353:
445:
47:
460:
370:
1829:
526:
2068:
1613:
570:
66:
833:
The result of the sublimation process is a nearly permanent, high resolution, full color print. Because the dyes are infused into the substrate at the molecular level, rather than applied at a topical level (such as with screen printing and direct to garment printing), the prints will not crack, fade
686:
in which a vegetable sublimation can be used to separate the spirits in wine and beer. Ripley used language more indicative of the mystical implications of sublimation, indicating that the process has a double aspect in the spiritualization of the body and the corporalizing of the spirit. He writes:
356:
Comparison of phase diagrams of carbon dioxide (red) and water (blue) showing the carbon dioxide sublimation point (middle-left) at 1 atmosphere. As dry ice is heated, it crosses this point along the bold horizontal line from the solid phase directly into the gaseous phase. Water, on the other hand,
829:
In order to transfer the image from the paper to the substrate, it requires a heat press process that is a combination of time, temperature and pressure. The heat press applies this special combination, which can change depending on the substrate, to “transfer” the sublimation dyes at the molecular
745:
gaseous rotation and translation contribute 1.5RT each to the final state, therefore a +3RT correction. Crystalline vibrations and rotations contribute 3RT each to the initial state, hence −6RT. Summing the RT corrections; −6RT + 3RT + RT = −2RT. This leads to the following approximate sublimation
821:
Dye-sub printing is a digital printing technology using full color artwork that works with polyester and polymer-coated substrates. Also referred to as digital sublimation, the process is commonly used for decorating apparel, signs and banners, as well as novelty items such as cell phone covers,
825:
In sublimation printing, unique sublimation dyes are transferred to sheets of “transfer” paper via liquid gel ink through a piezoelectric print head. The ink is deposited on these high-release inkjet papers, which are used for the next step of the sublimation printing process. After the digital
617:
is applied, which also allows for the separation of different fractions. Typical setups use an evacuated glass tube that is heated gradually in a controlled manner. The material flow is from the hot end, where the initial material is placed, to the cold end that is connected to a pump stand. By
622:), moderately volatile compounds re-condensing along the tube according to their different volatilities, and non-volatile compounds remaining in the hot end. Vacuum sublimation of this type is also the method of choice for purification of organic compounds for use in the
69:
68:
73:
72:
67:
822:
plaques, coffee mugs, and other items with sublimation-friendly surfaces. The process uses the science of sublimation, in which heat and pressure are applied to a solid, turning it into a gas through an endothermic reaction without passing through the liquid phase.
74:
71:
806:
415:
sublime gradually at temperatures below the solid-liquid boundary (melting point) (generally 0 °C), and at partial pressures below the triple point pressure of 612 Pa (0.00604 atm), at a low rate. In
618:
controlling temperatures along the length of the tube, the operator can control the zones of re-condensation, with very volatile compounds being pumped out of the system completely (or caught by a separate
336:
Sublimation is historically used as a generic term to describe a two-step phase transition ― a solid-to-gas transition (sublimation in a more precise definition) followed by a gas-to-solid transition (
830:
level into the substrate. The most common dyes used for sublimation activate at 350 degrees
Fahrenheit. However, a range of 380 to 420 degrees Fahrenheit is normally recommended for optimal color.
1421:
The lives of alchemystical philosophers: with a critical catalogue of books in occult chemistry, and a selection of the most celebrated treatises on the theory and practice of the hermetic art
642:
that contributed to the development of modern chemistry and medicine, alchemists developed a structure of basic laboratory techniques, theory, terminology, and experimental methods.
646:
was used to refer to the process in which a substance is heated to a vapor, then immediately collects as sediment on the upper portion and neck of the heating medium (typically a
70:
726:
is assumed to be approximately half the packing energy, then the following thermodynamic corrections can be applied to predict the enthalpy of sublimation. Assuming a 1
268:, the sublimation that occurs left of the solid-gas boundary, the triple point or the solid-liquid boundary (corresponding to evaporation in vaporization) may be called
1200:
Fassnacht, S. R. (2004). "Estimating Alter-shielded gauge snowfall undercatch, snowpack sublimation, and blowing snow transport at six sites in the coterminous USA".
