1188:
1873:
1089:
674:
1955:
1311:
6013:
O Murchu E, Comber L, Jordan K, Hawkshaw S, Marshall L, O'Neill M, et al. (February 2022). "Systematic review of the efficacy, effectiveness and safety of recombinant haemagglutinin seasonal influenza vaccines for the prevention of laboratory-confirmed influenza in individuals â„18 years of age".
418:
often use a small number of types of protein subunits as building blocks. A key step in creating a recombinant protein vaccine is the identification and isolation of a protein subunit from the pathogen which is likely to trigger a strong and effective immune response, without including the parts of
203:
The first certified subunit vaccine by clinical trials on humans is the hepatitis B vaccine, containing the surface antigens of the hepatitis B virus itself from infected patients and adjusted by newly developed technology aiming to enhance the vaccine safety and eliminate possible contamination
70:. Because the vaccine doesn't contain "live" components of the pathogen, there is no risk of introducing the disease, and is safer and more stable than vaccines containing whole pathogens. Other advantages include being well-established technology and being suitable for
212:
Subunit vaccines contain fragments of the pathogen, such as protein or polysaccharide, whose combinations are carefully selected to induce a strong and effective immune response. Because the immune system interacts with the pathogen in a limited way, the risk of
563:. Peptide-based subunit vaccine mostly used due to many reasons,such as, it is easy and affordable for massive production. Adding to that, its greatest stability, purity and exposed composition. Three steps occur leading to creation of peptide subunit vaccine;
423:
of a virus are often suitable. The goal is for the protein subunit to prime the immune system response by mimicking the appearance but not the action of the pathogen. Another protein-based approach involves selfâassembly of multiple protein subunits into a
5724:
2093:
has a comparable safety profile to traditional trivalent and quadrivalent vaccine equivalents. Flublok is also associated with less local reactions (RR = 0.94, 95% CI 0.90â0.98, three RCTs, FEM, I2 = 0%, lowâ certainty evidence) and higher risk of
478:. Protein-based vaccines for COVID-19 tend to target either its spike protein or its receptor binding domain. As of 2021, the most researched vaccine platform for COVID-19 worldwide was reported to be recombinant protein subunit vaccines.
5716:
6057:
Racine Ă, Gilca V, Amini R, Tunis M, Ismail S, Sauvageau C (September 2020). "A systematic literature review of the recombinant subunit herpes zoster vaccine use in immunocompromised 18-49 year old patients".
1278:
formation (recombinant protein aggregation). For mammalian cells, synthesised proteins were reported to be secreted into chemically defined media, potentially simplifying protein extraction and purification.
4545:
Corchero JL, Gasser B, Resina D, Smith W, Parrilli E, VĂĄzquez F, et al. (2013). "Unconventional microbial systems for the cost-efficient production of high-quality protein therapeutics".
6289:
Marciani DJ, Kensil CR, Beltz GA, Hung CH, Cronier J, Aubert A (February 1991). "Genetically-engineered subunit vaccine against feline leukaemia virus: protective immune response in cats".
2477:
5761:
2361:
Subunit vaccines are not only considered effective for SARS-COV-2, but also as candidates for evolving immunizations against malaria, tetanus, salmonella enterica, and other diseases.
1298:
are recognised for rapid growth and their ability to offer process versatility. They can also be cultured in suspension-adapted culture in protein-free medium, hence reducing risk of
5801:
428:(VLP) or nanoparticle. The purpose of increasing the vaccine's surface similarity to a whole virus particle (but not its ability to spread) is to trigger a stronger immune response.
5887:
2697:
2322:
methods continue to evolve, vaccines with more complex constitutions will inevitably be generated in the future to extend their therapeutic applications to both infectious and
6329:"Potential for developing a SARS-CoV receptor-binding domain (RBD) recombinant protein as a heterologous human vaccine against coronavirus infectious disease (COVID)-19"
6154:
2037:
Gardasil was discontinued in the U.S. on May 8, 2017, after the introduction of
Gardasil 9 and Cervarix was also voluntarily withdrawn in the U.S. on August 8, 2016.
2984:
2252:
The middle of the 20th century marked the golden age of vaccine science. Rapid technological advancements during this period of time enabled scientists to cultivate
503:
polysacchide, made up of a long sugar chain linked to a lipid. Capsular vaccines like ViCPS tend to be weak at eliciting immune responses in children. Making a
5992:
5109:
Qi F, Wu J, Li H, Ma G (2018-06-09). "Recent research and development of PLGA/PLA microspheres/nanoparticles: A review in scientific and industrial aspects".
5694:
140:, which are responsible for recognising and neutralising foreign substances. Basic components of recombinant subunit vaccines include recombinant subunits,
1993:
confers protection against type 6, 11, 16 and 18, and
Gardasil 9 confers protection against type 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, 58 respectively. The
6372:
4384:
Liljeqvist S, StÄhl S (July 1999). "Production of recombinant subunit vaccines: protein immunogens, live delivery systems and nucleic acid vaccines".
3332:"The Vi capsular antigen of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi reduces Toll-like receptor-dependent interleukin-8 expression in the intestinal mucosa"
7427:
4214:"Dendritic cell-B-cell interaction: dendritic cells provide B cells with CD40-independent proliferation signals and CD40-dependent survival signals"
2469:
3259:
2837:
660:
Selection of appropriate cell lines for the cultivation of subunits is time-consuming because microbial proteins can be incompatible to certain
6570:
4116:"CD8 T cell clonal expansion and development of effector function require prolonged exposure to antigen, costimulation, and signal 3 cytokine"
6459:
5748:
6610:
6605:
5788:
5874:
1060:, costs, ease of product extraction and production efficiency. Commonly used systems for both licensed and developing recombinant subunit
2943:
2904:
6103:"Efficacy, effectiveness, and safety of herpes zoster vaccines in adults aged 50 and older: systematic review and network meta-analysis"
4261:
Meng H, Mao J, Ye Q (June 2022). "Booster vaccination strategy: Necessity, immunization objectives, immunization strategy, and safety".
2026:(OR 2.41; 95% CI: 2.17â2.68) being the most frequently reported adverse effects. For Gardasil, the most frequently reported events were
5957:
5688:
5511:
2690:
2442:
4906:
Shah RR (2017). "Overview of
Vaccine Adjuvants: Introduction, History, and Current Status". In Fox CB, Hassett KJ, Brito LA (eds.).
5961:
5517:
7007:
5827:"The immunogenicity and safety of GSK's recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in adults: a systematic review of 30 years of experience"
3379:
Hu X, Chen Z, Xiong K, Wang J, Rao X, Cong Y (August 2017). "Vi capsular polysaccharide: Synthesis, virulence, and application".
594:
They contain clearly identified compositions which greatly reduces the possibility of presence of undesired materials within the
236:
for danger recognition, so without them, the immune response may be weaker. Another drawback is that the antigens do not infect
6791:
6620:
626:
They have high stability so they can withstand environmental changes and are more convenient to be used in community settings.
7478:
7406:
5028:
4923:
2978:
2937:
2898:
225:
6150:
7012:
4626:
Gerngross TU (November 2004). "Advances in the production of human therapeutic proteins in yeasts and filamentous fungi".
2865:
7044:
6796:
6722:
6575:
3472:
2084:
327:
74:
individuals. Disadvantages include being relatively complex to manufacture compared to some vaccines, possibly requiring
6402:
5462:
James SF, Chahine EB, Sucher AJ, Hanna C (July 2018). "Shingrix: The New
Adjuvanted Recombinant Herpes Zoster Vaccine".
7454:
6761:
6394:
2666:
2630:
488:
195:
to any component of the vaccines. Advice from medical professionals should be sought before receiving any vaccination.
4827:
2594:
1859:, in which their injections should be delayed until their conditions become stable and after childbirth respectively.
6866:
4775:
4583:
Taguchi S, Ooi T, Mizuno K, Matsusaki H (November 2015). "Advances and needs for endotoxin-free production strains".
4365:
2557:
1013:, they should be of foreign nature and of sufficient complexity for the reaction between different components of the
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6403:
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7054:
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7017:
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as a result of the body's own defense mechanism being triggered by the exposure of a small, controlled amount of
470:(HPV). The approach is being used to try to develop vaccines for difficult-to-vaccinate-against viruses such as
1934:, despite decreasing with older age. Lower seroprotection rates are also associated with presence of underlying
1214:. Such responses may result in failure in reaching native protein conformation, implying potential reduction of
7112:
6717:
5258:
Moyle PM, Toth I (March 2013). "Modern subunit vaccines: development, components, and research opportunities".
2347:
2295:
revolutionised the creation of vaccines. By the end of the 20th century, researchers had the ability to create
2292:
1978:
1374:
risks. A notable feature is the existence of elements of control that allow for the expression of secreted and
1239:
371:
102:
2256:
under controlled environments in laboratories, subsequently giving rise to the production of vaccines against
6910:
6615:
1358:, accurately folded, and biologically active. However, it has slower growth rate and requires higher cost of
5882:
5796:
5756:
4822:
2661:
2625:
2589:
2118:
5906:"Safety, tolerability and side effects of human papillomavirus vaccines: a systematic quantitative review"
248:, and as a result, is weaker than those elicited by other types of vaccines. To increase immune response,
305:
4163:
Klarquist J, Cross EW, Thompson SB, Willett B, Aldridge DL, Caffrey-Carr AK, et al. (August 2021).
771:
on the cell surface of the cells based on their compositional and structural features to form complexes.
7032:
6469:
6452:
3281:
Bayani F, Hashkavaei NS, Arjmand S, Rezaei S, UskokoviÄ V, Alijanianzadeh M, et al. (March 2023).
2168:
2130:
1295:
1283:
914:
are memorised by these cells so that subsequent exposure to the same type of antigens will stimulate a
702:
substances to produce its own antibodies and memory cells without being infected by the real pathogen.
456:
354:
144:
and carriers. Additionally, recombinant subunit vaccines are popular candidates for the development of
3767:
Sedova ES, Shcherbinin DN, Migunov AI, Smirnov I, Logunov DI, Shmarov MM, et al. (October 2012).
