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4686:. Some supertankers are too large to traverse the canal. Others can offload part of their cargo onto a canal-owned ship to reduce their draft, transit, and reload at the other end of the canal. On 15 April 2021 Egyptian authorities announced that they would widen the southern section of the Suez Canal to improve the efficiency of the canal. The plan mainly covers about 30 kilometres (19 mi) from Suez to the Great Bitter Lake. It will be widened by 40 metres (130 ft) and the maximum depth will be increased from about 20 metres (66 ft) to about 22 metres (72 ft).
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42:
1301:, the project's most unwavering foe, confessed in the mid-1850s the real motive behind his opposition: that Britain's commercial and maritime relations would be overthrown by the opening of a new route, open to all nations, and thus deprive his country of its present exclusive advantages. As one of the diplomatic moves against the project when it nevertheless went ahead, it disapproved of the use of "forced labour" for construction of the canal. Involuntary labour on the project ceased, and the viceroy condemned the corvée, halting the project.
4839:
4734:(SCA) to organise vessels' transit. The most important amendments include allowing vessels with 19-metre (62 ft) draught to pass, increasing the allowed breadth from 32 to 40 metres (105 to 131 ft) (following improvement operations), and imposing a fine on vessels using pilots from outside the SCA inside the canal boundaries without permission. The amendments allow vessels loaded with dangerous cargo (such as radioactive or flammable materials) to pass if they conform with the latest amendments provided by international conventions.
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canal. Among those goods, oil shipments were the most affected in the immediate aftermath, due to a significant number still blocked with no other way to reach their destination. Referring to the
European and American market, a few maritime experts have disputed the prediction of a drastic effect on trade, saying this "really isn't a substantial transit route for crude" according to Marshall Steeves, energy markets analyst at
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1579:" introduced in Britain by the Merchant Shipping Act in 1854. The ensuing commercial and diplomatic activities resulted in the International Commission of Constantinople establishing a specific kind of net tonnage and settling the question of tariffs in its protocol of 18 December 1873. This was the origin of the Suez Canal Net Tonnage and the Suez Canal Special Tonnage Certificate, both of which are still in use today.
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1940:, in which the Egyptian army crossed into Israeli-occupied Sinai. Much wreckage from this conflict remains visible along the canal's edges. On 22 October 1973, Israeli forces counter-attacked by crossing the Suez Canal into Egypt and advancing towards Suez City, where they remained until after Israel and Egypt signed on 18 January 1974, an agreement, commonly known as Sinai I, with the official name of
4650:, functional since 6 August 2015, currently has a new parallel canal in the middle part, with its length over 35 kilometres (22 mi). The current parameters of the Suez Canal, including both individual canals of the parallel section are: depth 23 to 24 m (75 to 79 ft) and width at least 205 to 225 m (673 to 738 ft) (that width measured at 11 m (36 ft) of depth).
1123:
9679:
1272:, and to advise on the feasibility of and the best route for the canal. After surveys and analyses in Egypt and discussions in Paris on various aspects of the canal, where many of Negrelli's ideas prevailed, the commission produced a unanimous report in December 1856 containing a detailed description of the canal complete with plans and profiles. The Suez Canal Company (
6440:
7042:
6555:
1252:, to create a company to construct a canal open to ships of all nations. The company was to operate the canal for 99 years from its opening. De Lesseps had used his friendly relationship with Sa'id, which he had developed while he was a French diplomat in the 1830s. As stipulated in the concessions, de Lesseps convened the
1337:
5462:. According to today's information from the shipping companies, the route from Singapore to Rotterdam through the Suez Canal will be shortened by 6,000 kilometres (3,700 mi) and thus by nine days compared to the route around Africa. As a result, liner services between Asia and Europe save 44 per cent CO
5481:
In the 20th century, trade through the Suez Canal came to a standstill several times, due to the two world wars and the Suez Canal crisis. Many trade flows were also shifted away from the
Mediterranean ports towards Northern European terminals, such as Hamburg and Rotterdam. Only after the end of the
1566:
After the opening, the Suez Canal
Company was in financial difficulties. The remaining works were completed only in 1871, and traffic was below expectations in the first two years. De Lesseps therefore tried to increase revenues by interpreting the kind of net ton referred to in the second concession
1202:
to study the feasibility of the Suez Canal (with the assistance of Linant de
Bellefonds). Bourdaloue's survey of the isthmus was the first generally accepted evidence that there was no practical difference in elevation between the two seas. Britain, however, feared that a canal open to everyone might
2211:
When the incident began, many economists and trade experts commented on the effects of the obstruction if not resolved quickly, citing how important the Suez was to global trade; the incident was likely to drastically affect the global economy because of the trapped goods scheduled to go through the
1924:
Unwilling to allow the
Israelis to use the canal, Egypt imposed a blockade which closed the canal to all shipping immediately after the beginning of the Six-Day War. The canal remained blocked for eight years. There was no anticipation of this event and consequently fifteen cargo ships, known as the
1485:
was involved in an incident that demonstrated some of the problems with the canal. There were suggestions that the depth of parts of the canal at the time of the inauguration were not as great as promised, and that the deepest part of the channel was not always clear, leading to a risk of grounding.
1320:
bonds and shares were successfully promoted in France and other parts of Europe. All French shares were quickly sold in France. A contemporary
British skeptic claimed "One thing is sure... our local merchant community doesn't pay practical attention at all to this grand work, and it is legitimate to
1093:
Later, Napoleon, who became the French
Emperor in 1804, contemplated the construction of a north–south canal to connect the Mediterranean with the Red Sea. But the plan was abandoned because it incorrectly concluded that the waterway would require locks to operate, the construction of which would be
5698:
species. Since the piercing of the canal, over a thousand species from the Red Sea—plankton, seaweeds, invertebrates, fishes—have been recorded in the
Mediterranean, and many others will clearly follow. The resulting change in biodiversity is without precedent in human memory and is accelerating: a
4809:
to develop an international industrial and logistics hub in the Suez Canal area, and began the construction of a new canal section from 60 to 95 km (37 to 59 mi) combined with expansion and deep digging of the other 37 km (23 mi) of the canal. This will allow navigation in both
2263:
On 2 April 2021, Usama Rabie, chairman of the Suez Canal
Authority of Egypt, said that the damage caused by the blockage of the canal could reach about $ 1 billion. Rabie also revealed that after the Suez Canal resumed navigation, as of noon on 31 March 285 cargo ships had passed through the canal
4858:
Since the canal does not cater to unregulated two-way traffic, all ships transit in convoys on regular times, scheduled on a 24-hour basis. Each day, a single northbound convoy starts at 04:00 EET from Suez. At dual lane sections, the convoy uses the eastern route. Synchronised with this convoy's
5453:
The time saved in the 19th century for an assumed steamship trip to Bombay from
Brindisi and Trieste was 37 days, from Genoa 32, from Marseille 31, from Bordeaux, Liverpool, London, Amsterdam and Hamburg 24 days. At that time, it was also necessary to consider whether the goods to be transported
1654:
in particular benefited economically from the Suez Canal, as they now had much faster connections to Asia and East Africa than the North and West European maritime trading nations such as Great Britain, the Netherlands or Germany. The biggest beneficiary in the Mediterranean was Austria-Hungary,
380:
The Suez Canal Authority officially opened the new side channel in 2016. This side channel, at the northern side of the east extension of the Suez Canal, serves the East Terminal for berthing and unberthing vessels from the terminal. As the East Container Terminal is located on the Canal itself,
5678:
The Red Sea is generally saltier and less nutrient-rich than the Mediterranean, so that Erythrean species will often do well in the 'milder' eastern Mediterranean environment. To the contrary very few Mediterranean species have been able to settle in the 'harsher' conditions of the Red Sea. The
4798:
Before August 2015, the canal was too narrow for free two-way traffic, so ships had to pass in convoys and use bypasses. The bypasses were 78 km (48 mi) out of 193 km (120 mi) (40%). From north to south, they are Port Said bypass (entrances) 36.5 km (23 mi), Ballah