509:. It is possible to obtain liquid iodine at atmospheric pressure by controlling the temperature at just between the melting point and the boiling point of iodine. In
613:
behind. Once heating ceases and the vacuum is removed, the purified compound may be collected from the cooling surface. For even higher purification efficiencies, a
276:, regardless of rate. The sublimation that occurs at the solid-gas boundary (critical sublimation point) (corresponding to boiling in vaporization) may be called
179:
is higher than the surrounding partial pressure of the same substance, and in some cases, sublimes at an appreciable rate (e.g. water ice just below 0 °C).
536:. The crude product in the bottom is dark brown; the white purified product on the bottom of the cold finger above is hard to see against the light background.
902:
733:
gives a correction for the thermodynamic environment (pressure and volume) in which pV = RT, hence a correction of 1RT. Additional corrections for the
424:
during a cold spell is often caused by sunshine acting directly on the upper layers of the snow. Sublimation of ice is a factor to the erosive wear of
1550:
494:°C, to make the solid form of naphthalene evaporate into gas. On cool surfaces, the naphthalene vapours will solidify to form needle-like crystals.
506:
486:, at a high rate, with the critical sublimation point at around 80 °C (176 °F). At low temperature, its vapour pressure is high enough, 1
142:
753:
1645:
676:
was used to describe an exchange of "bodies" and "spirits" similar to laboratory phase transition between solids and gases. Valentine, in his
304:
and is not used to describe the transformation of a solid to a gas in a chemical reaction. For example, the dissociation on heating of solid
388:) sublimes rapidly along the solid-gas boundary (sublimation point) below the triple point (e.g., at the temperature of −78.5 °C, at
420:, the material to be dehydrated is frozen and its water is allowed to sublime under reduced pressure or vacuum. The loss of snow from a
2005:
626:, where very high purities (often > 99.99%) are needed to satisfy the standards for consumer electronics and other applications.
895:
284:. The words "gradual" and "rapid" have acquired special meanings in this context and no longer describe the rate of sublimation.
1402:
1350:
1325:
1187:
1094:
654:), but can also be used to describe other similar non-laboratory transitions. It was mentioned by alchemical authors such as
17:
826:
design is printed onto sublimation transfer sheets, it is placed on a heat press along with the substrate to be sublimated.
113:
also refers to the product obtained by sublimation. The point at which sublimation occurs rapidly (for further details, see
1502:"Uniting Cheminformatics and Chemical Theory To Predict the Intrinsic Aqueous Solubility of Crystalline Druglike Molecules"
2520:
888:
1107:
Boreyko, Jonathan B.; Hansen, Ryan R.; Murphy, Kevin R.; Nath, Saurabh; Retterer, Scott T.; Collier, C. Patrick (2016).
1638:
1454:
1300:
1374:
1252:
1052:
483:
209:
of their neighbors and escape into the vapor phase. Since the process requires additional energy, sublimation is an
256:
such distinction for the solid-to-gas transition, which is always called sublimation in both corresponding cases.
2272:
1803:
205:
Sublimation is caused by the absorption of heat which provides enough energy for some molecules to overcome the
2535:
2267:
1998:
138:), in which a substance passes directly from a gas to a solid phase, without passing through the liquid state.
2540:
2515:
2454:
2282:
1793:
1631:
986:
337:
129:
117:) is called critical sublimation point, or simply sublimation point. Notable examples include sublimation of
233:
While the definition of sublimation is simple, there is often confusion as to what counts as a sublimation.
2464:
2337:
2082:
1768:
1617:
31:
1828:
248:, and vaporization at the boiling point with formation of bubbles in the interior of the liquid is called
2525:
1843:
558:
2510:
1863:
678:
194:
from liquid state and it is difficult to obtain them as liquids. This is because the pressure of their
202:(which corresponds to the lowest pressure at which the substance can exist as a liquid) is very high.