191:
are also vaccine-specific; they are generally not recommended for people with the previous history of
7522:
7082:
3267:
2833:
2061:
1406:
1402:
915:
5875:"Gardasil[Human Papillomavirus Quadrivalent (Types 6, 11, 16, and 18) Vaccine, Recombinant]"
3577:
Kalita P, Tripathi T (May 2022). "Methodological advances in the design of peptide-based vaccines".
2237:
infection, the modern era of vaccination has a short history of around 200 years. It began with the
7037:
7002:
6997:
6992:
5415:"Safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of Flublok in the prevention of seasonal influenza in adults"
2405:
2191:
2003:
1901:
1244:
1211:
1126:
E. Coli is mostly appropriate for structurally simple proteins owing to its inability to carry out
786:
722:
126:
3266:. Department of Veterinary Science & Microbiology at The University of Arizona. Archived from
1017:
and the candidates to occur. Candidates are also selected based on size, nature of function (e.g.
7483:
7416:
7397:
7193:
7165:
7127:
7122:
7102:
6625:
2323:
1678:
1650:
1433:. However, the final extraction and purification process undertaken highly depends on the chosen
1046:
988:
816:
760:
741:
440:
4910:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 1494. New York, NY: Springer New York. pp. 1â13.
7464:
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was estimated at 87.2% (95%CI, 44.3â98.6%) up to 13 months post-vaccination with an acceptable
2164:
1674:
1564:
1560:
1494:
1463:
1445:
1287:
1203:
336:
141:
3283:"An overview of the vaccine platforms to combat COVID-19 with a focus on the subunit vaccines"
2966:
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rate ranged between 65.4 and 96.2% and 50.0%-93.0% while efficacy in patients (18-49 yo) with
7532:
7459:
7293:
7288:
6739:
6685:
6595:
4704:
Baeshen NA, Baeshen MN, Sheikh A, Bora RS, Ahmed MM, Ramadan HA, et al. (October 2014).
2351:
2265:
1682:
1654:
1334:
at high levels and provide significant eukaryotic protein processing capabilities, including
1022:
419:
the virus or bacterium that enable the pathogen to reproduce. Parts of the protein shell or
379:
331:
2434:
7342:
7283:
7074:
6712:
6590:
6541:
6508:
6442:
6194:
6101:
Tricco AC, Zarin W, Cardoso R, Veroniki AA, Khan PA, Nincic V, et al. (October 2018).
2296:
2090:
2045:
1734:
1666:
1505:
1486:
1482:
may confer benefits including dose sparing and stabilisation of final vaccine formulation.
1479:
1459:
1422:
1331:
1187:
782:
774:
635:
467:
249:
218:
217:
is minimal. An effective vaccine would elicit the immune response to the antigens and form
133:
85:
The first recombinant subunit vaccine was produced in the mid-1980s to protect people from
75:
4348:
Tijssen P, ed. (1985-01-01). "Chapter 4 The nature of immunogens, antigens, and haptens".
3964:"Designs of Antigen Structure and Composition for Improved Protein-Based Vaccine Efficacy"
3424:"The efficacy of a Salmonella typhi Vi conjugate vaccine in two-to-five-year-old children"
2010:
It has been shown in a 2014 systematic quantitative review that the bivalent HPV vaccine (
8:
7265:
7231:
7117:
6940:
6883:
6878:
6824:
6655:
6523:
6495:
6447:
4818:"CERVARIX [Human Papillomavirus Bivalent (Types 16 and 18) Vaccine, Recombinant]"
3019:"Viral nanoparticles and virus-like particles: platforms for contemporary vaccine design"
2304:
2280:. Creation of products targeting common illnesses successfully lowered infection-related
2098: (RR = 1.33, 95% CI 1.03â1.72, three RCTs, FEM, I2 = 14%, lowâcertainty evidence).
1509:
1267:
and functionally active proteins. However, efficacy of mammalian cells may be limited by
1231:
1104:
685:
601:
Their pathogenicities are minimized as only fragments of the pathogen are present in the
587:
447:. A variety of approaches can be used for development depending on the vaccine involved.
425:
301:
229:
149:
55:
6935:
6675:
6198:
5953:
5505:
1759:
It is not easy to supervise conjugation chemistry which leads to noncontinuous variation
1041:
will be isolated and transferred to a second, non-pathogenic organism, and cultured for
221:
that allows quick recognition of the pathogens and quick response to future infections.
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7132:
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6834:
6819:
6695:
6680:
6665:
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6217:
6182:
6127:
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6083:
6039:
5930:
5905:
5856:
5661:
5613:
5588:
5564:
5539:
5487:
5439:
5414:
5390:
5364:"Safety of Human Papillomavirus 9-Valent Vaccine: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials"
5363:
5336:
5309:
5283:
5180:
5153:
5134:
5039:
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4973:
4948:
4874:
4849:
4732:
4705:
4651:
4608:
4513:
4486:
4485:
Ferrer-Miralles N, Domingo-EspĂn J, Corchero JL, VĂĄzquez E, Villaverde A (March 2009).
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3768:
3739:
3714:
3690:
3665:
3602:
3519:
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3404:
3356:
3331:
3307:
3282:
3240:
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3104:
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3018:
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2725:
2549:
2517:
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2300:
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2122:
1832:
1777:
1728:
1471:
947:
869:
661:
654:
583:
432:
51:
5362:
Costa AP, Cobucci RN, da Silva JM, da Costa Lima PH, Giraldo PC, Gonçalves AK (2017).
5020:
4767:
4397:
4357:
4352:. Practice and Theory of Enzyme Immunoassays. Vol. 15. Elsevier. pp. 39â41.
3715:"Recent advances in the production of recombinant subunit vaccines in Pichia pastoris"
3162:"Recent advances in the production of recombinant subunit vaccines in Pichia pastoris"
3135:
3091:
3074:
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7388:
7221:
7062:
6952:
6841:
6702:
6527:
6490:
6380:
6358:
6306:
6302:
6271:
6222:
6132:
6087:
6075:
6043:
6031:
5935:
5848:
5653:
5636:
Crowe JE (July 2007). "Genetic predisposition for adverse events after vaccination".
5618:
5569:
5491:
5479:
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5395:
5341:
5287:
5275:
5233:
5185:
5138:
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4771:
4737:
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1143:
1131:
1053:
974:
881:
528:
522:
504:
500:
399:
358:
184:
163:
Recombinant subunit vaccines are considered to be safe for injection. The chances of
7367:
5665:
4669:
Zhu J (2012). "Mammalian cell protein expression for biopharmaceutical production".
4655:
4149:
3681:
3347:
3244:
2369:
Research has been conducted to explore the possibility of developing a heterologous
2159:
18-49 year old patients and healthy adults aged 50 and over. These studies reported
7347:
7332:
7188:
7049:
6962:
6348:
6340:
6298:
6261:
6253:
6212:
6202:
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6023:
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5608:
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5551:
5471:
5434:
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5375:
5331:
5321:
5267:
5223:
5175:
5165:
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5078:
5034:
5016:
4968:
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4911:
4869:
4861:
4763:
4727:
4717:
4678:
4635:
4612:
4592:
4554:
4508:
4498:
4440:
4432:
4393:
4353:
4320:
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4233:
4225:
4184:
4176:
4127:
4086:
4078:
4037:
4029:
3985:
3975:
3927:
3917:
3869:
3859:
3788:
3780:
3734:
3726:
3685:
3677:
3636:
3586:
3551:
3514:
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3435:
3388:
3351:
3343:
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3294:
3222:
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3131:
3086:
3038:
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2801:
2791:
2745:
2737:
2545:
2512:
2504:
2160:
2065:
1982:
1939:
1935:
1828:
1793:
1626:
1139:
1135:
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897:
893:
889:
832:
804:
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444:
241:
188:
71:
6888:
6344:
6071:
5843:
5826:
3730:
3392:
3177:
1872:
1397:(papillomavirus C-terminal truncated major capsid protein L1 types 16 and 18) and
926:
are reproduced rapidly and efficiently in a short time for the elimination of the
7352:
7150:
6957:
6915:
6801:
6781:
6751:
6734:
6660:
6650:
6580:
6519:
6464:
4964:
4865:
4180:
4132:
4115:
4033:
3590:
2312:
1809:
1754:
1670:
1591:
1335:
1116:
1042:
778:
691:
620:
552:
436:
411:
395:
366:
283:
59:
40:
39:. Subunit vaccine can be made from dissembled viral particles in cell culture or
36:
4915:
3510:
3440:
3423:
2542:
Biotechnologies for the
Management of Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
2470:"What are protein subunit vaccines and how could they be used against COVID-19?"
2190:. Market authorization was issued on 20 December 2021. The vaccine contains the
1713:
Can withstand changes in conditions (e.g. temperature, light exposure, humidity)
1088:
7489:
7216:
7107:
7067:
6947:
6768:
6707:
6187:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
5921:
5604:
5555:
4436:
3555:
3422:
Lin FY, Ho VA, Khiem HB, Trach DD, Bay PV, Thanh TC, et al. (April 2001).
3330:
Raffatellu M, Chessa D, Wilson RP, Dusold R, Rubino S, BĂ€umler AJ (June 2005).
2859:
2691:"Nuvaxovid dispersion for injection,COVID-19 Vaccine (recombinant, adjuvanted)"
2508:
2281:
2273:
2222:
2172:
1943:
1805:
1724:
1662:
1449:
1426:
1347:
1343:
1271:
1219:
1147:
1100:
1018:
1010:
1006:
967:
853:
726:
630:
However, there are also some drawbacks regarding recombinant subunit vaccines:
609:
362:
322:
318:
237:
176:
171:
being administered. Minor side effects include injection site pain, fever, and
164:
63:
6257:
5825:
Van Den Ende C, Marano C, Van Ahee A, Bunge EM, De
Moerlooze L (August 2017).
5122:
4722:
4596:
3832:
3464:
3211:"Recombinant protein subunit vaccine synthesis in microbes: a role for yeast?"
2741:
7516:
7372:
7357:
7327:
7322:
7177:
6930:
6925:
6829:
6474:
5475:
5430:
5130:
5092:
4165:"B cells promote CD8 T cell primary and memory responses to subunit vaccines"
3980:
3864:
2796:
2385:
2382:
2319:
2195:
2148:
2114:
2073:
1884:
1646:
1610:
1606:
including multilamellar or unilamellar vesicles allow for prolonged release.
