430:
31:
649:. If the virus has a low set-point viral load, the host will live longer, and there is a greater probability that the virus will be transmitted to another individual. If the virus has a high set-point viral load, the host will live for a shorter amount of time and there is a lower probability that the virus will be transmitted to another individual. HIV has evolved to maximize the number of infections to other hosts, and this tendency for selection to favor intermediate strains shows that HIV undergoes stabilizing selection.
422:
62:
618:
dependent on which virus was contracted first. HIV-1 tends to out compete HIV-2 for disease progression. Co-infection seems to be a growing problem globally as time progresses, with most cases being identified in West
African countries, as well as some cases in the USA. A study found that individuals who contract HIV-2 before HIV-1 tend to have a slower rate of disease progression, suggesting that the immune response to HIV-2 may limit the proliferation of HIV-1.
653:
towards a population level. Another includes the slow evolution of viral load due to viral load mutations being neutral within the host. The last mechanism focuses on the virus' preference to transmit founding viral strains stored during the early stages of infection. This preference of the virus to transmit its stored genome copies explains why HIV evolves more quickly within the host than between hosts.
614:
evaluated. Combination regimens of the above listed therapies are being looked into as well, also showing variable effect depending on the types of therapies combined. While the mechanisms are not clearly understood for HIV-1 and HIV-2, it is known that they use different pathways and patterns, making the algorithms used to evaluate HIV-1 resistance-associated mutations irrelevant to HIV-2.
561:
HIV-2 diagnosis can be made when a patient has no symptoms but positive blood work indicating the individual has HIV. The
Multispot HIV-1/HIV-2 Rapid Test is currently the only FDA approved method for such differentiation between the two viruses. Recommendations for the screening and diagnosis of HIV
458:
The O ("Outlier") group has infected about 100,000 individuals located in West-Central Africa and is not usually seen outside of that area. It is reportedly most common in
Cameroon, where a 1997 survey found that about 2% of HIV-positive samples were from Group O. Its zoonotic origin is SIVgor, which
641:
The rapid evolution of HIV can be attributed to its high mutation rate. During the early stages of mutation, evolution appears to be neutral due to the absence of an evolutionary response. However, when examining the virus in several different individuals, convergent mutations can be found appearing
312:
HIV-1 is the most common and most pathogenic strain of the virus. As of 2022, approximately 1.3 million such infections occur annually. Scientists divide HIV-1 into a major group (group M) and two or more minor groups, namely groups N, O and possibly a group P. Each group is believed to represent an
632:
If a pregnant mother is exposed, screening is performed as normal. If HIV-2 is present, a number of perinatal ART drugs may be given as a prophylactic to lower the risk of mother-to-child transmission. After the child is born, a standard six-week regimen of these prophylactics should be initiated.
613:
Choice of initial and/or second-line therapy for HIV-2 has not yet been defined. HIV-2 appears to be resistant to NNRTIs intrinsically, but may be sensitive to NRTIs, though the mechanism is poorly understood. Protease inhibitors have shown variable effect, while integrase inhibitors are also being
585:
HIV-2 has been found to be less pathogenic than HIV-1. The mechanism of HIV-2 is not clearly defined, nor the difference from HIV-1, however the transmission rate is much lower in HIV-2 than HIV-1. Both viruses can lead to AIDS in infected individuals and both can mutate to develop drug resistance.
570:
testing, must be performed to distinguish which infection is present. According to the NIH, a differential diagnosis of HIV-2 should be considered when a person is of West
African descent or has had sexual contact or shared needles with such a person. West Africa is at the highest risk as it is the
409:
The spatial movement of these subtypes moved along the railways and waterways of the DRC from
Kinshasa to these other areas. These subtypes are sometimes further split into sub-subtypes such as A1 and A2 or F1 and F2. In 2015, the HIV strain CRF19, a recombinant of subtype A, subtype D, and subtype
668:
and genetic mutations, which have been tracked and analyzed. The
Stanford HIV Drug Resistance Database and the International AIDS Society publish lists of the most important of these; first year listing 80 common mutations, and the latest year 93 common mutations, and made available through the
542:
There are six additional known HIV-2 groups, each having been found in just one person. They all seem to derive from independent transmissions from sooty mangabeys to humans. Groups C and D have been found in two people from
Liberia, groups E and F have been discovered in two people from Sierra
652:
The virus has also evolved to become more infectious between hosts. There are three different mechanisms that allow HIV to evolve at a population level. One includes the continuous battle to evolve and overcome the immune system which slows down the evolution of HIV and shifts the virus’ focus
471:
In 2009, a newly analyzed HIV sequence was reported to have greater similarity to SIVgor, than SIVcpz. The virus had been isolated from a
Cameroonian woman residing in France who was diagnosed with HIV-1 infection in 2004. The scientists reporting this sequence placed it in a proposed Group P
617:
Each virus can be contracted individually, or they can be contracted together in what is referred to as co-infection. HIV-2 seems to have lower mortality rates, less severe symptoms and slower progression to AIDS than HIV-1 alone or the co-infection. In co-infection, however, this is largely
373:
Subtype B is the dominant form in Europe, the
Americas, Japan, and Australia. In addition, subtype B is the most common form in the Middle East and North Africa. It may have been exported from Africa when Haitian professionals visited Kinshasa in the 1960s and brought it to Haiti in
442:
The 'N' stands for "non-M, non-O". This group was discovered by a Franco-Cameroonian team in 1998, when they identified and isolated the HIV-1 variant strain, YBF380, from a
Cameroonian woman who died of AIDS in 1995. When tested, the YBF380 variant reacted with an
337:
With 'M' for "major", this is by far the most common type of HIV, with more than 90% of HIV/AIDS cases caused from infection with HIV-1 group M viruses. This major HIV virus, which was the source of pre-1960 pandemic viruses, originated in the 1920s in
2149:
383:
Subtype E was originally used to describe a strain that is now accounted for as the combined strain CRF01_AE. This means the original, singular, E strain has disappeared, but we know it existed, as it is visible in this combined strain
2712:
1994:"Simian immunodeficiency virus infection in free-ranging sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys atys) from the TaĂŻ Forest, CĂ´te d'Ivoire: implications for the origin of epidemic human immunodeficiency virus type 2"
516:. Group A is found mainly in West Africa, but has also spread to Angola, Mozambique, Brazil, India, Europe, and the US. Despite the presence of HIV-2 globally, Group B is mainly confined to West Africa.
