, Genova. Il suicidio del giovane studente greco Kostas Georgakis in sacrificio alla propria patria nel nome di libertĂ e democrazia apre una finestra su trent'anni di storia ...
2910:
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that takes the form of protest at university campuses. Such protests encompass a wide range of activities that indicate student dissatisfaction with a given political or
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in Ohio. An estimated four million students at more than 450 universities, colleges and high schools participated in what became known as the
2699:"Germany scraps tuition fees after mass student protests cause shift in public opinion - International Viewpoint - online socialist magazine"
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2875:"Spanish police clash violently with students: "I don't understand how the situation degenerated so fast" | The FRANCE 24 Observers"
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Student protests can often spread off-campus and grow in scale, mobilizing off campus activists and organizations, for example the
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While less common, protests similar to campus protests can also happen at secondary-level education facilities, like high schools.
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2850:"Thousands take to Valencia streets in protest against police violence and education cuts | In English | EL PAĂŤS"
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197:
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1060:," "campus wars," "multicultural unrest," or "identity politics"... The remaining examples of student protest concerned
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and commentators in the news media. These groups have indicated that they believe the term boycott is more accurate.
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In the second half of the 20th century, significant demonstrations almost-simultaneously in many countries: the
2751:"Declassified: Chinese official said at least 10,000 civilians died in 1989 Tiananmen massacre, documents show"
2453:
Astin, Alexander W.; Bayer, Alan E. (1971-04-01). "Antecedents and
Consequents of Disruptive Campus Protests".
1449:
1398:
1373:
1204:
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343:
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278:
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659:
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2653:"Student protests and organised labour: Developing a research agenda for mobilisation in late neoliberalism"
2382:
Relationship of college student protest and participation in policy-making to institutional characteristics
2233:
Clarke, James W.; Egan, Joseph (1972-05-01). "Social and
Political Dimensions of Campus Protest Activity".
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1989:"Training the Hands, Head, and Heart: Student Protest and Acitivism at Hampton Institute During the 1920s"
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Children of the
Dictatorship: Student Resistance, Cultural Politics and the "Long 1960s" in Greece
1178:). As recently as in 1989 a large scale student demonstration in China that moved off-campus, the
2549:
1566:
1142:
1069:
1005:
809:
684:
493:
42:
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Alekos Panagulis, il rivoluzionario don Chisciotte di Oriana Fallaci: saggio politico-letterario
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2015:
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and represent what recent scholars have described both affectionately and pejoratively as "
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2016 Boston Public School students walkout in protest of budget cuts – United States
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It has been argued that student strikes and activism have a similarly long history in
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deal primarily with the United States and Western culture and do not represent a
2429:
The Perils of Protest: State Repression and Student Activism in China and Taiwan
2491:
Sitting in and Speaking Out: Student Movements in the American South, 1960-1970
1311:
1053:
1017:
920:
892:
837:
762:
523:
226:
153:
2044:
Truth and Revolution: A History of the Sojourner Truth Organization, 1969–1986
2919:
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Rhoads, Robert A. (1998-11-01). "Student Protest and Multicultural Reform".
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873:
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348:
19:"School strike" redirects here. For climate-related schools strikes, see
2262:
1639:
1021:
977:. Students and faculty at dozens of universities protested the ongoing
934:
that occurred the same year also saw a major student activism; and the
841:
664:
1298:
2016 SATs Strike protest against tests for 6 and 7-year olds – UK
981:, seeking for college institutions to divest from pro-Israeli causes.
2575:
Art and the City: Worlding the Discussion Through a Critical Artscape
2202:"What do pro-Palestinian student protesters at US universities want?"
737:
694:
61:
by removing items or incorporating them into the text of the article.
2246:
2721:
1119:
1049:
828:
722:
2151:"In Focus: The first 24 hours of the 'Gaza Solidarity Encampment'"
1335:
2015 University of Amsterdam Bungehuis and Maagdenhuis Occupations
757:
243:
2015 University of Amsterdam Bungehuis and Maagdenhuis Occupations
2176:"Where are the US college campus protests and what is happening?"