1991:
1903:
1788:
659:
264:
For clarification, a distinction between the two corresponding cases is needed. With reference to a
244:(from liquid to gas) is divided into two types: vaporization on the surface of the liquid is called
2489:
2388:
2018:
1946:
1673:
222:
2383:
1713:
1090:
848:
816:
352:
214:
1044:
2408:
2398:
2148:
2143:
1808:
1738:
1446:
1440:
1183:
664:
602:
1549:
McDonagh, James; Palmer, David S.; Van Mourik, Tanja; Mitchell, John B. O. (17 October 2016).
1425:
1394:
1388:
141:
All solids sublime, though most sublime at extremely low rates that are hardly detectable. At
1928:
1923:
1728:
1688:
742:
719:
669:
590:
2327:
2087:
1878:
1763:
1708:
1209:
1120:
1012:
614:
544:
478:, sublimes easily because it is made of non-polar molecules that are held together only by
389:
206:
8:
2302:
2194:
2184:
2097:
2052:
1698:
1500:
McDonagh, J. L.; Nath; De
Ferrari, Luna; Van Mourik, Tanja; Mitchell, John B. O. (2014).
734:
727:
623:
479:
1213:
1124:
2449:
2378:
2212:
1758:
1654:
1526:
1501:
1225:
1141:
1108:
1071:
1037:
400:) at pressures and temperatures above the triple point (i.e., 5.1 atm, −56.6 °C).
218:
38:
459:
452:, solid naphthalene sublimes and form the crystal-like structure at the bottom of the
444:
46:
2479:
2474:
2444:
2403:
2292:
2244:
2229:
2122:
2092:
1898:
1773:
1733:
1591:
1583:
1531:
1450:
1419:
1398:
1370:
1346:
1321:
1296:
1248:
1229:
1146:
1048:
586:
312:
sublimation but a chemical reaction. Similarly the combustion of candles, containing
305:
175:(e.g. atmospheric) pressure of the entire system. Thus, any solid can sublime if its
146:
361:
The examples shown are substances that noticeably sublime under certain conditions.
2434:
2057:
1573:
1565:
1521:
1513:
1217:
1136:
1128:
938:
881:
869:
510:
167:
150:
86:
1269:
2424:
2277:
2014:
1956:
1893:
1818:
1798:
1778:
1753:
1693:
1076:
655:
301:
297:
176:
2530:
2222:
2217:
2174:
2107:
2102:
1972:
1683:
1169:
723:
381:
317:
369:
2504:
2459:
2439:
2362:
2322:
2257:
2189:
2112:
1913:
1888:
1587:
1569:
1470:
864:
853:
417:
397:
265:
199:
165:
state requires an intermediate liquid state. The pressure referred to is the
1164:
801:{\displaystyle \Delta H_{\text{sublimation}}=-U_{\text{lattice energy}}-2RT}
2484:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2312:
2262:
2179:
1873:
1858:
1748:
1718:
1595:
1535:
1150:
991:
974:
858:
639:
313:
241:
195:
1983:
2393:
2287:
2199:
1848:
1703:
738:
606:
533:
514:
482:
intermolecular forces. Naphthalene is a solid that sublimes gradually at
471:
464:
453:
449:
425:
321:
245:
210:
191:
154:
59:
55:
557:
sublime much more than other common materials, so they are not suitable
525:
2332:
2307:
2234:
2204:
2138:
2117:
1868:
1853:
1743:
1678:
1623:
1578:
1369:. Volume 1 Transition-Metal Compounds; Academic Press: New York, 1965.
1109:"Controlling condensation and frost growth with chemical micropatterns"
998:
610:
433:
1551:"Are The Sublimation Thermodynamics of organic molecules predictable?"
1517:
1487:
Theoretical
Aspects and Computer Modeling of the Molecular Solid State
1132:
1951:
1221:
730:
683:
682:(Triumphal Chariot of Antimony, published 1646) made a comparison to
619:
574:
421:
2067:
1345:(in German) (91–100 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 675–681.
1272:. National Science Foundation and UCSB School-University partnership
2469:
2297:
1908:
1883:
1668:
1035:
Whitten, Kenneth W.; Gailey, Kenneth D.; Davis, Raymond E. (1992).