2157:
2707:
459:
infects gorillas (rather than the more common source, SIVcpz). The group caused some concern because it could not be detected by early versions of the HIV-1 test kits. More advanced
1008:
Bobkov AF, Kazennova EV, Selimova LM, Khanina TA, Ryabov GS, Bobkova MR, et al. (October 2004). "Temporal trends in the HIV-1 epidemic in Russia: predominance of subtype A".
562:
has always been to use enzyme immunoassays that detect HIV-1, HIV-1 group O, and HIV-2. When screening the combination, if the test is positive followed by an indeterminate HIV-1
531:
show that the virus most closely related to the two strains of HIV-2 which spread considerably in humans (HIV-2 groups A and B) is the SIVsmm found in the sooty mangabeys of the
1863:
But P appears to have crossed over from a gorilla; it was discovered only last year, and in only one woman, who was from Cameroon, where lowland gorillas are hunted for meat.
3019:
450:
from SIVcpz rather than with those of Group M or Group O, indicating it was indeed a novel strain of HIV-1. As of 2015, fewer than 20 Group N infections have been recorded.
2983:
482:
HIV-2 is mostly found in Africa, and therefore less recognized elsewhere in the world. The first identification of HIV-2 occurred in 1985 in Senegal by microbiologist
2702:
2194:
Nyamweya S, Hegedus A, Jaye A, Rowland-Jones S, Flanagan KL, Macallan DC (July 2013). "Comparing HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection: Lessons for viral immunopathogenesis".
3074:
1770:
Plantier JC, Leoz M, Dickerson JE, De Oliveira F, Cordonnier F, Lemée V, et al. (August 2009). "A new human immunodeficiency virus derived from gorillas".
3670:
1461:
Tebit, Denis M.; Patel, Hamish; Ratcliff, Annette; Alessandri, Elodie; Liu, Joseph; Carpenter, Crystal; Plantier, Jean-Christophe; Arts, Eric J. (2016-07-01).
707:
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Subtype I was originally used to describe a strain that is now accounted for as CRF04_cpx, with the cpx for a "complex" recombination of several subtypes.
3665:
2719:
257:
HIV-1 viruses can be further stratified into groups M, N, O, and P. Among these, HIV-1 group M viruses are the most prevalent, infecting nearly 90% of
486:
and his collaborators. The first case in the United States was in 1987. The first confirmed case of HIV-2 was a Portuguese man who was treated at the
366:
between viruses of different subtypes which are in addition each given a number. CRF12_BF, for example, is a recombination between subtypes B and F.
2046:"Serial human passage of simian immunodeficiency virus by unsterile injections and the emergence of epidemic human immunodeficiency virus in Africa"
3180:
2653:
656:
HIV is evolving toward a milder form, but it is still "an awfully long way" from no longer being deadly, with severe variants still appearing.
3054:
2559:
1735:
543:
Leone, and groups G and H have been detected in two people from the Ivory Coast. Each of these HIV-2 strains, for which humans are probably
2926:
2745:
2695:
2643:
433:
Geographic distribution of HIV-1 subtypes, Circulating Recombinant Forms (CRFs), and Unique Recombinant Forms (URFs) in Africa, 2015–2020
3039:
1922:
Bryceson A, Tomkins A, Ridley D, Warhurst D, Goldstone A, Bayliss G, et al. (July 1988). "HIV-2-associated AIDS in the 1970s".
2853:
547:, is most closely related to SIVsmm strains from sooty mangabeys living in the same country where the human infection was found.
2765:
2595:
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487:
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1965:
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type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV type 2 (HIV-2). These subtypes have distinct genetic differences and are associated with different
3133:
1846:
3570:
2810:
4080:
2993:
2883:
586:
Disease monitoring in patients with HIV-2 includes clinical evaluation and CD4 cell counts, while treatment includes
362:, called subtypes, that are also given a letter. There are also "circulating recombinant forms" or CRFs derived from
2740:
726:
Although ICTV lists HIV-1 and HIV-2 as distinct species from SIV, they do cladistically fall into the group of SIV.
1900:
1091:"Genetic characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission in the Middle East and North Africa"
2098:
894:
599:
591:
3712:
3473:
2735:
1206:
194:
187:
3535:
3049:
3029:
2760:
2648:
633:
Breast milk may also contain viral particles of HIV-2; therefore, breastfeeding is strictly advised against.
314:
215:
43:
2180:
R Kannangai, S David, G Sridharan. "Human immunodeficiency virus type 2-A milder, kinder virus: An update".
1463:"HIV-1 Group O Genotypes and Phenotypes: Relationship to Fitness and Susceptibility to Antiretroviral Drugs"
3781:
3648:
2921:
2909:
2790:
2750:
1345:"CRF19_cpx is an Evolutionary fit HIV-1 Variant Strongly Associated With Rapid Progression to AIDS in Cuba"
670:
347:
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318:
61:
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3069:
1813:
1343:
Kouri V, Khouri R, Alemán Y, Abrahantes Y, Vercauteren J, Pineda-Peña AC, et al. (March 2015).
377:
Subtype C is the dominant form in Southern Africa, Eastern Africa, India, Nepal, and parts of China.