833:
2810:"BBC News – Spain protest over riot police beatings in Valencia"
2521:. Concordia University Part Time Faculty Association. 2012-03-03
1793:
942:
occurred in May and June 1970, in the aftermath of the American
2399:
The New Political Economy: The Public Use of the Private Sector
1115:
1035:. More recent research shares a similar view, suggesting that
927:
16:
Wide range of activities that indicate student dissatisfaction
2098:
Red State Religion: Faith and Politics in America's Heartland
1027:
Early campus protests in the United States were described as
1640:"Jaroslava Moserova – remembering Jan Palach – Radio Prague"
1008:
student Gaza protest, Old College Quad encampment, May 2024.
840:
etc. More extreme forms include suicide such as the case of
2725:
Student Activism in Asia: Between Protest and Powerlessness
2067:
1721:
Il fuoco della rivolta. Torce umane dal Maghreb all'Europa
1681:
1198:
2024 Columbia University pro-Palestinian campus occupation
938:
also started with students. The largest student strike in
868:
In the West, student protests such as strikes date to the
1800:. Edizioni italiane di letteratura e scienze. p. 211
1304:
2016 Joint Student protests in Central Universities India
1114:
in campus protests can take various forms, from peaceful
2911:
Occupy Wall Street Protests Shifting to College Campuses
2832:"Valencia police and students clash over education cuts"
2652:
2519:"CUPFA Response to Student Class Boycott: March 3, 2012"
2789:"BBC News – HK students escalate pro-democracy protest"
2174:
Yerushalmy, Jonathan; Livingstone, Helen; Salam, Erum.
930:
events in France began as a series of student strikes;
2378:
2173:
1915:
2282:
2280:
1221:
Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro (Querétaro, México)
2571:
2040:
1193:
2024 pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses
1787:
1307:
2016 JNU Student Protests in New Delhi – India
887:More widespread student demonstrations occurred in
2598:
2286:
2277:
2061:
2017:No Way Out: The Politics of Polish Jewry 1935–1939
836:, occupations of university offices or buildings,
2715:
2592:
2487:
2121:
1932:
903:Protests at historically black colleges included
2917:
2395:
2034:
1926:
1717:
1157:Victory march by Bangladeshi students after the
2351:
2345:
2068:Beate Kutschke; Barley Norton (25 April 2013).
1962:"Black Student Activism in the 1920s and 1930s"
1857:
2722:Meredith Leigh Weiss; Edward Aspinall (2012).
2094:
2013:
2602:Campus Politics: What Everyone Needs to Know®
2425:
2421:
2419:
2372:
2293:Campus Politics: What Everyone Needs to Know®
2074:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 216–.
1755:
782:
91:The examples and perspective in this article
2565:
1888:
1838:Il caso Kostas Georgakis. Pag.250, L.25000.
1689:"Story of Kostas in Corfu City Hall website"
1506:Third World Liberation Front strikes of 1968
1347:2014 Hong Kong student protest for democracy
395:Third World Liberation Front strikes of 1968
253:2014 Hong Kong student protest for democracy
2494:. University of Georgia Press. p. 68.
2432:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 100.
2296:. Oxford University Press. pp. 21–22.
2101:. Princeton University Press. p. 248.
2088:
1909:
1851:
1794:Giovanni Pattavina; Oriana Fallaci (1984).
1431:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
1258:2019 JNU Protests in New Delhi – India
1180:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
984:
334:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
2481:
2452:
2416:
2232:
2020:. Hebrew Union College Press. p. 75.
2007:
1759:Griechenland, Dokumentation einer Diktatur
1749:
1582:at Harvard University – United States
1548:1964–65 U.C. Berkeley Free Speech Movement
1282:Mahatma Gandhi Central University protests
946:and the killings of student protesters at
789:
775:
446:1964-65 U.C. Berkeley Free Speech Movement
211:Mahatma Gandhi Central University protests
2605:. Oxford University Press. pp. 7–8.
