911:. The agreement was initially prevented by the insistence of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia that it was the exclusive legal and political continuation of Socialist Yugoslavia as well as the owner of all state property owned by the earlier socialist federal government, and that it was willing to renounce a part of it only as an act of goodwill. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia interpreted the breakup of Yugoslavia as a process of serial secessions and not as a complete dismemberment of the earlier state, an interpretation rejected by the other former Yugoslav republics. The
646:
rights and obligations of membership in the United
Nations. The territory which breaks off—Pakistan—will be a new State. It will not have the treaty rights and obligations of the old State and will not, of course, have membership in the United Nations. In International Law, the situation is analogous to the separation of the Irish Free State from Britain, and Belgium from the Netherlands. In these cases the portion which separated was considered a new State, and the remaining portion continued as an existing State with all the rights and duties which it had before.
689:
321:, periods of prolonged political division and dynastic transition saw the existence of more than one claimant to "China" at the same time. China was politically divided during several sustained periods historically, with two or more states simultaneously existing on territories associated with "China" and claiming to represent "China". Examples include the
1125:
171:
treaties. Real treaties affect the territory itself, such as boundary agreements or the grant of transit rights, which can continue irrespective of the personality of the state. The new state must take over the country in the condition in which it finds it, as the parent state cannot give more than
927:
to develop an alternative key model which considered the economic power of republics and their contribution to the federal budget, which was accepted by all. The key determined participation of
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia with 36.52%, Croatia with 28.49%, Slovenia 16.39%, Bosnia and Herzegovina
645:
From the viewpoint of
International Law, the situation is one in which part of an existing State breaks off and becomes a new State. On this analysis there is no change in the international status of India; it continues as a State with all treaty rights and obligations, and consequently with all
782:
directly from their pre-1940 status. Many other states share this view, and as such, these states were not considered either predecessor or successor states of the Soviet Union. As a consequence, the Baltic states were able to simply re-establish diplomatic relations with countries, re-affirm
979:
which conclusively confirmed that five sovereign equal successor states were formed upon the dissolution of the former SFR Yugoslavia. It entered into force on 2 June 2004, when the last successor state ratified it. The agreement was signed as an umbrella agreement which included annexes on
438:
of 1922. The new state took the view that when a new state comes into being after formerly being part of an older state, its acceptance of treaty relationships established by the older state is a matter for the new state to determine by express declaration, or by conduct in the case of each
80:
from
Pakistan. There was no challenge to Pakistan's claim to continue to exist and to retain its membership of the United Nations: it was a continuator and not a successor. Bangladesh eventually was recognized as a new state: it was a successor and had to apply for UN membership.
73:. A universal state succession occurs when one state is completely extinguished and its sovereignty is replaced by that of one or more successor states. A partial state succession occurs when the state continues to exist after it has lost control of a part of its territory.
132:, the difficult matter of succession to treaty rights and obligations arises. Succession may refer to the transfer of rights, obligations, or property from a previously well-established predecessor state to its successor state, and can include overseas assets such as
1133:
869:
on 22 September, decided to refuse to allow the new federation to sit in the
General Assembly under the name of "Yugoslavia" on the theory that the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia had dissolved. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (later renamed
856:
continued to hold the original
Yugoslavian UN seat—however, the United States refused to recognize it. The remaining territory of the federation was less than half of the population and territory of the former federation. In 1992 the
99:
There are cases where a state is completely extinguished or abolished without having any successor states. Cases like this occur when, for example, one state is annexed or conquered by another and ceases to exist even in nominal form
980:
diplomatic and consular properties, financial assets and liabilities, archives, pensions, other rights, interests and liabilities as well as private properties and acquired rights. At the subsequent dissolution of the state union of
53:, which is distinct from a continuing state, also known as a continuator or historical heir, which despite changes to its borders retains the same legal personality and possess all its existing rights and obligations (such as a
754:
issued in 1991. After independence, Ukraine has continued to pursue claims against the
Russian Federation in foreign courts, seeking to recover its share of the foreign property that was formerly owned by the Soviet Union.
898:
724:. If there was to be a successor to the Soviet seat on the Security Council among the former Soviet republics, these factors made Russia seem a logical choice. In a letter dated 24 December 1991, the Russian President
1519:
349:
over the entirety of China, historical
Chinese dynasties that existed during periods of sustained political disunity often claimed exclusive Chinese politico-cultural orthodoxy at the expense of others.
