4541:
1465:
682:
4555:
1192:
832:
1097:
1384:
22:
3497:
1419:
2410:
891:
815:. Later, intense debate ensued in the late 1960s, after a number of hybrid cyclones formed in the Atlantic Basin. In 1972, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) finally designated these "hybrid" storms as true subtropical cyclones in real-time, and updated the hurricane database to include subtropical cyclones from 1968 through 1971.
970:
needed for convection. When the next shortwave or upper-level jet streak (wind maximum within the jet stream) moves nearby, the convection reignites closer to the center, which warms the core and develops the system into a true subtropical cyclone. The average sea surface temperature that helps lead
1074:
in 2018. Generally, a tropical storm or tropical depression is not called subtropical while it is becoming extratropical and vice versa, after hitting either land or colder waters. This transition normally requires significant instability through the atmosphere, with temperature differences between
1021:
By gaining tropical characteristics, an extratropical low may transit into a subtropical depression or storm. A subtropical depression/storm may further gain tropical characteristics to become a pure tropical depression or storm, which may eventually develop into a hurricane, and there are at least
965:
to form at a distance east of the center. Due to the initial cold temperatures aloft, sea surface temperatures usually need to reach at least 20 °C (68 °F) for this initial round of thunderstorms. The initial thunderstorm activity humidifies the environment around the low pressure system,
846:
list in the early to mid-1970s. In the intervening years of 1975–2001, subtropical storms were either named from the traditional list and still was considered tropical in real-time, or used a separate numbering system instead. Between 1992 and 2001, two different numbers were given to subtropical
1395:
Kona storms (or Kona lows) are deep cyclones that form during the cool winter season of the central
Pacific Ocean. A definition change in the term during the early 1970s makes categorization of the systems more complex, as many kona lows are extratropical cyclones, complete with their own weather
1158:
Subtropical cyclones with hurricane-force winds of 33 m/s, (119 km/h, 64 knots, or 74 mph) or greater are no longer recognized by the
National Hurricane Center. Once a subtropical storm intensifies enough to have hurricane-force winds, it is then automatically assumed to have
851:
in 2001 was initially known as
Subtropical Storm One as well as AL1301 (or 13L for short). In 2002, the NHC began giving numbers to subtropical depressions and names to subtropical storms from the same sequence as tropical cyclones. From 2002 onward, Subtropical Depression 13L would be known as
822:
employing that classification. This name was not noted as controversial in contemporary news reports, but it was quickly dropped less than a year later. Recent articles, published after the year 2000, have suggested that the name "neutercane" was considered sexist in the 1970s, but there do not
1360:
A second type of subtropical cyclone is a mesoscale low originating in or near a frontolyzing zone of horizontal wind shear, also known as a "dying" frontal zone, with radius of maximum sustained winds generally less than 50 kilometers (31 mi). The entire circulation may initially have a
956:
drops down into the subtropics. The system becomes blocked by a high latitude ridge, and eventually sheds its frontal boundaries as its source of cool and dry air from the high latitudes diverts away from the system, and warms the central circulation, allowing further transition. Temperature
1437:, the most intense of these systems have many of the characteristics of subtropical cyclones. They develop between 25˚south and 40˚south and within 5˚ of the Australian coastline, also typically during the winter months. Each year there are about ten "significant impact" maritime lows.
810:
Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, the terms semi-tropical and quasi-tropical were used for what would become known as the subtropical cyclones. The term subtropical cyclone initially merely referred to any cyclone located in the subtropical belt near and just north of the
1347:
The most common type of subtropical storm is an upper-level cold low with circulation extending to the surface layer and maximum sustained winds generally occurring at a radius of about 160 kilometers (99 mi) or more from the center. In comparison to
2834:
986:, yet subtropical cyclogenesis is regularly observed in the open ocean in the south Atlantic. A second mechanism for formation has been diagnosed for south Atlantic subtropical cyclones: lee cyclogenesis in the region of the Brazil Current.
773:
Since they form from initially extratropical cyclones which have colder temperatures aloft than normally found in the tropics, the sea surface temperatures required for their formation are lower than the tropical cyclone threshold (around
1083:
of the sea surface temperatures that subtropical cyclones form over is 23 °C (73 °F). Transition from subtropical cyclones into fully tropical cyclones occurs only in very rare cases over the south
Atlantic Ocean, such as
910:. Due to the increased frequency of cyclones which cut off from the main belt of the westerlies during the summer and fall, subtropical cyclones are significantly more frequent across the north Atlantic than the northwestern
2107:
1937:
7A.5 Monsoon
Depressions, Monsoon Gyres, Midget Tropical Cyclones, TUTT Cells, and High Intensity After Recurvature: Lessons Learned From Use of Dvorak's Techniques in the World's Most Prolific Tropical-Cyclone
1159:
become a fully tropical hurricane even if it still has subtropical characteristics. Despite this however, prior to the start of modern policies in the
Atlantic there were two subtropical cyclones, one in
818:
The term "neutercane" began to be used for small subtropical cyclones below 100 miles in diameter which formed from mesoscale features, and the NHC began issuing public statements during the
4052:
914:. In the eastern half of the north Pacific Ocean and north Indian Ocean, the older subtropical cyclone definition term is still used, which requires a weak circulation forming underneath a
2099:
1352:, such systems have a relatively wide zone of maximum winds that is located further from the center, and typically have a less symmetric wind field and distribution of convection.
4047:
1155:'s phase depict subtropical cyclones with a shallow warm core and as asymmetric systems, similar to tropical cyclones which have begun the transition to an extratropical cyclone.
971:
to subtropical cyclogenesis is 24 °C (75 °F). If the thunderstorm activity becomes deep and persistent, allowing its initial low level warm core to deepen, extension to
1966:
1168:
750:
There are two definitions currently used for subtropical cyclones depending on their location. Across the north
Atlantic and southwest Indian Ocean, they require some central
2428:
2500:
2187:
975:
is possible. The locus of formation for north
Atlantic subtropical cyclones is out in the open ocean; the island of Bermuda is regularly impacted by these systems.
1441:
is seen on average just once per year, but these storms cause significant wind and flood damage when they occur. Australian east coast cyclones vary in size from
1999:
1862:
2138:
1062:
in 2021). There have also been three recorded cases of a storm transitioning from tropical to extratropical back to a subtropical cyclone; as seen with the
2257:
2215:
4007:
1172:
3856:
3323:
2478:
1992:"What Is a Subtropical Storm and How Is It Different From a Tropical Storm? | The Weather Channel - Articles from The Weather Channel | weather.com"
3202:
1765:
1128:
989:
Subtropical cyclone formation is extremely rare in the far southeastern
Pacific Ocean, due to the cold sea-surface temperatures generated by the
790:), lying around 23 °C (73 °F). This also means that subtropical cyclones are more likely to form outside the traditional bounds of the
2229:
3986:
3381:
1823:
1450:
2571:
2165:
3438:
3330:
2677:
1164:
1100:
758:. Across the eastern half of the northern Pacific however, they require a mid-tropospheric cyclone to be cut off from the main belt of the
1875:
2343:
2055:
Mark P. Guishard; Elizabeth A. Nelson; Jenni L. Evans; Robert E. Hart; Dermott G. O’Connell (August 2007). "Bermuda subtropical storms".