1532:
Ismailia was the scene of more celebrations the following day, including a military "march past", illuminations and fireworks, and a ball at the Governor's Palace. The convoy set off again on the morning of 19 November, for the remainder of the trip to Suez. After Suez, many of the participants
737:
King Darius says: I am a Persian; setting out from Persia I conquered Egypt. I ordered to dig this canal from the river that is called Nile and flows in Egypt, to the sea that begins in Persia. Therefore, when this canal had been dug as I had ordered, ships went from Egypt through this canal to
5587:
feasible for commercial cargo ships between Europe and East Asia during a six-to-eight-week window in the summer months, shortening the voyage by thousands of kilometres compared to that through the Suez Canal. According to polar climate researchers, as the extent of the Arctic summer ice pack
5101:
in the world, with a span of 340 m (1100 ft). The previous bridge was destroyed in 1967 during the Arab-Israeli conflict. The current bridge is no longer functional due to the expansion of the Suez Canal, as the parallel shipping lane completed in 2015 just east of the bridge lacks a
783:
and ending near the north end of the Great Bitter Lake. This proved to be the canal made by Darius I, as his stele commemorating its construction was found at the site. (This ancient, second canal may have followed a course along the shoreline of the Red Sea when it once extended north to Lake
376:
The Egyptian government launched construction in 2014 to expand and widen the Ballah Bypass for 35 km (22 mi) to speed up the canal's transit time. The expansion intended to nearly double the capacity of the Suez Canal, from 49 to 97 ships per day. At a cost of LE 59.4 billion (US$ 9
302:
oceans via the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, avoiding the South Atlantic and southern Indian oceans and reducing the journey distance from the Arabian Sea to London by approximately 8,900 kilometres (5,500 mi), to 10 days at 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph) or 8 days at 24 knots
5674:
flows north in winter and south in summer. The current south of the Bitter Lakes is tidal, varying with the tide at Suez. The Bitter Lakes, which were hypersaline natural lakes, blocked the migration of Red Sea species into the Mediterranean for many decades, but as the salinity of the lakes
5718:
to the future canal, with a southern branch to Suez and a northern branch to Port Said. Completed in 1863, these brought fresh water to a previously arid area, initially for canal construction, and subsequently facilitating growth of agriculture and settlements along the canal. However the
1363:
citing 120,000 deaths upon nationalisation of the canal in a 26 July 1956 speech and the company's chief medical officer reporting no higher than 2.49 deaths per thousand in 1866. Doubling these estimates with a generous assumption of 50,000 working staff per year over 11 years would put a
545:
One of their kings tried to make a canal to it (for it would have been of no little advantage to them for the whole region to have become navigable; Sesostris is said to have been the first of the ancient kings to try), but he found that the sea was higher than the land. So he first, and
1635:, in 1875 to sell his 44% share in the canal for £4,000,000 ($ 19.2 million), equivalent to £432 million to £456 million ($ 540 million to $ 570 million) in 2019, to the government of the United Kingdom. French shareholders still held the majority. Local unrest caused the British to
5736:
1352:) being employed until 1864 to dig out the canal. Some sources estimate that over 30,000 people were working on the canal at any given period, that more than 1.5 million people from various countries were employed, and that tens of thousands of labourers died, many of them from
5743:
The Suez Canal Economic Zone, sometimes shortened to SCZONE, describes the set of locations neighbouring the canal where customs rates have been reduced to zero in order to attract investment. The zone comprises over 461 km (178 sq mi) within the governorates of
5669:
The opening of the canal created the first salt-water passage between the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. Although the Red Sea is about 1.2 m (4 ft) higher than the eastern Mediterranean, the current between the Mediterranean and the middle of the canal at the
4718:
and in the Great Bitter Lake. On a typical day, three convoys transit the canal, two southbound and one northbound. The passage takes between 11 and 16 hours at a speed of around 8 knots (15 km/h; 9 mph). The low speed helps prevent erosion of the banks by ships'
1817:
proposed the creation of the first United Nations peacekeeping force to ensure access to the canal for all and an Israeli withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula. On 4 November 1956, a majority at the United Nations voted for Pearson's peacekeeping resolution, which
2207:
turned sideways, completely blocking the canal. Although part of the length of the canal is paralleled by an older narrower channel which can be used to bypass obstructions, this incident occurred to the south, in a section of the canal where there is only one channel.
815:
seems to have had no west–east waterway passage, because the Pelusiac branch of the Nile, which fed Ptolemy's west–east canal, had by that time dwindled, being choked with silt. In support of this contention one can note that in 31 BCE, during a reversal of fortune in
1094:
costly and time-consuming. The belief in the need for locks was based on the erroneous belief that the Red Sea was 8.5 m (28 ft) higher than the Mediterranean. This was the result of using fragmentary survey measurements taken in wartime during Napoleon's
4726:
By 1955, about two-thirds of Europe's oil passed through the canal. Around 8% of world sea trade is carried via the canal. In 2008, 21,415 vessels passed through the canal and the receipts totalled $ 5.381 billion, with an average cost per ship of $ 251,000.
1921:, tried to retake the territories occupied by Israel during the conflict. The fighting ceased after the death of Nasser on 28 September 1970. After this conflict there were no changes in the distribution of territory, but the underlying tensions persisted.
5683:(after Ferdinand de Lesseps) or "Erythrean invasion". The recent construction by the Egyptian government of a major canal extension – allowing for two-way traffic in the central section of the canal and finally implemented in 2015 – raised concerns from
1916:
occupied the Sinai Peninsula, including the entire east bank of the Suez Canal. In the following years the tensions between Egypt and Israel intensified and from March 1969 until August 1970, a war of attrition took place as the then Egyptian president,
2100:, as it allows ships to transit the canal in both directions simultaneously. The project cost more than LE 59.4 billion (US$ 9 billion) and was completed within a year. Sisi declared the expanded channel open to business in a ceremony on 6 August 2015.
5395:
The five pontoon bridges were opened between 2016 and 2019. They are designed to be movable, and can be completely rotated against the banks of the canal to allow shipping through, or else individual sections can be moved to create a narrower channel.
8318:
1513:
573:, from which Sesostris, king of Egypt, intended to carry a ship-canal to where the Nile flows into what is known as the Delta; this is a distance of over 60 miles (100 km). Later the Persian king Darius had the same idea, and yet again
9628:
1459:. In the afternoon there were blessings of the canal with both Muslim and Christian ceremonies, a temporary mosque and church having been built side by side on the beach. In the evening there were more illuminations and fireworks.
956:
Venetian leaders, driven to desperation, contemplated digging a waterway between the Red Sea and the Nile—anticipating the Suez Canal by almost 400 years—to bring the luxury trade flooding to their doors again. But this remained a
5102:
structure spanning it. However, plans surfaced in 2017 to build a new bridge spanning the parallel canal and converting the old single track railway on the Ferdan to a double track, which as of October 2023, were near completion.
10791:
878:, the Muslim capital at the time. The Muslim canal was excavated further north from Trajan's canal, joining the Nile close to what is now the Sayyida Zaynab neighbourhood of Cairo. This canal reportedly ended near modern
357:, it may be used "in time of war as in time of peace, by every vessel of commerce or of war, without distinction of flag." Nevertheless, the canal has played an important military strategic role as a naval short-cut and
1809:
partnership to declare the resultant fighting a threat to stability in the Middle East and enter the war – officially to separate the two forces but in reality to regain the Canal and bring down the Nasser government.
4799:
bypass & anchorage 9 km (6 mi), Timsah bypass 5 km (3 mi), and the Deversoir bypass (northern end of the Great Bitter Lake) 27.5 kilometres (17 mi). The bypasses were completed in 1980.
4702:
because of the flat terrain, and the minor sea level difference between each end is inconsequential for shipping. As the canal has no sea surge gates, the ports at the ends would be subject to the sudden impact of
9085:
899:(born late 8th century) reports a conversation with another monk, Fidelis, who had sailed on the canal from the Nile to the Red Sea during a pilgrimage to the Holy Land in the first half of the 8th century.
