197:
123:, a bell buoy or hung on a tripod frame on the sea floor connected to a shore stations by cable. At first the system depended on bells operated by electric strikers. Receivers aboard ships could detect the acoustic signal and when equipped with receivers on each side the ship could determine approximate direction from which the signal came. A ship-to-ship system was also produced allowing ships so equipped to detect each other and estimate direction in fog. The company collected data from ships including ranges at which the signals of specific stations were detected. The collected data formed an early base of ocean acoustical properties. The original bells were quickly replaced by the
86:
78:
359:
signals, even coded strikes for identification, but the company had been seeking a method of acoustical communications. The oscillator accomplished that and led to further developments in underwater acoustics. The company acted quickly to replace the bells with the transducers and began working on use in submarine telegraphy, but it was slow to recognize or take advantage of the sonic distance measurement of interest to
Fessenden so that others took the lead in
321:, strongly endorsed the system. Marine underwriters needed information on which ships were equipped to adjust risk for vessel and cargo insurance. The American Bureau of Shipping included whether a vessel was equipped with submarine signal apparatus as a part of the registry information along with wireless. Registers making note of navigation equipment of yachts and ships listed "Submarine Signal system" or "Sub.Sig." as seen in the yacht
25:
447:
Boston corporate offices were located at 88 Broad Street with a plant, known as the
Submarine Signal Building, at 160 Washington Street. Other offices in 1907 were: New York at 68 Broad Street; London at 72 Victoria Street; Liverpool at 10 Duke Street; Germany represented by Norddeutsche Maschinenund
346:
A technique termed synchronous signaling combined bell signals with coordinated radio dot signals for direct distance to the signal without use of stopwatches. The radio dots would follow a bell strike sequence and the number of dots received before the next bell signal would indicate the distance in
375:
Full focus came to underwater acoustics and the potential to detect submarines by sound, either passively or actively. The existing receivers, designed to detect intentional signals, proved unable to detect the incidental sounds of submarines. Harold J. W. Fay of
Submarine Signal Company was invited
371:
Submarine Signal
Company's focus with the Fessenden device was on submarine telegraphy with a beginning in submarine telephones. With marine radio gaining usage the expensive submarine version faded. Despite Fessenden's demonstration in June 1914 of the effectiveness of his device in telegraphy that
311:
By 1907 the signals were in common use with most large ships equipped with the receiving apparatus. The receiving apparatus had evolved from a simple receiver on the ship's bottom to two hydrophones in water-filled sea chests on each side of the ship enabling the ship to determine the direction from
183:
on signaling by underwater bells to include actual messages, found that a microphone placed in a metal box filled with water and attached to a ship's skin from inside allowed clear reception. In further experiments placement of such microphones on each side of a ship allowed finding the direction of
358:
that was easier to install and maintain, could both send and receive, and also allowed coded communication between any two installations, including submarines. Bells were quickly phased out and transducer equipped installations remained active until World War II. The bells had been adequate to send
277:
The
Admiralty conducted tests in October 1906 using a bell such as was used by U.S. lightvessels. The tests were successful with the Admiralty recommending their use as a coastal navigation aid with notes on the possible ship-to-ship use to warn and establish direction of another ship in fog. There
208:
The signal system was of particular importance for safe navigation in fog. Fog signals, horns and whistles, conducted by air were unreliable and erratic. Sonic signals through water were more reliable and had more range. Offshore hazards could be marked by a tripod mounted bell connected to a shore
290:
On March 3, 1905 an act in the United States had authorized funding for aids including submarine signals. The U.S. lighthouse authorities were by the summer of 1906 installing signals, specifically at lightvessels stationed at Boston, Pollock Rip, Nantucket, Fire Island, and Sandy Hook. The United
135:
Ships, commercial or naval, equipped with submarine signaling capability had that equipment noted as one of the ship's navigation capabilities in registry information from the first decade of the century until nearly mid century. In 1907 the information was important to insurance underwriters and
238:
took more immediate notice of the potential and became pioneers in implementation both at signal stations and as shipboard receivers. The German company
Norddeutsche Maschinen und Armaturenfabrik (1902), becoming Atlas Werke in 1911, manufactured the system under license from the Submarine Signal
204:
The
Submarine Signal Company, was established in Boston, Massachusetts, to turn the research into a navigational aid. The company developed, patented and began manufacturing electromechanical bell signals and shipboard receivers based on previous research introducing the world's first electronic,
187:
Experiments determined modifications to bells used in air that optimized them for underwater use. Electrical striking systems allowed the bells to be connected to surface aids. Canadian experiments showed the practicality of determining direction by comparison of the reception by two receivers
404:. The Nahant Antisubmarine Laboratory, completed April 7, 1917, was the first anti-submarine, acoustical laboratory of the Navy. The laboratory, a cluster of buildings behind guarded security fencing, was where "submarine signals" research entered the new field of anti-submarine acoustics.