2031:
1742:
1131:
classifies subtropical cyclones similarly to tropical cyclones, based on maximum sustained surface winds. Those with winds below 18
1404:, which explains the change in wind direction for the Hawaiian Islands from easterly to southerly when this type of cyclone is present.
1304:
1963:
1160:
1079:
requiring over 38 °C, or 68 °F, of contrast in this roughly 5,900 meters (19,400 ft) layer of the lower atmosphere. The
621:
1396:
fronts. Those across the northeast
Pacific Ocean consider them subtropical cyclones as long as a weak surface circulation is present.
1283:
2369:
4270:
1790:
1031:
740:
1315:
1051:
1047:
2436:
1067:
2496:
1449:(approximately 100 km to 1,000 km). These storms which mostly affect the southeast coast should not be confused with
1203:
2812:
2692:
1978:
3195:
3019:
1940:
4243:
4236:
4169:
4123:
2548:
1488:
1063:
611:
1916:
957:
differences between the 500 hPa pressure level and the sea surface temperatures initially exceed the dry adiabatic
4331:
4277:
2937:
1483:
915:
735:
in 1972. Beginning in 2002, subtropical cyclones began receiving names from the official tropical cyclone lists in the
668:
616:
2528:
2274:
1009:
was identified at 77.8 degrees longitude in May 2018, just off the coast of Chile. This system was unofficially named
3431:
710:
3663:
3565:
2838:
1991:
1326:
1250:
864:
was the first subtropical storm that did not become tropical since the policy change. A subtropical storm from the
598:
4291:
4250:
3188:
2909:
2433:
The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data
2130:
1947:
1221:
895:
857:
744:
2886:
2861:
2793:
2768:
2752:
2727:
2620:
2595:
2317:
2292:
4284:
1508:
1330:
1319:
1308:
1298:
1287:
1276:
1265:
1254:
1243:
1225:
1215:
865:
861:
819:
1103:
in 1979 is one of only two subtropical cyclones in the north Atlantic to reach hurricane-equivalent intensity.
4581:
2915:
1294:
1027:
847:
depressions or subtropical storms, one for public use, the other one for NRL and NHC reference. For example,
496:
4189:
4068:
3642:
3526:
3424:
3069:
2769:"Explosive Cyclone Development in the Southern Hemisphere and a Comparison with Northern Hemisphere Events"
1176:
4395:
4377:
3979:
3396:
2555:
2475:
1478:
1239:
1023:
868:
also did not become tropical, but was not named since it was not recognized until post-season analysis.
3464:
3260:
3139:
1232:
751:
658:
1762:
4159:
4102:
2521:
2471:
2395:
2234:
2192:
1923:
1846:
1830:
1503:
1493:
1413:
1361:
diameter of less than 160 kilometers (99 mi). These generally short-lived systems may be either
1261:
1211:
1195:
1043:
998:
871:
In the southern Indian Ocean, subtropical cyclones are also named once winds reach tropical storm or
791:
732:
663:
2698:
2427:
Kenneth R. Knapp; Michael C. Kruk; David H. Levinson; Howard J. Diamond; Charles J. Neumann (2010).
2391:
1820:
930:. In the case of the north Indian Ocean, the formation of this type of vortex leads to the onset of
4545:
3877:
3670:
3621:
2999:
2568:
2161:
1470:
1006:
835:
736:
2578:
4459:
4164:
3614:
3579:
3572:
3485:
2426:
983:
853:
653:
978:
The south Atlantic environment for formation of subtropical cyclones has both stronger vertical
4400:
4354:
3004:
2994:
2930:
2054:
1882:
1071:
1055:
1039:
1035:
848:
843:
763:
762:
and with only a weak surface circulation. Subtropical cyclones have wider wind fields with the
522:
2340:
1739:
1369:, and in 1972 this type of subtropical cyclone was ephemerally referred to as a "neutercane".
1013:
by researchers. A subtropical cyclone was spotted just off the Chilean coast in January 2022.
4345:
3870:
3691:
3656:
3519:
3240:
3211:
2989:
2024:
1518:
1442:
1434:
1272:
972:
953:
728:
723:
As early as the 1950s, meteorologists were uncertain whether they should be characterized as
703:
517:
275:
199:
42:
2678:"Large-scale indicators of Australian East Coast Lows and associated extreme weather events"
856:
was the first subtropical storm to receive a name but became tropical shortly after naming.
4469:
4215:
3891:
3607:
3586:
2873:
2780:
2739:
2648:
2607:
2304:
2064:
1711:
1649:
1608:
1553:
1446:
1388:
635:
233:
8:
4586:
4107:
4042:
3821:
3744:
3635:
3628:
3593:
3533:
3512:
3478:
3095:
3059:
2361:
1136:
939:
907:
630:
527:
466:
2877:
2784:
2743:
2652:
2611:
2308:
2091:
2068:
1843:
1782:
1715:
1653:
1612:
1557:
4208:
3448:
3225:
3100:
3064:
2979:
2969:
2322:
2080:
1675:
1571:
1438:
1085:
943:
302:
280:
187:
148:
4464:
4224:
3828:
3600:
3540:
3245:
3115:
3074:
2984:
2954:
2923:
2688:
2251:
2209:
2084:
1974:
1679:
1667:
1180:
1080:
532:
2100:"Review of the 2014/15 Tropical Cyclone Season in the Southwest Pacific Ocean Basin"
1575:
878:
Since 2011, subtropical storms in the western south Atlantic Ocean are named by the
754:
fairly near the center surrounding a warming core existing in the mid-levels of the
4559:
4184:
3772:
2881:
2788:
2747:
2656:
2615:
2326:
2312:
2072:
1738:
David B. Spiegler (1973). Many times, subtropical cyclones have a small warm core.
1719:
1657:
1616:
1561:
1513:
1349:
1132:
990:
724:
696:
410:
297:
209:
52:
38:
2808:
2596:"Short-Range Ensemble Forecasting of Explosive Australian East Coast Cyclogenesis"
2131:"Extremely Rare Southeast Pacific Subtropical Cyclone Forms Off the Chilean Coast"
1167:, that attained hurricane-force winds while subtropical. In addition, one system,
1001:
was identified to have formed in this region. This system was unofficially dubbed
681:
3884:
3779:
3758:
3716:
3471:
3309:
3110:
2575:
2552:
2532:
2482:
2347:
2278:
1970:
1944:
1920:
1827:
1769:
1746:
1597:"Atlantic Subtropical Storms. Part I: Diagnostic Criteria and Composite Analysis"
1059:
812:
603:
378:
81:
3961:
1936:
1863:
TROPICAL CYCLONE OPERATIONAL PLAN FOR THE SOUTH-WEST INDIAN OCEAN: 2006 Edition.