2051:
mandate expired in 1979. Despite the efforts of the United States, Israel, Egypt, and others to obtain an extension of the UN role in observing the peace between Israel and Egypt, as called for under the
7819:
10332:
8538:
5545:, with many shipping companies choosing to take the long route instead. Between 2008 and 2010, it is estimated that the canal lost 10% of traffic due to the threat of piracy, and another 10% due to the
1822:
the UN peacekeepers to stay in Sinai unless both Egypt and Israel agreed to their withdrawal. The United States backed this proposal by putting pressure on the British government through the selling of
7770:
Hubert Bergmann "Selfmademan und Tycoon mit Weitblick: Pasquale Freiherr von Revoltella (German: Self-made man and tycoon with a vision: Pasquale Freiherr von Revoltella" In: Der Standard 25 June 2020.
920:, continued to serve as part of Cairo's water infrastructure until the 19th century. In later periods, the canal was closed with a dike for much of the year and reopened during the flood season. The
9332:
8839:
330:, with seawater flowing freely through it. In general, the water in the canal north of the Bitter Lakes flows north in winter and south in summer. South of the lakes, the current changes with the
9792:
7793:
1420:
The canal opened under French control in November 1869. The opening ceremonies began at Port Said on the evening of 15 November, with illuminations, fireworks, and a banquet on the yacht of the
2227:
It was said the blockage would have an impact on cargo schedules around the world. Shipping companies were also considering whether to divert their ships along the much longer route around the
8571:
1666:
In 1900, a dredging trial was held by the Suez Canal Company to determine which ship would assist in the widening and deepening of the canal. One of the ships trialed in the dredging was The
1281:
5603:
claimed in 2009 to be the first Western company to attempt using the Northern Sea Route without assistance from icebreakers, cutting 6,400 kilometres (4,000 mi) off the journey between
1141:
Despite the construction challenges that could have been the result of the alleged difference in sea levels, the idea of finding a shorter route to the east remained alive. In 1830, General
10393:
8753:
1769:
In 1951 Egypt repudiated the 1936 treaty with Great Britain. In October 1954 the UK tentatively agreed to remove its troops from the Canal Zone. Because of Egyptian overtures towards the
5442:, which now had much faster connections to the Near and Far East than the North and West European sea trading nations such as Great Britain or Germany. The main Habsburg trading port of
2072:(MFO), stationed in Sinai in 1981 in coordination with a phased Israeli withdrawal. The MFO remains active under agreements between the United States, Israel, Egypt, and other nations.
1494:
anchored close to the entrance, then swung around and grounded, the ship and its hawser blocking the way into the lake. The following ships had to anchor in the canal itself until the
5782:
The zone incorporates the four "Qualifying Industrial Zones" at Port Said, Ismailia and Suez, a 1996 American initiative to encourage economic ties between Israel and its neighbours.
1145:
submitted a report to the British government that stated that there was no difference in elevation and that the Suez Canal was feasible, but his report received no further attention.
8114:
5723:
construction across the Nile, which started operating in 1968, much reduced the inflow of freshwater and cut all natural nutrient-rich silt entering the eastern Mediterranean at the
10788:
8900:
5703:
recently documented that in the first twenty years of this century more exotic fish species from the Indian Ocean had reached the Mediterranean than during the entire 20th century.
5694:
into the Mediterranean via the canal since the 1880s have become a significant component of the Mediterranean ecosystem. They already impact its ecology, endangering some local and
12940:
5230:
4759:
1253:
600:
may indicate that Egypt's maritime trade started from the Red Sea and did not require a canal. Evidence seems to indicate its existence by the 13th century BCE during the time of
6641:
According to Herodotus, work on the project was "stayed by a prophetic utterance that he was toiling beforehand for the barbarian. The Egyptians call all men of other languages
2267:
After the incident, the Egyptian government announced that they would be widening the narrower parts of the canal. On 9 September 2021, the canal was briefly blocked again by MV
668:, Necho's extension to the canal was about 92 kilometres (57 statute miles), equal to the total distance between Bubastis and the Great Bitter Lake, allowing for winding through
702:. It may be that by Darius's time a natural waterway passage which had existed between the Heroopolite Gulf and the Red Sea in the vicinity of the Egyptian town of Shaluf (alt.
12613:
10135:
8809:
596:, 1470 BCE, depict seagoing vessels carrying the expeditionary force returning from Punt. This suggests that a navigable link existed between the Red Sea and the Nile. Recent
4816:
1880:, Egypt closed the Canal to Israeli shipping, despite UN Security Council resolutions from 1949 and 1951 urging it not to, on the grounds that hostilities had ended with the
836:
attacked and burned the first wave of these ships and Cleopatra abandoned the effort. (Modern historians, however, maintain that her ships were burned by the enemy forces of
11646:
5675:
gradually equalised with that of the Red Sea the barrier to migration was removed, and plants and animals from the Red Sea have begun to colonise the eastern Mediterranean.
5351:
824:, she attempted to escape Egypt with her fleet by raising the ships out of the Mediterranean and dragging them across the isthmus of Suez to the Red Sea. Then, according to
10710:
9778:
Hans Reis "Der Suezkanal – die wichtigste von Menschen geschaffene Wasserstrasse wurde vor 150 Jahren gebaut und war oft umkämpft" In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung 17 November 2019
4810:
directions simultaneously in the 72-kilometre-long (45 mi) central section of the canal. These extensions were formally opened on 6 August 2015 by President Al-Sisi.
2096:
ordered the expansion of the Ballah Bypass from 61 metres (200 ft) wide to 312 metres (1,024 ft) wide for 35 kilometres (22 mi). The project was called the
1663:, then an Austrian possession. The company was a partner in the Compagnie Universelle du Canal de Suez, whose vice-president was the Lloyd co-founder Pasquale Revoltella.
10654:
7250:
7199:
4838:
948:, and forever changed the balance of Mediterranean trade. One of the most prominent losers in the new order, as former middlemen, was the former spice trading center of
10015:
9089:
8723:
4954:
2248:
was re-floated on 29 March. Within a few hours, cargo traffic resumed, slowly resolving the backlog of around 450 ships. The first ship to pass through the canal after
11641:
11636:
10188:
1827:, which would cause it to depreciate. Britain then called a ceasefire, and later agreed to withdraw its troops by the end of the year. Pearson was later awarded the
9993:
9357:
Suez Canal Authority. Arab Republic of Egypt. Ashraf Ragab. (August 2015). Navigation in Suez Canal Rules of Navigation and Passage Procedures in Suez Canal. p. 9.
2031:. When the Canal Clearance Operations were completed, the canal and its lakes were considered 99% clear of mines. The canal was then reopened by Egyptian President
8063:
10161:
1986:
minesweeping helicopters of Helicopter Mine Countermeasures Squadron 12. These partly cleared the canal between May and December 1974. It was relieved by the LST
1813:
To save the British from what he thought was a disastrous action and to stop the war from a possible escalation, Canadian Secretary of State for External Affairs
8002:
5270:
7815:
1831:. As a result of damage and ships sunk under orders from Nasser the canal was closed until April 1957, when it was cleared with UN assistance. A UN force (
1376:
along the canal to serve its operation. They included ports and their facilities as well as housing for employees segregated by race or nationality. These were
10324:
8530:
6990:
Rossi, N.; Rosand, David (2013). "Italian Renaissance Depictions of the Ottoman Sultan: Nuances in the Function of Early Modern Italian Portraiture". ProQuest.
5016:
581:
In the 20th century, the northward extension of the later Darius I canal was discovered, extending from Lake Timsah to the Ballah Lakes. This was dated to the
7004:
10762:
6011:
1321:
doubt that the canal's receipts... could ever be sufficient to recover its maintenance fee. It will never become a large ship's accessible way in any case."
9881:
10113:
9336:
9278:
8619:
8032:
7053:, par M. J.M. Le Père, ingénieur en chef, inspecteur divisionnaire au corps impérial des ponts et chaussées, membre de l'Institut d'Égypte, pp. 21–186
6566:, par M. J.M. Le Père, ingénieur en chef, inspecteur divisionnaire au corps impérial des ponts et chaussées, membre de l'Institut d'Égypte, pp. 21–186
5553:
going from Saudi Arabia to the United States has 4,345 km (2,700 mi) farther to go when taking the route south of Africa rather than the canal.