967:
843:
715:
598:
505:
sublimes gradually and produces visible fumes on gentle heating at
475:
429:
51:
217:(also called heat of sublimation) can be calculated by adding the
2429:
2317:
2252:
2169:
2164:
1783:
1341:
Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1985). "Arsen".
950:
747:
651:
635:
582:
550:
540:
529:
385:
373:
249:
187:
118:
1548:
1499:
1340:
121:
at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, and that of solid
2038:
1723:
1612:
928:
647:
594:
502:
183:
122:
98:
467:
sublimed to form a crystal-like structure on the cool surface.
2047:
2033:
1918:
1424:. Macdonald and Son for Lackington, Allen, & Co. p.
923:
158:
90:
190:, sublimation from solid state is much more achievable than
569:
554:
474:, an organic compound commonly found in pesticides such as
408:
114:
605:
and condenses as a purified compound on a cooled surface (
2043:
933:
412:
236:
162:
94:
1390:
Experimental organic chemistry: Principles and
Practice
1106:
875:
746:
enthalpy. A similar approximation can be found for the
1318:
Criminalistics: Forensic
Science, Crime and Terrorism
1043:(4th ed.). Saunders College Publishing. p.
756:
718:
of sublimation has commonly been predicted using the
1387:
Harwood, Laurence M.; Moody, Christopher J. (1989).
834:
or peel from the substrate under normal conditions.
547:, and sublimes rapidly at 887 K (614 °C).
448:
Experimental set up for the sublimation reaction of
1320:. Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 143–144.
668:, as a process necessary for the completion of the
1380:
1036:
1034:
800:
741:and translation then need to be applied. From the
1393:(Illustrated ed.). WileyBlackwell. pp.
702:It may be cleansed, and its saltiness sulphurious
700:The third cause is that from its filthy original.
328:sublimation but a chemical reaction with oxygen.
30:"Sublimates" redirects here. For other uses, see
2502:
1267:
696:The second is that the spirit may be corporeal,
287:
704:May be diminished in it, which is infectious.
694:The first cause is to make the body spiritual.
564:
357:passes through a liquid phase at 1 atmosphere.
1999:
1639:
896:
1558:Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling
1506:Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling
1386:
1293:Introduction to organic laboratory technique
1100:
698:And become fixed with it and consubstantial.
153:possess three different states at different
2013:
810:
396:can occur along the solid-liquid boundary (
2006:
1992:
1646:
1632:
1484:
1478:
903:
889:
709:
692:And Sublimations we make for three causes,
157:. In these cases, the transition from the
1577:
1525:
1438:
1295:. Thomson Brooks/Cole. pp. 781–782.
1199:
1140:
1653:
577:after purification by vacuum sublimation
568:
524:
458:
443:
368:
351:
331:
259:
64:
45:
1417:
101:state. The verb form of sublimation is
14:
2503:
1315:
1242:
861:– common process involving sublimation
308:into hydrogen chloride and ammonia is
237:False correspondence with vaporization
128:The reverse process of sublimation is
58:, sublimed and freshly deposited on a
1987:
1627:
1334:
1290:
1270:"what solids go through sublimation?"
609:), leaving a non-volatile residue of
392:), whereas its melting into liquid CO
341:
1066:
1064:
876:Table of phase transitions of matter
629:
589:. A solid is typically placed in a
581:Sublimation is a technique used by
543:sublimes gradually upon heating at
520:
97:state, without passing through the
24:
757:
750:term if rigid bodies are assumed.
25:
2552:
1605:
1343:Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie
1247:. Gulf Professional. p. 16.
1061:
513:, iodine vapor can reveal latent
484:standard temperature and pressure
364:
2066:
1827:
1611:
1188:CollinsDictionary.com Dictionary
1095:CollinsDictionary.com Dictionary
1009:
1007:
978:
959:
679:Le char triomphal de l'antimoine
507:standard atmospheric temperature
1542:
1493:
1463:
1432:
1411:
1359:
1309:
1284:
1261:
1236:
1193:
1177:
1157:
1084:
1077:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1028:
439:
13:
1:
2455:Macroscopic quantum phenomena
1489:. Chichester: Wiley and Sons.
