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local level just as effectively as on the national level, the local level should be the one to carry out the specified function. The principle is based upon the autonomy and dignity of the human individual, and holds that all other forms of society, from the family to the state and the international order, should be in the service of the human person. Subsidiarity assumes that these human persons are by their nature social beings, and emphasizes the importance of small and intermediate-sized communities or institutions, like the family, the church, labor unions and other voluntary associations, as mediating structures which empower individual action and link the individual to society as a whole. "Positive subsidiarity", which is the ethical imperative for communal, institutional or governmental action to create the social conditions necessary to the full development of the individual, such as the right to work, decent housing, health care, etc., is another important aspect of the subsidiarity principle.
1691:. This encyclical's formulation of subsidiarity is the touchstone from which further interpretations tend to depart: "Just as it is gravely wrong to take from individuals what they can accomplish by their own initiative and industry and give it to the community, so also it is an injustice and at the same time a grave evil and disturbance of right order to assign to a greater and higher association what lesser and subordinate organizations can do. For every social activity ought of its very nature to furnish help to the members of the body social, and never destroy and absorb them." As with many social encyclicals in the modern period, this one occurs in the historical context of the intensifying struggle between communist and capitalist ideologies, exactly forty years—hence the title—after the Vatican's first public stance on the issue in
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through associations of various kinds, there remain virtually only individuals and the State. This is to the great harm of the State itself; for, with a structure of social governance lost, and with the taking over of all the burdens which the wrecked associations once bore. the State has been overwhelmed and crushed by almost infinite tasks and duties." These associations or "lesser societies" are encouraged because they are the vehicle by which society functions most effectively and corresponds most closely with human dignity. Examples of these associations today would include the family, unions, nonprofit organizations, religious congregations, and corporations of all sizes.
1714:' (literally, to sit behind) is to lend help and support in case of need." Employing Beabout's etymology, subsidiarity indicates that the higher social unit ought to "sit behind" the lower ones to lend help and support in case of need. Another etymological interpretation states that subsidiarity literally means "to 'seat' ('sid') a service down ('sub') as close to the need for that service as is feasible." Either interpretation indicates a hermeneutic of subsidiarity in which the higher social body's rights and responsibilities for action are predicated upon their assistance to and empowerment of the lower.
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Subsidiarity charts a course between individualism and collectivism by locating the responsibilities and privileges of social life in the smallest unit of organization at which they will function. Larger social bodies, be they the state or otherwise, are permitted and required to intervene only when
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theological teaching of sphere sovereignty, with both
Protestants and Roman Catholics sometimes agreeing "that the principles of sphere sovereignty and subsidiarity boiled down to the same thing.", although the sovereignty-principle is a more horizontal principle, like the separation of church and
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That encyclical holds that government should undertake only those initiatives which exceed the capacity of individuals or private groups acting independently. Functions of government, business, and other secular activities should be as local as possible. If a complex function is carried out at a
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presents these "spheres" as occupying the space between the poles of individual and State: "...things have come to such a pass through the evil of what we have termed "individualism" that, following upon the overthrow and near extinction of that rich social life which was once highly developed
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It is a fundamental principle of social philosophy, fixed and unchangeable, that one should not withdraw from individuals and commit to the community what they can accomplish by their own enterprise and industry. (Pope Pius XI,
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state, and more ordered towards freedom of groups from state intervention, whereas the subdiarity principle is vertically oriented, and structurally implying facilitating and supporting lower echelons in case of necessity.
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smaller ones cannot carry out the tasks themselves. Even in this case, the intervention must be temporary and for the purpose of empowering the smaller social body to be able to carry out such functions on its own.
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Francis McHugh states that in addition to the "vertical" dimension of subsidiarity, there is also a "horizontal" dimension which "calls for a diversity of semi-autonomous social, economic, and cultural spheres."
2102:(Washington DC: Catholic University of American Press, December 2019), pp. 93–113. Note that Pius XI recommended the writings of Luigi Taparelli, SJ, to students, second only to those of Thomas Aquinas.
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35, no. 1 (2001): 119. (Quoting Fred
Crosson, “Catholic Social Teaching and American Society,” Principles of Catholic Social Teaching, ed. David A. Boileau (Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 1998),
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When the Dutch
Protestant and Catholic parties combined, to form the Christian Democrats, the two parties agreed that the principles of sphere sovereignty and subsidiarity boiled down to the same thing.