1583:
1556:
1544:
1540:
1490:
1430:
1386:
1371:
1359:
1339:
1319:
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943:
907:
903:
820:
798:
639:
540:
245:
118:
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5228:
5211:
5170:
5083:
5066:
3922:
3641:
3624:
2656:
2620:
1259:
cells are well known for their ability to perform therapeutically essential
677:
Simplified overview of the processes involved in the primary immune response
673:
224:
A drawback is that the specific antigens used in a subunit vaccine may lack
82:, and requiring time to examine which antigenic combinations may work best.
7449:
7092:
6987:
6920:
6861:
6856:
6536:
6427:
6407:
6362:
6275:
6226:
6136:
6079:
6035:
5939:
5852:
5657:
5622:
5573:
5483:
5448:
5399:
5380:
5345:
5279:
5271:
5237:
5189:
5048:
4982:
4933:
4883:
4817:
4785:
4758:
Jarvis DL (2009). "Chapter 14 BaculovirusâInsect Cell
Expression Systems".
4741:
4690:
4647:
4604:
4566:
4522:
4503:
4484:
4454:
4405:
4334:
4282:
4247:
4198:
4141:
4100:
4051:
3999:
3941:
3883:
3802:
3748:
3699:
3650:
3598:
3563:
3528:
3449:
3400:
3365:
3316:
3236:
3195:
3143:
3100:
3052:
2971:
Perspectives in
Structural Biology: A Volume in Honour of G.N. Ramachandran
2815:
2759:
2584:
2567:
2526:
2343:
2339:
2253:
2218:
2214:
2053:
1954:
1772:
are safe for administration. However, mild local reactions, including
1741:
1622:
1548:
1264:
939:
865:
790:
768:
734:
718:
650:
590:, recombinant subunit vaccines have the following special characteristics:
214:
157:
153:
79:
6310:
7236:
7226:
7087:
6893:
6776:
6744:
6670:
6532:
6423:
6415:
3542:
Skwarczynski M, Toth I (May 2011). "Peptide-based subunit nanovaccines".
2226:
1927:
1892:
1836:
1797:
1268:
993:
873:
764:
695:
681:
463:
459:
cell cultures can be used to produce large amounts of proteins in vitro.
452:
375:
252:
may be used with the subunit vaccines, or booster doses may be required.
233:
192:
180:
94:
86:
1930:
of healthy individuals is associated with â„90% seroprotection rates for
1847:
previously. Furthermore, precautions should be taken when administering
7362:
7337:
7027:
6977:
5904:
Gonçalves AK, Cobucci RN, Rodrigues HM, de Melo AG, Giraldo PC (2014).
3227:
3210:
2393:
2269:
1923:
are recognized as conferring protection against hepatitis B infection.
1773:
1673:
and trafficking. Subunits may either be inserted within the carrier or
745:
730:
471:
98:
6118:
5589:"Sex and Gender Impact Immune Responses to Vaccines Among the Elderly"
5212:"Active and passive immunity, vaccine types, excipients and licensing"
4325:
4308:
4274:
3822:
3625:"Active and passive immunity, vaccine types, excipients and licensing"
3122:
Noad R, Roy P (September 2003). "Virus-like particles as immunogens".
1437:. Please refer to subunit expression and synthesis for more insights.
1314:
Schematic representation of baculovirus structure and infection cycle.
1310:
7411:
6982:
6850:
6419:
6027:
4082:
3034:
2238:
2183:
2069:
2057:
1931:
1880:
1856:
1700:
1275:
1215:
1207:
857:
808:
122:
110:
90:
32:
4762:. Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 463. Elsevier. pp. 191â222.
4639:
3666:"Recombinant vaccines and the development of new vaccine strategies"
1489:
are chosen based on safety, tolerance, compatibility of antigen and
1165:
cost-effectiveness, efficiency and technical feasibility. Moreover,
7253:
7246:
7241:
7211:
6967:
6903:
6898:
5649:
4799:
Galleno M, Sick AJ (1999). "Baculovirus expression vector system".
3023:
2858:
Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P (2002).
2401:
2397:
2389:
2378:
2370:
2355:
2242:
2234:
2202:
2187:
2152:
2134:
2106:
2011:
1990:
1986:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1916:
1817:
1789:
1634:
1630:
1614:
1603:
1587:
1552:
1521:
1513:
1475:
1394:
1375:
1363:
1291:
1162:
1112:
1096:
1065:
984:
927:
919:
877:
824:
699:
643:
340:
295:
287:
137:
114:
28:
2780:"Recent Developments in Recombinant Protein-Based Dengue Vaccines"
705:
The processes involved in primary immune response are as follows:
6972:
6411:
5361:
2585:"Gardasil 9 (Human Papillomavirus 9-valent Vaccine, Recombinant)"
2374:
2335:
2308:
2277:
2261:
2151:
have been conducted on the efficacy, effectiveness and safety of
2110:
2049:
2031:
2023:
2019:
1994:
1974:
1906:
1888:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1824:
1785:
1769:
1750:
1703:
meaning they cannot cause the disease they aim to protect against
1658:
1618:
1613:
confer advantages such as increased resistance to degradation in
1599:
1579:
1498:
1467:
1453:
1382:
1355:
1199:
1173:
1170:
1061:
959:
935:
923:
911:
888:
development for the formation of different antibodies, including
861:
812:
714:
710:
602:
595:
560:
556:
536:
532:
492:
415:
403:
172:
168:
145:
106:
67:
24:
5903:
5717:"Contraindications and precautions: Canadian Immunization Guide"
3495:"Peptide-Based Vaccines: Current Progress and Future Challenges"
2893:(7th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. pp. 709â710.
2544:. Advances in Genetics. Vol. 78. Elsevier. pp. 1â167.
2186:
is a recombinant subunit vaccine licensed for the prevention of
2083:. The four viral strains are standardised annually according to
1629:
responses. An example of licensed recombinant vaccine utilising
7275:
7260:
6546:
5824:
3766:
2246:
2095:
2077:
1813:
1390:
1351:
1323:
1256:
1181:
1138:
that require additional solubilisation. Regarding application,
1077:
1073:
885:
846:
842:
838:
828:
753:
749:
508:
420:
50:
A "subunit" vaccine doesn't contain the whole pathogen, unlike
5714:
5067:"Safety and Mechanism of Action of Licensed Vaccine Adjuvants"
4425:
The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice
3848:"Impact of Vaccines; Health, Economic and Social Perspectives"
2497:
The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice
717:
elicits a primary response. After injection, antigens will be
7270:
7155:
6756:
6690:
6242:"Recombinant subunit vaccines for soil-transmitted helminths"
4162:
3280:
3075:"Whole Inactivated Virus and Protein-Based COVID-19 Vaccines"
2373:
receptor-binding domain (RBD) recombinant protein as a human
2257:
1920:
1896:
1801:
1781:
1568:
1367:
1299:
1227:
1223:
1194:
colonies on yeast extract glucose chloramphenicol agar (YGC).
1166:
1158:
1069:
794:
448:
291:
240:, so the immune response to the subunit vaccines may only be
6012:
5064:
3329:
1119:, accurate profiling and its ability to grow in inexpensive
6565:
4350:
Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
4306:
3962:
Saylor K, Gillam F, Lohneis T, Zhang C (24 February 2020).
2473:
2027:
2015:
1998:
1910:
1792:
may be encountered after vaccination. Occurrence of severe
1595:
1517:
1502:
1478:(e.g. increasing generation of T cell memory). Addition of
1235:
1038:
1034:
89:. Other recombinant subunit vaccines licensed include
6100:
5065:
Rambe DS, Del Giudice G, Rossi S, Sanicas M (2015-07-06).
2973:. Hyderabad, India: Universities Press. pp. 449â466.
321:(sugar molecules) found in the pathogen's capsule such as
4582:
4544:
2126:
475:
4703:
4113:
3961:
2964:
1763:
1470:
and guide the activation of the most effective forms of
1000:
938:
are given initially, followed by additional doses named
6288:
5789:"ENGERIX-B [Hepatitis B Vaccine (Recombinant)]"
5461:
4309:"Selection of protein epitopes for antibody production"
4114:
Curtsinger JM, Johnson CM, Mescher MF (November 2003).
4067:"Vaccines: Underlying Principles of Design and Testing"
4064:
3824:
Production and delivery of recombinant subunit vaccines
2857:
2001:
of the major capsid L1 protein produced by recombinant
1005:
Candidate subunits will be selected primarily by their
605:
which cannot invade and multiply within the human body.
6151:"Nuvaxovid COVID-19 Vaccine (recombinant, adjuvanted)"
4850:"Overview of the purification of recombinant proteins"
4307:
Lindskog M, Rockberg J, Uhlén M, Sterky F (May 2005).
3570:
3486:
136:, antigens trigger the production of antigen-specific
16:
Vaccine that contains antigenic parts of the pathogen.
6056:
5985:"GSK exits U.S. market with its HPV vaccine Cervarix"
4487:"Microbial factories for recombinant pharmaceuticals"
3535:
2117:, whose risk of developing increases with decline of
1033:
Upon identifying the target subunit and its encoding
5683:"ACIP Contraindications Guidelines for Immunization"
5412:
4949:"Vaccine adjuvants: putting innate immunity to work"
3670:
Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research
2967:"Multi-protein assemblies with point group symmetry"
431:
Protein subunit vaccines are generally made through
3492:
2777:
2657:"Shingrix (Zoster Vaccine Recombinant, Adjuvanted)"
2326:, in order to safeguard the health of more people.
2241:of a vaccine by Edward Jenner in 1798 to eradicate
1028:
3456:
1942:. Yet, GSK HepB still has a clinically acceptable
499:. Instead of being a protein, the Vi antigen is a
7428:Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
6326:
5749:"RECOMBIVAX HB Hepatitis B Vaccine (Recombinant)"
5413:Cox MM, Izikson R, Post P, Dunkle L (July 2015).
3016:
2969:. In Vijayan M, Yathindra N, Kolaskar AS (eds.).