181:
There are several recent examples where a succession of states, as described above, has not been entirely adhered to. This is mostly a list of the exceptions that have occurred since the creation of the
923:(a convention not in force which at the time was signed by only six states, including SRF Yugoslavia). This proposal was unacceptable to the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia which therefore motivated the
728:
informed the
Secretary-General that the membership of the USSR in the Security Council and all other United Nations organs was being continued by the Russian Federation with the support of the nine
1920:
357:, it was rare for one dynasty to end abruptly and transition smoothly to a new one, resulting in the existence of more than one entity claiming to be "China". For instance, during the
1080:
1725:
746:(legally) being one of the founding members of the Soviet Union, has not recognized the exclusive Russian claims to succession of the Soviet Union and claimed such status for
1126:"The Term State Succession Under International Law Signifies The Transmission of The Rights and Obligations of One State to Another in Consequence of Territorial Sovereignty"
908:
245:
1326:
465:
was created, and that it started with a clean slate, and was bound only by such of the former international obligations affecting the territory as Israel might accept.
1041:
1036:
712:
of the United
Nations. Russia accounted for more than 75% of the Soviet Union's economy, the majority of its population and 75% of its land mass; in addition, the
705:
295:
156:
In their application to the acquisition of independence, distinctions should be drawn between different cases though the line of demarcation is not always clear:
729:
1051:
1046:
1026:
1595:
1299:
1031:
574:(1919–23), and even briefly co-existed as separate administrative units (whilst at war with one another): Turkey with its capital in Angora (now
526:
518:
299:
1889:
862:
209:
1090:
440:
984:(one of the five successor states), the two countries agreed on Serbian sole succession of rights and obligations of their federation.
1791:
603:
45:
over a territory (and populace) that was previously under the sovereignty of another state. The theory has its roots in 19th-century
849:
834:
229:
393:, continued to rule parts of southern China until 1662. Multiple ephemeral regimes also existed during this period, including the
302:; this followed a trend of greater recognition for the PRC at the expense of the ROC. Although the resolution makes no mention of
1187:
886:
1410:
1274:
1224:
1883:
334:
1085:
779:
947:, the successor states concluded their agreement. In 2001, with the support of the international community, five countries (
944:
783:
pre-1940 treaties still in force, and resume membership in international organizations. A similar situation applies to the
1353:
1437:
1383:
903:
The first negotiations on succession issues of the former Socialist Yugoslavia began in 1992 within the framework of the
743:
701:
610:. There remains debate about whether the conflict was a war of independence, or a civil war that led to a regime change.
458:
929:
733:
307:
271:
221:
1634:
1754:
1618:
1474:
1447:
1420:
1393:
1363:
1336:
1309:
1163:
557:
492:
267:
751:
1613:. Legal Aspects of International Organization Series. Vol. 38. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 158–64.
1913:
Draft Articles on Nationality of Natural Persons in relation to the Succession of States with commentaries (1999)
1901:
1749:. Legal Aspects of International Organization Series. Vol. 38. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 177–9.
866:
775:
709:
666:
656:
330:
129:
50:
17:
1464:
1687:
997:
964:
912:
845:
808:
346:
249:
439:
individual treaty. In practice, however, the Irish regarded the commercial and administrative treaties of the
1561:
Dumberry, Patrick (2012). "Is Turkey the 'Continuing' State of the Ottoman Empire Under International Law?".
614:
1095:
599:
382:
358:
310:. In addition to the Chinese mainland, the ROC also claims borderlands unclaimed by the PRC, most notably
924:
713:
607:
571:
452:
1964:
1531:
940:
638:
303:
253:
141:
105:
928:
with 13.20% and Macedonia with 5.20%. An agreement was also reached on gold and other reserves at the
521:
was formed in 1919, it claimed continuity directly from Korea's pre-1910 status. When the modern
1969:
591:
538:
418:
370:
306:, the ROC continues to be unrepresented within the United Nations but exercises sovereignty over the
137:
816:
1596:
Letter to the Secretary-General of the United Nations from the President of the Russian Federation
595:
1959:
1726:"Раздел СССР. РФ обсудит нулевой вариант долгов СССР, если Украина компенсирует $ 20 млрд долга"
1466:
The Diary of a Manchu Soldier in Seventeenth-Century China: "My Service in the Army", by Dzengseo
342:
228:, but as of 25 August 2022, it does not have the Afghanistan UN seat, which is still held by the
34:
1841:
956:
678:
579:
545:
287:
225:
145:
1918:Öktem, Emre (September 2011). "Turkey: Successor or Continuing State of the Ottoman Empire?".