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principle that matters ought to be handled by the smallest, lowest or least centralized competent authority. Political decisions should be taken at a local level if possible, rather than by a
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as the idea that a central authority should have a subsidiary function, performing only those tasks which cannot be performed effectively at a more immediate or local level.
1949:, eds. Kenneth Himes, O.F.M., Lisa Sowle Cahill, Charles E. Curran, David Hollenbach, S.J., and Thomas Shannon (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 2005), 112.
1936:(Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, December 2019). See in particular, the Appendix, Taparelli's "Treatise on Subsidiarity" translated in this work.
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established the criteria of just social order, which he referred to as "hypotactical right" and which came to be termed subsidiarity following German influences.
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The development of the concept of subsidiarity has roots in the natural law philosophy of Thomas
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that subordinate the individual to the state on the other. The principle was further developed in Pope Pius XI's encyclical
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Social
Justice and Subsidiarity: Luigi Taparelli and the Origins of Modern Catholic Social Thought
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Gregory R. Beabout, “Challenges to Using the
Principle of Subsidiarity for Environmental Policy,”
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Social
Justice and Subsidiarity: Luigi Taparelli and the Origins of Modern Catholic Social Thought
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Social
Justice and Subsidiarity: Luigi Taparelli and the Origins of Modern Catholic Social Thought
1838:. These projects directly involve the people they serve in their leadership and decision-making.
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that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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Catholic Social Thought: Renovating the Tradition – A Keyguide to Resources
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documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_15051891_rerum-novarum_en.html,, §48–51 and
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Modern Catholic Social Teaching: Commentaries and Interpretations
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personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
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728:
723:
718:
713:
707:
706:
703:
702:
699:
698:
694:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
507:
506:
503:
502:
499:
498:
494:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
352:
351:
348:
347:
344:
343:
339:
338:
337:
336:
326:
325:
324:
322:in Catholicism
314:
313:
312:
307:
297:
292:
287:
282:
280:Social justice
277:
272:
267:
266:
265:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
214:
213:
208:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
152:
151:
146:
141:
131:
126:
121:
116:
110:
109:
106:
105:
102:
101:
93:
92:
86:
85:
73:
72:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2253:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2187:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2168:
2159:
2158:
2151:
2145:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2125:
2123:9781901414189
2119:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2095:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2074:
2067:
2059:
2053:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2037:Rerum novarum
2032:
2025:
2020:
2013:
2007:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1978:
1972:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1948:
1942:
1935:
1929:
1922:
1916:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1889:
1885:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1825:
1824:neo-Calvinist
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1787:
1785:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1763:laissez-faire
1759:
1755:
1754:Pope Leo XIII
1751:
1750:
1749:Rerum novarum
1744:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1693:Rerum novarum
1690:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1615:
1610:
1608:
1603:
1601:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1578:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1527:Other figures
1524:
1523:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1485:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1461:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1416:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1385:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1354:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1323:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1306:Pope Pius XII
1302:
1301:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1256:
1248:
1247:
1246:Rerum novarum
1243:
1242:
1238:
1237:Pope Leo XIII
1233:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1115:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1006:
999:
998:
990:
989:
985:
983:
982:
978:
976:
975:
971:
969:
968:
964:
962:
961:
957:
955:
954:
950:
948:
947:
943:
941:
940:
939:Rerum novarum
936:
935:
928:
927:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
860:
856:Organizations
853:
852:
844:
843:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
811:New Democracy
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
708:
701:
700:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
676:von der Leyen
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
508:
501:
500:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
451:Nell-Breuning
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
353:
346:
345:
335:
332:
331:
330:
327:
323:
320:
319:
318:
315:
311:
308:
306:
303:
302:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
275:Social Gospel
273:
271:
268:
264:
261:
260:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
228:Neo-Calvinism
226:
224:
221:
219:
218:Mixed economy
216:
212:
209:
207:
204:
203:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
191:Human dignity
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
136:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
111:
104:
103:
99:
95:
94:
91:
88:
87:
83:
79:
78:
69:
66:
58:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
21:
20:
2189:. Retrieved
2174:
2167:
2156:
2150:
2141:
2135:
2127:
2113:
2107:
2099:
2094:
2080:
2072:
2066:
2057:
2052:
2044:
2036:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2011:
2006:
1998:
1993:
1984:
1976:
1971:
1959:
1954:
1946:
1941:
1933:
1928:
1920:
1915:
1904:. Retrieved
1898:
1888:
1858:Subsidiarity
1840:
1829:
1804:Distributism
1802:
1791:
1789:
1783:
1780:
1774:
1761:
1758:subsidiarity
1757:
1747:
1745:
1739:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1705:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1683:Pope Pius XI
1676:
1665:
1652:subsidiarius
1651:
1645:
1641:subsidiarity
1625:Subsidiarity
1624:
1623:
1554:Ă“scar Romero
1511:
1504:
1497:
1490:Pope Francis
1473:
1449:
1442:
1435:
1428:
1404:
1397:
1390:Pope Paul VI
1373:
1366:
1342:
1335:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1261:Pope Pius XI
1244:
1222:
1218:Subsidiarity
1217:
1208:Distributism
986:
979:
972:
965:
958:
951:
944:
937:
840:
791:Kataeb Party
761:Centre Party
416:John Paul II
349:Philosophers
321:
317:Subsidiarity
206:Conservative
176:Distributism
134:Conservatism
61:
52:
33:
2081:Helmut Zenz
2077:, cited in
1846:anarchistic
1752:of 1891 by
1549:Dorothy Day
1506:Laudato si'
988:Laudato si'
781:Fianna Fáil
611:Mikołajczyk
504:Politicians
300:Stewardship
233:Neo-Thomism
186:Familialism
144:Progressive
2236:Federalism
2225:Categories
1906:2010-01-25
1881:References
1767:capitalism
1629:organizing
1213:Solidarity
836:VMRO-DPMNE
691:Windthorst
596:Mazowiecki
536:De Gasperi
386:Dooyeweerd
376:Chesterton
290:Solidarity
248:Popularism
201:Liberalism
107:Principles
2061:170–171).
2047:, §29–39.
1777:of 1931.
1771:socialism
1712:subsidium
1708:subsidium
1672:Taparelli
931:Documents
786:Fine Gael
671:Vogelsang
666:Tindemans
636:Pöttering
516:Andreotti
486:Vogelsang
431:Lamennais
55:June 2019
1852:See also
1639:defines
1194:Overview
1186:Holy See
1160:a series
1158:Part of
1063:Buddhist
626:Pastrana
571:Korfanty
561:Ketteler
511:Adenauer
491:Williams
481:Tischner
441:Maritain
436:Leo XIII
426:Korfanty
421:Ketteler
411:Habsburg
391:Gebhardt
371:Berggrav
82:a series
80:Part of
2160:, USCCB
2144:(2011)3
1184:of the
1068:Islamic
704:Parties
656:Strauss
646:Schuman
631:Pethrus
621:Quadros
606:Metsola
591:Martens
531:Caldera
461:Pius XI
446:Mounier
329:Welfare
139:Liberal
41:Please
2182:
2120:
2026:, §78.
1966:, §79.
1796:, the
1635:. The
1627:is an
1182:Emblem
1117:
1078:Mormon
1073:Jewish
681:Wałęsa
661:Sturzo
601:Merkel
581:Kuyper
556:Joseph
541:Erhard
476:Sturzo
401:Görres
396:Gilson
366:Belloc
361:Baader
149:Social
2191:7 May
1786:, 79)
1650:word
1648:Latin
686:Weber
651:Söder
641:Prodi
586:Letta
551:Groen
526:Buzek
471:Stein
466:Röpke
456:Pesch
406:Groen
334:State
2193:2017
2180:ISBN
2118:ISBN
1810:and
842:More
616:Moro
576:Kurz
566:Kohl
546:Frei
521:Beel
211:Ordo
381:Day
2227::
2126:.
2086:DE
2084:,
1897:.
1848:.
1658:.
1162:on
84:on
2211:.
2195:.
2162:.
2089:.
1909:.
1613:e
1606:t
1599:v
1144:e
1137:t
1130:v
68:)
62:(
57:)
53:(
49:.
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