2726:"Novel vaccine technologies for the 21st century"
1574:
958:The manufacturing process of recombinant subunit
942:. Boosters can effectively maintain the level of
7514:
4946:
4065:Kallon S, Samir S, Goonetilleke N (April 2021).
3845:
3541:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2268:. Conjugated vaccines were also developed using
1887:(produced by merck) are two recombinant subunit
1286:cells utilised for the synthesis of recombinant
781:attach to the antigen-MHC complexes, initiating
58:, but contains only the antigenic parts such as
5537:
4383:
4211:
3663:
3421:
3378:
2827:
2825:
2533:
1688:
1282:The most prominent example under this class is
684:is a potent way to protect individuals against
539:with a strong antigen as a carrier so that the
376:haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine
228:which are common to a class of pathogen. These
5544:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
5303:
5301:
5299:
5297:
5205:
5203:
5201:
5199:
5002:
4018:"B lymphocytes: how they develop and function"
3576:
3493:Malonis RJ, Lai JR, Vergnolle O (March 2020).
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
1808:can vary among populations depending on their
1416:
1111:is widely utilised due to its highly explored
946:in the human body, hence extending a person's
6388:
5715:Public Health Agency of Canada (2007-07-18).
5310:"Recent Advances in Subunit Vaccine Carriers"
5307:
5253:
5251:
5249:
5247:
5154:"Recent Advances in Subunit Vaccine Carriers"
5151:
5111:Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering
4947:Coffman RL, Sher A, Seder RA (October 2010).
3712:
3159:
3072:
2539:
2418:
1949:
1378:-bound proteins in Baculovirus-insect cells.
1305:
543:has a stronger response to the weak antigen.
6327:Chen WH, Hotez PJ, Bottazzi ME (June 2020).
5910:The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases
5071:International Current Pharmaceutical Journal
4015:
3323:
3287:Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology
2965:Vijayan M, Yathindra N, Kolaskar AS (1999).
2822:
2723:
2085:United States Public Health Services (USPHS)
5294:
5196:
4798:
4058:
2929:Biochemistry: An Organic Chemistry Approach
2449:
2439:WHO Vaccine Safety Basics e-learning course
2381:. The theory is supported by evidence that
1989:confers protection against type 16 and 18,
1535:
934:Under specific circumstances, low doses of
623:due to the use of recombinant technologies.
6395:
6381:
6239:
5982:
5958:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
5689:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
5512:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
5244:
4760:Guide to Protein Purification, 2nd Edition
3012:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2932:. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 269-270.
2890:General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry
2621:"Flublok Quadrivalent (Influenza Vaccine)"
2484:
2201:, which is eventually adjuvanted with the
1905:and are formulated as a suspension of the
462:Protein-based vaccines are being used for
410:") with other protein molecules to form a
6352:
6265:
6216:
6206:
6126:
5929:
5842:
5612:
5586:
5563:
5438:
5389:
5379:
5335:
5325:
5257:
5227:
5179:
5169:
5082:
5038:
4972:
4873:
4847:
4731:
4721:
4625:
4512:
4502:
4444:
4421:"Recent Advances in Vaccine Technologies"
4324:
4260:
4237:
4188:
4131:
4090:
4041:
3989:
3979:
3931:
3921:
3873:
3863:
3792:
3738:
3689:
3664:Nascimento IP, Leite LC (December 2012).
3640:
3518:
3439:
3355:
3306:
3226:
3185:
3090:
3042:
2805:
2795:
2778:Tripathi NK, Shrivastava A (2018-08-23).
2749:
2516:
2493:"Recent Advances in Vaccine Technologies"
2400:) and that amino acid similarity between
1749:Can be difficult to isolate the specific
1543:are primarily divided into polymer-based
841:can undergo activation in the absence of
481:
5538:McNeil MM, DeStefano F (February 2018).
5108:
3215:The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology
3068:
3066:
3064:
3062:
2392:patients have the ability to neutralise
1985:which they protect the patients from as
1953:
1871:
1640:
1440:
1330:has the ability to express a variety of
1309:
1212:cellular conformational stress responses
1186:
1087:
1056:is selected based on the requirement of
672:
353:contains polysaccharide chains bound to
6333:Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
6180:
4706:"Cell factories for insulin production"
4418:
4347:
4016:LeBien TW, Tedder TF (September 2008).
3846:Rodrigues CM, Plotkin SA (2020-07-14).
3155:
3153:
3121:
2999:
2851:
2831:
2490:
2225:at that time employed the technique of
2072:virus purified and extracted using the
612:and are suitable to be administered to
414:. Large assemblies of proteins such as
167:vary depending on the specific type of
7515:
6176:
6174:
6172:
5783:
5781:
5743:
5741:
5677:
5675:
5357:
5355:
5209:
5104:
5102:
4812:
4810:
4757:
4585:Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
4379:
4377:
4071:Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
4011:
4009:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3713:Wang M, Jiang S, Wang Y (April 2016).
3622:
3618:
3616:
3160:Wang M, Jiang S, Wang Y (April 2016).
3073:Hotez PJ, Bottazzi ME (January 2022).
2886:
2880:
2724:Mascola JR, Fauci AS (February 2020).
1926:It has been shown that primary 3-dose
1677:to be expressed on the surface of the
1290:surface glycoprotein (gE) antigen for
226:pathogen-associated molecular patterns
35:, or necessary to elicit a protective
6376:
6322:
6320:
6157:from the original on 23 December 2021
5635:
5540:"Vaccine-associated hypersensitivity"
5506:"Possible Side effects from Vaccines"
5060:
5058:
5005:"Preparation of recombinant vaccines"
4998:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4901:
4899:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4753:
4751:
4578:
4576:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4302:
4300:
3910:Journal of Global Infectious Diseases
3820:
3059:
2958:
2946:from the original on 5 September 2023
2925:
2919:
2907:from the original on 5 September 2023
2773:
2771:
2769:
2719:
2717:
2685:
2683:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2579:
2577:
1764:Adverse effects and contraindications
1665:of recombinant subunits via altering
1354:cells, proteins expressed are mostly
1115:, widely available genetic tools for
1001:Identification of immunogenic subunit
918:, in which a higher concentration of
864:, they can present the substances to
823:are responsible for the secretion of
6240:Noon JB, Aroian RV (December 2017).
5964:from the original on 15 October 2019
4905:
4854:Current Protocols in Protein Science
3906:"Fundamentals of vaccine immunology"
3903:
3208:
3202:
3150:
2987:from the original on 8 November 2023
2329:
2133:, which is to be reconstituted with
2129:gE antigen component extracted from
1977:licensed for the protection against
1891:licensed for the protection against
1862:
1238:) of the major capsid protein L1 of
819:by releasing lytic molecules, while
763:, antigens will bind to either
514:
27:that contains purified parts of the
6169:
5954:"Gardasil-4 is no longer available"
5867:
5778:
5738:
5672:
5587:Fink AL, Klein SL (November 2015).
5352:
5308:Vartak A, Sucheck SJ (April 2016).
5152:Vartak A, Sucheck SJ (April 2016).
5099:
4807:
4668:
4374:
4006:
3948:
3890:
3809:
3755:
3613:
3462:
3428:The New England Journal of Medicine
2861:The Shape and Structure of Proteins
1621:release, raised particle uptake by
1602:release by degrading in vivo while
1596:poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)
1425:methods have evolved from standard
1421:Throughout history, extraction and
1242:type 6, 11, 16, 18 are produced by
815:that were presented to them by the
507:by linking the polysacchide with a
328:pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine
312:
13:
7455:Eradication of infectious diseases
7212:Androvax (androstenedione albumin)
6317:
5638:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
5055:
4989:
4890:
4748:
4573:
4529:
4461:
4297:
4212:Wykes M, MacPherson G (May 2000).
3257:
2868:from the original on 26 March 2020
2766:
2714:
2680:
2644:
2608:
2574:
2550:10.1016/B978-0-12-394394-1.00001-8
2109:is a licensed recombinant subunit
2048:is a licensed recombinant subunit
1800:is rare, but can possibly lead to
1780:of the injection site, along with
1681:for efficient presentation to the
1251:
1222:. Regarding application, both the
1083:
546:
489:Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine
387:
43:expression, in which case it is a
14:
7544:
7045:Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
3092:10.1146/annurev-med-042420-113212
3017:Plummer EM, Manchester M (2011).
2030:(OR 2.88; 95% CI: 2.42â3.43) and
2022:(OR 3.14; 95% CI: 2.79â3.53) and
1590:. Common microspheres made using
1224:hepatitis B virus surface antigen
1198:Notably, yeast incorporates more
261:Summary of subunit vaccine types
7434:Alternative vaccination schedule
6404:Artificial induction of immunity
5893:from the original on 2023-06-16.
5419:Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines
4683:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.08.022
4559:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.09.001
4230:10.1046/j.1365-2567.2000.00044.x
3785:10.32607/20758251-2012-4-4-17-27
3769:"Recombinant influenza vaccines"
3381:Critical Reviews in Microbiology
3299:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2023.02.004
2480:from the original on 2021-08-17.
2445:from the original on 2021-08-08.
2101:
1919:concentration â„10mIU/mL against
1753:which will invoke the necessary
1717:
1409:) proteins from four strains of
1261:post-translational modifications
1178:post-translational modifications
1134:and the potential for producing
1128:post-translational modifications
1058:post-translational modifications
1029:Subunit expression and synthesis
953:
694:can be acquired artificially by
582:When compared with conventional
495:caused by the Typhi serotype of
6282:
6233:
6143:
6094:
6050:
6006:
5995:from the original on 2021-07-09
5976:
5946:
5897:
5818:
5807:from the original on 2022-04-08
5767:from the original on 2023-05-19
5727:from the original on 2023-05-25
5708:
5697:from the original on 2019-05-01
5629:
5580:
5531:
5520:from the original on 2017-03-17
5498:
5455:
5406:
5145:
4940:
4841:
4830:from the original on 2023-08-29
4792:
4697:
4662:
4619:
4412:
4341:
4254:
4205:
4156:
4107:
3839:
3706:
3682:10.1590/S0100-879X2012007500142
3657:
3475:from the original on 2021-11-16
3415:
3372:
3348:10.1128/IAI.73.6.3367-3374.2005
3274:
3251:
3115:
2840:from the original on 2022-05-25
2703:from the original on 2022-08-17
2669:from the original on 2023-07-02
2633:from the original on 2023-03-26
2597:from the original on 2023-08-29
2408:and RBD protein is high (82%).