1744:
1608:
1837:
981:
871:
828:
172:
it possesses. Such treaties can be described as "treaties creating purely local obligations."
1884:
European Journal of International Law – State Succession in Respect of Human Rights Treaties
140:, and museum artifacts; and participation in treaties in force at the date of succession or
1787:"The Agreement on Succession Issues of the Former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"
1260:
626:
480:
113:
1660:
8:
1906:, in: B. Ziemske u.a. (Hrsg.), Festschrift für Martin Kriele, München 1997. P. 1371–1391
1063:
921:
Vienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of State Property, Archives and Debt
474:
462:
423:
406:
369:(or Predynastic Qing) for a period before 1644. The predecessor of the Qing dynasty, the
275:
133:
27:
Process of transferring roles and responsibilities as states and their boundaries change
1937:
1816:
1808:
1578:
1543:
1074:
916:
717:
697:
630:
563:
435:
1179:
874:) was admitted as a new member to the United Nations on 1 November 2000; in May 2006,
160:
Bilateral and multilateral treaties necessarily give rise to different considerations.
1941:
1820:
1750:
1665:
1614:
1582:
1547:
1470:
1443:
1416:
1389:
1359:
1332:
1305:
1206:
1159:
1068:
899:
Agreement on Succession Issues of the Former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
796:
534:
522:
282:
in 1945, although it continues to claim control of the mainland. At the start of the
217:
443:
previously applying to the territory of the Irish Free State as remaining in force.
1929:
1800:
1570:
1535:
858:
799:, which claimed continuity of the pre-1921 republics before being conquered by the
774:
is that their incorporation into the Soviet Union from 1940 to 1991 constituted an
674:
427:
326:
318:
186:
in 1945. In previous historical periods, the exceptions would be too many to list.
1012:
960:
852:—against the objections of the newly independent republics. Representatives from
512:
374:
279:
195:
42:
1894:, in: Staat und Recht. Festschrift für Günther Winkler, Wien, 1997. P. 217–236.
104:, not even a "government in exile" is established). The most recent case is the
1379:
1001:
682:
634:
567:
496:
431:
402:
354:
322:
311:
291:
263:
183:
89:
85:
1933:
1912:
1574:
1539:
1328:
Eastwards / Westwards: Which Direction for Gender Studies in the 21st Century?
688:
1953:
1210:
812:
784:
759:
725:
670:
530:
390:
1638:
499:
seat was held by Democratic Kampuchea for many years. It is now held by the
662:
394:
386:
378:
366:
362:
117:
109:
544:
South Korea resumed membership to international organizations such as the
541:
from 1910 to 1945 is internationally recognized as an illegal occupation.
1504:
1100:
1021:
338:
205:
1812:
1786:
1700:
1490:
1105:
972:
933:
915:
recommended a division of assets and liabilities based on principle of
875:
841:
792:
398:
241:
77:
54:
837:
771:
721:
587:
76:
An example of a partial state succession is the case of the split of
46:
1804:
1661:"Ukraine is the legal successor of the Ukrainian People's Republic"
948:
853:
800:
583:
500:
283:
93:
1225:"Vienna Convention of succession of States in respect of treaties"
952:
932:, but the final conclusion was postponed by the beginning of the
788:
763:
747:
739:
570:
or a successor. The two entities fought on opposing sides in the
488:
484:
201:
144:. In an attempt to codify the rules of succession of states, the
84:
An example of a universal state succession is the dissolution of
1081:
Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties
993:
968:
883:
879:
767:
575:
216:
government of nearly all the country in the mid-1990s, but the
1746:
State Succession and Membership in International Organizations
1610:
State Succession and Membership in International Organizations
1520:"Turkey: Successor or Continuing State of the Ottoman Empire?"