131:
with development starting in 1912 at the
Submarine Signal Company. That transducer allowed both sending and receiving leading to major advances in both submarine signals and extension into submarine telegraphy and experiments with underwater telephone communication and eventually sonar.
184:
the source. Intensity on one side showed the source to that side of the ship and equal intensity showed the source to be directly ahead. A direction indicator box allowed the selection of receivers individually for comparison of signal strength for direction.
399:
that naval interests might not be met in general research a Navy
Special Board on Anti-Submarine Devices would oversee the work. Commander Clyde Stanley McDowell was secretary of the board and later filled the same function at the Naval Experimental Station,
140:
required that ships so equipped by indicated by the note "Sub. Sig." in ship's registry information. Commercial lines advertised the capability as a safety measure. Submarine signaling was made obsolescent and overtaken by advances during World War II.
312:
which the signal came. The
Submarine Signal Company, with branches in Bremen, Liverpool, London, and New York, was both manufacturing the apparatus and collecting data from shipping companies and individual ships on the operation of the signals.
265:
were successfully using the system, Cunard announced its entire fleet would have the apparatus. An example of significant commercial advantage, being able to operate when other ships were fog bound, was a case in which the liner
307:
receiver installation for seagoing ships operated in light condition in fresh water. The forepeak was almost out of the water thus reducing the effectiveness requiring a solution by the Submarine Signal Company.
278:
was also notation of use between submarines and "parent ships" with some of the submarine results withheld from publication as purely military in application. Experience of U.S. Navy battleships in fog off
274:
river mouth cleared and other vessels could enter port. By using the submarine signals of the entrance lightvessel the ship was able to enter the fog clear harbor to discharge passengers and cargo.
148:, becoming Raytheon's Marine Division, after having become the national leader in underwater sound, sonar and other work with the Navy during the World Wars and branching into other marine systems.
176:
did similar work in 1883 using a submerged bell with the explicit purpose of using sound as an aid to navigation. Experiments in England and the United States occurred independently afterward.
457:
The field of anti-submarine acoustics grew again during World War II and "exploded" with the Cold War. Major funds went to research and applications for such efforts as the Cold War
108:, as aids to navigation. The signals were fixed, associated with lights and other fixed aids, or installed aboard ships enabling warning of fixed hazards or signaling between ships.
657:
1390:
407:
The submarine signals as navigational aids, just as many lights went dark, were stopped so as not to aid enemy submarines or become gathering points for target ships.
343:
becoming the national underwater sound experts and producing acoustical aids to navigation. It also became the major sonar supplier to the U.S. Navy in later years.
35:
354:
The Fessenden oscillator, invented by Submarine Signal Company's consulting engineer Reginald Fessenden in 1913 and developed and manufactured in 1914, was a
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as the acoustic aids faded in importance with radio navigation gaining importance and users. In 1946 the company was acquired by and merged with the
169:
1229:"1914: Submarine Signaling; Submarine Signaling: The Protection of Shipping by a Wall of Sound and other Uses of the Submarine Telegraph Oscillator"
112:, at the time Norddeutsche Maschinen und Armaturenfabrik, of Germany also manufactured the equipment under license largely for the European market.
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46:
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aspect faded and the "sensing" potential, first crudely applied to locating icebergs, became critical with World War I and submarine warfare.
315:
The utility of the signals became evident as more stations and ships were equipped. Prominent ship captains, such as James Watt, master of
209:
station by cable. A similar system of underwater bells mounted on ships enabled signaling between ships to avoid collisions in fog. The
347:
half miles. The stations with the capability and precise method to use the combined radio, including stations transmitting
296:
954:
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to work on the project. On 8–9 May representatives of the companies met in Washington to establish working relationships.