3745:
3425:
3275:
3148:
2836:
2795:
923:
692:
603:
2293:"Variation in HIV-1 set-point viral load: epidemiological analysis and an evolutionary hypothesis"
1746:
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3308:
3210:
2775:
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1065:
587:
242:
HIV-1 exhibits a genetic relation to viruses indigenous to chimpanzees and gorillas that inhabit
2568:
418:. This is not thought to be a complete or final list, and further types are likely to be found.
3810:
3355:
3328:
3318:
3240:
3225:
3123:
2943:
2873:
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2670:
580:
499:
288:
258:
2556:
2350:
Payne R, Muenchhoff M, Mann J, Roberts HE, Matthews P, Adland E, et al. (December 2014).
1992:
Santiago ML, Range F, Keele BF, Li Y, Bailes E, Bibollet-Ruche F, et al. (October 2005).
3956:
3835:
3774:
3750:
3638:
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3530:
3520:
3430:
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2936:
2904:
2841:
2665:
2581:
1629:
Peeters M, Gueye A, Mboup S, Bibollet-Ruche F, Ekaza E, Mulanga C, et al. (March 1997).
556:
528:
363:
281:
2352:"Impact of HLA-driven HIV adaptation on virulence in populations of high HIV seroprevalence"
3949:
3915:
3805:
3689:
3607:
3525:
3440:
3415:
3400:
3338:
3290:
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3195:
3190:
3175:
2916:
2848:
2484:
2471:
Wymant C, Bezemer D, Blanquart F, Ferretti L, Gall A, Hall M, et al. (February 2022).
2363:
2304:
1842:
1691:
1583:
1102:
964:
801:
697:
1875:
951:
Faria NR, Rambaut A, Suchard MA, Baele G, Bedford T, Ward MJ, et al. (October 2014).
8:
3757:
3741:
3734:
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3565:
3483:
3455:
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3323:
3313:
3265:
3255:
3245:
3220:
2831:
2805:
1287:
1058:
687:
595:
512:
There are eight known HIV-2 groups, designated A to H. Of these, only groups A and B are
322:
292:
3681:
2488:
2432:
Guglielmi G (February 2022). "Highly virulent HIV variant found circulating in Europe".
2367:
2308:
2050:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
1695:
1678:
Van Heuverswyn F, Li Y, Neel C, Bailes E, Keele BF, Liu W, et al. (November 2006).
1587:
1250:
1233:
1106:
968:
953:"HIV epidemiology. The early spread and epidemic ignition of HIV-1 in human populations"
805:
3798:
3786:
3612:
3602:
3510:
3505:
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3465:
3450:
3435:
3385:
3348:
3333:
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3230:
3205:
3165:
3157:
3089:
3084:
2953:
2878:
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2520:
2453:
2386:
2351:
2327:
2292:
2263:
2238:
2219:
2070:
2045:
2018:
2009:
1993:
1947:
1795:
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1660:
1606:
1571:
1544:
1519:
1495:
1462:
1438:
1411:
1369:
1344:
1263:
1176:
1151:
1125:
1090:
1033:
985:
952:
871:
846:
827:
765:
740:
682:
251:
56:
1935:
1570:
D'arc M, Ayouba A, Esteban A, Learn GH, Boué V, Liegeois F, et al. (March 2015).
4070:
3937:
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3410:
3380:
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3343:
3250:
3215:
3200:
3185:
3170:
2948:
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2815:
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2524:
2512:
2457:
2445:
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2332:
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2223:
2211:
2075:
2023:
1939:
1787:
1709:
1652:
1647:
1630:
1611:
1549:
1500:
1482:
1443:
1374:
1325:
1255:
1234:"Global and regional distribution of HIV-1 genetic subtypes and recombinants in 2004"
1181:
1130:
1069:
1025:
990:
876:
819:
770:
702:
665:
627:
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158:
39:
30:
1951:
1799:
1721:
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1037:
831:
3617:
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3235:
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2502:
2492:
2437:
2381:
2371:
2322:
2312:
2258:
2250:
2239:"Estimating the mutational fitness effects distribution during early HIV infection"
2203:
2065:
2057:
2013:
2005:
1931:
1821:
1779:
1699:
1642:
1601:
1591:
1539:
1531:
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1433:
1423:
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1356:
1315:
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1245:
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980:
972:
866:
858:
809:
760:
752:
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483:
421:
266:
1115:
664:
Isolates of HIV-1 and HIV-2 with resistance to antiretroviral drugs arise through
3893:
3128:
2868:
2563:
1973:
494:
where he lived between 1956 and 1966. His pathological diagnosis at the time was
399:
Subtype J is primarily found in North, Central and West Africa, and the Caribbean
351:
296:
274:
122:
110:
98:
1412:"Molecular Epidemiology of HIV-1 in African Countries: A Comprehensive Overview"
1360:
1320:
1303:
1089:
Sallam M, Şahin GÖ, Ingman M, Widell A, Esbjörnsson J, Medstrand P (July 2017).
756:
339:
3830:
3079:
2863:
2441:
2356:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2297:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1851:
1576:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
544:
520:
490:
and later died in 1987. He was believed to have been exposed to the disease in
444:
326:
247:
862:
645:
HIV evolution within a host influences factors including the virus' set-point
284:
than HIV-1 M group viruses, although HIV-2 is also known to still cause AIDS.
4064:
3903:
3898:
3059:
2968:
1486:
1428:
527:) (SIVsmm), a monkey species inhabiting the forests of Littoral West Africa.
503:
491:
387:
Subtype F has been found in central Africa, South America and Eastern Europe.
343:
262:
2497:
2472:
2376:
2317:
2291:
Fraser C, Hollingsworth TD, Chapman R, de Wolf F, Hanage WP (October 2007).
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976:
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3923:
3094:
2785:
2516:
2449:
2410:
2395:
2336:
2272:
2215:
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2027:
1791:
1713:
1615:
1553:
1504:
1447:
1378:
1329:
1259:
1185:
1134:
1029:
994:
880:
774:
236:
134:
1943:
1656:
1478:
823:
390:
Subtype G (and the CRF02_AG) have been found in Africa and central Europe.