1017:
778:. In 1991 when each Baltic state regained their independence
613:
The question of state succession is relevant to the issue of
290:
by few states; the ROC continued to represent "China" in the
259:
548:
and re-affirmed that pre-1910 treaties were still in force.
246:
Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan
1008:
539:
Korean Empire's incorporation into the Empire of Japan
345:
among others. Just as the PRC and the ROC formally claim
60:
762:
had existed. An important tenet of the modern states of
602:, established the modern republic as a nation-state (or
525:
was formed in 1948, it claimed that it was identical to
65:
A state succession can be characterized as either being
1275:"UN Security Council Stumbles on Taliban Travel Waiver"
882:
continued to hold the federation's seat. Additionally,
633:, it claimed that it was automatically a member of the
298:. In 1971, the PRC replaced the ROC in the UN through
220:
was still recognised by many nations and retained the
892:
803:
as well as Ukraine, which as mentioned above, is the
692:
The Russian SFSR within the Soviet Union in 1956–1991
959:, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia – today
833:After four of the six constituent republics of the
176:
529:and that the Provisional Government succeeded the
250:Exclusive mandate § Mainland China and Taiwan
1042:Predecessors of sovereign states in South America
1037:Predecessors of sovereign states in North America
750:as well, which was stated in Articles 7 and 8 of
736:. All Soviet embassies became Russian embassies.
533:. An important tenet of the modern state of
389:, whose regime is known in historiography as the
1951:
88:. Neither part claimed any continuity: both the
1635:"Member States of the United Nations - Russia*"
586:), but this type of scenario is also common in
527:Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea
519:Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1891:Der Zeitfaktor im Recht der Staatensukzession
562:There is some debate over whether the modern
148:entered into force on November 6, 1996.
1372:
1345:
1304:. University Press of Kentucky. p. 39.
1200:
702:the Soviet Union's United Nations membership
641:, however, expressed the following opinion:
606:) by defeating the opposing elements in the
457:Israel took the view that, by virtue of its
112:), which was completely abolished after the
1917:
1318:
1297:
1239:
1205:. London: Stevens & Sons. p. 267.
1156:The Creation of States in International Law
1091:Timeline of historical geopolitical changes
1052:Predecessors of sovereign states in Oceania
441:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
1439:Encyclopedia of China: History and Culture
1047:Predecessors of sovereign states in Europe
1027:Predecessors of sovereign states in Africa
1020:, the reduced state after the creation of
151:
116:. Modern Germany is a continuation of the
1832:
1830:
1792:The American Journal of International Law
1408:
373:, was established in 1616 and ruled over
296:permanent seat on the UN Security Council
123:
49:. A successor state often acquires a new
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1560:
1462:
1456:
1429:
1415:. Harvard Univ Asia Center. p. 14.
1402:
1324:
1153:
1032:Predecessors of sovereign states in Asia
850:Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
848:, stated it was the continuation of the
835:Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
687:
551:
1435:
1291:
461:, a new international personality from
14:
1952:
1827:
1742:
1606:
1378:
1351:
887:declared independence in February 2008
412:
61:Partial and universal state succession
1784:
1763:
1517:
1385:Politics in Taiwan: Voting for Reform
1086:State continuity of the Baltic states
468:
1903:Staatensukzession und Menschenrechte
1637:. the United Nations. Archived from
1563:Netherlands International Law Review
1298:Graff, David; Higham, Robin (2012).
1272:
1158:. Clarendon Press. pp. 667–72.
811:that was founded in 1917 before its
1946:- Published online on 5 August 2011
1921:Leiden Journal of International Law
1524:Leiden Journal of International Law
1331:. Cambridge Scholars. p. 127.
744:Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
459:declaration of independence in 1948
377:whilst the Ming dynasty ruled over
128:Consequent upon the acquisition of
24:
930:Bank for International Settlements
905:Working Group on Succession Issues
893:The Agreement on Succession Issues
734:Commonwealth of Independent States
25:
1981:
1877:
1844:; Government Communication Office
558:Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire
262:(PRC) was established in 1949 in
1263:, London, Stevens, 1966. P. 267.
1190:from the original on 2017-08-07.