1116:
extending farther from the center than in a purely tropical cyclone and have no
842:
In the north Atlantic basin, subtropical cyclones were initially named from the
4437:
3842:
3800:
3793:
3786:
3737:
3723:
3709:
3684:
3677:
3348:
2635:
Dowdy, Andrew J.; Graham A. Mills; Bertrand Timbal; Yang Wang (February 2013).
1592:
1144:
1121:
923:
918:
which has cut off from the main belt of the westerlies during the cold season (
879:
799:
767:
686:
593:
427:
2945:
2661:
2636:
2545:
2076:
1724:
1699:
1662:
1637:
942:, subtropical cyclones are regularly observed across southern portions of the
4575:
4362:
4316:
4012:
3807:
3765:
3751:
3558:
3386:
3355:
3105:
3049:
2903:
2414:
1913:
1909:
1671:
1362:
1125:
1117:
962:
950:
911:
549:
503:
449:
398:
285:
2634:
1539:
766:
located further from the center than typical tropical cyclones, and have no
4449:
4367:
4326:
3947:
3940:
3926:
3919:
3905:
3863:
3849:
3835:
3814:
3376:
3316:
3250:
2525:
2271:
1876:"Normas Da Autoridade Marítima Para As Atividades De Meteorologia Marítima"
1566:
1541:
1191:
927:
831:
439:
363:
194:
2728:"Australian East-Coast Cyclones. Part I: Synoptic Overview and Case Study"
1621:
1596:
1096:
4507:
4427:
4321:
4174:
4037:
3954:
3933:
3912:
3898:
3730:
3649:
3054:
3029:
2950:
2435:(Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Archived from
1772:
Monthly Weather Review, April 1973, pp. 323–332. Retrieved on 2008-06-14.
1383:
1140:
1076:
755:
588:
476:
471:
434:
383:
314:
260:
216:
204:
153:
2862:"Australian Heavy-Rain Days and Associated East Coast Cyclones: 1958–92"
1179:(JTWC) to have reached hurricane strength as a subtropical cyclone, but
1022:
ten cases of tropical cyclones transforming into a subtropical cyclone (
4512:
4502:
4481:
4442:
4154:
4073:
3090:
3044:
3009:
2725:
2293:"A Cyclone Phase Space Derived from Thermal Wind and Thermal Asymmetry"
1378:
994:
979:
967:
958:
935:
823:
appear to be any published reports from that period making this claim.
787:
779:
759:
583:
566:
508:
456:
319:
255:
250:
243:
170:
165:
123:
111:
21:
4476:
4432:
4412:
4128:
4017:
3255:
3171:
3166:
3158:
3014:
1498:
1366:
838:
in 2002, the first system to be given a name as a subtropical cyclone
578:
573:
368:
358:
270:
238:
221:
182:
160:
116:
2637:"Changes in the Risk of Extratropical Cyclones in Eastern Australia"
1749:
Monthly Weather Review, April 1973, p. 380. Retrieved on 2008-04-20.
1202:
Subtropical cyclones are more likely than tropical cyclones to form
4497:
4390:
4385:
3496:
3391:
3267:
2675:
1810:
Weatherwise (2006). Heldref Publications. March/April 2006, p. 64.
1638:"Sea Surface Temperature Thresholds for Tropical Cyclone Formation"
1453:
which typically affect the northern half of the continent instead.
1147:) are called subtropical depressions, while those at or above this
903:
795:
373:
25:
An unnamed subtropical storm in the north Atlantic in January 2023.
1206:. Examples during the 21st century in the north Atlantic include:
4454:
4230:
3235:
3129:
2946:
2413:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1152:
931:
783:
775:
539:
417:
405:
353:
336:
307:
265:
228:
175:
104:
60:
34:
2238:. 13 January 2022. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022
2196:. 12 January 2022. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022
890:
1183:(MFR) only considers it to have been a subtropical depression.
1151:
are referred to as subtropical storms. Diagrams which depict a
919:
341:
329:
324:
91:
86:
76:
69:
1591:
1540:
Mark P. Guishard; Jenni L. Evans; Robert E. Hart (July 2009).
1418:
16:
Cyclonic storm with tropical and extratropical characteristics
3230:
2974:
2835:"Australian East Coast Storm 2007: Impact of East Coast Lows"
2726:
Holland, Greg J.; Lynch, Amanda H.; Leslie, Lance M. (1987).
1700:"A climatology of subtropical cyclones in the south Atlantic"
1148:
544:
481:
143:
136:
1697:
2887:
10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<0621:AHRDAA>2.0.CO;2
2794:
10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<2188:ECDITS>2.0.CO;2
2753:
10.1175/1520-0493(1987)115<3024:AECCPI>2.0.CO;2
2676:
Dowdy, Andrew J.; Graham A. Mills; Bertrand Timbal (2011).
2621:
10.1175/1520-0434(1998)013<0822:SREFOE>2.0.CO;2
2318:
10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<0585:ACPSDF>2.0.CO;2
2122:
1113:
872:
561:
461:
444:
422:
348:
802:, where subtropical cyclones are observed in all months.
556:
798:. Subtropical cyclones are also observed to form in the
2859:
2495:
Henson, Bob; Masters, Jeff Masters (December 6, 2022).
739:
basin. Subtropical cyclones are also recognized in the
2593:
2018:
2016:
1120:
linking directly to the center of circulation. In the
1881:(in Portuguese). Brazilian Navy. 2011. Archived from
2499:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale Climate Connections.
1460:
731:. They were officially recognized and titled by the
2497:"Post-season action possible in the North Atlantic"
2162:"Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Tracks - May 2018"
2106:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
2013:
1542:"Atlantic Subtropical Storms. Part II: Climatology"
2392:"Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)"
966:which destabilizes the atmosphere by reducing the
2097:
1204:outside of a region's designated hurricane season
1186:
4573:
2766:
2256:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2214:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1821:Subtropical Storm One Public Advisory from 2001.
1698:Jenni L. Evans; Aviva J. Braun (November 2012).
1016:
902:Subtropical cyclones can form in a wide band of
2569:SYNOPTIC STRUCTURE AND EVOLUTION OF A KONA LOW.
2341:Cyclone Phase Analysis and Forecast: Help Page.
2128:
2022:
1235:) in mid-December of the 2007 hurricane season.
1075:the underlying ocean and the mid-levels of the
3987:List of atmospheric pressure records in Europe
2290:
2025:"A Fifty-year History of Subtropical Cyclones"
1173:2000–01 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season
3432:
3196:
2931:
2494:
1587:
1585:
1535:
1533:
1445:(approximately 10 km to 100 km) to
1407:
704:
37:system that has some characteristics of both
2860:Hopkins, Linda C.; Holland, Greg J. (1997).
2353:
1914:Subject: A6) What is a sub-tropical cyclone?
894:A water vapor loop showing the formation of
2594:Leslie, Lance M.; Speer, Milton S. (1998).