358:
strain, which infects chimpanzees. The M group is subdivided further into
4026:
3932:
3908:
2998:
2899:
2690:
2569:
Geographic distribution of subtyped sequences in the GenBank HIV Database
1535:
924:"In-Silico Identification of New Genes in HIV-1 by ORF Prediction Method"
536:
243:
2507:
2254:
1966:"Donor Screening Assays for Infectious Agents and HIV Diagnostic Assays"
414:, was found to be strongly associated with rapid progression to AIDS in
4045:
4002:
3973:
3968:
3855:
3847:
2958:
2800:
2628:
1908:
814:
789:
646:
567:
532:
204:
170:
146:
1167:
1021:
4040:
3769:
3729:
2207:
2106:
853:. Vaccines • Special Section on Evolutionary and systems immunology.
460:
270:
86:
2550:
2150:"HIV-2 is Deadlier Than Thought, Despite Slower Progression to AIDS"
1783:
1704:
1679:
1210:
280:
HIV-2 viruses are generally considered to be less virulent and less
3878:
3822:
3793:
3721:
3064:
2963:
2660:
2608:
2473:"A highly virulent variant of HIV-1 circulating in the Netherlands"
1817:
513:
411:
317:(SIV) into humans, excluding subtypes within a specific group. The
2573:
1572:"Origin of the HIV-1 group O epidemic in western lowland gorillas"
3860:
2988:
2290:
1410:
Giovanetti M, Ciccozzi M, Parolin C, Borsetti A (December 2020).
1409:
447:
246:, while HIV-2 viruses are affiliated with viruses present in the
2193:
1769:
1680:"Human immunodeficiency viruses: SIV infection in wild gorillas"
734:
732:
3944:
3104:
2557:
3D macromolecular structures of HIV-1 at the EM Data Bank(EMDB)
2545:
2130:
1628:
380:
Subtype D is generally only seen in Eastern and central Africa.
355:
2470:
1631:"Geographical distribution of HIV-1 group O viruses in Africa"
1007:
3870:
3020:
European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership
1921:
729:
359:
287:
One of the prevailing challenges in the pursuit of effective
73:
1565:
1563:
1460:
463:
have now been developed to detect both Group O and Group N.
3138:
3099:
1569:
1342:
1304:"Virology. Early AIDS virus may have ridden Africa's rails"
415:
346:, today known as Kinshasa, which is now the capital of the
265:. Group M can be further subdivided into subtypes based on
2349:
1677:
3883:
3711:
2623:
2604:
1560:
232:
47:
2703:
WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease
1232:
Hemelaar J, Gouws E, Ghys PD, Osmanov S (October 2006).
1231:
950:
1520:"Non-M variants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1"
1088:
3671:
List of HIV/AIDS cases and deaths registered by region
708:
Discovery and development of CCR5 receptor antagonists
931:
International Research Journal of Biological Sciences
472:"pending the identification of further human cases".
269:
data. Certain subtypes are known for their increased
1991:
1146:
1144:
3666:
List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate
3055:
President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)
3040:
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)
2105:. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Archived from
1972:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Archived from
1517:
2135:New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute
2043:
1847:"Precursor to H.I.V. Was in Monkeys for Millennia"
1057:
787:
2236:
1141:
509:Many test kits for HIV-1 will also detect HIV-2.
4062:
1207:"Introduction to HIV types, groups and subtypes"
2654:National Addiction and HIV Data Archive Program
1987:
1985:
1983:
600:non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
506:in 1987 found that he was infected with HIV-2.
370:Subtype A is common in West and Central Africa.
2286:
2284:
2282:
1806:
1064:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp.
895:"UNAIDS Global HIV statistics fact sheet 2023"
788:Robertson DL, Hahn BH, Sharp PM (March 1995).
671:Stanford HIV RT and Protease Sequence Database
329:(RFs), but only a few of them are functional.
3697:
2589:
2131:"Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 (HIV-2)"
1283:"First New HIV Strain in 19 Years Identified"
1225:
921:
402:Subtype K is limited to the DRC and Cameroon.
4076:Sexually transmitted diseases and infections
2187:
2176:
2174:
2044:Marx PA, Alcabes PG, Drucker E (June 2001).
1980:
1970:Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research
1882:. Boston, MA: Harvard University. 2018-06-29
1763:
1518:Mourez T, Simon F, Plantier JC (July 2013).
946:
944:
659:
277:to different medications used to treat HIV.
16:Variants of the human immunodeficiency virus
2746:Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome
2279:
2039:
2037:
1915:
1622:
1001:
922:Dhar DV, Amit P, Kumar MS (November 2012).
745:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
592:nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
519:HIV-2 is closely related to SIV endemic in
3704:
3690:
2979:People With AIDS Self-Empowerment Movement
2596:
2582:
2237:Bons E, Bertels F, Regoes RR (July 2018).
1051:
1049:
1047:
844:
781:
642:in these viral populations independently.
29:
2506:
2496:
2431:
2408:
2385:
2375:
2326:
2316:
2262:
2171:
2069:
2017:
1835:
1703:
1646:
1605:
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1543:
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1437:
1427:
1368:
1319:
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1249:
1175:
1124:
1114:
984:
941:
870:
813:
764:
738:
207:included but traditionally excluded taxa
2125:
2123:
2034:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1055:
428:
420:
1671:
1044:
393:Subtype H is limited to central Africa.
239:patterns and clinical characteristics.
4063:
2147:
2093:
2091:
2089:
1841:
741:"Origins of HIV and the AIDS pandemic"
3685:
3015:Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories
2577:
2182:Indian Journal of Medical Micobiology
2120:
1901:"Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2"
1301:
1192:
902:UNAIDS 2023 epidemiological estimates
488:London Hospital for Tropical Diseases
1467:AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses
1156:Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy
1152:"Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)"
739:Sharp PM, Hahn BH (September 2011).