1022:
228:
182:For some substances, such as
2465:Order and disorder (physics)
624:organic electronics industry
288:Misuse for chemical reaction
32:Sublimation (disambiguation)
27:Transition from solid to gas
7:
1439:DiBernard, Barbara (1980).
837:
565:Purification by sublimation
559:materials for use in vacuum
347:
10:
2557:
2521:Atmospheric thermodynamics
1864:Electrostatic precipitator
1442:Alchemy and Finnegans wake
814:
171:of the substance, not the
36:
29:
2417:
2371:
2243:
2157:
2131:
2075:
2064:
2026:
1965:
1937:
1904:Rotary vacuum-drum filter
1836:
1825:
1661:
1418:Barrett, Francis (1815).
1170:Dictionary.com Unabridged
497:
296:refers specifically to a
87:transition of a substance
2490:Thermo-dielectric effect
2389:Enthalpy of vaporization
2083:Bose–Einstein condensate
1947:Aqueous two-phase system
1769:Liquid–liquid extraction
1570:10.1021/acs.jcim.6b00033
1367:Organometallic Syntheses
1268:Staff writer(s) (2015).
811:Dye-sublimation printing
403:
223:enthalpy of vaporization
37:Not to be confused with
2384:Enthalpy of sublimation
1844:API oil–water separator
1714:Dissolved air flotation
1485:Gavezzotti, A. (1997).
1469:Ripley, George (1591).
849:Enthalpy of sublimation
817:Dye-sublimation printer
710:Sublimation predictions
215:enthalpy of sublimation
2399:Latent internal energy
2149:Color-glass condensate
1809:Solid-phase extraction
1445:. SUNY Press. p.
1316:Girard, James (2011).
802:
707:
665:Rosarium philosophorum
578:
537:
468:
456:
377:
358:
105:, or less preferably,
79:
62:
2536:Laboratory techniques
2209:Magnetically ordered
1929:Vacuum ceramic filter
1924:Sublimation apparatus
1729:Electrochromatography
1689:Cross-flow filtration
803:
743:equipartition theorem
720:equipartition theorem
689:
597:. Under this reduced
591:sublimation apparatus
572:
528:
462:
447:
372:
355:
332:Historical definition
260:Potential distinction
78:Sublimation of iodine
77:
49:
18:Sublimation (physics)
2541:Separation processes
2516:Alchemical processes
2088:Fermionic condensate
1879:Fractionating column
1674:Acid–base extraction
1655:Separation processes
1620:at Wikimedia Commons
1245:Natural Gas Hydrates
754:
615:temperature gradient
545:atmospheric pressure
390:atmospheric pressure
280:, and the substance
272:; and the substance
2303:Chemical ionization
2195:Programmable matter
2185:Quantum spin liquid
2053:Supercritical fluid
1699:Cyclonic separation
1472:Compound of Alchemy
1243:Caroll, J. (2014).
1214:2004HyPr...18.3481F
1125:2016NatSR...619131B
911:
270:gradual sublimation
252:. However there is
2526:Chemical processes
2450:Leidenfrost effect
2379:Enthalpy of fusion
2144:Quark–gluon plasma
1759:Gravity separation
1291:Pavia, D. (2005).
1113:Scientific Reports
1080:. Merriam-Webster.
880:
798:
579:
538:
469:
463:Solid compound of
457:
378:
359:
274:sublimes gradually
219:enthalpy of fusion
147:chemical compounds
89:directly from the
80:
63:
39:subliminal stimuli
2511:Phase transitions
2498:
2497:
2480:Superheated vapor
2475:Superconductivity
2445:Equation of state
2293:Flash evaporation
2245:Phase transitions
2230:String-net liquid
2123:Photonic molecule
2093:Degenerate matter
1981:
1980:
1899:Rapid sand filter
1794:Recrystallization
1774:Electroextraction
1734:Electrofiltration
1616:Media related to
1564:(11): 2162–2179.
1518:10.1021/ci4005805
1404:978-0-632-02017-1
1352:978-3-11-007511-3
1327:978-0-7637-7731-9
1208:(18): 3481–3492.