2389:
2115:
1936:The Decline of Imperial Russia: 1855–1914
1816:
1711:
1660:
1512:1968 student demonstrations in Yugoslavia
1148:
401:1968 student demonstrations in Yugoslavia
129:Learn how and when to remove this message
2829:
2650:
2513:
2511:
2358:. Skyhorse Publishing Inc. pp. 9–.
1882:
1542:1965 Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu
1152:
1098:
1086:
1000:
988:
800:
675:Students for a Democratic Society (2006)
670:Students for a Democratic Society (1960)
441:1965 Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu
2728:. U of Minnesota Press. pp. 134–.
2628:"Student Activism Is Making a Comeback"
2538:
2536:
2128:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 227–.
2122:Gerard J.De Groot (25 September 2014).
1939:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 144–.
1654:
2918:
2578:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 47–.
2572:Jason Luger; Julie Ren (18 May 2017).
2455:Measurement and Evaluation in Guidance
2402:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 137.
2316:
2125:Student Protest: The Sixties and After
1933:Hugh Seton-Watson (24 February 2017).
1667:. Permanent Press (ORD). p. 560.
1277:" student protest – United States
1215:2023 University of Manchester protests
1168:student protests between 2006 and 2016
1042:multiculturalism and identity struggle
876:, with some of the earliest being the
2830:Tremlett, Giles (February 21, 2012).
2748:
2508:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2148:
1379:2010 University of Puerto Rico Strike
1139:2014 Hong Kong class boycott campaign
1091:Brazilian students march against the
690:UP Diliman University Student Council
284:2010 University of Puerto Rico Strike
269:2013 Bangladesh quota reform movement
193:2018 Bangladesh quota reform movement
168:2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement
2877:. Observers.france24.com. 2012-02-22
2625:
2599:Jonathan Zimmerman (8 August 2016).
2542:
2533:
1892:The Medieval Church: A Brief History
1858:Kostis Kornetis (15 November 2013).
1501:1968–69 Japanese university protests
1318:2015 University of Missouri protests
1269:2018 Bangladesh road safety protests
1210:2023 University of Brighton protests
1062:funding (including tuition concerns)
390:1968–69 Japanese university protests
233:2015 University of Missouri protests
198:2018 Bangladesh road safety protests
77:
25:
2352:Rob Kirkpatrick (24 January 2011).
2014:Emanuel Melzer (31 December 1997).
1922:. Colorado College. pp. 47–49.
848:'s protests against the end of the
13:
2545:"Student "Strike" Is Losing Steam"
2215:
1986:
1864:. Berghahn Books. pp. 66–67.
973:began following mass arrests at a
882:University of Paris strike of 1229
812:over blocking of electoral reforms
14:
2942:
2892:
2396:Bruce L.R. Smith (18 June 1975).
2355:1969: The Year Everything Changed
1959:
1889:Joseph Lynch (16 December 2013).
1695:from the original on 21 July 2011
1341:2014 Jadavpur University protests
1241:2021 Boğaziçi University protests
808:students staging a sit-in during
248:2014 Jadavpur University protests
173:2021 Boğaziçi University protests
2838:– via www.theguardian.com.
2775:"Kids' strike over school tests"
1995:. University of Cincinnati Press
1993:ucincinnatipress.manifoldapp.org
1919:The Cripple Creek strike of 1893
1724:. EDIZIONI DEDALO. p. 118.
1537:1966 Chinese Cultural Revolution
1330:2015 Bangladesh student protests
940:the history of the United States
756:
650:Hong Kong Federation of Students
238:2015 Bangladesh student protests
82:
30:
2867:
2842:
2823:
2802:
2781:
2767:
2742:
2691:
2644:
2619:
2446:
2379:J. Fredericks Volkwein (1968).
2319:The Journal of Higher Education
2310:
2194:
2167:
2142:
1980:
1953:
1916:Benjamin McKie Rastall (1905).