2159:
949:Most subtropical cyclones form when a deep
906:, mainly south of the 50th parallel in the
3439:
3425:
3210:
3203:
3189:
2938:
2924:
2721:
2719:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2153:
2048:
1861:World Meteorological Organization (2006).
1857:
1855:
1582:
1530:
1433:and sometimes as east coast cyclones) are
711:
697:
2885:
2792:
2751:
2660:
2619:
2589:
2587:
2567:Ian Morrison and Steven Businger (2002).
2316:
2030:. Hydrometeorological Prediction Center.
1761:R. H. Simpson and Paul J. Hebert (1973).
1757:
1755:
1723:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1661:
1620:
1565:
1422:An Australian east coast low in June 2013
1391:in December 2010, originally a Kona storm
1282:Subtropical Depression One (which became
852:Subtropical Depression Thirteen instead.
4271:South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone
1905:
1903:
1635:
1417:
1382:
1293:Subtropical Storm Alberto (which became
1190:
1095:
889:
830:
20:
3446:
2910:USA Today article on subtropical storms
2853:
2827:
2716:
2687:. CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology.
2669:
2450:
2429:2001 1120002001:HSK2201 (2001171S35037)
2362:"Tropical, subtropical, extratropical?"
1958:
1956:
1852:
1636:Tory, K. J.; Dare, R. A. (2015-10-15).
4574:
2801:
2584:
2476:Atlantic Hurricane Database (HURDAT2).
2384:
1865:pp. I-3, I-9. Retrieved on 2009-02-28.
1752:
1686:
1238:Subtropical Storm Beryl (which became
1112:Subtropical cyclones can have maximum
3420:
3184:
2919:
2503:from the original on December 9, 2022
2168:from the original on 4 September 2018
2110:from the original on February 9, 2022
2098:Diamond, Howard J (August 25, 2015).
1900:
1842:Jack Beven and Eric S. Blake (2006).
1271:Subtropical Storm Alex (which became
1231:Subtropical Storm Olga (which became
3157:
3020:Tropical cyclones and climate change
2841:from the original on 28 January 2024
2284:
2230:"South American Forecast Discussion"
2188:"South American Forecast Discussion"
1953:
1314:Subtropical Storm Ana (which became
1260:Subtropical Storm Ana (which became
1210:Subtropical Storm Ana (which became
4244:Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone
4237:North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone
4170:Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone
4053:East Asian-northwest Pacific storms
2767:Lim, Eun-Pa; Simmonds, Ian (2002).
2760:
2546:Subject: A18) What is a neutercane?
2372:from the original on 30 August 2018
2359:
2350:EUMeTrain. Retrieved on 2009-03-01.
2057:Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics
1489:Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone
1451:Australian region tropical cyclones
961:, which causes an initial round of
13:
4332:Upper tropospheric cyclonic vortex
4278:Australian region tropical cyclone
2270:National Hurricane Center (2009).
1763:Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1972.
1484:Extratropical transition technique
1342:
1091:
880:Brazilian Navy Hydrographic Center
805:
14:
4598:
2897:
2815:from the original on 2 April 2013
2141:from the original on June 4, 2022
4553:
4539:
3495:
2408:
1964:Climate Dynamics of the Tropics.
1595:; Mark P. Guishard (July 2009).
1463:
1355:
680:
4292:South Atlantic tropical cyclone
4251:Black Sea tropical-like cyclone
2837:. Guy Carpenter. October 2007.
2628:
2561:
2538:
2515:
2488:
2420:
2333:
2264:
2222:
2180:
2129:Jonathan Belles (May 9, 2018).
2037:from the original on 2021-04-17
2002:from the original on 2022-06-02
1984:
1948:American Meteorological Society
1929:
1868:
1836:
1793:from the original on 2022-04-18
792:north Atlantic hurricane season
4285:South Pacific tropical cyclone
4048:Continental North Asian storms
2023:David Mark Roth (2002-02-15).
1813:
1804:
1775:
1732:
1629:
1509:Subtropical Storm Alpha (2020)
1187:Examples during the off-season
866:2005 Atlantic hurricane season
862:2004 Atlantic hurricane season
820:1972 Atlantic hurricane season
1:
2904:NOAA FAQ on tropical cyclones
2291:Robert E. Hart (April 2003).
1524:
1372:
1198:near Florida on May 27, 2018.
1017:Transition from extratropical
916:mid to upper-tropospheric low
4546:Tropical cyclones portal
3587:Great Sheffield Gale of 1962
3527:Moray Firth fishing disaster
3070:Ridiculously Resilient Ridge
2164:. Australia Severe Weather.
1177:Joint Typhoon Warning Center
1107:
885:
7:
4396:Mesoscale convective vortex
4378:Mesoscale convective system
3980:List of European windstorms
3397:Pacific Northwest windstorm
2556:Hurricane Research Division
2160:Steve Young (5 July 2018).
1479:Hybrid low (disambiguation)
1456:
1007:Another subtropical cyclone
608:Severe weather terminology
70:Temperate and polar seasons
10:
4603:
2685:CAWCR technical report; 37
2581:. Retrieved on 2007-05-22.
2558:. Retrieved on 2009-02-07.
2394:(Database). United States
1981:. Retrieved on 2009-02-29.
1950:. Retrieved on 2009-02-28.
1926:. Retrieved on 2008-06-14.
1849:. Retrieved on 2007-05-05.
1844:Unnamed Subtropical Storm.
1783:"Definition of NEUTERCANE"
1427:Australian east coast lows
1411:
1408:Australian east coast lows
1376:
1064:Caribbean–Azores hurricane
999:a rare subtropical cyclone
770:linked into their center.
4533:
4490:
4420:
4411:
4376:
4353:
4344:
4309:
4260:
4198:
4183:
4160:Australian east coast Low
4145:
4116:
4103:Australian east coast low
4095:
4086:
4061:
4030:
4000:
3971:
3701:
3643:1992 New Year's Day Storm
3550:
3504:
3493:
3456:
3416:
3409:
3369:
3340:
3301:
3294:
3285:
3276:
3218:
3180:
3148:
3137:
3128:
3083:
3037:
3028:
2962:
2811:. Bureau of Meteorology.
2662:10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00192.1
2522:National Hurricane Center
2472:National Hurricane Center
2396:National Hurricane Center
2235:Weather Prediction Center
2193:Weather Prediction Center
2077:10.1007/s00703-006-0255-y
1924:National Hurricane Center
1847:National Hurricane Center
1831:National Hurricane Center
1725:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00212.1
1663:10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00637.1
1504:Subtropical Cyclone Katie
1494:Australian east coast low
1414:Australian east coast low
1327:unnamed subtropical storm
1253:in early-December of the
1251:unnamed subtropical storm
1196:Subtropical Storm Alberto
1169:Subtropical Depression 11
826:
733:National Hurricane Center
3671:Boxing Day Storm of 1998
3664:Christmas Eve storm 1997
3000:Annular tropical cyclone
2535:Retrieved on 2009-02-07.
2485:Retrieved on 2017-04-24.
2281:Retrieved on 2007-05-05.
1833:Retrieved on 2007-05-05.