2220:
and alternative sources of supply, noting that traffic only slowed down and that it might only have impacted sectors with existing shortages (such as the
10066:
8831:
5003:
means "arch". Opened in 2001, it has a 70-metre (230 ft) clearance over the canal and was built with assistance from the Japanese government and by
9903:
9788:
8869:
8465:
7789:
5635:
route when going to Europe, due to prevalent wind directions, even though it is slightly longer from Sydney to Europe this way than past Cape Agulhas.
1364:
conservative estimate at fewer than 3,000 deaths. More closely relying on the limited reported data of the time, the number would be fewer than 1,000.
10302:
8775:
6727:
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Galil, B.S. and Zenetos, A. (2002). "A sea change: exotics in the eastern Mediterranean Sea", in: Leppäkoski, E., Gollasch, S. and Olenin, S. (eds),
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Troisième série. Paris aux bureaux de l'Isthme de Suez, Journal de l'Union des deux Mers, et chez Henri Plon, Éditeur, 1856. On Google Books (french)
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294:. Construction of the canal lasted from 1859 to 1869. The canal officially opened on 17 November 1869. It offers vessels a direct route between the
10538:
Huber, Valeska. "Connecting colonial seas: the 'international colonisation' of Port Said and the Suez Canal during and after the First World War."
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Gabriella Pultrone "Trieste: New Challenges and Opportunities in the Relational Dynamics between City and Port" In: Méditerranée, 111|2008 pp. 129.
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route. This was the only sea route before the canal was constructed, and when the canal was closed. It is still the only route for ships that are
1901:, including the Suez Canal area. Egyptian troops were sent into Sinai to take their place. Israel protested Nasser's on 21 May order to close the
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2203:, was en route from Malaysia to the Netherlands when it ran aground after strong winds allegedly blew the ship off course. Upon running aground,
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industry). The International Chamber of Shipping (ICS) estimated that up to $ 3 billion worth of cargo passes through the Suez Canal every day.
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of the Red Sea, which allowed the passage of vessels but prevented salt water from the Red Sea from mingling with the fresh water in the canal.
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11179:
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1647:, who reorganized and modernized the government and suppressed rebellions and corruption, thereby facilitating increased traffic on the canal.
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With Necho's death, work was discontinued. Herodotus tells that the reason the project was abandoned was because of a warning received from an
9757:
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Before the canal's opening in 1869, goods were sometimes offloaded from ships and carried overland between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea.
1090:, include detailed maps that depict the discovery of an ancient canal extending northward from the Red Sea and then westward toward the Nile.
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The Khedive, in particular, was able to overcome initial reservations held by both British and French creditors by enlisting the help of the
1041:
1032:, as well as by strategic concerns—as the European presence in the Indian Ocean was growing, Ottoman mercantile and strategic interests were
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1789:, intending to finance the dam project using revenue from the canal. On the same day that the canal was nationalised Nasser also closed the
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When built, the canal was 164 km (102 mi) long and 8 m (26 ft) deep. After several enlargements, it is 193.30 km (
676:(i.e., over 183 kilometres or 114 miles), must be understood to include the entire distance between the Nile and the Red Sea at that time.
381:
before the construction of the new side channel it was not possible to berth or unberth vessels at the terminal while a convoy was running.
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Ships approaching the canal from the sea are expected to radio the harbour when they are within 15 nautical miles (28 kilometres) of the
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billion), this project was funded with interest-bearing investment certificates issued exclusively to Egyptian entities and individuals.
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577:, who made a trench 100 feet (30 m) wide, 30 feet (9 m) deep and about 35 miles (55 km) long, as far as the Bitter Lakes.
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passage is the southbound convoy. It starts at 03:30 EET from Port Said and so passes the Northbound convoy in the two-lane section.
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aboard an Egyptian destroyer, which led the first convoy northbound to Port Said in 1975, at his side stood the Iranian Crown Prince
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is claimed to have repaired the Cairo to Red Sea passageway, but only briefly, circa 1000 CE, as it soon "became choked with sand".
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could pass each other with oars extended, and required four days to traverse. Darius commemorated his achievement with a number of
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in 1888 declared the canal a neutral zone under the protection of the British, who had occupied Egypt and Sudan at the request of
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against his rule. The revolt went on from 1879 to 1882. The British defended the strategically important passage against a major
730:
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Curli, Barbara. "Italy and the Suez Canal: Historical and Historiographical Passages from a Euro-Mediterranean Perspective." in
6238:(undated, early 20th century), Volume 12, Part B, Chapter V: "The Waterways of Egypt", pp. 248–257. London: The Grolier Society.
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8319:"Egyptian - Israeli Agreement on Disengagement of Forces in Pursuance of the Geneva Peace Conference (Sinai I) | UN Peacemaker"
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Typically, it would take a ship 12 to 16 hours to transit the canal. The canal's 24-hour capacity was about 76 standard ships.
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1997:
initiated Operation Rheostat and Task Group 65.2 provided for Operation Rheostat One (six months in 1974), the minehunters HMS
10162:"Iisrael ehitab Vahemere ja Punase mere vahele raudtee(Israel is building a railway between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea"
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Finkl, Charles W.; Pelinovsky, Efim; Cathcart, Richard B. (2012). "A Review of Potential Tsunami Impacts to the Suez Canal".
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R. E. Gmirkin, "Berossus and Genesis, Manetho and Exodus: Hellenistic Histories and the Date of the Pentateuch", p. 236
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7671:(£1 in 1875 = £109–114; 2019 Historical Uk Inflation Rates and Calculator; UK Inflation (CPI) Calculator – What's the Cost)
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completed six months earlier, it allowed the world to be circled in record time. It played an important role in increasing
986:
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10273:
Atlas of Exotic Fishes in the Mediterranean Sea. 2nd Edition. 2021. (F. Briand Ed.) CIESM Publishers, Paris, Monaco 366 p.
5307:) was built in 1983. Because of leakage problems, a new water-tight tunnel was built inside the old one from 1992 to 1995.
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Feyrer, James. 2021. "Distance, Trade, and Income — the 1967 to 1975 Closing of the Suez Canal as a Natural Experiment."
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did not buy a significant number of shares. With assistance from the Cattaui banking family, and their relationship with
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International opinion was initially skeptical, and shares of the Suez Canal Company did not sell well overseas. Britain,
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Herodotus was told that 120,000 men perished in this undertaking, but this figure is doubtless exaggerated. According to
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Carminati, Lucia. "Suez: A hollow canal in need of peopling. Currents and stoppages in the historiography, 1859–1956."
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On 23 March 2021, at around 05:40 UTC (07:40 local time), the Suez Canal was blocked in both directions by ultra-large
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The British government had opposed the project from the outset to its completion. The British, who controlled both the
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The canal was the property of the Egyptian government, but European shareholders, mostly British and French, owned the
9086:"Chairman of the Suez Canal Authority: The damage caused by the blockage may reach 1 billion US dollars – News Update"
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Harry de Wilt: Is One Belt, One Road a China crisis for North Sea main ports? in World Cargo News, 17. December 2019.
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which had participated in the planning and construction of the canal. The largest Austrian maritime trading company,
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9789:"Wie der Suezkanal in 150 Jahren die Welt verändert hat (German: How the Suez Canal changed the world in 150 years)"
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of 77.5 m (254 ft) under certain conditions. The canal can handle more traffic and larger ships than the
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4611: mi) long, 24 m (79 ft) deep and 205 m (673 ft) wide. It consists of the northern access
2019:, a practice minelayer/MCMV support ship; and for Operation Rheostat Two (six months in 1975) the minehunters HMS
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smoothly. He said that the remaining 175 freighters waiting to pass through the canal would all pass by 2 April.
1773:, both the United Kingdom and the United States withdrew their pledge to financially support construction of the
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Tobias Piller "Italien als Teil von Chinas neuer Seidenstraße" In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 15 March 2019.
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lost only 10,000 in making the Mahmûdieh Canal (from the Nile to Alexandria)." remarked W. W. How and J. Wells,
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could bear the costly canal tariff. This led to a rapid growth of Mediterranean ports with their land routes to
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7572:. Translated by M. B. DeBevoise (1st ed.). Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. p. 127.