2245:by injecting relatively weaker
1876:Engerix B (Hepatitis B) vaccine
1831:to people who have experienced
1744:) to provide long-term immunity
1625:and enhanced ability to induce
1448:are materials added to improve
1176:and has the ability to perform
1045:. The process is also known as
910:are formed post-infection. The
759:Following antigen processes by
723:antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
668:
380:meningococcal conjugate vaccine
7266:Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin)
5368:Journal of Immunology Research
5003:Soler E, Houdebine LM (2007).
2293:genetic engineering techniques
2018:(OR 3.29; 95% CI: 3.00â3.60),
1981:infection. They differ in the
1973:are three recombinant subunit
1867:
1740:Often require multiple doses (
1582:are often encapsulated within
1575:Polymer-based delivery systems
1493:considerations. Commonly used
1021:) and cellular location (e.g.
789:, and hence the conversion of
649:Patients will have to receive
372:pneumococcal conjugate vaccine
348:
1:
6797:Group B streptococcal disease
6616:Vaccines for Children Program
6345:10.1080/21645515.2020.1740560
6072:10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.07.049
5844:10.1080/14760584.2017.1338568
5464:The Annals of Pharmacotherapy
5021:10.1016/s1387-2656(07)13004-0
4803:. Elsevier. pp. 331â363.
4768:10.1016/s0076-6879(09)63014-7
4398:10.1016/s0168-1656(99)00107-8
4358:10.1016/S0075-7535(08)70134-7
3731:10.1080/21655979.2016.1191707
3393:10.1080/1040841X.2016.1249335
3178:10.1080/21655979.2016.1191707
3136:10.1016/S0966-842X(03)00208-7
2864:. New York: Garland Science.
2836:. News medical lifesciences.
2435:"Module 2 - Subunit vaccines"
2411:
2364:
2034:(OR 2.65; 95% CI: 2.0â3.44).
1693:
1381:Licensed recombinant subunit
1263:and express properly folded,
1107:and small-scale productions.
553:peptide-based subunit vaccine
406:molecule that assembles (or "
6303:10.1016/0264-410x(91)90262-5
5883:Food and Drug Administration
5797:Food and Drug Administration
5757:Food and Drug Administration
4965:10.1016/j.immuni.2010.10.002
4866:10.1002/0471140864.ps0601s80
4823:Food and Drug Administration
4181:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109591
4133:10.4049/jimmunol.171.10.5165
4034:10.1182/blood-2008-02-078071
3591:10.1016/j.drudis.2022.03.004
2887:Stoker HS (1 January 2015).
2834:"What is a Subunit Vaccine?"
2662:Food and Drug Administration
2626:Food and Drug Administration
2590:Food and Drug Administration
2540:Lidder P, Sonnino A (2012).
2338:are used in development for
2119:varicella zoster virus (VZV)
2040:
1946:in all studied populations.
1899:harvested and purified from
1689:Advantages and disadvantages
849:receptor signalling pathway.
573:Peptide immunity improvement
306:acellular pertussis vaccines
277:
207:
204:through individuals plasma.
198:
7:
6016:Reviews in Medical Virology
5983:Sagonowsky E (2016-10-21).
5009:Biotechnology Annual Review
4916:10.1007/978-1-4939-6445-1_1
4848:Wingfield PT (April 2015).
4263:Journal of Medical Virology
3511:10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00472
3441:10.1056/nejm200104263441701
2499:. Vaccines and Immunology.
2272:markers including capsular
2249:virus into the human body.
2194:protein produced using the
2178:
2169:haematological malignancies
1843:or other components of the
1417:Extraction and purification
1284:Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO)
980:Extraction and purification
577:
323:cell walls of some bacteria
45:recombinant subunit vaccine
10:
7549:
5922:10.1016/j.bjid.2014.02.005
5605:10.1152/physiol.00035.2015
5556:10.1016/j.jaci.2017.12.971
5210:Baxter D (December 2007).
4437:10.1016/j.cvsm.2017.10.002
3623:Baxter D (December 2007).
3585:(5). Elsevier: 1367â1380.
3556:10.2174/156720111795256192
2926:Smith MB (27 April 2020).
2730:Nature Reviews. Immunology
2509:10.1016/j.cvsm.2017.10.002
2348:soil-transmitted helminths
2217:can be traced back to the
2208:
1950:Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
1653:, are cells modified with
1462:increase the magnitude of
1306:Baculovirus (insect) cells
1109:Escherichia coli (E. Coli)
520:
439:of an organism so that it
7473:
7442:
7381:
7313:
7204:
7176:
7143:
6812:
6643:
6636:
6555:
6483:
6435:
6258:10.1017/S003118201700138X
6181:Plotkin S (August 2014).
5831:Expert Review of Vaccines
5123:10.1007/s11705-018-1729-4
4723:10.1186/s12934-014-0141-0
4597:10.1007/s00253-015-6947-9
4419:Francis MJ (March 2018).
3852:Frontiers in Microbiology
3469:Oxford vaccine group 2020
3079:Annual Review of Medicine
2742:10.1038/s41577-019-0243-3
2491:Francis MJ (March 2018).
2396:(corresponding virus for
1737:to improve immunogenicity
1206:when compared with other
1142:is being utilised as the
807:can directly destroy the
334:preventing diseases from
6792:Clostridioides difficile
6183:"History of vaccination"
5476:10.1177/1060028018758431
5431:10.1177/2051013615595595
4710:Microbial Cell Factories
4491:Microbial Cell Factories
4386:Journal of Biotechnology
3981:10.3389/fimmu.2020.00283
3904:Clem AS (January 2011).
3865:10.3389/fmicb.2020.01526
3471:. University of Oxford.
2797:10.3389/fimmu.2018.01919
2004:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
1958:Gardasil vaccine and box
1902:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
1536:Formulation and delivery
1497:for recombinant subunit
1302:-induced contamination.
1245:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
1192:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
1153:
1132:protein secretary system
1123:at high cell densities.
795:cytotoxic T cells (CD8+)
511:increases the efficacy.
255:
127:Coronavirus disease 2019
7055:Tick-borne encephalitis
6208:10.1073/pnas.1400472111
5327:10.3390/vaccines4020012
5171:10.3390/vaccines4020012
5084:10.3329/icpj.v4i8.24024
4801:Gene Expression Systems
3968:Frontiers in Immunology
3923:10.4103/0974-777X.77299
2784:Frontiers in Immunology
2324:non-infectious diseases
2307:, which uses the viral
2299:apart from traditional
2125:. The vaccine contains
2113:for protection against
1452:of recombinant subunit
1427:chromatographic methods
1047:heterologous expression
7465:List of vaccine topics
6460:Mathematical modelling
5272:10.1002/cmdc.201200487
4671:Biotechnology Advances
4547:Biotechnology Advances
4504:10.1186/1475-2859-8-17
3336:Infection and Immunity
3209:Bill RM (March 2015).
3124:Trends in Microbiology
2213:While the practice of
2165:cell-mediated immunity
1959:
1883:(produced by GSK) and
1877:
1675:genetically engineered
1592:Poly-lactic acid (PLA)
1565:gram-negative bacteria
1561:gram-positive bacteria
1429:to the utilisation of
1315:
1288:varicella zoster virus
1195:
1093:
884:can take place during
769:MHC class II receptors
678:
653:to maintain long-term
619:They are suitable for
535:which combines a weak
482:Polysaccharide subunit
337:Neisseria meningitidis
183:and potentially fatal
7460:Vaccinate Your Family
6911:Japanese encephalitis
5229:10.1093/occmed/kqm110
5216:Occupational Medicine
4120:Journal of Immunology
3642:10.1093/occmed/kqm110
3629:Occupational Medicine
3544:Current Drug Delivery
3264:Immunology Course 419
2266:communicable diseases
2014:) is associated with
1957:
1875:
1851:to people who are in
1683:mucosal immune system
1641:Live delivery systems
1598:allow for controlled
1441:Addition of adjuvants
1313:
1190:
1091:
811:cells containing the
799:helper T cells (CD4+)
765:MHC class I receptors
676:
332:meningococcal vaccine
7343:John Franklin Enders
6153:. 17 December 2021.
5960:(CDC). 23 May 2022.
5381:10.1155/2017/3736201
4628:Nature Biotechnology
3579:Drug Discovery Today
2334:Recombinant subunit
2297:recombinant vaccines
2188:SARS-CoV-2 infection
2091:Flublok Quadrivalent
2046:Flublok Quadrivalent
1823:Recombinant subunit
1768:Recombinant subunit
1667:antigen presentation
1528:molecules (e.g. AS01
1399:Flublok Quadrivalent
1332:recombinant proteins
1240:human papillomavirus
1232:virus-like particles
1210:, which may trigger
1105:genetic modification
1099:are widely used for
987:or incorporation to
805:Cytotoxic CD8+ cells
775:Antigen presentation
709:Pre-exposure to the
638:is necessary during
588:inactivated vaccines
570:Epitope optimization
468:human papillomavirus
435:, manipulating the
230:molecular structures
219:immunological memory
103:Human Papillomavirus
6524:Virus-like particle
6448:Vaccine ingredients
6199:2014PNAS..11112283P
6193:(34): 12283â12287.
5015:. Elsevier: 65â94.
4860:(1): 6.1.1â6.1.35.
2305:Hepatitis B vaccine
2221:, in which ancient
1729:attenuated vaccines
1510:aluminium hydroxide
686:infectious diseases
584:attenuated vaccines
567:Epitope recognition
497:Salmonella enterica
443:large amounts of a
426:virus-like particle
343:A, C, W-135, and Y
317:contains chains of
262:
150:infectious diseases
56:inactivated vaccine
7500:Never to phase III
7299:Hexavalent vaccine
7113:EpsteinâBarr virus
7008:OxfordâAstraZeneca
6696:NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135
3465:"Types of vaccine"
3228:10.1111/jphp.12353
2832:Cuffari B (2022).