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States and Canada were placing the signals at important locations. The U.S. Lighthouse Board was ordering systems for the
1307:
772:
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64:
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384:. Fay gave assurances property would be made available. As implemented Submarine Signal Company would be joined by
173:
431:, later Raytheon, to become that company's Marine Division responsible for all products with marine applications.
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proved the fleet could, under reduced speed, safely navigate and maintain formation by using the signals.
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Company. Major lines were equipping it ships with the apparatus so that in 1905, after experience with
179:
Reception problems related to ship noise were partially solved when A. J. Munday, who had worked with
1445:(Submarine Signal Company, background and list of ships, stations & detection range observations)
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that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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or an undersea hazard on which a signal was placed. The signals were usually associated with a
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560:
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461:. Laboratories and projects dedicated themselves to understand and apply underwater acoustics.
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and Britain had adopted the system for all its aids to navigation. In 1910 the report of the
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340:
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showed forty-nine signals established by June 30, most on lightvessels. Extension into the
254:
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of Boston. The company produced submarine acoustic signals, first bells and receivers then
42:
8:
244:
235:
1163:
1479:
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128:
1255:"Inventing Schemes and Strategies: The Making and Selling of the Fessenden Oscillator"
873:"Fleet Highly Recommended: Kept Distance in Maneuvers, Even in Fog, with Bell Signals"
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227:
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had a specific, even proprietary, meaning in the early 20th century. It applied to a
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20 March 1917 to discuss establishing an acoustical research station at East Point,
1391:"German Submarine Activities on the Atlantic Coast of the United States and Canada"
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97:
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The system used more reliable underwater sound to project acoustic signals from a
85:
541:. New York, N.Y.: The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers: 107–114
499:. New York, N.Y.: The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers: 115–128
428:
424:
292:
116:
591:"Gasoline Electric and Pneumatic Submarine Signaling (Illustrations included)"
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416:
351:
signals, and submarine signal were published in nautical notices and tables.
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231:
77:
415:
During World War I and after the Submarine Signal Company had expanded into
1029:(24). Cleveland, Ohio: The Penton Publishing Company: 29. December 12, 1907
932:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1910. pp. 535–536
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214:
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180:
165:
120:
109:
752:(7). Cleveland, Ohio: The Penton Publishing Company: 23. August 15, 1907
694:
658:"Underwater Acoustics: A Brief Historical Overview Through World War II"
601:(10). New York: National Marine Engineer's Beneficial Association: 29–34
1336:. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press. pp. 94–100.
355:
105:
827:(2). Cleveland, Ohio: The Penton Publishing Company: 33. July 13, 1905
1202:
H.O. No. 205 - 1930 Radio Aids to Navigation; Amrum Bank Light Vessel
1171:
489:"Submarine Signaling and a Proposed Method of Safe Navigation in Fog"
144:
In 1946 the Submarine Signal Company was acquired by and merged with
145:
1351:
219:
was equipped with the first ship-to-ship submarine signal device.
1287:. Washington, D.C.: American Society of Naval Engineers: 101–113
1231:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Transcription
410:
270:
was able to enter harbor twenty-two hours before the fog at the
89:
Share of the Submarine Signal Company, issued 3. February 1921)
339:
The Submarine Signal Company was the first company engaged in
226:
had some interest but they did not take immediate action. The
908:. Vol. 35, no. 9. February 28, 1907. pp. 13–14
458:
360:
271:
200:
Submarine Signal Buoy Apparatus to be attached to Bell-buoys.
567:. Vol. 37, no. May 1901. May 4, 1901. p. 718
36:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
1450:
Illustrations in text describing technical details. (1914)
1370:"East Point Loop Receiving Station, Nahant, Massachusetts"
853:. Vol. 35, no. 21. May 23, 1907. pp. 14–15
978:
1419:. Vol. 78, no. 3. September 1946. p. 86
770:
81:
Types of Submarine Signals. (Submarine Signal Company)
1308:"Your Engineering Heritage: Early History of Sonar"
1334:The Listeners: U-boat Hunters During the Great War
1281:Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers
1205:. U.S. Navy Hydrographic Office. 1930. p. 69
1456:
656:Muir, Thomas G.; Bradley, David L. (Fall 2016).
628:. Vol. 12. pp. 106–108. Archived from
929:Reports of the Department of Commerce and Labor
366:
100:system developed, patented and produced by the
1076:. New York: Lloyd's Register of Shipping. 1914
695:"The History of Fog Signals — Submarine Bells"
411:Submarine Signal Company merger with Raytheon
531:"Recent Developments in Submarine Signaling"
205:underwater acoustic navigation aid in 1901.