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5470:) thanks to this shorter route. The Suez Canal has a correspondingly important role in the connection between
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in Great Britain, because goods from the Far East had, until then, been carried in sailing vessels around the
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that he set up on the Nile bank, including one near Kabret, and a further one a few kilometres north of Suez.
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9732:"President Al Sisi inaugurated mega development projects in Central Sinai and Ismailia| The Arab Contractors"
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Bulfin, Ailise. "The Fiction of Gothic Egypt and British Imperial Paranoia: The Curse of the Suez Canal."
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Bogaars, George. "The Effect of the Opening of the Suez Canal on the Trade and Development of Singapore."
9316:
8923:"How That Massive Container Ship Stuck in the Suez Canal Is Already Costing the World Billions of Dollars"
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required to assist warships traversing the canal, to achieve the highest degree of safety during transit.
1727:
the canal was again strategically important; Italo-German attempts to capture it were repulsed during the
504:(1897–1839 BCE), when an irrigation channel was constructed around 1848 BCE that was navigable during the
369:) have a particular interest in the Suez Canal. After Egypt closed the Suez Canal at the beginning of the
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Explained: The Whole Scenario Of Suez Canal. How Would It Have Impacted The Trade If It Persisted Longer?
9333:"Egypt announced the widening of the Suez Canal, expected to be completed within two years – News Update"
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considered the Great Bitter Lake as a northern extension of the Red Sea, whereas Darius had not, because
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1819:
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expressed interest in finding the remnants of an ancient waterway passage. This culminated in a cadre of
12995:
9966:
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See: Pasquale Revoltella "Österreich's Betheiligung am Welthandel: Betrachtungen und Vorschläge" (2020).
7659:
7051:
Mémoire sur la communication de la mer des Indes à la Méditerranée par la mer Rouge et l'Isthme de Sueys
6564:
Mémoire sur la communication de la mer des Indes à la Méditerranée par la mer Rouge et l'Isthme de Sueys
2285:, was grounded near the southern end of the canal, but it was refloated by tugboats in less than a day.
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The original canal featured a single-lane waterway with passing locations in the Ballah Bypass and the
17:
9834:
Alexandra Endres: Schifffahrt ist fürs Klima genau so schlimm wie Kohle in Die Zeit, 9. December 2019.
9052:
7313:"Port Said and Ismailia as Desert Marvels: Delusion and Frustration on the Isthmus of Suez, 1859–1869"
808:, maintenance and repair of Ptolemy's canal became increasingly cumbersome over each passing century.
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10325:"Egypt aims to attract $ 30 bln in investment in Suez Canal Zone within 5 years: Investment minister"
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Historically, the construction of the canal was preceded by cutting a small fresh-water canal called
5541:
for the canal. In the early 21st century, the Suez Canal has suffered from diminished traffic due to
5438:
Economically, after its completion, the Suez Canal benefited primarily the sea trading powers of the
4805:
In August 2014, Egypt chose a consortium that includes the Egyptian army and global engineering firm
2331:
1881:
1877:
1432:
1313:
10095:
8344:"Operationl Rheostat One – Royal Navy Minesweepers Arrive at Port Said to Help Clear the Suez Canal"
7284:, Hors collection, Paris: Publications de l'Institut national d'histoire de l'art, pp. 92–103,
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1835:) was established to maintain the free navigability of the canal, and peace in the Sinai Peninsula.
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was hauled clear the next morning, making it difficult for them to join that night's celebration in
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Seeking Bread and Fortune in Port Said: Labor Migration and the Making of the Suez Canal, 1859–1906
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New Rules of Navigation came into force on 1 January 2008, passed by the board of directors of the
3388:
1797:
in which the UK, France, and Israel invaded Egypt. According to the pre-agreed war plans under the
1563:, whose deep connections proved invaluable in securing much international support for the project.
862:
after himself. He reportedly moved its mouth on the Nile further south, at the site of what is now
479:
428:. Another canal, probably incorporating a portion of the first, was constructed under the reign of
12855:
10719:
10648:
Italy and the Suez Canal, from the Mid-nineteenth Century to the Cold War: A Mediterranean History
8433:
8024:
7614:
7152:
6047:"Distance, Trade, and Income – The 1967 to 1975 Closing of the Suez Canal as a Natural Experiment"
2271:. However, this ship was freed within 15 minutes, presenting minimal disruption to other convoys.
1682:
dredged deposits of granite and limestone, but it was determined at the end of the trial that the
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1973:
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and stored in British warehouses. An inability to pay his bank debts led Said Pasha's successor,
1517:
Nautical chart of the Suez Canal published shortly after the inauguration, with survey data from
1146:
753:
582:
533:
10021:(Report). One Earth Future Working Paper. p. 13. Archived from the original on 29 June 2012
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afterwards, stopped making the canal, lest the sea should mix with the river water and spoil it.
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12797:
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12655:
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headed for Cairo, and then to the Pyramids, where a new road had been built for the occasion.
800:
to have gradually receded over the centuries, its coastline slowly moving southward away from
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1987:
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1937:
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or Senusret III of the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt) may have constructed the ancient canal, the
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1798:
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established his "Overland Route", which transported post and passengers to India via Egypt.
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8373:
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7681:
Hicks, Geoffrey (2012). "Disraeli, Derby and the Suez Canal, 1875: Some Myths Reassessed".
7312:
7282:
Building Beyond The Mediterranean: Studying The Archives of European Businesses (1860–1970)
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8832:"'Anything you see in the stores' could be affected by Canal logjam, shipping experts say"
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8:
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1976:
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8374:"Operation Rheostat One – Fleet Clearance Diving Team at Work on the Wreck of the Mecca"
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7219:
The Tools of Empire : Technology and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century
5655:
desert to compete with the canal. By 2019, the project had been put on indefinite hold.
4910:), connecting Port Said to Port Fuad. Opened in 2016, 420 m (1,380 ft) length.
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11991:
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manoeuvered around the assembled yachts on the night of 16th/17 November, and beat the
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is located north of Shaluf. (See Naville, "Map of the Wadi Tumilat", referenced above.)
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2006:
1983:
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which included a withdrawal of Israeli forces from the western side of the Suez Canal.
1918:
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882:. The site of the former Roman channel near the Nile was absorbed into the new city of
691:
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342:
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287:
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10228:, Colloquial Meeting of Marine Biology I, Salzburg, April 1999 (revised in Nov. 2001).
8684:
8649:
8595:"Dredgers try to free ship in Suez Canal, scene of plenty of past international drama"
7716:
Tignor, Robert L. (1963). "Lord Cromer: Practitioner and Philosopher of Imperialism".
6378:
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1552:
Although numerous technical, political, and financial problems had been overcome, the
1462:
On the morning of 17 November, a procession of ships entered the canal, headed by the
661:
and the Red Sea. Regardless, Necho is reported as having never completed his project.
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10245:
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9060:
8292:
8169:
7923:
7887:
7854:
7745:
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7344:
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6301:, 1906. Volume One, pp. 290–292, §§642–648. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
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5687:, who fear that it will enhance the arrival of Red Sea species in the Mediterranean.
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Six new tunnels for cars and trains are also planned across the canal. Currently the
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1659:, experienced rapid expansion after the canal was completed, as did the port city of
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1506:: Nares sent out a boat to carry out soundings, and was able to manoeuver around the
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on 5 June 1967, the canal remained closed for eight years, reopening on 5 June 1975.
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History of the Anchor Line 1852–1911. 1911. Glasgow, UK: John Horn, for Anchor Line.
6981:
Ortega, Stephen (2012). "The Ottoman Age of Exploration". The Historian. 74 (1): 89.
4991:), also called the Egyptian-Japanese Friendship Bridge, a high-level road bridge at
2131:
1686:
would not be used for the dredging of the Suez Canal. The ship was then returned to
315:. In 2021, more than 20,600 vessels traversed the canal (an average of 56 per day).