1133:10.1038/srep19131
1039:General chemistry
1020:
1019:
882:Phase transitions
870:Phase transitions
783:
767:
672:. Here, the word
593:and heated under
306:ammonium chloride
278:rapid sublimation
207:attractive forces
75:
16:(Redirected from
2548:
2435:Compressed fluid
2070:
2015:States of matter
2008:
2001:
1994:
1985:
1984:
1831:
1648:
1641:
1634:
1625:
1624:
1615:
1600:
1599:
1581:
1555:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1529:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1482:
1476:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1384:
1378:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1222:10.1002/hyp.5806
1197:
1191:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1144:
1104:
1098:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1068:
1059:
1058:
1042:
1032:
912:
905:
898:
891:
879:
807:
805:
804:
799:
785:
784:
781:
769:
768:
765:
630:Historical usage
521:Other substances
511:forensic science
493:
489:
376:subliming in air
282:sublimes rapidly
168:partial pressure
143:normal pressures
76:
21:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2425:Baryonic matter
2413:
2367:
2338:Saturated fluid
2278:Crystallization
2239:
2213:Antiferromagnet
2153:
2127:
2071:
2062:
2022:
2012:
1982:
1977:
1961:
1939:
1933:
1894:Protein skimmer
1832:
1823:
1819:Ultrafiltration
1799:Reverse osmosis
1779:Microfiltration
1754:Froth flotation
1694:Crystallization
1657:
1652:
1608:
1603:
1553:
1547:
1543:
1498:
1494:
1483:
1479:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1437:
1433:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1385:
1381:
1364:
1360:
1353:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1314:
1310:
1303:
1289:
1285:
1275:
1273:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1241:
1237:
1202:Hydrol. Process
1198:
1194:
1182:
1178:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1105:
1101:
1089:
1085:
1070:
1069:
1062:
1055:
1033:
1029:
1025:
920:
917:
909:
878:
840:
819:
813:
780:
776:
764:
760:
755:
752:
751:
712:
706:
703:
701:
699:
697:
695:
693:
656:Basil Valentine
632:
567:
532:subliming in a
523:
500:
491:
487:
442:
406:
395:
367:
350:
334:
298:physical change
290:
262:
239:
231:
177:vapour pressure
65:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2554:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2404:Trouton's rule
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2273:Critical point
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2175:Liquid crystal
2172:
2167:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2108:Strange matter
2105:
2103:Rydberg matter
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2041:
2036:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2011:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1988:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1973:Unit operation
1969:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1943:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1684:Chromatography
1681:
1676:
1671:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1651:
1650:
1643:
1636:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1607:
1606:External links
1604:
1602:
1601:
1541:
1492:
1477:
1462:
1456:978-0873953887
1455:
1431:
1410:
1403:
1379:
1358:
1351:
1333:
1326:
1308:
1302:978-0534408336
1301:
1283:
1260:
1253:
1235:
1192:
1176:
1173:(Online). n.d.
1156:
1099:
1083:
1060:
1053:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1002:
1001:
996:
994:
989:
984:
980:
979:
977:
972:
970:
965:
961:
960:
958:
953:
948:
946:
942:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
918:
915:
908:
907:
900:
893:
885:
877:
874:
873:
872:
867:
862:
856:
851:
846:
839:
836:
815:Main article:
812:
809:
797:
794:
791:
788:
782:lattice energy
779:
775:
772:
763:
759:
724:lattice energy
711:
708:
690:
631:
628:
566:
563:
522:
519:
499:
496:
441:
438:
428:, also called
405:
402:
393:
382:carbon dioxide
366:
365:Carbon dioxide
363:
349:
346:
333:
330:
318:carbon dioxide
289:
286:
261:
258:
238:
235:
230:
227:
125:with heating.
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2553:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2460:Mpemba effect
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2440:Cooling curve
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2364:
2363:Vitrification
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2328:Recombination
2326:
2324:
2323:Melting point
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2268:Critical line
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2258:Boiling point
2256:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2190:Exotic matter
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2009:
2004:
2002:
1997:
1995:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1914:Spinning cone
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1889:Mixer-settler
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1804:Sedimentation
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1789:Precipitation
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1644:
1642:
1637:
1635:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1545:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1512:(3): 844–56.