2301:whole-cell vaccine
2145:Systematic reviews
1960:
1878:
1833:allergic reactions
1474:for each specific
1316:
1196:
1094:
966:Identification of
916:secondary response
679:
662:expression systems
646:of these vaccines.
559:instead of a full
433:protein production
260:
7510:
7509:
7422:Vaccines and SIDS
7309:
7308:
7083:Hepatitis A and B
7059:Varicella zoster
6516:Subunit/component
6252:(14): 1845â1870.
6119:10.1136/bmj.k4029
6066:(40): 6205â6214.
5030:978-0-444-53032-5
4925:978-1-4939-6443-7
4908:Vaccine Adjuvants
4634:(11): 1409â1414.
4591:(22): 9349â9360.
4326:10.2144/05385ST02
4275:10.1002/jmv.27590
4126:(10): 5165â5171.
3676:(12): 1102â1111.
3434:(17): 1263â1269.
2980:978-81-7371-254-8
2939:978-1-351-25807-4
2900:978-1-305-68618-2
2330:Future directions
2286:public healthcare
2199:expression system
2157:immunocompromised
2081:expression system
2064:proteins of four
1997:contain purified
1863:Licensed vaccines
1855:state and during
1708:immunocompromised
1699:Cannot revert to
1526:immunostimulatory
1464:adaptive response
1435:expression system
1411:influenza viruses
1328:expression system
1202:molecules during
1144:expression system
1101:cloning processes
1054:expression system
922:specific for the
882:Isotype switching
833:cytotoxic T cells
821:helper CD4+ cells
777:occurs, in which
748:, where immature
614:immunocompromised
608:They have better
529:conjugate vaccine
523:Conjugate vaccine
515:Conjugate vaccine
505:conjugate vaccine
501:bacterial capsule
400:polypeptide chain
385:
384:
284:isolated proteins
242:antibody-mediated
189:contraindications
185:allergic reaction
72:immunocompromised
7540:
7523:Subunit vaccines
7401:MMR autism fraud
7348:Maurice Hilleman
7333:Hilary Koprowski
6641:
6640:
6397:
6390:
6383:
6374:
6373:
6367:
6366:
6356:
6339:(6): 1239â1242.
6324:
6315:
6314:
6286:
6280:
6279:
6269:
6237:
6231:
6230:
6220:
6210:
6178:
6167:
6166:
6164:
6162:
6147:
6141:
6140:
6130:
6098:
6092:
6091:
6054:
6048:
6047:
6028:10.1002/rmv.2331
6010:
6004:
6003:
6001:
6000:
5980:
5974:
5973:
5971:
5969:
5950:
5944:
5943:
5933:
5901:
5895:
5894:
5892:
5879:
5871:
5865:
5864:
5846:
5822:
5816:
5815:
5813:
5812:
5806:
5793:
5785:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5772:
5766:
5753:
5745:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5732:
5712:
5706:
5705:
5703:
5702:
5679:
5670:
5669:
5633:
5627:
5626:
5616:
5584:
5578:
5577:
5567:
5535:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5525:
5502:
5496:
5495:
5459:
5453:
5452:
5442:
5410:
5404:
5403:
5393:
5383:
5359:
5350:
5349:
5339:
5329:
5305:
5292:
5291:
5255:
5242:
5241:
5231:
5207:
5194:
5193:
5183:
5173:
5149:
5143:
5142:
5106:
5097:
5096:
5086:
5062:
5053:
5052:
5042:
5000:
4987:
4986:
4976:
4944:
4938:
4937:
4903:
4888:
4887:
4877:
4845:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4814:
4805:
4804:
4796:
4790:
4789:
4755:
4746:
4745:
4735:
4725:
4701:
4695:
4694:
4677:(5): 1158â1170.
4666:
4660:
4659:
4623:
4617:
4616:
4580:
4571:
4570:
4542:
4527:
4526:
4516:
4506:
4482:
4459:
4458:
4448:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4381:
4372:
4371:
4345:
4339:
4338:
4328:
4304:
4295:
4294:
4269:(6): 2369â2375.
4258:
4252:
4251:
4241:
4209:
4203:
4202:
4192:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4135:
4111:
4105:
4104:
4094:
4083:10.1002/cpt.2207
4062:
4056:
4055:
4045:
4028:(5): 1570â1580.
4013:
4004:
4003:
3993:
3983:
3959:
3946:
3945:
3935:
3925:
3901:
3888:
3887:
3877:
3867:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3818:
3807:
3806:
3796:
3764:
3753:
3752:
3742:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3693:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3644:
3620:
3611:
3610:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3522:
3505:(6): 3210â3229.
3499:Chemical Reviews
3490:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3443:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3359:
3342:(6): 3367â3374.
3327:
3321:
3320:
3310:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3230:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3189:
3157:
3148:
3147:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3094:
3070:
3057:
3056:
3046:
3035:10.1002/wnan.119
3014:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2829:
2820:
2819:
2809:
2799:
2775:
2764:
2763:
2753:
2721:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2702:
2695:
2687:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2653:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2617:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2581:
2572:
2571:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2520:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2466:
2447:
2446:
2431:
2406:SARS-CoV-2 spike
2352:feline leukaemia
2313:immune responses
2192:SARS-CoV-2 spike
1940:immunodeficiency
1936:chronic diseases
1909:adjuvanted with
1820:predisposition.
1812:condition, age,
1804:of individuals.
1794:hypersensitivity
1649:, also known as
1647:delivery systems
1627:cytotoxic T cell
1611:delivery systems
1580:Vaccine antigens
1557:delivery systems
1545:delivery systems
1541:Delivery systems
1163:bacterial cells'
1136:inclusion bodies
1092:Escherichia coli
962:are as follows:
783:clonal expansion
779:T cell receptors
642:to increase the
491:(ViCPS) against
445:recombinant gene
355:carrier proteins
263:
259:
7548:
7547:
7543:
7542:
7541:
7539:
7538:
7537:
7513:
7512:
7511:
7506:
7505:
7490:Clinical trials
7469:
7438:
7377:
7353:Stanley Plotkin
7315:
7305:
7217:Cancer vaccines
7200:
7194:Schistosomiasis
7172:
7166:Trypanosomiasis
7139:
7103:Cytomegalovirus
7013:PfizerâBioNTech
6808:
6632:
6581:Vaccine wastage
6551:
6479:
6431:
6401:
6371:
6370:
6325:
6318:
6287:
6283:
6238:
6234:
6179:
6170:
6160:
6158:
6149:
6148:
6144:
6099:
6095:
6055:
6051:
6011:
6007:
5998:
5996:
5981:
5977:
5967:
5965:
5952:
5951:
5947:
5902:
5898:
5890:
5877:
5873:
5872:
5868:
5823:
5819:
5810:
5808:
5804:
5791:
5787:
5786:
5779:
5770:
5768:
5764:
5751:
5747:
5746:
5739:
5730:
5728:
5713:
5709:
5700:
5698:
5681:
5680:
5673:
5634:
5630:
5585:
5581:
5536:
5532:
5523:
5521:
5504:
5503:
5499:
5460:
5456:
5411:
5407:
5360:
5353:
5306:
5295:
5256:
5245:
5208:
5197:
5150:
5146:
5107:
5100:
5063:
5056:
5031:
5001:
4990:
4945:
4941:
4926:
4904:
4891:
4846:
4842:
4833:
4831:
4816:
4815:
4808:
4797:
4793:
4778:
4756:
4749:
4702:
4698:
4667:
4663:
4640:10.1038/nbt1028
4624:
4620:
4581:
4574:
4543:
4530:
4483:
4462:
4417:
4413:
4382:
4375:
4368:
4346:
4342:
4305:
4298:
4259:
4255:
4210:
4206:
4161:
4157:
4112:
4108:
4063:
4059:
4014:
4007:
3960:
3949:
3902:
3891:
3844:
3840:
3819:
3810:
3765:
3756:
3711:
3707:
3662:
3658:
3621:
3614:
3575:
3571:
3540:
3536:
3491:
3487:
3478:
3476:
3461:
3457:
3420:
3416:
3377:
3373:
3328:
3324:
3279:
3275:
3256:
3252:
3207:
3203:
3158:
3151:
3120:
3116:
3071:
3060:
3015:
3000:
2990:
2988:
2981:
2963:
2959:
2949:
2947:
2940:
2924:
2920:
2910:
2908:
2901:
2885:
2881:
2871:
2869:
2856:
2852:
2843:
2841:
2830:
2823:
2776:
2767:
2722:
2715:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2681:
2672:
2670:
2655:
2654:
2645:
2636:
2634:
2619:
2618:
2609:
2600:
2598:
2583:
2582:
2575:
2560:
2538:
2534:
2489:
2485:
2468:
2467:
2450:
2433:
2432:
2419:
2414:
2367:
2332:
2303:, for instance
2211:
2181:
2140:
2137:suspension AS01
2104:
2043:
1952:
1895:. Both contain
1870:
1865:
1829:contraindicated
1810:physical health
1806:Adverse effects
1766:
1755:immune response
1742:"booster" doses
1720:
1696:
1691:
1671:biodistribution
1661:to improve the
1643:
1577:
1538:
1531:
1443:
1419:
1336:phosphorylation
1308:
1254:
1252:Mammalian cells
1216:serum half-life
1204:N-glycosylation
1156:
1117:gene expression
1097:Bacterial cells
1086:
1084:Bacterial cells
1043:mass production
1031:
1003:
956:
860:present in the
854:dendritic cells
827:that activates
787:differentiation
744:will travel to
727:dendritic cells
692:Active immunity
671:
621:mass production
610:safety profiles
580:
549:
547:Peptide subunit
525:
517:
484:
437:gene expression
412:protein complex
396:protein subunit
390:
388:Protein subunit
367:immune response
365:, to boost the
319:polysaccharides
278:Protein subunit
258:
232:may be used by
210:
201:
177:adverse effects
165:adverse effects
64:polysaccharides
52:live attenuated
41:recombinant DNA
37:immune response
21:subunit vaccine
17:
12:
11:
5:
7546:
7536:
7535:
7530:
7525:
7508:
7507:
7504:
7503:
7502:
7501:
7498:
7487:
7481:
7475:
7474:
7471:
7470:
7468:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7446:
7444:
7440:
7439:
7437:
7436:
7431:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7391:
7385:
7383:
7379:
7378:
7376:
7375:
7370:
7368:Katalin KarikĂł
7365:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7319:
7317:
7311:
7310:
7307:
7306:
7304:
7303:
7302:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7257:
7256:
7251:
7250:
7249:
7244:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7214:
7208:
7206:
7202:
7201:
7199:
7198:
7197:
7196:
7191:
7182:
7180:
7174:
7173:
7171:
7170:
7169:
7168:
7160:
7159:
7158:
7147:
7145:
7141:
7140:
7138:
7137:
7136:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7123:Herpes simplex
7120:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7097:
7096:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7077:
7072:
7071:
7070:
7065:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7041:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7023:Sinopharm BIBP
7020:
7015:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6973:Bharat Biotech
6970:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6944:
6943:
6938:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6907:
6906:
6901:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6870:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6839:
6838:
6837:
6827:
6822:
6816:
6814:
6810:
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6807:
6806:
6805:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6786:
6785:
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6779:
6771:
6766:
6765:
6764:
6759:
6749:
6748:
6747:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6726:
6725:
6720:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6699:
6698:
6693:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6647:
6645:
6638:
6634:
6633:
6631:
6630:
6629:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6600:
6599:
6598:
6596:Vaccine injury
6593:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6559:
6557:
6556:Administration
6553:
6552:
6550:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6530:
6513:
6512:
6511:
6506:
6498:
6493:
6487:
6485:
6481:
6480:
6478:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
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6445:
6439:
6437:
6433:
6432:
6400:
6399:
6392:
6385:
6377:
6369:
6368:
6316:
6281:
6232:
6168:
6142:
6093:
6049:
6005:
5975:
5945:
5916:(6): 651â659.