231:include two main subtypes, known as
3134:The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert
2603:
2086:
1251:10.1097/01.aids.0000247564.73009.bc
261:and are responsible for the global
13:
2010:10.1128/JVI.79.19.12515-12527.2005
845:Gary EN, Weiner DB (August 2020).
14:
4092:
4008:Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
2720:Countries by AIDS prevalence rate
2535:
2411:"HIV evolving 'into milder form'"
847:"DNA vaccines: prime time is now"
3181:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2741:AIDS-defining clinical condition
1648:10.1097/00002030-199704000-00013
502:, but an analysis of his stored
425:HIV-1 subtype prevalence in 2002
405:Subtype L is limited to the DRC.
321:of HIV-1 contains a total of 39
60:
4050:Non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU)
3713:Sexually transmitted infections
2464:
2425:
2402:
2343:
2230:
2141:
1958:
1893:
1876:"The Senegal Sex Workers Study"
1868:
1728:
1511:
1454:
1403:
1385:
1336:
1295:
1281:Weintraub K (6 November 2019).
1274:
1082:
790:"Recombination in AIDS viruses"
325:(ORFs) across all six possible
24:Human immunodeficiency viruses
1209:. 3 March 2008. Archived from
915:
887:
838:
794:Journal of Molecular Evolution
720:
602:(NNRTIs) with the addition of
302:
195:Human immunodeficiency virus 2
188:Human immunodeficiency virus 1
1:
3050:Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS
3030:International AIDS Conference
2984:HIV/AIDS in the porn industry
2927:Discrimination against people
2409:Gallagher J (December 2014).
2148:Baltic S (11 December 2018).
1936:10.1016/s0140-6736(88)92325-2
1736:"Abbott RealTime HIV-1 assay"
1524:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
1116:10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00352
1060:Viral Sex; The Nature of AIDS
851:Current Opinion in Immunology
713:
574:
315:simian immunodeficiency virus
216:Simian immunodeficiency virus
3782:Mycoplasma hominis infection
2910:Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS
2791:HIV Drug Resistance Database
636:
621:
604:CCR5 co-receptor antagonists
566:, a follow-up test, such as
550:
348:Democratic Republic of Congo
313:independent transmission of
7:
3211:CĂ´te d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)
3045:Media portrayal of HIV/AIDS
2974:List of HIV-positive people
2196:Reviews in Medical Virology
1814:"New HIV strain discovered"
1361:10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.01.015
1321:10.1126/science.346.6205.21
1010:Journal of Medical Virology
757:10.1101/cshperspect.a006841
676:
10:
4097:
3111:Reports from the Holocaust
3035:International AIDS Society
3025:Elton John AIDS Foundation
2442:10.1038/d41586-022-00317-x
625:
578:
554:
466:
453:
437:
332:
291:is the virus's pronounced
3984:
3869:
3846:
3821:
3720:
3661:
3631:
3583:
3551:
3501:
3492:
3464:
3299:
3156:
3147:
3070:Treatment Action Campaign
3007:
2892:
2824:
2786:Tuberculosis co-infection
2728:
2649:disease progression rates
2616:
863:10.1016/j.coi.2020.01.006
660:Drug resistance mutations
211:
203:
183:
178:
57:Scientific classification
55:
37:
28:
23:
4081:Infraspecific virus taxa
3746:lymphogranuloma venereum
2796:Innate resistance to HIV
2766:Neurocognitive disorders
1429:10.3390/pathogens9121072
1393:"What are HIV and AIDS?"
1302:Cohen J (October 2014).
1162:(3): 203–222. May 2016.
693:Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS
477:
319:complete genome sequence
307:
3763:Klebsiella granulomatis
3117:AIDS–Holocaust metaphor
3100:Gay Men's Health Crisis
2776:Opportunistic infection
2498:10.1126/science.abk1688
2377:10.1073/pnas.1413339111
2318:10.1073/pnas.0708559104
1880:Harvard AIDS Initiative
1597:10.1073/pnas.1502022112
977:10.1126/science.1256739
588:anti-retroviral therapy
3811:Ureaplasma urealyticum
2944:HIV-affected community
2884:HIV and homosexual men
2062:10.1098/rstb.2001.0867
1845:(September 16, 2010).
581:Management of HIV/AIDS
434:
426:
259:people living with HIV
254:West African primate.
3957:Molluscum contagiosum
3836:Trichomonas vaginalis
3775:Neisseria gonorrhoeae
3751:Chlamydia trachomatis
3124:Silence=Death Project
2922:Criminal transmission
2842:Multiple sex partners
2184:, (2012) 30(1): 6–15.
2099:"Clinical Guidelines"
1479:10.1089/aid.2015.0318
571:origin of the virus.
557:Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS
529:Phylogenetic analyses
500:enterovirus infection
432:
424:
364:genetic recombination
3917:Human papillomavirus
3806:Ureaplasma infection
3446:United Arab Emirates
2917:Circumcision and HIV
2874:City of Hope Patient
2634:structure and genome
1911:on 18 February 2009.
1536:10.1128/cmr.00012-13
1213:on 13 September 2008
698:Timeline of HIV/AIDS
525:Cercocebus atys atys
410:G, with a subtype D
3735:Haemophilus ducreyi
2994:AIDS Memorial Quilt
2806:HIV-positive people
2489:2022Sci...375..540T
2368:2014PNAS..111E5393P
2362:(50): E5393–E5400.
2309:2007PNAS..10417441F
2303:(44): 17441–17446.
2004:(19): 12515–12527.
1998:Journal of Virology
1696:2006Natur.444..164V
1588:2015PNAS..112E1343D
1582:(11): E1343–E1352.
1288:Scientific American
1107:2017Heliy...300352S
1056:Goudsmit J (1997).