1661:Alan Levy (29 September 2015).
1586:1229 University of Paris strike
1560:1956 Bucharest student movement
1415:July 1999 Iran student protests
1261:2018–2020 "Fridays for Future"
1255:2019–2020 Iraq student protests
1246:2021 Columbia University strike
964:
898:
471:1229 University of Paris strike
456:1956 Bucharest student movement
319:July 1999 Iran student protests
178:2021 Columbia University strike
2651:TĂĽrkoÄźlu, Didem (2019-09-12).
2467:10.1080/00256307.1971.12022476
2331:10.1080/00221546.1998.11780745
1632:
1450:1980 student protests in Kabul
1399:2006 student protests in Chile
1374:2011 student protests in Chile
1370:2012 Valencia student protests
1205:2024 Boston University strikes
344:1980 student protests in Kabul
304:2006 student protests in Chile
279:2011 student protests in Chile
1:
2041:Michael Staudenmaier (2012).
1625:
1404:2006 student uprising in Iran
1182:, was met with deadly force.
660:RMIT University Student Union
612:School district drug policies
309:2006 student uprising in Iran
1895:. Routledge. pp. 254–.
1446:protest – United States
1425:1996 Quebec student protests
1420:1996–1997 protests in Serbia
1409:2005 Quebec student protests
1365:2012 Quebec student protests
1159:resignation of Sheikh Hasina
806:City University of Hong Kong
519:Minimally invasive education
329:1996 Quebec student protests
324:1996–1997 protests in Serbia
314:2005 Quebec student protests
274:2012 Quebec student protests
7:
2385:. Cornell Univ. p. 65.
1642:. Radio.cz. 21 January 2003
1593:
1470:Athens Polytechnic uprising
1456:1978 "Ali Must Go" protests
1359:2014 Iguala mass kidnapping
1185:
1037:right-leaning, conservative
975:Colombia University protest
597:Ordinance of Student Rights
587:Censorship of student media
361:Athens Polytechnic uprising
349:1978 "Ali Must Go" protests
264:2014 Iguala mass kidnapping
105:, discuss the issue on the
10:
2947:
2899:Bloodiest Student Protests
2749:Cheng, Kris (2017-12-21).
2703:internationalviewpoint.org
2543:Deck, Larry (2012-04-15).
2488:Jeffrey A. Turner (2010).
2047:. AK Press. pp. 42–.
1508:–1969 – United States
1353:Sunflower Student Movement
1046:racial and ethnic struggle
971:a wave of college protests
884:, which lasted two years.
870:early days of universities
863:
602:School corporal punishment
259:Sunflower Student Movement
18:
2755:Hong Kong Free Press HKFP
2626:Wong, Alia (2015-05-21).
2071:Music and Protest in 1968
1718:Annamaria Rivera (2012).
1263:School strike for climate
622:School-to-prison pipeline
188:School strike for climate
21:School Strike for Climate
2856:. Elpais.com. 2012-02-22
2669:10.1177/0011392119865768
2155:Columbia Daily Spectator
1573:Września children strike
1384:2010 UK student protests
1293:2017 Jallikattu protests
1288:2017–18 Iranian protests
1112:Repertoire of contention
1082:
985:Participation and issues
936:Mexican Movement of 1968
880:strike of 1209, and the
680:Student Press Law Center
645:European Students' Union
539:Student-centred learning
461:Września children strike
417:Mexican Movement of 1968
289:2010 UK student protests
221:2017 Jallikattu protests
216:2017–18 Iranian protests
2812:. Bbc.co.uk. 2012-02-21
2791:. bbc.co.uk. 2014-09-27
2235:The Journal of Politics
2095:Robert Wuthnow (2012).