5896:
5866:
5837:(8): 811â832.
5817:
5777:
5737:
5707:
5693:. 2022-03-22.
5671:
5650:10.1086/518800
5644:(2): 176â177.
5628:
5599:(6): 408â416.
5579:
5550:(2): 463â472.
5530:
5516:. 2022-04-06.
5497:
5470:(7): 673â680.
5454:
5405:
5351:
5293:
5266:(3): 360â376.
5243:
5222:(8): 552â556.
5195:
5144:
5098:
5077:(8): 420â431.
5054:
5029:
4988:
4959:(4): 492â503.
4939:
4924:
4889:
4840:
4806:
4791:
4776:
4747:
4696:
4661:
4618:
4572:
4553:(2): 140â153.
4528:
4460:
4431:(2): 231â241.
4411:
4373:
4366:
4340:
4319:(5): 723â727.
4296:
4253:
4204:
4155:
4106:
4077:(4): 987â999.
4057:
4005:
3947:
3889:
3838:
3808:
3754:
3725:(3): 155â165.
3705:
3656:
3635:(8): 552â556.
3612:
3569:
3550:(3): 282â289.
3534:
3485:
3455:
3414:
3387:(4): 440â452.
3371:
3322:
3273:
3270:on 2003-06-10.
3250:
3221:(3): 319â328.
3201:
3172:(3): 155â165.
3149:
3130:(9): 438â444.
3114:
3058:
3029:(2): 174â196.
2998:
2979:
2957:
2938:
2918:
2899:
2879:
2850:
2821:
2765:
2713:
2679:
2643:
2607:
2573:
2558:
2532:
2503:(2): 231â241.
2483:
2448:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2366:
2363:
2331:
2328:
2274:polysaccharide
2210:
2207:
2180:
2177:
2173:safety profile
2138:
2103:
2100:
2087:requirements.
2060:. It contains
2042:
2039:
1951:
1948:
1944:safety profile
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1796:reactions and
1765:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1738:
1725:immunogenicity
1719:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1704:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1663:immunogenicity
1642:
1639:
1609:Polymer-based
1576:
1573:
1537:
1534:
1529:
1524:combined with
1450:immunogenicity
1442:
1439:
1418:
1415:
1393:cells include
1385:that utilises
1370:, and confers
1348:palmitoylation
1344:myristoylation
1307:
1304:
1272:gene silencing
1253:
1250:
1220:immunogenicity
1155:
1152:
1148:dengue vaccine
1085:
1082:
1030:
1027:
1007:immunogenicity
1002:
999:
998:
997:
991:
981:
978:
971:
955:
952:
932:
931:
904:Memory B cells
901:
868:, causing the
850:
836:
802:
772:
757:
738:
670:
667:
666:
665:
658:
647:
628:
627:
624:
617:
606:
599:
579:
576:
575:
574:
571:
568:
548:
545:
521:Main article:
516:
513:
483:
480:
389:
386:
383:
382:
369:
363:tetanus toxoid
351:
345:
344:
325:
315:
313:Polysaccharide
309:
308:
299:
280:
274:
273:
270:
267:
257:
254:
209:
206:
200:
197:
175:, and serious
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7545:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7520:
7518:
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7494:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
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7466:
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7451:
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7435:
7432:
7430:
7429:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7386:
7384:
7380:
7374:
7373:Drew Weissman
7371:
7369:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7359:
7358:H. Fred Clark
7356:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7328:Louis Pasteur
7326:
7324:
7323:Edward Jenner
7321:
7320:
7318:
7312:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7294:DTwP-HepB-Hib
7292:
7290:
7289:DTaP-IPV-HepB
7287:
7285:
7282:
7281:
7280:combination:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7255:
7252:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7239:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7219:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7209:
7207:
7203:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7186:
7184:
7183:
7181:
7179:
7178:Helminthiasis
7175:
7167:
7164:
7163:
7161:
7157:
7154:
7153:
7152:
7149:
7148:
7146:
7142:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7100:
7098:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7080:
7079:combination:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7060:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6965:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6933:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6896:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6852:
6848:
6845:
6844:
6843:
6840:
6836:
6833:
6832:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6817:
6815:
6811:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6789:
6787:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6777:DPT/DTwP/DTaP
6775:
6774:
6773:combination:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6754:
6753:
6750:
6746:
6743:
6742:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6715:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6688:
6687:
6686:Meningococcus
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6676:Leptospirosis
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6648:
6646:
6642:
6639:
6635:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6611:Vaccine court
6609:
6607:
6604:
6603:
6601:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6566:GAVI Alliance
6564:
6563:
6561:
6560:
6558:
6554:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6534:
6531:
6529:
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6521:
6517:
6514:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6501:
6499:
6497:
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6492:
6489:
6488:
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6482:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
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6458:
6454:
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6440:
6438:
6434:
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6425:
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6188:
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6173:
6156:
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6124:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6108:
6104:
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6089:
6085:
6081:
6077:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6061:
6053:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6009:
5994:
5990:
5989:Fierce Pharma
5986:
5979:
5963:
5959:
5955:
5949:
5941:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5900:
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5884:
5876:
5870:
5862:
5858:
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5828:
5821:
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5798:
5790:
5784:
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5763:
5759:
5758:
5750:
5744:
5742:
5726:
5722:
5721:www.canada.ca
5718:
5711:
5696:
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5690:
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5678:
5676:
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5659:
5655:
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5639:
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5583:
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5561:
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5553:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5534:
5519:
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5513:
5507:
5501:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5458:
5450:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5425:(4): 97â108.
5424:
5420:
5416:
5409:
5401:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5358:
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5343:
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5319:
5315:
5311:
5304:
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5285:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5269:
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5239:
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5230:
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5200:
5191:
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5167:
5163:
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5006:
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4958:
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4367:9780444806345
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4344:
4336:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4313:BioTechniques
4310:
4303:
4301:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4257:
4249:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4208:
4200:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4175:(8): 109591.
4174:
4170:
4166:
4159:
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4147:
4143:
4139:
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4125:
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4068:
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4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
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3992:
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3982:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
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3871:
3866:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
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3834:
3830:
3826:
3825:
3821:Andersson C.
3817:
3815:
3813:
3804:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3750:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3719:Bioengineered
3716:
3709:
3701:
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3692:
3687:
3683:
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3667:
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3604:
3600:
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3205:
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3166:Bioengineered
3163:
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2327:
2325:
2321:
2320:manufacturing
2316:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2291:Emergence of
2289:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2258:poliomyelitis
2255:
2250:
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2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2206:
2204:
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2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2149:meta-analyses
2146:
2142:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2115:Herpes Zoster
2112:
2108:
2102:Herpes Zoster
2099:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1956:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1885:RECOMBIVAX HB
1882:
1874:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
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1826:
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1752:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1718:Disadvantages
1712:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1617:, controlled
1616:
1612:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1572:
1570:
1566:
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1533:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1491:manufacturing
1488:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1431:affinity tags
1428:
1424:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1403:hemagglutinin
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1372:toxicological
1369:
1365:
1361:
1360:growth medium
1357:
1353:
1350:. Similar to
1349:
1345:
1341:
1340:glycosylation
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1312:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1280:
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1258:
1249:
1247:
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1237:
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1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
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1205:
1201:
1193:
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1183:
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1175:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1151:
1149:
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1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1090:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1026:
1024:
1023:transmembrane
1020:
1016:
1015:immune system
1012:
1008:
996:and delivery.
995:
992:
990:
986:
982:
979:
977:and synthesis
976:
972:
969:
965:
964:
963:
961:
954:Manufacturing
951:
949:
945:
941:
940:booster doses
937:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
902:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
870:proliferation
867:
866:naive B cells
863:
859:
855:
851:
848:
844:
840:
837:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
803:
800:
796:
792:
791:naive T cells
788:
784:
780:
776:
773:
770:
766:
762:
758:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
736:
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720:
716:
712:
708:
707:
706:
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
687:
683:
675:
663:
659:
656:
652:
651:booster doses
648:
645:
641:
640:manufacturing
637:
633:
632:
631:
625:
622:
618:
615:
611:
607:
604:
600:
597:
593:
592:
591:
589:
585:
572:
569:
566:
565:
564:
562:
558:
554:
544:
542:
541:immune system
538:
534:
531:is a type of
530:
524:
519:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
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429:
427:
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409:
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397:
392:
381:
377:
373:
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368:
364:
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356:
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350:
347:
346:
342:
339:
338:
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329:
326:
324:
320:
316:
314:
311:
310:
307:
303:
300:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
279:
276:
275:
271:
268:
265:
264:
253:
251:
247:
246:cell-mediated
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
222:
220:
216:
205:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
161:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
130:
128:
124:
120:
119:Herpes zoster
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
83:
81:
80:booster shots
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
48:
46:
42:
38:
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7533:Pharmacology
7450:Epidemiology
7426:
7398:
7284:DTaP-IPV/Hib
7075:Yellow fever
6988:EpiVacCorona
6740:Tuberculosis
6713:Pneumococcal
6681:Lyme disease
6515:
6509:Heterologous
6408:Immunization
6336:
6332:
6297:(2): 89â96.