969:2014Sci...346...56F
806:1995JMolE..40..249R
688:History of HIV/AIDS
596:protease inhibitors
323:open reading frames
293:genetic variability
3799:Treponema pallidum
3787:Mycoplasma hominis
3571:Dominican Republic
2954:HIV/AIDS denialism
2879:Women and HIV/AIDS
2869:The London Patient
2736:Signs and symptoms
2644:CDC classification
2562:2020-08-08 at the
815:10.1007/BF00163230
683:HIV superinfection
435:
427:
4058:
4057:
3950:HSV-1 & HSV-2
3938:Hepatitis B virus
3679:
3678:
3657:
3656:
3579:
3578:
3060:The SING Campaign
2949:HIV/AIDS activism
2937:Cost of treatment
2859:Timothy Ray Brown
2854:World AIDS Museum
2483:(6580): 540–545.
2255:10.1093/ve/vey029
2056:(1410): 911–920.
1905:HIV/AIDS Workshop
1168:10.1159/000445852
1075:978-0-19-509728-3
1022:10.1002/jmv.20177
703:HIV/AIDS research
666:natural selection
628:HIV and pregnancy
608:fusion inhibitors
496:cryptosporidiosis
289:management of HIV
225:
224:
219:(subgroups i, ii)
160:Orthoretrovirinae
51:
40:Phylogenetic tree
4088:
4037:
4018:
3999:
3706:
3699:
3692:
3683:
3682:
3649:Papua New Guinea
3499:
3498:
3154:
3153:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2575:
2574:
2529:
2528:
2510:
2500:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2389:
2379:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2330:
2320:
2288:
2277:
2276:
2266:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2208:10.1002/rmv.1739
2191:
2185:
2178:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2156:. Archived from
2145:
2139:
2138:
2127:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2095:
2084:
2083:
2073:
2041:
2032:
2031:
2021:
1989:
1978:
1977:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1907:. Archived from
1897:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1859:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1822:Associated Press
1810:
1804:
1803:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1751:
1745:. Archived from
1743:Abbott Molecular
1740:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1707:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1650:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1609:
1599:
1567:
1558:
1557:
1547:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1498:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1441:
1431:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1372:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1323:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1253:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1203:
1190:
1189:
1179:
1148:
1139:
1138:
1128:
1118:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1063:
1053:
1042:
1041:
1005:
999:
998:
988:
948:
939:
938:
928:
919:
913:
912:
910:
909:
899:
891:
885:
884:
874:
842:
836:
835:
817:
785:
779:
778:
768:
736:
727:
724:
484:Souleymane Mboup
267:genetic sequence
179:Groups included
65:
64:
38:
33:
21:
20:
4096:
4095:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4085:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4054:
4033:
4014:
3995:
3986:
3980:
3924:Genital warts (
3865:
3842:
3817:
3716:
3710:
3680:
3675:
3653:
3627:
3575:
3547:
3488:
3460:
3406:Myanmar (Burma)
3295:
3143:
3129:Day Without Art
3075:The Global Fund
3003:
2932:Economic impact
2888:
2820:
2724:
2676:pathophysiology
2612:
2602:
2564:Wayback Machine
2538:
2533:
2532:
2469:
2465:
2430:
2426:
2416:
2414:
2407:
2403:
2348:
2344:
2289:
2280:
2243:Virus Evolution
2235:
2231:
2192:
2188:
2179:
2172:
2163:
2161:
2146:
2142:
2129:
2128:
2121:
2112:
2110:
2097:
2096:
2087:
2042:
2035:
1990:
1981:
1976:on 11 May 2009.
1964:
1963:
1959:
1920:
1916:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1885:
1883:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1857:
1855:
1840:
1836:
1827:
1825:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1784:10.1038/nm.2016
1772:Nature Medicine
1768:
1764:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1705:10.1038/444164a
1676:
1672:
1627:
1623:
1568:
1561:
1516:
1512:
1459:
1455:
1408:
1404:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1341:
1337:
1314:(6205): 21–22.
1300:
1296:
1279:
1275:
1244:(16): W13–W23.
1230:
1226:
1216:
1214:
1205:
1204:
1193:
1150:
1149:
1142:
1087:
1083:
1076:
1054:
1045:
1006:
1002:
963:(6205): 56–61.
949:
942:
926:
920:
916:
907:
905:
897:
893:
892:
888:
843:
839:
786:
782:
737:
730:
725:
721:
716:
679:
662:
639:
630:
624:
583:
577:
559:
553:
521:sooty mangabeys
480:
469:
456:
440:
352:zoonotic origin
335:
310:
305:
297:viral evolution
275:drug resistance
237:epidemiological
229:subtypes of HIV
124:Revtraviricetes
59:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4094:
4084:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4043:
4038:
4030:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4011:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3992:
3990:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3966:
3954:
3953:
3952:
3945:Herpes simplex
3942:
3930:
3921:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3888:
3875:
3873:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3852:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3831:Trichomoniasis
3827:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3803:
3791:
3779:
3767:
3755:
3739:
3726:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3709:
3708:
3701:
3694:
3686:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3589:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3557:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3502:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3474:United Kingdom
3470:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3305:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3162:
3160:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3107:
3102:
3092:
3087:
3085:YAA/Youthforce
3082:
3080:World AIDS Day
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2902:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2864:Berlin Patient
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2834:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2781:Superinfection
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2761:Cardiomyopathy
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2713:Teens / Adults
2710:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2601:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2554:
2548:
2537:
2536:External links
2534:
2531:
2530:
2463:
2424:
2401:
2342:
2278:
2229:
2186:
2170:
2140:
2119:
2085:
2033:
1979:
1957:
1914:
1892:
1867:
1852:New York Times
1834:
1805:
1778:(8): 871–872.
1762:
1727:
1670:
1641:(4): 493–498.