752:Law on the Succession of Ukraine
487:was militarily displaced by the
300:General Assembly Resolution 2758
266:and claimed succession from the
177:Exceptions to orderly succession
1860:
1736:
1718:
1701:"Про правонаступництво України"
1693:
1681:
1653:
1627:
1600:
1589:
1554:
1511:
1497:
1483:
945:overthrow of Slobodan Milošević
657:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
650:
335:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
331:Northern and Southern dynasties
130:international legal personality
51:international legal personality
1870:, 2. Auflage, Heidelberg 2000
1688:On Legal Succession of Ukraine
1669:(in Ukrainian). 22 August 2023
1266:
1217:
1194:
1172:
1147:
1118:
998:Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
977:Agreement on Succession Issues
965:Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
913:Badinter Arbitration Committee
909:Peace Conference on Yugoslavia
846:Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
578:) and the Ottoman Empire from
493:People's Republic of Kampuchea
210:Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
189:
13:
1:
1257:Commonwealth and Colonial Law
1203:Commonwealth and Colonial Law
1111:
822:
742:, the successor state of the
615:Armenian genocide reparations
566:is a continuing state to the
224:. In 2021, the Taliban again
1866:Burgenthal/Doehring/Kokott:
1409:Wilkinson, Endymion (2000).
1352:Hudson, Christopher (2014).
1229:United Nations Treaty Series
1132:. 2013-09-09. Archived from
1096:Peaceful transition of power
7:
1301:A Military History of China
1180:"Kinds of State Succession"
1057:
1004:succession dropped in 2000)
987:
925:International Monetary Fund
809:Ukrainian People's Republic
714:history of the Soviet Union
620:
608:Turkish War of Independence
572:Turkish War of Independence
142:international organizations
120:and not a successor state.
118:Federal Republic of Germany
96:were new successor states.
10:
1986:
1868:Grundzüge des Völkerrechts
1743:Bühler, Konrad G. (2001).
1607:Bühler, Konrad G. (2001).
1532:Cambridge University Press
1491:"Riss 통합검색 - 국내학술지논문 상세보기"
1273:Dawi, Akmal (2022-08-25).
943:followed next year by the
941:NATO bombing of Yugoslavia
896:
878:declared independence and
826:
669:, which together with its
654:
639:United Nations Secretariat
555:
510:
472:
450:
416:
274:was reduced to mainly the
260:People's Republic of China
254:Political status of Taiwan
239:
193:
106:German Democratic Republic
1934:10.1017/S0922156511000252
1575:10.1017/S0165070X12000162
1540:10.1017/S0922156511000252
1463:Di Cosmo, Nicola (2007).
1436:Perkins, Dorothy (2013).
1412:Chinese History: A Manual
1388:. Routledge. p. 60.
1358:. Routledge. p. 59.
1235:(33356): 3–188. Nov 1996.
1201:Roberts-Wray, K. (1966).
1130:The Lawyers & Jurists
1011:, successor state to the
996:, successor state to the
716:began in Russia with the
592:Turkish National Movement
446:
419:Irish War of Independence
385:in 1644, remnants of the
230:National Resistance Front
138:foreign-exchange reserves
1469:. Routledge. p. 1.
1442:. Routledge. p. 1.
1325:Sarmento, Clara (2009).
1154:Crawford, James (2006).
1009:Islamic Republic of Iran
919:, referring to the 1983
506:
405:, and the Ming loyalist
383:fall of the Ming dynasty
278:, who took control from
235:
218:Afghan Northern Alliance
1785:Stahn, Carsten (2002).
780:they claimed continuity
758:A special case for the
453:1947–1949 Palestine war
343:Chinese Soviet Republic
152:Classification of cases
35:international relations
1842:Government of Slovenia
1013:Imperial State of Iran
957:Bosnia and Herzegovina
840:in 1991 and 1992, the
693:
679:United Nations members
648:
598:who defected from the
546:Universal Postal Union
365:existed alongside the
146:1978 Vienna Convention
124:Rights and obligations
982:Serbia and Montenegro
939:After the end of the
872:Serbia and Montenegro
829:Breakup of Yugoslavia
691:
643:
604:new government regime
552:Ottoman Empire/Turkey
391:Southern Ming dynasty
1518:Öktem, Emre (2011).