1471:Tropical cyclones portal
1337:
1305:Subtropical Storm Andrea
1275:) in mid-January of the
1222:Subtropical Storm Andrea
984:sea surface temperatures
922:), similar to the north
896:Subtropical Storm Andrea
858:Subtropical Storm Nicole
854:Hurricane Gustav of 2002
836:Subtropical Storm Gustav
4460:Multiple-vortex tornado
3899:Friederike (David) 2018
3892:Eleanor (Burglind) 2018
3615:December 1981 windstorm
3573:North Sea flood of 1953
3486:Christmas Flood of 1717
2809:"About East Coast Lows"
2600:Weather and Forecasting
1935:Mark A. Lander (2004).
1819:James Franklin (2001).
1787:www.merriam-webster.com
1400:is a Hawaiian term for
1214:) in late-April of the
1101:Subtropical Cyclone One
764:maximum sustained winds
741:south-west Indian Ocean
4401:Line echo wave pattern
4355:Mesoscale ocean eddies
4124:Southern Ocean cyclone
3212:Extratropical cyclones
3005:Bar (tropical cyclone)
2995:Central dense overcast
2773:Monthly Weather Review
2732:Monthly Weather Review
2683:. In Day K. A. (ed.).
2526:Glossary of NHC Terms.
2297:Monthly Weather Review
2272:Glossary of NHC terms.
2104:Climate Program Office
1962:S. Hastenrath (1991).
1601:Monthly Weather Review
1567:10.1175/2008JCLI2346.1
1439:Explosive cyclogenesis
1435:extratropical cyclones
1423:
1392:
1329:in mid-January of the
1295:Tropical Storm Alberto
1286:) in mid-April of the
1264:) in early-May of the
1199:
1175:, was analyzed by the
1104:
1040:Tropical Storm Allison
1028:Subtropical Storm Four
997:. In late April 2015,
899:
844:NATO phonetic alphabet
839:
729:extratropical cyclones
669:Tropical cyclone terms
43:extratropical cyclones
26:
3773:Friedhelm/Bawbag 2011
3636:Burns' Day storm 1990
3520:Night of the Big Wind
3241:Post-tropical cyclone
2990:Rapid intensification
2579:University of Hawaiʻi
1622:10.1175/2009MWR2468.1
1519:Extratropical cyclone
1421:
1386:
1331:2023 hurricane season
1320:2021 hurricane season
1318:) in late-May of the
1309:2019 hurricane season
1299:2018 hurricane season
1297:) in late-May of the
1288:2017 hurricane season
1284:Tropical Storm Arlene
1277:2016 hurricane season
1266:2015 hurricane season
1255:2013 hurricane season
1244:2012 hurricane season
1242:) in late-May of the
1226:2007 hurricane season
1216:2003 hurricane season
1194:
1099:
973:tropical cyclogenesis
954:extratropical cyclone
893:
834:
276:Extratropical cyclone
200:Air-mass thunderstorm
24:
4582:Subtropical cyclones
4560:Tornadoes portal
4470:Anticyclonic tornado
4438:Low-topped supercell
4216:Cape Verde hurricane
3608:Gale of January 1976
2339:Robert Hart (2003).
1240:Tropical Storm Beryl
1224:in early-May of the
1024:Tropical Storm Gilda
636:Weather modification
234:Anticyclonic tornado
4262:Southern Hemisphere
4200:Northern Hemisphere
4088:Southern Hemisphere
4043:Western Disturbance
3857:Thomas (Doris) 2017
3629:Great storm of 1987
3594:1968 Scotland storm
3534:Tay Bridge disaster
3513:Great Storm of 1824
3479:Great Storm of 1703
3449:European windstorms
3278:Northern Hemisphere
3096:South Atlantic High
3084:Southern Hemisphere
3060:North American High
3038:Northern Hemisphere
2878:1997JCli...10..621H
2785:2002MWRv..130.2188L
2744:1987MWRv..115.3024H
2653:2013JCli...26.1403D
2612:1998WtFor..13..822L
2544:Neal Dorst (2007).
2366:Weather Underground
2309:2003MWRv..131..585H
2135:The Weather Channel
2069:2007MAP....97..239G
1996:The Weather Channel
1716:2012JCli...25.7328E
1654:2015JCli...28.8171T
1613:2009MWRv..137.2065E
1558:2009JCli...22.3574G
1307:in late-May of the
1233:Tropical Storm Olga
1032:Tropical Storm Jose
940:southern hemisphere
908:northern hemisphere
631:Weather forecasting
467:Rain and snow mixed
293:Subtropical cyclone
31:subtropical cyclone
4209:Atlantic hurricane
4165:Lake Huron cyclone
3226:Anticyclonic storm
3101:South Pacific High
3065:North Pacific High
2980:High-pressure area
2970:Anticyclonic storm
2866:Journal of Climate
2641:Journal of Climate
2574:2007-05-27 at the
2551:2009-01-15 at the
2531:2012-09-27 at the
2481:2017-07-12 at the
2346:2012-05-28 at the
2277:2012-09-27 at the
1973:Springer, pp 244.
1969:2024-01-28 at the
1943:2009-03-19 at the
1919:2016-06-03 at the
1888:on 6 February 2015
1826:2005-09-20 at the
1768:2011-05-25 at the
1745:2009-02-25 at the
1704:Journal of Climate
1642:Journal of Climate
1546:Journal of Climate
1429:(known locally as
1424:
1393:
1316:Tropical Storm Ana
1262:Tropical Storm Ana
1212:Tropical Storm Ana
1200:
1105:
1086:Hurricane Catarina
1052:Tropical Storm Ian
1048:Hurricane Humberto
1044:Tropical Storm Lee
944:Mozambique Channel
900:
840:
687:Weather portal
303:Atlantic hurricane
281:European windstorm
188:Volcanic lightning
149:Cumulonimbus cloud
27:
4569:
4568:
4529:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4465:Satellite tornado
4340:
4339:
4305:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4225:Pacific hurricane
4141:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4082:
4081:
4026:
4025:
3996:
3995:
3541:Eyemouth disaster
3457:14th-18th century
3405:
3404:
3365:
3364:
3246:Low-pressure area
3124:
3123:
3116:Subtropical ridge
3075:Subtropical ridge
2985:Low-pressure area
2955:Centers of action
2738:(12): 3024–3036.
2694:978-1-921826-36-8
1979:978-0-7923-1346-5
1710:(21): 7328–7340.
1648:(20): 8171–8183.
1552:(13): 3574–3594.