1621:
1559:
1530:(3): 448–461.
1510:
1473:(7): 676–688.
1453:
1402:
1397:Be in the KNOW
1384:
1355:(3): 244–254.
1335:
1294:
1273:
1224:
1191:
1140:
1081:
1074:
1043:
1016:(2): 191–196.
1000:
940:
914:
904:. UNAIDS. 2023
886:
837:
800:(3): 249–259.
780:
751:(1): a006841.
728:
718:
717:
715:
712:
711:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
678:
675:
661:
658:
638:
635:
626:Main article:
623:
620:
579:Main article:
576:
573:
555:Main article:
552:
549:
545:dead-end hosts
479:
476:
468:
465:
455:
452:
445:viral envelope
439:
436:
407:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
381:
378:
375:
371:
334:
331:
327:reading frames
309:
306:
304:
301:
248:sooty mangabey
223:
222:
221:
220:
209:
208:
201:
200:
199:
198:
191:
181:
180:
176:
175:
168:
164:
163:
156:
152:
151:
144:
140:
139:
132:
128:
127:
120:
116:
115:
112:Artverviricota
108:
104:
103:
96:
92:
91:
84:
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
53:
52:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4093:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4051:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4017:
4013:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3998:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3983:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3955:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3868:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3714:
3707:
3702:
3700:
3695:
3693:
3688:
3687:
3684:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3660:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3585:South America
3582:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3542:
3541:New York City
3539:
3538:
3537:
3536:United States
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3494:North America
3491:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2969:Sex education
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2751:Lipodystrophy
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2599:
2594:
2592:
2587:
2585:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2467:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2428:
2412:
2405:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2346:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2249:(2): vey029.
2248:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2202:(4): 221–40.
2201:
2197:
2190:
2183:
2177:
2175:
2160:on 2019-04-19
2159:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2124:
2109:on 2016-11-07
2108:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2038:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1930:(8604): 221.
1929:
1925:
1918:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1864:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1752:on 2007-09-21
1748:
1744:
1737:
1731:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1690:(7116): 164.
1689:
1685:
1681:
1674:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1564:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
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1514:
1506:
1502:
1497:
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1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1406:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1277:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1145:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1101:(7): e00352.
1100:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1077:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1061:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1004:
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987:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
947:
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936:
932:
925:
918:
903:
896:
890:
882:
878:
873:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
841:
833:
829:
825:
821:
816:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
784:
776:
772:
767:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
735:
733:
723:
719:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
680:
674:
672:
667:
657:
654:
650:
648:
643:
634:
629:
619:
615:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
582:
572:
569:
565:
558:
548:
546:
540:
538:
535:, in western
534:
530:
526:
522:
517:
515:
510:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
492:Guinea-Bissau
489:
485:
475:
473:
464:
462:
451:
449:
446:
431:
423:
419:
417:
413:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
382:
379:
376:
372:
369:
368:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
344:Belgian Congo
341:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
300:
298:
294:
290:
285:
283:
282:transmissible
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
263:AIDS pandemic
260:
255:
253:
249:
245:
240:
238:
234:
230:
218:
217:
213:
212:
210:
206:
205:Cladistically
202:
197:
196:
192:
190:
189:
185:
184:
182:
177:
174:
173:
169:
166:
165:
162:
161:
157:
154:
153:
150:
149:
145:
142:
141:
138:
137:
133:
130:
129:
126:
125:
121:
118:
117:
114:
113:
109:
106:
105:
102:
101:
97:
94:
93:
90:
89:
85:
82:
79:
78:
75:
72:
69:
68:
63:
58:
54:
49:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
4034:
4022:Epididymitis
4015:
3996:
3988:inflammation
3972:
3960:
3936:
3925:
3916:
3882:
3834:
3809:
3797:
3785:
3773:
3761:
3749:
3733:
3436:Taiwan (ROC)
3426:Saudi Arabia
3276:South Africa
3109:
3095:Larry Kramer
2837:Epidemiology
2638:
2553:at Avert.org
2508:1887/3502598
2480:
2476:
2466:
2433:
2427:
2415:. Retrieved
2404:
2359:
2355:
2345:
2300:
2296:
2246:
2242:
2232:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2181:
2162:. Retrieved
2158:the original
2153:
2143:
2134:
2111:. Retrieved
2107:the original
2102:
2053:
2049:
2001:
1997:
1974:the original
1969:
1960:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1909:the original
1904:
1895:
1884:. Retrieved
1879:
1870:
1862:
1856:. Retrieved
1850:
1837:
1826:. Retrieved
1824:. 2009-08-03
1808:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1754:. Retrieved
1747:the original
1742:
1730:
1687:
1683:
1673:
1638:
1634:
1624:
1579:
1575:
1527:
1523:
1513:
1470:
1466:
1456:
1422:(12): 1072.
1419:
1415:
1405:
1396:
1387:
1352:
1349:eBioMedicine
1348:
1338:
1311:
1307:
1297:
1286:
1276:
1241:
1237:
1227:
1215:. Retrieved
1211:the original
1159:
1155:
1098:
1094:
1084:
1059:
1013:
1009:
1003:
960:
956:
934:
930:
917:
906:. Retrieved
901:
889:
854:
850:
840:
797:
793:
783:
748:
744:
722:
663:
655:
651:
644:
640:
631:
616:
612:
584:
564:western blot
560:
541:
524:
518:
511:
508:
481:
474:
470:
457:
441:
408:
340:LĂ©opoldville
336:
311:
286:
279:
256:
241:
228:
226:
214:
193:
186:
171:
159:
148:Retroviridae
147:
136:Ortervirales
135:
123:
111:
100:Pararnavirae
99:
87:
80:
70:(unranked):
18:
4027:Prostatitis
3933:Hepatitis B
3884:HIV-1/HIV-2
3758:Donovanosis
3644:New Zealand
3516:El Salvador
3421:Philippines
3391:North Korea
3344:China (PRC)
3309:Afghanistan
2999:Product Red
2900:AIDS orphan
2756:Nephropathy
2691:vaccination
937:(7): 52–54.