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7816:"Pasquale Revoltella, l'imprenditore veneziano che rese grande la città di Trieste"
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2013:
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is said to have ordered this canal closed in 767 to prevent supplies from reaching
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432:(610–595 BCE), but the only fully functional canal was engineered and completed by
271:
from the rest of Egypt). The 193.30-kilometre-long (120.11 mi) canal is a key
12989:
12440:
6749:
6601:
361:. Navies with coastlines and bases on both the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea (
349:
of October–November 1956. The canal is operated and maintained by the state-owned
41:
12618:
12435:
12386:
12288:
12104:
11840:
11823:
11454:
11379:
10795:
10777:
10766:
10731:
10714:
10695:
10608:
10225:
9997:
9973:
9731:
9680:"النقل تعيد كوبرى الفردان للحياة وإنشاء كوبرى جديد على قناة السويس الجديدة.. صور"
9320:
9256:
8490:
7046:
6923:
6883:
6800:
6559:
6537:
6514:
6490:
6458:
Shea, William H. "A Date for the Recently Discovered Eastern Canal of Egypt", in
6444:
6357:
6264:
5821:
5178:
4806:
4695:
4667:
1898:
1802:
1782:
1716:
1413:
1305:
1184:
1160:
1060:
fleets. However, this project was deemed too expensive, and was never completed.
937:
673:
665:
653:
undertook to dig a west–east canal through the Wadi Tumilat between Bubastis and
558:
268:
256:
224:
109:
10671:
9435:
7467:
7154:
Percement de l'isthme de Suez. Rapport et Projet de la Commission Internationale
7086:
870:
in 641 AD, this canal had fallen out of use. The commander of the Muslim force,
12959:
12930:
12920:
12767:
12721:
12575:
12514:
12298:
12099:
11611:
11539:
11398:
11332:
10501:
Invasive aquatic species of Europe : distribution, impacts, and management
9876:
5826:
5806:
5720:
5467:
5459:
5455:
5447:
4720:
4663:
4647:
3312:
2097:
2068:. Accordingly, negotiations for a new observer force in the Sinai produced the
1933:
1854:
1824:
1709:
1640:
1576:
1560:
1456:
1309:
1176:
1017:
983:
945:
916:
420:. One smaller canal is believed to have been constructed under the auspices of
397:
323:
10742:
10585:
9581:
9492:
9208:
9191:
7915:
7879:
7587:
7119:
6530:
6350:
6312:
5415:
4666:
and up to a height of 68 m (223 ft) above water level and a maximum
1929:", were trapped in the canal, and remained there until its reopening in 1975.
1805:
on 29 October, forcing Egypt to engage them militarily, and allowing the
1595:
779:
discovered the remnants of an ancient north–south canal past the east side of
13027:
12949:
12650:
12638:
12633:
12313:
11403:
10699:
10363:
10218:
9400:
9156:
9064:
8296:
8173:
7927:
7891:
7858:
7846:
7634:
7336:
7328:
7236:
7127:
6162:
5846:
5801:
5776:
5679:
dominant, south to north, migratory passage across the canal is often called
5392:
A railway on the west bank runs parallel to the canal for its entire length.
5367:
5353:
5328:
5315:
5286:
5272:
5246:
5232:
5200:
5186:
5161:
5148:
5127:
5114:
5076:
5062:
5032:
5018:
4970:
4956:
4931:
4918:
4897:
4884:
2221:
1624:
1345:
1077:
1037:
1013:
962:
874:, ordered that it be restored so as to improve connections between Egypt and
871:
812:
695:
613:
517:
362:
303:(44 km/h; 28 mph). The canal extends from the northern terminus of
78:
65:
10603:, Ronald series in history, New York : The Ronald Press Company, 618 p.
7103:
2162:
ran aground causing an obstruction which blocked the canal for a few hours.
1599:
Share of the Comp. Universelle du Canal Maritime de Suez, issued 2 June 1924
1297:, given that a canal might disrupt their commercial and maritime supremacy.
718:
once again. According to Herodotus, Darius's canal was wide enough that two
12777:
12367:
11776:
11435:
10949:
9603:
7483:
6507:
6177:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 22–25.
6035:
still in force and specifically maintained in Nasser's Nationalization Act.
5851:
5831:
5715:
5671:
5600:
5530:
5098:
4826:
4707:
from the Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea, according to a 2012 article in the
4671:
4659:
4396:
2281:
2057:
1926:
1770:
1724:
1705:
1701:
1612:
1603:
1553:
1525:
1474:
1373:
1372:
From its inauguration, till 1925, the Suez Canal Company built a series of
1130:
1101:
As late as 1861, the unnavigable ancient route discovered by Napoleon from
1081:
1045:
1029:
1025:
1002:
914:
detractors. The remaining section of the canal near the Nile, known as the
849:
776:
710:), located just south of the Great Bitter Lake, had become so blocked with
683:
that others would benefit from its successful completion. Necho's war with
597:
589:
521:
513:
475:
448:
366:
299:
120:
10666:
Searight, S. "A dismal but Profitable Ditch: The Suez Canal Then and now"
7761:
Mary Pelletier "A brief history of the Suez Canal" In: Apollo 3 July 2018.
7277:
6853:
Babylon of Egypt: The Archaeology of Old Cairo and the Origins of the City
6791:
Carte hydrographique de l'Basse Egypte et d'une partie de l'Isthme de Suez
6606:. Retrieved 8 August 2008. Economics Department, City College of New York.
6483:
Israel in Egypt: The Evidence for the Authenticity of the Exodus Tradition
1336:
11796:
11527:
11517:
11310:
11137:
10954:
10238:
Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United (29 July 2021).
9459:"Egypt awards Suez hub project to consortium that includes army: sources"
9279:"'Attached Charts' to Navigation Circular 'The New Suez Canal' No 5/2015"
8273:"The Yom Kippur War: The Epic Encounter That Transformed the Middle East"
6888:. Translated by Wood, Willard. Harvard University Press. pp. 15–16.
5510:
5471:
5106:
4683:
3610:
2032:
1957:
1909:
1794:
1744:
1732:
1572:
1487:
1393:
1204:
817:
804:
and the Great Bitter Lake. Coupled with persistent accumulations of Nile
801:
780:
699:
601:
525:
493:
425:
421:
370:
358:
346:
308:
272:
10423:
9053:"With the Suez Canal Unblocked, the World's Commerce Resumes Its Course"
8304:
7702:
7091:. Osmania University, Digital Library Of India. Oxford University Press.
6531:"Consideraciones sobre la Marinay la Guerra durante el Egipto Faraónico"
6100:
5771:, and hopes to extend to four more ports at West Port Said, El-Adabiya,
5505:
The Suez Canal set a new record with annual revenue of $ 9.4 billion in
3441:
1853:
Egyptian vehicles crossing the Suez Canal on 7 October 1973, during the
1757:
Smoke rises from oil tanks beside the Suez Canal hit during the initial
11803:
8181:
8149:
8110:
7452:
5768:
5724:
5711:
5628:
5624:
5589:
5550:
4992:
4715:
4699:
2213:
2195:
2182:
1994:
1587:
1290:
1208:
1084:
and engineers scouring northern Egypt. Their findings, recorded in the
837:
715:
593:
574:
9112:"Plans for Suez Canal to be widened after Ever Given cargo ship drama"
8949:"Suez Canal: Ships stuck in 'traffic jam' as salvage efforts continue"
8272:
7737:
7510:
Pall Mall Gazette (the paper's correspondent was on board HMS Newport)
7431:
Richards, G.H. (1869). "Suez Canal, with directions for is pilotage".
7276:
Piaton, Claudine (2 March 2021), Godoli, Ezio; Peyceré, David (eds.),
6794:
5486:, the growth in European economic integration, the consideration of CO
2056:
of 1979, the mandate could not be extended because of the veto by the
12684:
12156:
10919:
10897:
10892:
9904:"New Silk Road: Everything that belongs to the mega project (German)"
8288:
6642:
5632:
5612:
4867:
4152:
2928:
2818:
2668:
2594:
2257:
1952:
1774:
1762:
1753:
1675:
1639:
and take full control, although nominally Egypt remained part of the
1455:. Other international guests included the American natural historian
1397:
1381:
1377:
1330:
1134:
1106:
1053:
975:
907:
863:
797:
646:
538:
486:
304:
207:
197:
9918:"Suez Canal annual revenue hits record $ 9.4 billion, chairman says"
8165:
8102:
7444:
4714:
There is one shipping lane with passing areas in Ballah-Bypass near
1349:
11357:
10909:
10769:
Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, The National Library of Israel.