1019:"Marine Underwriters and Submarine Signals"
773:"Cunard Celebrates 175 Years of Innovation"
655:
331:, column two, "Special surveys" for ships.
1393:. Naval History and Heritage Command. 1920
1363:
1361:
1327:
1325:
1277:"Submarine Signaling-Fessenden Oscillator"
1122:"Submarine Signal Company ca. 1906 - 1946"
1003:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
979:Submarine Signal Company (July 15, 1907).
736:
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688:
686:
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582:
334:
164:used a submerged bell for experiments in
65:Learn how and when to remove this message
1305:
1248:
1246:
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1124:. Harvard Museums of Science and Culture
847:"Admiralty Tests of Submarine Signaling"
524:
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188:mounted on each side of a vessel's bow.
84:
76:
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1331:
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1116:
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731:
717:"(Patents of Submarine Signal Company)"
620:Talbot, Frederick A. (August 1, 1906).
588:
419:and other marine electronics including
363:, now generally simply known as sonar.
127:, a transducer, after its invention by
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1047:
969:
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771:The Maritime Executive (May 1, 2015).
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1050:On "The American Bureau of Shipping"
297:United States Department of Commerce
236:North German Lloyd Steamship Company
18:
1367:
1274:
1073:Lloyd's Register of American Yachts
955:"Submarine Signaling on Steamships"
944:
692:
644:
622:"Submarine Signalling on the Ocean"
529:Millet, J. B. (December 10, 1914).
487:Sawyer, F. L. (December 10, 1914).
13:
1413:"Submarine Signal-Raytheon Merger"
1094:
697:. United States Lighthouse Society
589:Perkins, Frank C. (October 1914).
561:"Submarine Signaling by Telephony"
14:
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902:"Report of the Light-House Board"
565:The Electrical World and Engineer
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285:
174:United States Lighthouse Service
23:
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1253:Frost, Gary L. (July 1, 2001).
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1158:(2489). The Nature Group: 384.
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809:
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451:
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224:United States Lighthouse Board
162:Jacques Charles François Sturm
16:Marine hazard signaling system
1:
1310:. IEEE Xplore Digital Library
1306:Vardalas, John (1 May 2014).
882:. New York. September 9, 1907
775:. The Maritime Executive, LLC
468:
595:The American Marine Engineer
434:
367:Submarine signals during war
303:revealed a problem with the
7:
817:"Items of General Interest"
795:"History (SONARTECH ATLAS)"
378:Bureau of Steam Engineering
138:American Bureau of Shipping
10:
1496:
1143:Joly, J. (July 12, 1917).
1097:"Lloyd's Register 1933—34"
429:American Appliance Company
459:Sound Surveillance System
262:Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse
1332:Manstan, Roy R. (2018).
448:Armaturenfabrik, Bremen.
395:To meet concerns of the
390:General Electric Company
386:Western Electric Company
376:to meet with the Chief,
361:SOund NAvigation Ranging
172:in association with the
102:Submarine Signal Company
1145:"Synchronous Signaling"
421:radio direction finders
402:New London, Connecticut
349:radio direction finding
1475:Navigational equipment
1275:Fay, H. J. H. (1917).
397:Naval Consulting Board
335:Technological advances
201:
90:
82:
45:by rewriting it in an
1465:History of navigation
742:"Submarine Signaling"
382:Nahant, Massachusetts
234:and, in Germany, the
199:
192:Commercial production
88:
80:
1227:Blake, R.F. (1914).
1052:(Report). p. 96
341:underwater acoustics
158:Jean-Daniel Colladon
125:Fessenden oscillator
1164:1917Natur..99..384J
1048:Martin, J. (1922).
245:Norddeutscher Lloyd
1368:Walding, Richard.
1099:. Lloyd's Register
880:The New York Times
202:
129:Reginald Fessenden
91:
83:
47:encyclopedic style
34:is written like a
1470:Navigational aids
1443:Submarine Signals
1023:The Marine Review
982:Submarine Signals
906:The Marine Review
851:The Marine Review
821:The Marine Review
797:. SONARTECH ATLAS
746:The Marine Review
268:Kaiser Wilhelm II
256:Kronprinz Wilhelm
250:Kaiser Wilhelm II
228:British Admiralty
94:Submarine signals
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