537:Ivory Coast
350:(DRC). Its
303:Major types
244:West Africa
155:Subfamily:
4065:Categories
4046:Urethritis
4003:Cervicitis
3974:Zika virus
3969:Zika fever
3856:Crab louse
3356:East Timor
3329:Bangladesh
3319:Azerbaijan
3241:Mozambique
3226:Madagascar
2959:Red ribbon
2801:Serostatus
2729:Conditions
2681:prevention
2671:management
2629:Lentivirus
2413:. BBC News
2164:2018-12-28
2113:2014-10-24
1886:2020-06-18
1858:2010-09-17
1828:2009-08-03
1756:2008-05-18
908:2023-09-19
714:References
647:viral load
598:(PI), and
575:Treatments
568:amino acid
533:Tai forest
295:and rapid
252:vulnerable
172:Lentivirus
4041:Proctitis
3926:condyloma
3848:Parasitic
3823:Protozoal
3770:Gonorrhea
3742:Chlamydia
3730:Chancroid
3722:Bacterial
3639:Australia
3593:Argentina
3553:Caribbean
3531:Nicaragua
3521:Guatemala
3431:Sri Lanka
3366:Indonesia
3149:Locations
3090:"Free Me"
2816:Pregnancy
2811:Nutrition
2666:diagnosis
2551:HIV Types
2525:246530612
2458:246530234
2224:206448956
1843:McNeil DG
1487:0889-2229
1416:Pathogens
857:: 21–27.
637:Evolution
622:Pregnancy
594:(NRTIs),
551:Diagnosis
461:HIV tests
271:virulence
95:Kingdom:
88:Riboviria
4071:HIV/AIDS
3894:cervical
3794:Syphilis
3608:Colombia
3526:Honduras
3441:Thailand
3416:Pakistan
3401:Malaysia
3339:Cambodia
3291:Zimbabwe
3271:Tanzania
3196:Ethiopia
3191:Eswatini
3176:Botswana
3065:Solidays
2964:Safe sex
2905:Religion
2849:Timeline
2771:Pruritus
2708:Children
2686:research
2661:HIV/AIDS
2639:subtypes
2560:Archived
2542:HIV/AIDS
2517:35113714
2450:35115695
2396:25453107
2337:17954909
2273:30310682
2216:23444290
2154:Medscape
2080:11405938
2028:16160179
1952:32378074
1818:CBC News
1800:76837833
1792:19648927
1722:27475571
1714:17093443
1665:24238394
1616:25733890
1554:23824367
1505:26861573
1448:33371264
1379:26137563
1330:25278591
1260:17053344
1186:27403093
1135:28725873
1038:33267610
1030:15332265
995:25278604
881:32259744
832:19728830
775:22229120
677:See also
514:pandemic
412:protease
143:Family:
107:Phylum:
3985:General
3890:Cancer
3861:Scabies
3632:Oceania
3623:Uruguay
3598:Bolivia
3566:Jamaica
3484:Ukraine
3456:Vietnam
3324:Bahrain
3314:Armenia
3266:Senegal
3256:Nigeria
3246:Namibia
3221:Lesotho
3008:Culture
2989:HIV.gov
2832:History
2825:History
2485:Bibcode
2477:Science
2417:20 July
2387:4273423
2364:Bibcode
2328:2077275
2305:Bibcode
2264:6172364
2103:AidInfo
2071:1088484
2019:1211554
1944:2899693
1692:Bibcode
1657:9084797
1607:4371950
1584:Bibcode
1545:3719493
1496:4931737
1439:7766877
1370:4484819
1308:Science
1268:7354033
1177:4924471
1126:5506879
1103:Bibcode
1095:Heliyon
986:4254776
965:Bibcode
957:Science
872:7195337
824:7723052
802:Bibcode
766:3234451
590:(ART),
467:Group P
454:Group O
448:antigen
438:Group N
354:is the
333:Group M
167:Genus:
131:Order:
119:Class:
50:viruses
42:of the
4035:either
3997:female
3904:penile
3899:vulvar
3613:Guyana
3603:Brazil
3511:Mexico
3506:Canada
3479:Russia
3466:Europe
3451:Turkey
3386:Jordan
3349:Yunnan
3334:Bhutan
3286:Zambia
3281:Uganda
3261:Rwanda
3231:Malawi
3206:Guinea
3166:Angola
3158:Africa
3105:ACT UP
2893:Social
2611:topics
2546:Curlie
2523:
2515:
2456:
2448:
2434:Nature
2394:
2384:
2335:
2325:
2271:
2261:
2222:
2214:
2078:
2068:
2026:
2016:
1950:
1942:
1924:Lancet
1798:
1790:
1720:
1712:
1684:Nature
1663:
1655:
1614:
1604:
1552:
1542:
1503:
1493:
1485:
1446:
1436:
1377:
1367:
1328:
1266:
1258:
1217:25 May
1184:
1174:
1133:
1123:
1072:
1036:
1028:
993:
983:
879:
869:
830:
822:
773:
763:
360:clades
356:SIVcpz
342:, the
3919:(HPV)
3871:Viral
3715:(STI)
3561:Haiti
3411:Nepal
3381:Japan
3361:India
3251:Niger
3216:Kenya
3201:Ghana
3186:Egypt
3171:Benin
2521:S2CID
2454:S2CID
2220:S2CID
1948:S2CID
1796:S2CID
1750:(PDF)
1739:(PDF)
1718:S2CID
1661:S2CID
1264:S2CID
1066:51–58
1034:S2CID
927:(PDF)
898:(PDF)
828:S2CID
504:serum
478:HIV-2
384:form.
374:1964.
308:HIV-1
81:Realm
74:Virus
4016:male
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