10613:(2nd ed.). London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press.
9550:
9161:
7729:
7278:"European construction companies in the towns along the Suez Canal"
6258:
Kafr Hassan Dawood On-Line, Egyptian Cultural Heritage Organization
5695:
5631:
between Australia and Europe during the 1930s, often preferred the
5538:
5483:
5054:
4823:
1865:
1687:
1499:
1389:
1228:
1180:
1102:
1073:
825:
821:
748:
The canal left the Nile at Bubastis. An inscription on a pillar at
650:
617:
433:
429:
240:
10622:
8978:
Wittels, Jack; El Wardany, Salma; Magdy, Mirette (29 March 2021).
8215:"War of Attrition | History, Combatants, & Facts | Britannica"
6837:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-536553-5, p. 142.
6600:
Silver, Morris (6 April 1998), "5c. Evidence for Earlier Canals."
5907:"Number of ships passing through the Suez Canal from 1976 to 2021"
5426:
2080:
1571:) as meaning a ship's cargo capacity and not only the theoretical
1544:, became the first to pass through the Canal from South to North.
1490:, 76 kilometres (41 nmi) south of Port Said. The French ship
466:
attributes the earliest-known attempt to construct a canal to the
10944:
10492:
Fletcher, Max E. "The Suez Canal and world shipping, 1869–1914."
7530:
This incident appears to have been the basis for a myth that the
6591:(1981), page 184. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
6166:
5841:
5580:
5499:
5495:
5443:
5431:
4738:
4704:
4679:
4675:
4416:
2216:, and "there are existing stocks" according to Camille Egloff of
2151:
In 2004, the canal was closed for three days when the oil tanker
1849:
1698:
1660:
1448:
1421:
1353:
1268:
in London, and again Negrelli, to examine the plans developed by
1245:
1049:
1009:
990:
903:
793:
723:
719:
501:
490:
452:
417:
252:
12941:
International Commission for the piercing of the isthmus of Suez
10544:
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13507486.2012.643612
5533:, the southernmost point of Africa, commonly referred to as the
4615:
of 22 km (14 mi), the canal itself of 162.25 km (
1254:
International Commission for the piercing of the isthmus of Suez
439:
11389:
11347:
11194:
10877:
10724:
10685:
9852:
Marcus Hernig: Die Renaissance der Seidenstraße (2018), p. 112.
9653:
9030:
8257:
8197:
A History of the Modern Middle East: Rulers, Rebels, and Rogues
6428:(6.33.165) Penguin Classics; Reprint edition (5 February 2004)
5920:
5596:
5577:
5004:
4996:
4658:
The canal allows passage of ships up to 20 m (66 ft)
2130:
Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective and
1869:
1785:
the canal on 26 July 1956 and transferring it to the
1623:. The construction of the canal was one of the reasons for the
1258:
Commission Internationale pour le percement de l'isthme de Suez
949:
896:
883:
875:
853:
765:
752:
records that in 270 or 269 BCE, it was again reopened, by
749:
680:
669:
654:
642:
625:
621:
570:
554:
409:
276:
260:
9313:
8746:"Massive cargo ship becomes wedged, blocks Egypt's Suez Canal"
8650:"Suez Canal: Owner of cargo ship blocking waterway apologises"
7468:"Some Account of the Suez Canal, in a Letter to the President"
6824:, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4, p.31.
6257:
5735:
5643:
In February 2012, Israel announced its intention to construct
1412:
Suez Canal, Egypt. Early 1900s. Goodyear Archival Collection.
1293:
and the Overland route to India and the Far East, favored the
585:
by extrapolating the dates of ancient sites along its course.
11420:
11225:
10801:
10516:
A history of engineering and technology : artful methods
10241:
Non-indigenous species in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea
8776:"Suez Canal Stays Blocked Despite Efforts to Free Stuck Ship"
5980:. History.com. A&E Television Networks. 9 November 2009.
5772:
5652:
5648:
5608:
5604:
2065:
1212:
833:
811:
Two hundred years after the construction of Ptolemy's canal,
726:
291:
244:
7171:, William Morrow & Company, Inc., New York, 1969, p. 87.
1260:) consisting of 13 experts from seven countries, among them
607:
11833:
10914:
8893:"Why the blockage of the Suez Canal matters for oil prices"
7790:"German: How the Suez Canal changed the world in 150 years"
6033:
Constantinople Convention of the Suez Canal of 2 March 1888
5948:
5588:
recedes the route will become passable without the help of
5404:
4146:
1723:, the UK retained control over the canal. With outbreak of
1122:
1063:
1021:
879:
829:
805:
711:
566:
444:
413:
331:
312:
264:
10584:
10420:
Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
8564:"Suez Canal Snarled by Giant Ship Choking Key Trade Route"
787:
10783:
Images of container ship Ever Given aground in Suez Canal
10660:
10656:
Le fabuleux destin des inventions : le canal de Suez
8531:"Egypt completes dredging for new waterway in Suez Canal"
6082:"New Suez Canal project proposed by Egypt to boost trade"
5756:. Projects in the zone are collectively described as the
5506:
4944:), 1.5 km (1 mi) north of the Suez Canal Bridge
1218:
1207:
trade and therefore preferred a connection by train from
1187:
railroad pioneer, became interested in the idea in 1836.
10650:(Springer International Publishing, 2022) pp. 1–26.
9130:"Ship Briefly Stranded in Suez Canal Before Being Freed"
8980:"Giant Vessel Is Now Afloat, Inchcape Says: Suez Update"
6471:
Sanford (1938), p. 72; Garrison (1999), p. 36.
6402:. Ebooks.adelaide.edu.au. 25 August 2010. Archived from
6108:"Egypt opens East Port Said side channel for navigation"
5569:(blue) and an alternative route through Suez Canal (red)
4629: mi) and the southern access channel of 9 km (
1888:
Egypt closed the Canal again during the 1956 Suez Crisis
1400:(1867) at the canal's southern entrance on the Red Sea.
10540:
European Review of History: Revue europeenne d'histoire
10487:
East and West of Suez: Suez Canal in History, 1854–1956
9370:
7433:
Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London
6786:
6784:
5871:"The Suez Canal – A vital shortcut for global commerce"
1155:, a French explorer of Egypt, became chief engineer of
982:
plan to build the canal was quickly put to rest by the
13008:
Dredging machine design and implementation (1863-1869)
10518:, 2nd ed., Boca Raton, Fla.; London : CRC Press,
10164:(in Estonian). E24.ee. 5 February 2012. Archived from
9629:"BV classes EL-NASR floating bridge across Suez Canal"
8977:
8483:
1968:
After the Yom Kippur War, the United States initiated
1431:. The royal guests arrived the following morning: the
10737:
Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law
10530:
The Suez Canal: Its History and Diplomatic Importance
9843:
Harry G. Broadman "Afrika´s Silk Road" (2007), p. 59.
8087:"The Protocol of Sèvres, 1956: Anatomy of a War Plot"
7619:. Harvard Middle Eastern Studies no. 18. p. 92.
7063:
7061:
7059:
6460:
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
1947:
1838:
1105:
to the Red Sea still channelled water as far east as
936:
The successful 1488 navigation of southern Africa by
12838:
10138:. BarentsObserver.com. 5 August 2009. Archived from
9434:. Egyptian Maritime Data Bank (EMDB). Archived from
9364:
9308:
9306:
9253:"Navigation Circular "The New Suez Canal" No 5/2015"
7084:
6781:
6383:
The Store-City of Pithom and the Route of the Exodus
1159:. In addition to his normal duties, he surveyed the
9203:
9201:
8862:"What are the consequences of Suez Canal incident?"
8802:"How will Suez Canal blockage impact global trade?"