1567:Fisk University protest
1523:1968 protests in Poland
1484:Huelga schools, Houston
1394:2007 Dutch pupil strike
1143:2014 Hong Kong protests
1107:general strike in Chile
1093:military rule in Brazil
1044:, or in more detail as
932:Polish political crisis
810:2014 Hong Kong protests
685:Worker Student Alliance
494:Anarchistic free school
428:1968 protests in Poland
374:Huelga schools, Houston
299:2007 Dutch pupil strike
2426:Teresa Wright (2001).
1756:Helen Vlachos (1972).
1228:Huntington High School
1162:
1149:Response and aftermath
1108:
1096:
1016:backgrounds, major in
1009:
998:
993:Student occupation at
952:Student strike of 1970
856:' protest against the
813:
534:Student bill of rights
376: – United States
1550: – United States
1531: – United States
1492: – United States
1486: – United States
1326: – United States
1324:Million Student March
1320: – United States
1314:" – South Africa
1237:Student Demonstration
1223:strike and occupation
1156:
1141:led to the city-wide
1102:
1090:
1058:culture/cultural wars
1054:gay rights activities
1004:
992:
969:Starting April 2024,
948:Kent State University
804:
733:LGBT student movement
1465: – South Africa
1074:environmental causes
1006:Edinburgh University
995:Cambridge University
944:invasion of Cambodia
878:University of Oxford
592:Compulsory education
499:Democratic education
489:Authentic assessment
111:create a new article
103:improve this article
2180:www.theguardian.com
1828:. 2000. p. 119
1762:. Jugend und Volk.
1490:1970 Student Strike
1437:1989 Anti-SAP riots
1337: – Netherlands
1275:March for Our Lives
1235:Newport High School
889:19th-century Europe
483:Concepts and theory
380:1970 Student Strike
339:1989 Anti-SAP riots
204:March for Our Lives
146:the Politics series
2550:Le Québécois Libre
2288:Jonathan Zimmerman
1960:Davis, Sarajanee.
1605:Civil disobedience
1554:1960 Anpo protests
1529:East L.A. walkouts
1517:May 1968 uprisings
1444:Deaf President Now
1251:2020 Thai protests
1163:
1109:
1097:
1014:upper middle class
1010:
999:
814:
763:Society portal
582:Alternative school
504:Democratic schools
451:1960 Anpo protests
434:East L.A. walkouts
406:May 1968 uprisings
183:2020 Thai protests
59:clean up the lists
2735:978-0-8166-7969-0
2657:Current Sociology
2612:978-0-19-062741-6
2585:978-1-315-30302-4
2501:978-0-8203-3593-3
2439:978-0-8248-2401-3
2409:978-1-349-02042-3
2365:978-1-61608-055-6
2303:978-0-19-062741-6
2290:(8 August 2016).
2149:Goldstein, Judy.
2135:978-1-317-88048-6
2108:978-0-691-15055-0
2081:978-1-107-00732-1
2054:978-1-84935-097-6
2027:978-0-87820-141-9
1946:978-1-315-40516-2
1902:978-1-317-87053-1
1871:978-1-78238-001-6
1769:978-3-7141-7415-1
1731:978-88-220-6322-9
1674:978-1-5040-2334-4
917:Hampton Institute
913:Howard University
891:, for example in
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607:School discipline
514:Hidden curriculum
509:Freedom of speech
139:
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1580:Butter rebellion
1496:Protests of 1968
1389:2008 Greek riots
1176:Gwangju uprising
1128:organized labour
1050:women's concerns
979:Israel-Hamas War
854:Kostas Georgakis
825:student activism
791:
784:
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529:Student activism
466:Butter rebellion
294:2008 Greek riots
154:Students' rights
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1987:Alford, James.
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1615:Social movement
1600:Academic Crisis
1596:
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1562: – Romania
1477:Diliman Commune
1463:Soweto uprising
1188:
1151:
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1018:social sciences
987:
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909:Fisk University
905:Shaw University
901:
893:Imperial Russia
866:
821:student protest
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544:Student protest
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367:Diliman Commune
355:Soweto uprising
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1468:November 1973
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1312:Fees Must Fall
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817:Campus protest
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