1511:
1507:
1503:
1496:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1473:
1466:
1458:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1414:
1406:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1383:
1376:
1375:0-444-42607-8
1372:
1368:
1362:
1354:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1329:
1323:
1319:
1312:
1304:
1298:
1294:
1287:
1271:
1264:
1256:
1254:9780128005750
1250:
1246:
1239:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1067:
1065:
1056:
1054:0-03-072373-6
1050:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1031:
1027:
1016:
1014:
1013:Recombination
1011:
1004:
1003:
1000:
997:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
982:
981:
976:
973:
971:
969:
966:
963:
962:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
943:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
914:
913:
906:
901:
899:
894:
892:
887:
886:
883:
871:
868:
866:
865:Phase diagram
863:
860:
857:
855:
854:Freeze-drying
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
841:
835:
831:
827:
823:
818:
808:
795:
792:
789:
786:
777:
773:
770:
761:
749:
744:
740:
736:
732:
729:
725:
721:
717:
705:
688:
685:
681:
680:
675:
671:
667:
666:
662:, and in the
661:
660:George Ripley
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
627:
625:
621:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
576:
571:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
546:
542:
535:
531:
527:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
495:
485:
481:
480:van der Waals
477:
473:
466:
461:
455:
451:
446:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
418:freeze-drying
414:
410:
401:
399:
398:melting point
391:
387:
383:
375:
371:
362:
354:
345:
343:
339:
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
266:phase diagram
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
234:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
203:
201:
200:phase diagram
197:
193:
189:
185:
180:
178:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
139:
137:
136:desublimation
134:(also called
133:
132:
126:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
61:
57:
53:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
2485:Superheating
2358:Vaporization
2353:Triple point
2348:Supercooling
2342:
2313:Lambda point
2263:Condensation
2180:Time crystal
2158:Other states
2098:Quantum Hall
1874:Filter press
1859:Depth filter
1813:
1749:Flocculation
1719:Distillation
1561:
1557:
1544:
1509:
1505:
1495:
1486:
1480:
1471:
1465:
1441:
1434:
1420:
1413:
1389:
1382:
1366:
1361:
1342:
1336:
1317:
1311:
1292:
1286:
1274:. Retrieved
1263:
1244:
1238:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1179:
1168:
1159:
1116:
1112:
1102:
1086:
1075:
1038:
1030:
992:Condensation
975:Vaporization
955:
859:Freezer burn
832:
828:
824:
820:
713:
691:
677:
673:
663:
643:
640:protoscience
633:
601:, the solid
580:
573:Crystals of
549:
539:
515:fingerprints
501:
470:
407:
379:
360:
335:
325:
314:paraffin wax
309:
293:
291:
281:
277:
273:
269:
263:
253:
242:Vaporization
240:
232:
213:change. The
204:
196:triple point
181:
172:
166:
155:temperatures
140:
135:
130:
127:
110:
106:
102:
82:
81:
43:
2394:Latent heat
2343:Sublimation
2288:Evaporation
2223:Ferromagnet
2218:Ferrimagnet
2200:Dark matter
2132:High energy
1849:Belt filter
1814:Sublimation
1704:Decantation
1618:Sublimation
1579:10023/11874
1365:R. B. King
1276:13 November
1091:"Sublimate"
1072:"Sublimate"
956:Sublimation
884:of matter (
766:sublimation
674:sublimation
670:magnum opus
644:Sublimation
634:In ancient
607:cold finger
603:volatilizes
534:cold finger
472:Naphthalene
465:naphthalene
454:watch glass
450:naphthalene
440:Naphthalene
426:glacier ice
322:water vapor
294:sublimation
246:evaporation
211:endothermic
192:evaporation
83:Sublimation
60:cold finger
56:nickelocene
50:Dark green
2505:Categories
2409:Volatility
2372:Quantities
2333:Regelation
2308:Ionization
2283:Deposition
2235:Superglass
2205:Antimatter
2139:QCD matter
2118:Supersolid
2113:Superfluid
2076:Low energy
1938:Multiphase
1869:Evaporator
1854:Centrifuge
1744:Filtration
1739:Extraction
1679:Adsorption
1669:Absorption
1023:References
999:Ionization
987:Deposition
735:vibrations
611:impurities
585:to purify
517:on paper.