1389:subtropical storm
1350:tropical cyclones
1068:Hurricane Georges
934:rains during the
721:
720:
4594:
4558:
4557:
4556:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4418:
4417:
4351:
4350:
4294:
4287:
4280:
4273:
4263:
4253:
4246:
4239:
4227:
4218:
4211:
4201:
4196:
4195:
4108:Black nor'easter
4093:
4092:
4089:
4008:Black Sea storms
3989:
3982:
3964:
3957:
3950:
3943:
3936:
3929:
3922:
3915:
3908:
3901:
3894:
3887:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3845:
3838:
3831:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3796:
3789:
3782:
3775:
3768:
3761:
3754:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3719:
3712:
3694:
3687:
3680:
3673:
3666:
3659:
3652:
3650:Braer Storm 1993
3645:
3638:
3631:
3624:
3617:
3610:
3603:
3596:
3589:
3582:
3575:
3568:
3561:
3543:
3536:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3499:
3488:
3481:
3474:
3467:
3451:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3418:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3358:
3351:
3333:
3326:
3319:
3312:
3299:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3205:
3198:
3191:
3182:
3181:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3146:
3145:
3142:
3135:
3134:
3091:South Polar High
3045:North Polar High
3035:
3034:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2917:
2916:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2779:(9): 2188–2209.
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2723:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2704:on 11 April 2013
2703:
2697:. Archived from
2682:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2647:(4): 1403–1417.
2632:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2591:
2582:
2565:
2559:
2542:
2536:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2492:
2486:
2469:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2424:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2357:
2351:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2320:
2288:
2282:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2255:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2213:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2063:(1–4): 239–253.
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2036:
2029:
2020:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
1988:
1982:
1960:
1951:
1933:
1927:
1907:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1887:
1880:
1872:
1866:
1859:
1850:
1840:
1834:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1779:
1773:
1759:
1750:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1695:
1684:
1683:
1665:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1607:(7): 2065–2080.
1589:
1580:
1579:
1569:
1537:
1514:Tropical cyclone
1473:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1005:by researchers.
993:and unfavorable
991:Humboldt Current
713:
706:
699:
685:
684:
298:Tropical cyclone
210:Dry thunderstorm
105:Tropical seasons
48:
47:
4602:
4601:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4572:
4571:
4570:
4565:
4554:
4552:
4540:
4538:
4517:
4486:
4407:
4372:
4336:
4297:
4290:
4283:
4276:
4269:
4261:
4256:
4249:
4242:
4235:
4223:
4214:
4207:
4199:
4187:
4179:
4133:
4112:
4087:
4078:
4057:
4022:
3992:
3985:
3978:
3967:
3960:
3953:
3946:
3939:
3932:
3925:
3918:
3911:
3904:
3897:
3890:
3883:
3876:
3869:
3862:
3855:
3848:
3841:
3834:
3827:
3820:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3792:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3764:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3722:
3715:
3708:
3697:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3662:
3655:
3648:
3641:
3634:
3627:
3620:
3613:
3606:
3599:
3592:
3585:
3578:
3571:
3564:
3557:
3546:
3539:
3532:
3525:
3518:
3511:
3500:
3491:
3484:
3477:
3472:Burchardi flood
3470:
3465:Grote Mandrenke
3463:
3452:
3447:
3445:
3401:
3361:
3354:
3347:
3336:
3329:
3324:Great basin low
3322:
3315:
3310:Alberta clipper
3308:
3286:
3277:
3272:
3214:
3209:
3176:
3172:South Polar low
3167:North Polar low
3149:
3138:
3120:
3111:Australian High
3079:
3024:
2958:
2944:
2900:
2895:
2858:
2854:
2844:
2842:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2818:
2816:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2765:
2761:
2724:
2717:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2680:
2674:
2670:
2633:
2629:
2592:
2585:
2576:Wayback Machine
2566:
2562:
2553:Wayback Machine
2543:
2539:
2533:Wayback Machine
2520:
2516:
2506:
2504:
2493:
2489:
2483:Wayback Machine
2470:
2451:
2442:
2440:
2425:
2421:
2409:
2401:
2399:
2398:. April 5, 2023
2390:
2389:
2385:
2375:
2373:
2360:Masters, Jeff.
2358:
2354:
2348:Wayback Machine
2338:
2334:
2289:
2285:
2279:Wayback Machine
2269:
2265:
2249:
2248:
2241:
2239:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2207:
2206:
2199:
2197:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2171:
2169:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2142:
2127:
2123:
2113:
2111:
2096:
2092:
2053:
2049:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2021:
2014:
2005:
2003:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1971:Wayback Machine
1961:
1954:
1945:Wayback Machine
1934:
1930:
1921:Wayback Machine
1908:
1901:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1860:
1853:
1841:
1837:
1828:Wayback Machine
1818:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1796:
1794:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1770:Wayback Machine
1760:
1753:
1747:Wayback Machine
1737:
1733:
1696:
1687:
1634:
1630:
1590:
1583:
1538:
1531:
1527:
1469:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1431:east coast lows
1416:
1410:
1381:
1375:
1358:
1345:
1343:Upper-level low
1340:
1189:
1163:and another in
1110:
1094:
1092:Characteristics
1072:Hurricane Beryl
1060:Typhoon Surigae
1056:Typhoon Jelawat
1036:Hurricane Klaus
1019:
888:
849:Hurricane Karen
829:
813:horse latitudes
808:
806:History of term
717:
679:
674:
673:
649:
641:
640:
499:
489:
488:
401:
391:
390:
379:Ground blizzard
139:
129:
128:
107:
97:
96:
72:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4600:
4590:
4589:
4584:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4549:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4473:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4452:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4424:
4422:
4415:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4393:
4388:
4382:
4380:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4370:
4365:
4359:
4357:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4313:
4311:
4307:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4288:
4281:
4274:
4266:
4264:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4254:
4247:
4240:
4233:
4228:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4204:
4202:
4193:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4151:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4120:
4118:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4099:
4097:
4090:
4084:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3983:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3958:
3951:
3944:
3937:
3930:
3923:
3916:
3909:
3902:
3895:
3888:
3881:
3874:
3867:
3860:
3853:
3846:
3839:
3832:
3829:Christina 2014
3825:
3818:
3811:
3804:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3741:
3734:
3727:
3720:
3713:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3632:
3625:
3618:
3611:
3604:
3601:Quimburga 1972
3597:
3590:
3583:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3523:
3516:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3501:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3482:
3475:
3468:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3453:
3444:
3443:
3436:
3429:
3421:
3411:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3352:
3349:Panhandle hook
3344:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3305:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3215:
3208:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3185:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3163:
3161:
3152:
3143:
3140:Synoptic scale
3132:
3126:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3041:
3039:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2953:of the world (
2943:
2942:
2935:
2928:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2907:
2899:
2898:External links
2896:
2894:
2893:
2872:(4): 621–635.
2852:
2826:
2800:
2759:
2715:
2693:
2668:
2627:
2606:(3): 822–832.
2583:
2560:
2537:
2514:
2487:
2449:
2419:
2383:
2352:
2332:
2303:(4): 585–616.