6294:
6290:
6284:
6249:
6246:Parasitology
6245:
6235:
6190:
6186:
6159:. Retrieved
6145:
6110:
6106:
6096:
6063:
6059:
6052:
6022:(3): e2331.
6019:
6015:
6008:
5997:. Retrieved
5988:
5978:
5966:. Retrieved
5948:
5913:
5909:
5899:
5881:
5869:
5834:
5830:
5820:
5809:. Retrieved
5795:
5769:. Retrieved
5755:
5729:. Retrieved
5720:
5710:
5699:. Retrieved
5686:
5641:
5637:
5631:
5596:
5592:
5582:
5547:
5543:
5533:
5522:. Retrieved
5509:
5500:
5467:
5463:
5457:
5422:
5418:
5408:
5371:
5367:
5317:
5313:
5263:
5259:
5219:
5215:
5161:
5157:
5147:
5117:(1): 14â27.
5114:
5110:
5074:
5070:
5012:
5008:
4956:
4952:
4942:
4907:
4857:
4853:
4843:
4832:. Retrieved
4821:
4800:
4794:
4759:
4713:
4709:
4699:
4674:
4670:
4664:
4631:
4627:
4621:
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4550:
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4385:
4349:
4343:
4316:
4312:
4266:
4262:
4256:
4221:
4217:
4207:
4172:
4169:Cell Reports
4168:
4158:
4123:
4119:
4109:
4074:
4070:
4060:
4025:
4021:
3974:(283): 283.
3971:
3967:
3916:(1): 73â78.
3913:
3909:
3855:
3851:
3841:
3823:
3779:(4): 17â27.
3776:
3773:Acta Naturae
3772:
3722:
3718:
3708:
3673:
3669:
3659:
3632:
3628:
3582:
3578:
3572:
3547:
3543:
3537:
3502:
3498:
3488:
3477:. Retrieved
3468:
3458:
3431:
3427:
3417:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3339:
3335:
3325:
3290:
3286:
3276:
3268:the original
3263:
3253:
3218:
3214:
3204:
3169:
3165:
3127:
3123:
3117:
3085:(1): 55â64.
3082:
3078:
3026:
3022:
2989:. Retrieved
2970:
2960:
2948:. Retrieved
2928:
2921:
2909:. Retrieved
2889:
2882:
2870:. Retrieved
2860:
2853:
2842:. Retrieved
2787:
2783:
2736:(2): 87â88.
2733:
2729:
2705:. Retrieved
2671:. Retrieved
2660:
2635:. Retrieved
2624:
2599:. Retrieved
2588:
2541:
2535:
2500:
2496:
2486:
2438:
2383:convalescent
2368:
2360:
2344:dengue fever
2340:tuberculosis
2333:
2317:
2311:to initiate
2290:
2284:and reduced
2264:and various
2254:cell culture
2251:
2219:12th century
2215:immunisation
2212:
2182:
2143:
2105:
2089:
2054:immunisation
2044:
2036:
2009:
2002:
1961:
1925:
1915:
1900:
1879:
1822:
1767:
1727:compared to
1644:
1633:delivery is
1623:immune cells
1608:
1584:microspheres
1578:
1549:microspheres
1539:
1485:Appropriate
1484:
1458:
1444:
1423:purification
1420:
1380:
1317:
1281:
1265:glycosylated
1255:
1243:
1197:
1191:
1157:
1125:
1095:
1051:
1032:
1004:
983:Addition of
957:
944:memory cells
933:
880:production.
874:plasma cells
856:capture the
756:are present.
735:phagocytosis
704:
690:
680:
669:Pharmacology
634:Addition of
629:
581:
550:
526:
518:
496:
487:
485:
461:
430:
407:
393:
391:
335:
269:Description
234:immune cells
223:
215:side effects
211:
202:
162:
154:tuberculosis
131:
84:
49:
44:
20:
18:
7486:from market
7382:Controversy
7316:researchers
7232:Hepatitis B
7118:Hepatitis C
7063:Chicken pox
6889:Hepatitis E
6884:Hepatitis B
6879:Hepatitis A
6825:Chikungunya
6802:Shigellosis
6656:Brucellosis
6542:Therapeutic
6496:Inactivated
6436:Development
6424:Inoculation
6416:Vaccination
5374:: 3736201.
5260:ChemMedChem
4392:(1): 1â33.
3463:Pollard A.
3258:Decker JM.
2270:immunologic
2227:variolation
2196:baculovirus
2074:Baculovirus
2052:for active
1928:vaccination
1893:hepatitis B
1868:Hepatitis B
1837:anaphylaxis
1798:anaphylaxis
1555:) and live
1387:baculovirus
1320:baculovirus
1180:similar to
1052:A suitable
1011:immunogenic
994:Formulation
968:immunogenic
746:lymph nodes
731:macrophages
713:present in
696:vaccination
682:Vaccination
464:hepatitis B
453:baculovirus
408:coassembles
302:hepatitis B
193:anaphylaxis
181:anaphylaxis
179:consist of
95:hepatitis B
87:Hepatitis B
7517:Categories
7417:Thiomersal
7363:Paul Offit
7338:Jonas Salk
7314:Inventors/
7185:research:
7162:research:
7099:research:
7028:Skycovione
7018:SanofiâGSK
6963:SARS-CoV-2
6874:Hantavirus
6835:rVSV-ZEBOV
6820:Adenovirus
6788:research:
6666:Diphtheria
6504:Attenuated
5999:2022-03-15
5811:2023-04-02
5771:2023-04-02
5731:2022-04-14
5701:2022-04-14
5593:Physiology
5524:2022-04-13
4834:2023-04-02
4716:(1): 141.
4224:(1): 1â3.
4218:Immunology
3833:1301470908
3479:2023-01-12
3260:"Vaccines"
2844:2023-01-12
2707:2023-04-02
2673:2023-04-02
2637:2023-04-02
2601:2023-04-02
2412:References
2394:SARS-CoV-2
2229:to confer
2205:adjuvant.
1774:induration
1751:antigen(s)
1694:Advantages
1269:epigenetic
1230:) and the
1208:eukaryotes
1130:, lack of
1019:signalling
975:expression
920:antibodies
725:, such as
700:pathogenic
555:employs a
472:ebolavirus
359:diphtheria
357:, such as
138:antibodies
99:Gardasil 9
7496:Phase III
7484:Withdrawn
7412:Pox party
7222:ALVAC-CEA
7144:Protozoan
7033:Sputnik V
6983:CoronaVac
6953:Rotavirus
6851:Pandemrix
6703:Pertussis
6644:Bacterial
6528:Synthetic
6491:Conjugate
6443:Adjuvants
6420:Infection
6113:: k4029.
6088:221123883
6044:246475234
5492:206644211
5320:(2): 12.
5288:205647062
5164:(2): 12.
5139:103993541
5131:2095-0179
5093:2224-9486
4497:(1): 17.
4291:245933504
3607:247399368
3409:205694206
3293:: 32â49.
3109:238747462
2282:mortality
2239:invention
2184:NUVAXOVID
2131:CHO cells
2121:specific
2070:influenza
2058:influenza
2041:Influenza
1971:GARDASIL9
1932:ENGERIX-B
1881:ENGERIX-B
1857:pregnancy
1735:adjuvants
1706:Safe for
1701:virulence
1635:Shringrix
1631:liposomal
1604:liposomes
1588:liposomes
1553:liposomes
1522:Liposomes
1514:Emulsions
1506:adjuvants
1495:adjuvants
1487:adjuvants
1480:adjuvants
1460:Adjuvants
1446:Adjuvants
1352:mammalian
1296:CHO cells
1276:aggresome
1257:Mammalian
1182:mammalian
1169:secretes
1074:mammalian
985:adjuvants
858:immunogen
825:cytokines
636:adjuvants
616:patients.
457:mammalian
441:expresses
349:Conjugate
288:pathogens
282:contains
272:Examples
250:adjuvants
208:Mechanism
199:Discovery
142:adjuvants
134:injection
123:Nuvaxovid
111:influenza
91:Engerix-B
76:adjuvants
33:antigenic
31:that are
7528:Vaccines
7254:Prostvac
7247:Gardasil
7242:Cervarix
7189:Hookworm
7068:Shingles
7050:Smallpox
6968:Corbevax
6904:Gardasil
6899:Cervarix
6637:Vaccines
6591:Schedule
6562:Global:
6470:Timeline
6412:Vaccines
6363:32298218
6276:28770689
6227:25136134
6155:Archived
6137:30361202
6080:32788132
6036:35106885
5993:Archived
5962:Archived
5940:24780368
5888:Archived
5853:28573913
5802:Archived
5762:Archived
5725:Archived
5695:Archived
5666:14121320
5658:17570102
5623:26525340
5574:29413255
5518:Archived
5484:29457489
5449:26478817
5400:28812030
5346:27104575
5314:Vaccines
5280:23316023
5238:18045976
5190:27104575
5158:Vaccines
5049:17875474
4983:21029960
4953:Immunity
4934:27718182
4884:25829302
4828:Archived
4786:19892174
4742:25270715
4691:21968146
4656:22230030
4648:15529166
4605:26362682
4567:22985698
4523:19317892
4455:29217317
4406:10483112
4335:15945371
4283:35028946
4248:10809952
4199:34433030
4150:24326081
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2390:SARS-CoV
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2309:antigens
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1991:Gardasil
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