490:mmHg at 53
434:glaciology
338:deposition
229:Confusions
131:deposition
1952:Azeotrope
1662:Processes
1588:1549-9596
1230:129927018
1184:"Sublime"
1165:"Sublime"
1119:: 19131.
787:−
774:−
758:Δ
739:rotations
731:ideal gas
722:. If the
684:spagyrics
620:cold trap
587:compounds
575:ferrocene
476:mothballs
422:snowfield
292:The term
111:Sublimate
107:sublimate
2470:Spinodal
2418:Concepts
2298:Freezing
1966:Concepts
1957:Eutectic
1909:Scrubber
1884:Leachate
1764:Leaching
1709:Dialysis
1596:27749062
1536:24564264
1151:26796663
968:Freezing
844:Ablation
838:See also
716:enthalpy
599:pressure
583:chemists
430:ablation
348:Examples
340:). (See
221:and the
151:elements
52:crystals
2430:Binodal
2318:Melting
2253:Boiling
2170:Crystal
2165:Colloid
1940:systems
1837:Devices
1784:Osmosis
1527:3965570
1395:154–155
1210:Bibcode
1142:4726256
1121:Bibcode
1005:Plasma
964:Liquid
951:Melting
748:entropy
652:alembic
636:alchemy
551:Cadmium
541:Arsenic
530:Camphor
386:dry ice
374:Dry ice
250:boiling
198:in its
188:arsenic
161:to the
145:, most
119:dry ice
103:sublime
93:to the
85:is the
2058:Plasma
2039:Liquid
1724:Drying
1594:
1586:
1534:
1524:
1453:
1401:
1373:
1349:
1324:
1299:
1251:
1228:
1149:
1139:
1051:
945:Solid
939:Plasma
929:Liquid
648:retort
595:vacuum
503:Iodine
498:Iodine
492:
488:
380:Solid
184:carbon
123:iodine
99:liquid
2531:Gases
2048:Vapor
2034:Solid
2027:State
1919:Still
1554:(PDF)
1226:S2CID
924:Solid
728:molar
404:Water
342:below
316:, to
302:state
173:total
159:solid
115:below
91:solid
2019:list
1592:PMID
1584:ISSN
1532:PMID
1451:ISBN
1399:ISBN
1371:ISBN
1347:ISBN
1322:ISBN
1297:ISBN
1278:2015
1249:ISBN
1147:PMID
1049:ISBN
983:Gas
919:From
714:The
658:and
638:, a
555:zinc
553:and
411:and
409:Snow
320:and
186:and
149:and
2044:Gas
1574:hdl
1566:doi
1522:PMC
1514:doi
1426:233
1218:doi
1137:PMC
1129:doi
1045:475
934:Gas
650:or
432:in
413:ice
326:not
324:is
310:not
300:of
163:gas
95:gas
54:of
2507::
2046:/
1590:.
1582:.
1572:.
1562:56
1560:.
1556:.
1530:.
1520:.
1510:54
1508:.
1504:.
1449:.
1447:57
1397:.
1224:.
1216:.
1206:18
1204:.
1186:.
1167:.
1145:.
1135:.
1127:.
1115:.
1111:.
1093:.
1074:.
1063:^
1047:.
916:To
910:)
737:,
561:.
436:.
344:)
254:no
225:.
109:.
2021:)
2017:(
2007:e
2000:t
1993:v
1647:e
1640:t
1633:v
1598:.
1576::
1568::
1538:.
1516::
1475:.
1459:.
1428:.
1407:.
1377:.
1355:.
1330:.
1305:.
1280:.
1257:.
1232:.
1220::
1212::
1190:.
1153:.
1131::
1123::
1117:6
1097:.
1057:.
904:e
897:t
890:v
796:T
793:R
790:2
778:U
771:=
762:H
394:2
384:(
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