2283:
2263:
2221:
2179:
2152:
2121:
2090:
2047:
2012:
1983:
1952:
1928:
1899:
1867:
1851:
1835:
1812:
1803:
1774:
1751:
1731:
1685:
1628:
1593:Jenni L. Evans
1581:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1458:
1455:
1447:synoptic scale
1412:Main article:
1409:
1406:
1377:Main article:
1374:
1371:
1357:
1354:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1323:
1312:
1302:
1291:
1280:
1273:Hurricane Alex
1269:
1258:
1247:
1236:
1229:
1219:
1188:
1185:
1118:weather fronts
1109:
1106:
1093:
1090:
1018:
1015:
926:and southwest
887:
884:
828:
825:
807:
804:
800:south Atlantic
794:and at higher
768:weather fronts
745:south Atlantic
737:north Atlantic
719:
718:
716:
715:
708:
701:
693:
690:
689:
676:
675:
672:
671:
666:
661:
659:Climate change
656:
650:
647:
646:
643:
642:
639:
638:
633:
628:
627:
626:
625:
624:
619:
614:
606:
601:
594:Severe weather
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
570:
569:
564:
554:
553:
552:
542:
537:
536:
535:
530:
525:
520:
512:
511:
506:
500:
495:
494:
491:
490:
487:
486:
485:
484:
479:
474:
469:
459:
454:
453:
452:
442:
437:
432:
431:
430:
428:Megacryometeor
420:
415:
414:
413:
402:
397:
396:
393:
392:
389:
388:
387:
386:
381:
376:
371:
361:
356:
351:
346:
345:
344:
334:
333:
332:
327:
317:
312:
311:
310:
305:
295:
290:
289:
288:
283:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
247:
246:
241:
236:
226:
225:
224:
214:
213:
212:
207:
202:
192:
191:
190:
180:
179:
178:
173:
168:
158:
157:
156:
151:
140:
135:
134:
131:
130:
127:
126:
121:
120:
119:
108:
103:
102:
99:
98:
95:
94:
89:
84:
79:
73:
68:
67:
64:
63:
57:
56:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4599:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4562:
4561:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4536:
4535:
4532:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4489:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4410:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4363:Catalina eddy
4361:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4343:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4317:Cold-core low
4315:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4293:
4289:
4286:
4282:
4279:
4275:
4272:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4259:
4252:
4248:
4245:
4241:
4238:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4226:
4222:
4217:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4197:
4194:
4191:
4186:
4182:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4085:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4060:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4029:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4013:Icelandic Low
4011:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4003:
3999:
3988:
3984:
3981:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3963:
3959:
3956:
3952:
3949:
3945:
3942:
3938:
3935:
3931:
3928:
3924:
3921:
3917:
3914:
3910:
3907:
3903:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3882:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3861:
3858:
3854:
3851:
3847:
3844:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3819:
3816:
3812:
3809:
3805:
3802:
3798:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3777:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3763:
3760:
3756:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3742:
3739:
3735:
3732:
3728:
3725:
3721:
3718:
3714:
3711:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3693:
3689:
3686:
3682:
3679:
3675:
3672:
3668:
3665:
3661:
3658:
3654:
3651:
3647:
3644:
3640:
3637:
3633:
3630:
3626:
3623:
3619:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3605:
3602:
3598:
3595:
3591:
3588:
3584:
3581:
3577:
3574:
3570:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3542:
3538:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3498:
3487:
3483:
3480:
3476:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3450:
3442:
3437:
3435:
3430:
3428:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3357:
3356:November gale
3353:
3350:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3287:North America
3284:
3281:
3275:
3269:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3206:
3201:
3199:
3194:
3192:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3150:Surface-based
3147:
3144:
3141:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3106:Kalahari High
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3050:Siberian High
3048:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2941:
2936:
2934:
2929:
2927:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2856:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2795:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2763:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2722:
2720:
2700:
2696:
2690:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2631:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2590:
2588:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2564:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2541:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2439:on 2016-03-05
2438:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2416:
2415:public domain
2402:September 26,
2397:
2393:
2387:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2336:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2267:
2259:
2253:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2225:
2217:
2211:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2183:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2094:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2017:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1959:
1957:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1910:Chris Landsea
1906:
1904:
1884:
1877:
1871:
1864:
1858:
1856:
1848:
1845:
1839:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1816:
1807:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1778:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1758:
1756:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1735:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1586:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1534:
1529:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1461:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1420:
1415:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1356:Mesoscale low
1353:
1351:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1197:
1193:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1143:, or 39
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1126:United States
1123:
1119:
1115:
1102:
1098:
1089:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1070:in 1980, and
1069:
1065:
1061:
1058:in 2018, and
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
987:
985:
981:
976:
974:
969:
964:
963:thunderstorms
960:
955:
952:
947:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
912:Pacific Ocean
909:
905:
897:
892:
883:
881:
876:
874:
869:
867:
863:
859:
855:
850:
845:
837:
833:
824:
821:
816:
814:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
748:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
714:
709:
707:
702:
700:
695:
694:
692:
691:
688:
683:
678:
677:
670:
667:
665:
664:Tornado terms
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
651:
645:
644:
637:
634:
632:
629:
623:
622:United States
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
609:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
596:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
568:
565:
563:
560:
559:
558:
555:
551:
548:
547:
546:
543:
541:
538:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
515:
514:
513:
510:
507:
505:
504:Air pollution
502:
501:
498:
493:
492:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
464:
463:
460:
458:
455:
451:
448:
447:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
429:
426:
425:
424:
421:
419:
416:
412:
409:
408:
407:
404:
403:
400:
399:Precipitation
395:
394:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
366:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
343:
340:
339:
338:
335:
331:
328:
326:
323:
322:
321:
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44:
40:
36:
32:
23:
19:
4551:
4537:
4450:Funnel cloud
4368:Haida Eddies
4327:Polar vortex
4146:
3885:Herwart 2017
3878:Ophelia 2017
3801:St Jude 2013
3780:Joachim 2011
3759:Xynthia 2010
3717:Jeanett 2002
3702:21st century
3622:Charley 1986
3559:Ulysses 1903
3551:20th century
3505:19th century
3382:Hatteras low
3377:Aleutian Low
3317:Colorado low
3251:Weather bomb
2951:anticyclones
2869:
2865:
2855:
2843:. Retrieved
2829:
2817:. Retrieved
2803:
2776:
2772:
2762:
2735:
2731:
2706:. Retrieved
2699:the original
2684:
2671:
2644:
2640:
2630:
2603:
2599:
2563:
2540:
2517:
2505:. Retrieved
2490:
2441:. Retrieved
2437:the original
2432:
2422:
2400:. Retrieved
2386:
2374:. Retrieved
2365:
2355:
2335:
2300:
2296:
2286:
2266:
2240:. Retrieved
2233:
2224:
2198:. Retrieved
2191:
2182:
2170:. Retrieved
2155:
2143:. Retrieved
2134:
2124:
2112:. Retrieved
2103:
2093:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2039:. Retrieved
2004:. Retrieved
1995:
1986:
1931:
1890:. Retrieved
1883:the original
1870:
1838:
1815:
1806:
1795:. Retrieved
1786:
1777:
1734:
1707:
1703:
1645:
1641:
1631:
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1600:
1549:
1545:
1430:
1426:
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1401:
1397:
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1359:
1346:
1201:
1181:Météo-France
1157:
1111:
1020:
1010:
1002:
988:
977:
948:
928:Indian Ocean
901:
877:
870:
841:
817:
809:
772:
749:
722:
440:Diamond dust
364:Winter storm
292:
195:Thunderstorm
30:
28:
18:
4508:Steam devil
4428:Mesocyclone
4322:Cut-off low
4310:Upper level
4147:Subtropical
4117:Other areas
4062:Other areas
4038:Asiatic Low
3962:Ciarán 2023
3948:Larisa 2023
3941:Eunice 2022
3927:Aurore 2021
3920:Dennis 2020
3906:Adrian 2018
3871:Xavier 2017
3843:Niklas 2015
3794:Andrea 2012
3787:Dagmar 2011
3738:Kyrill 2007
3724:Gudrun 2005
3710:Oratia 2000
3692:Martin 1999
3685:Lothar 1999
3678:Anatol 1999
3580:Debbie 1961
3566:Iberia 1941
3331:Bighorn Low
3302:Lee Cyclone
3295:Continental
3055:Azores High
3030:Anticyclone
2507:December 9,
2172:3 September
2114:October 16,
1171:during the
1135:, (65
1124:Basin, the
1077:troposphere
898:in May 2007
756:troposphere
654:Meteorology
589:Meteorology
477:Snow roller
472:Snow grains
435:Ice pellets
384:Snow squall
315:Storm surge
261:Anticyclone
217:Mesocyclone
205:Thundersnow
154:Arcus cloud
4587:Subtropics
4576:Categories
4513:Fire whirl
4503:Dust devil
4482:Waterspout
4443:Wall cloud
4155:Kona storm
4074:Kona storm
3955:Babet 2023
3934:Malik 2022
3913:Ciara 2020
3808:Xaver 2013
3766:Berit 2011
3752:Klaus 2009
3387:Nor'easter
3010:Superstorm
2443:2023-07-09
2242:15 January
2200:15 January
2041:2006-10-04
2006:2022-04-18
1892:6 February
1797:2022-04-18
1525:References
1379:Kona storm
1373:Kona storm
1139:, 35
995:wind shear
982:and lower
980:wind shear
968:lapse rate
959:lapse rate
936:wet season
760:westerlies
752:convection
648:Glossaries
584:Jet stream
523:Convection
509:Atmosphere
457:Cloudburst
320:Dust storm
286:Nor'easter
256:Fire whirl
251:Dust devil
244:Waterspout
171:Heat burst
166:Microburst
124:Wet season
112:Dry season
4477:Landspout
4433:Supercell
4413:Whirlwind
4346:Mesoscale
4129:Sudestada
4096:Australia
4018:Genoa low
3864:Zeus 2017
3850:Egon 2017
3836:Tini 2014
3822:Anne 2014
3815:Dirk 2013
3745:Emma 2008
3657:Lili 1996
3256:Sting jet
3015:Hypercane
2085:120260805
1680:140543585
1672:0894-8755
1499:Polar low
1443:mesoscale
1367:warm core
1363:cold core
1108:Intensity
1088:in 2004.
1066:in 1970,
1054:in 2016,
1050:in 2013,
1046:in 2011,
1042:in 2001,
1038:in 1984,
1034:in 1981,
1030:in 1974,
1026:in 1973,
951:cold-core
938:. In the
886:Formation
860:from the
796:latitudes
579:Heat wave
574:Cold wave
518:Chemistry
369:Ice storm
359:Firestorm
271:Polar low
239:Landspout
222:Supercell
183:Lightning
161:Downburst
117:Harmattan
51:Part of
4498:Gustnado
4391:Mesohigh
4386:Wake Low
4185:Tropical
3972:See also
3731:Per 2007
3392:Gulf low
3268:Rainband
3219:Concepts
2963:Concepts
2947:Cyclones
2839:Archived
2813:Archived
2572:Archived
2549:Archived
2529:Archived
2524:(2009).
2501:Archived
2479:Archived
2474:(2017).
2376:4 August
2370:Archived
2344:Archived
2275:Archived
2252:cite web
2210:cite web
2166:Archived
2139:Archived
2108:Archived
2032:Archived
2000:Archived
1967:Archived
1941:Archived
1917:Archived
1824:Archived
1791:Archived
1766:Archived
1743:Archived
1576:51435473
1457:See also
1122:Atlantic
924:Atlantic
904:latitude
782:)) by 3°
747:basins.
725:tropical
450:Freezing
411:Freezing
374:Blizzard
53:a series
39:tropical
4455:Tornado
4231:Typhoon
4190:Outline
4175:Thermal
3370:Oceanic
3236:Cyclone
3130:Cyclone
2874:Bibcode
2845:7 April
2819:6 April
2781:Bibcode
2740:Bibcode
2708:7 April
2649:Bibcode
2608:Bibcode
2327:3753455
2305:Bibcode
2145:May 10,
2065:Bibcode
1712:Bibcode
1650:Bibcode
1609:Bibcode
1554:Bibcode
1402:leeward
1153:cyclone
932:monsoon
875:force.
604:Extreme
550:Physics
540:Climate
528:Physics
418:Graupel
406:Drizzle
354:Sirocco
337:Monsoon
308:Typhoon
266:Cyclone
229:Tornado
176:Derecho
61:Weather
35:weather
4069:Arctic
3410:Europe
2691:
2325:
2083:
1977:
1938:Basin.
1740:Reply.
1678:
1670:
1574:
920:winter
827:Naming
778:(79.7°
612:Canada
567:Season
497:Topics
342:Amihan
330:Haboob
325:Simoom
137:Storms
92:Autumn
87:Summer
82:Spring
77:Winter
4491:Minor
4421:Major
4001:Other
3341:Other
3231:Storm
3159:Polar
2975:Storm
2702:(PDF)
2681:(PDF)
2323:S2CID
2081:S2CID
2035:(PDF)
2028:(PDF)
1886:(PDF)
1879:(PDF)
1676:S2CID
1572:S2CID
1338:Types
1149:speed
1141:knots
1114:winds
1003:Katie
774:26.5°
617:Japan
545:Cloud
533:River
482:Slush
144:Cloud
33:is a
4031:Asia
3261:List
2949:and
2847:2013
2821:2013
2710:2013
2689:ISBN
2509:2022
2404:2024
2378:2017
2258:link
2244:2022
2216:link
2202:2022
2174:2018
2147:2018
2116:2017
1975:ISBN
1894:2015
1668:ISSN
1398:Kona
1165:1979
1161:1968
1137:km/h
1129:NOAA
1081:mode
1011:Lexi
873:gale
743:and
599:List
562:Mist
462:Snow
445:Rain
423:Hail
349:Gale
41:and
2882:doi
2789:doi
2777:130
2748:doi
2736:115
2657:doi
2616:doi
2313:doi
2301:131
2073:doi
1720:doi
1658:doi
1617:doi
1605:137
1562:doi
1365:or
1325:An
1249:An
1145:mph
1133:m/s
786:(5°
727:or
557:Fog
4578::
2880:.
2870:10
2868:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