1261:Kenneth Roberts-Wray
817:Soviet–Ukrainian War
706:permanent membership
481:Democratic Kampuchea
387:Ming imperial family
359:Ming–Qing transition
355:dynastic transitions
114:German reunification
31:Succession of states
1690:, Articles 7 and 8.
1641:on 30 December 2013
1064:Comparative history
501:Kingdom of Cambodia
475:Cambodian Civil War
463:Mandatory Palestine
430:, seceded from the
413:Republic of Ireland
407:Kingdom of Tungning
134:diplomatic missions
1900:Wilfried Fiedler:
1888:Wilfried Fiedler:
1355:The China Handbook
1075:Translatio imperii
1000:(earlier claim to
785:Caucasus countries
776:illegal occupation
718:October Revolution
698:Russian Federation
694:
564:Republic of Turkey
469:Kampuchea/Cambodia
436:Anglo-Irish Treaty
426:, then called the
41:that has become a
1965:International law
1838:"SFRY Succession"
1730:Korrespondent.net
1705:Zakon.rada.gov.ua
1666:Istorychna Pravda
1069:International law
861:on 19 September (
807:successor to the
681:, co-founded the
667:dissolved in 1991
535:Republic of Korea
523:Republic of Korea
371:Later Jin dynasty
347:exclusive mandate
270:(ROC). The ROC's
268:Republic of China
16:(Redirected from
1977:
1970:Successor states
1945:
1909:
1897:
1873:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1834:
1825:
1824:
1782:
1761:
1760:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1604:
1598:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1505:"대한제국 국제조악 효력확인"
1501:
1495:
1494:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1270:
1264:
1254:
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1639:the original
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1134:the original
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738:
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663:Soviet Union
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600:Ottoman Army
561:
543:
537:is that the
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379:China proper
367:Qing dynasty
363:Ming dynasty
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286:the PRC was
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110:East Germany
101:
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38:
37:regarding a
30:
29:
1908:(in German)
1896:(in German)
1872:(in German)
1710:21 February
1645:28 December
1534:: 561–583.
1101:Odious debt
1022:South Sudan
720:in 1917 in
409:on Taiwan.
339:Warlord Era
308:Taiwan Area
206:Afghanistan
190:Afghanistan
1954:Categories
1284:2022-08-28
1140:2017-08-06
1112:References
1106:Rump state
973:Montenegro
963:— and the
934:Kosovo War
876:Montenegro
865:) and the
842:rump state
823:Yugoslavia
793:Azerbaijan
685:in 1945.
588:civil wars
489:Vietnamese
434:under the
288:recognized
242:Two Chinas
240:See also:
226:took power
163:There are
78:Bangladesh
55:rump state
1942:145773201
1848:8 January
1821:144987205
1673:22 August
1583:143692430
1548:145773201
1211:499240836
772:Lithuania
722:Petrograd
594:, led by
517:When the
337:periods,
272:territory
204:state in
67:universal
47:diplomacy
1382:(2002).
1188:Archived
1058:See also
988:Examples
967:– today
949:Slovenia
854:Belgrade
805:de facto
801:Red Army
627:Pakistan
621:Pakistan
584:Istanbul
491:-backed
341:and the
284:Cold War
214:de facto
169:personal
94:Slovakia
1813:2693933
953:Croatia
907:of the
838:seceded
797:Georgia
789:Armenia
764:Estonia
748:Ukraine
740:Ukraine
732:of the
708:on the
665:(USSR)
485:Pol Pot
483:led by
424:Ireland
353:During
222:UN seat
202:Taliban
71:partial
1940:
1819:
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1617:
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1392:
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994:Serbia
969:Serbia
917:equity
884:Kosovo
880:Serbia
768:Latvia
637:. The
625:After
590:. The
576:Ankara
447:Israel
361:, the
304:Taiwan
252:, and
1938:S2CID
1817:S2CID
1809:JSTOR
1579:S2CID
1544:S2CID
1530:(3).
1018:Sudan
582:(now
507:Korea
479:When
280:Japan
236:China
208:(the
1850:2021
1751:ISBN
1712:2022
1675:2023
1647:2013
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1471:ISBN
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1390:ISBN
1360:ISBN
1333:ISBN
1306:ISBN
1233:1946
1207:OCLC
1160:ISBN
1007:The
971:and
795:and
770:and
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661:The
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397:and
395:Shun
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92:and
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