8685:"Egypt's Suez Canal blocked by huge container ship"
8404:"Operation Rheostat Two – The Suez Canal is Opened"
7616:
Merchants and Migrants in Nineteenth-Century Beirut
7189:
There is differing information on the exact amounts
2279:On 25 May 2023, a Hong Kong-flagged cargo ship, MV
1643:. The British representative from 1883 to 1907 was
1547:
1359:Estimates of the number of deaths vary widely with
612:Remnants of an ancient west–east canal through the
557:wrote that Sesostris started to build a canal, and
10550:Parting the Desert: The Creation of the Suez Canal
10219:Essay about the phenomenon of Lessepsian Migration
9967:Arab countries meet to tackle Somali pirate threat
9457:Saleh, Stephen Kalin and Yasmine (3 August 2014).
7056:
6927:Bible and Sword: How the British came to Palestine
5181:, about 57 km (35 mi) north of Suez, at
1611:The canal had an immediate and dramatic effect on
1510:to enter the lake and anchor there for the night.
1403:
974:Despite entering negotiations with Egypt's ruling
714:that Darius needed to clear it out so as to allow
687:most probably prevented the canal's continuation.
341:which operated it until July 1956, when President
10301:. Ministry of Investment, Egypt. 6 January 2016.
10136:"German vessels ready for the Northern Sea Route"
9706:"Salt-Corroded Tunnel Undergoes Major Renovation"
9303:
7920:The Telegraph (Brisbane, Qld. : 1872 – 1947)
7884:The Telegraph (Brisbane, Qld. : 1872 – 1947)
6914:(1856). Nach der Engl. Aufnahme v. Comm. Mansell.
4737:The SCA has the right to determine the number of
4016:
4008:
4001:
3994:
672:. The length that Herodotus tells, of over 1,000
13025:
10755:American Society of Civil Engineers – Suez Canal
10720:Entrance of the Suez Canal – 1882
9872:"DW documentary examines China's grip on Europe"
9198:
8716:"Mega container ship hard aground in Suez Canal"
7847:"QUEENSLAND DREDGES: Hercules in the Suez Canal"
7420:. London: Hollis & Carter. pp. 317–319.
7169:Between Two Seas. The Creation of the Suez Canal
7156:. Documents Publiés par M. Ferdinand de Lesseps.
6624:"The figure '120,000' is doubtless exaggerated.
5953:. Imray Laurie Norie & Wilson. p. 266.
5177:Pipelines taking fresh water under the canal to
4772:, an American aircraft carrier in the Suez Canal
4357:
4349:
4342:
4332:
4324:
4317:
4141:
2663:
2589:
2292:
857:
8679:
8677:
8675:
8270:
8150:"Closure of the Suez Canal to Israeli Shipping"
7916:"Widening Suez Canal. Great Engineering Scheme"
6589:Everyday Life in the Days of Ramesses The Great
6076:
6074:
5690:Exotic species from the Indo-Pacific Ocean and
1384:(1925) at the canal's northern entrance by the
1275:Compagnie universelle du canal maritime de Suez
775:In the second half of the 19th century, French
698:after it had been conquered by his predecessor
11180:United Nations Security Council Resolution 119
11175:United Nations Security Council Resolution 118
10569:(Springer Science & Business Media, 2012).
10532:(1931), a standard scholarly history; 440 pp;
7851:The Brisbane Courier (Qld. : 1864 – 1933)
6793:(1855, 1882). Volume 87, page 803. Paris. See
6381:. "Map of the Wadi Tumilat" (plate image), in
6157:
6155:
6153:
6151:
6149:
5434:, one of the economic hubs in the 19th century
3420:
3412:
3405:
1008:attempted to construct a canal connecting the
508:, leading into a dry river valley east of the
12824:
11210:
10817:
10672:https://doi.org/10.1080/03068374.2015.1129870
10610:The Suez Canal. Its Past, Present, and Future
10189:"Millions squandered on unrealistic projects"
9821:
9819:
7221:. Oxford University Press. pp. 151–153.
7200:"(reported by German historian Uwe A. Oster)"
6998:
6996:
6234:Rappoport, S. (Doctor of Philosophy, Basel).
6230:
6228:
6226:
6224:
6222:
6220:
6218:
6216:
6214:
6212:
6210:
6208:
6206:
6204:
6147:
6145:
6143:
6141:
6139:
6137:
6135:
6133:
6131:
6129:
5502:again at the focus of growth and investment.
3545:
3537:
3530:
2779:
2771:
2569:
2561:
2554:
2307:
2012:, the Fleet Clearance Diving Team (FCDT) and
1731:, which ensured the canal remained closed to
1175:attention to the canal but was unsuccessful.
1167:showed an interest in the canal and in 1833,
632:and his engineers and cartographers in 1799.
10629:
10503:, Dordrecht; Boston : Kluwer Academic,
10489:(1969), a standard scholarly history; 870 pp
10055:"The Final Frontier: The Northern Sea Route"
8672:
8558:
8556:
8505:"Egypt Completes New Waterway in Suez Canal"
8271:Brown, L. Carl; Rabinovich, Abraham (2004).
7538:to be the first through the canal (see Talk)
6275:
6273:
6202:
6200:
6198:
6196:
6194:
6192:
6190:
6188:
6186:
6184:
6071:
5699:long-term cross-Basin survey engaged by the
5174:), a pair of pontoons bridging both channels
5140:), a pair of pontoons bridging both channels
3667:
3659:
3652:
1964:in the re-opening of Suez Canal, 5 June 1975
1582:
1556:was more than double the original estimate.
1477:, which surveyed the canal on behalf of the
1215:to Suez, which Stephenson eventually built.
1112:
1016:. This was motivated by a desire to connect
10455:English Literature in Transition, 1880–1920
10430:History of the Suez Canal Company 1858–2008
10353:
10014:Bowden, Anna; et al. (December 2010).
9157:"Ship grounded in Suez Canal now refloated"
7360:
7358:
7356:
7354:
6972:Starthern, P. (2013) "The Venetians" p. 175
6952:. Princeton University Press. p. 134.
6856:. Oxford University Press. pp. 35–40.
6750:"Pithom Stele – translation of inscription"
6687:
6685:
6340:
6338:
6311:Fisher, William B.; Smith, Charles Gordon.
6291:
6289:
5730:
5097:) was completed in 2001 and is the longest
4307:
4299:
2398:
2390:
1324:
1223:
443:The southern terminus of the Suez Canal at
12916:Louis Maurice Adolphe Linant de Bellefonds
12831:
12817:
11217:
11203:
10824:
10810:
10725:Suez Canal Container Terminal at Port Said
10567:The international status of the Suez canal
10112:. AsianCorrespondent.com. 3 January 2010.
9816:
8713:
8620:"OOCL Megaship Runs Aground in Suez Canal"
8056:"Excerpt from 'Anthony Eden: A Biography'"
7472:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
7108:Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society
6993:
6945:
6721:
6497:1 (1 January 1998). Retrieved 14 May 2008.
6374:
6372:
6370:
6368:
6366:
6126:
5450:experienced a meteoric rise at that time.
3984:
3976:
3969:
2867:
2859:
2852:
2314:
2300:
1607:A ship sailing down the Suez Canal in 1955
1163:and made plans for the Suez Canal. French
345:nationalised it—an event which led to the
10760:Suez Canal map by Strommer, 19th century.
9050:
8553:
7965:"The Suez Canal formally opened to ships"
7310:
7253:. Arte.tv. 13 August 2006. Archived from
6270:
6248:
6246:
6244:
6181:
4848:as southbound convoy passes, October 2014
608:Canals dug by Necho, Darius I and Ptolemy
412:were built to facilitate travel from the
10663:and directed by Axel Engstfeld (Germany)
10601:The Mediterranean world in ancient times
10579:
10195:. Rishon Le-Zion, Israel. Archived from
9742:
9513:
9148:
8194:
8147:
8053:
7498:
7430:
7375:
7351:
7216:
6949:Cairo: 1001 Years of the City Victorious
6682:
6517:, 17 August 2003. Retrieved 14 May 2008.
6454:
6452:
6335:
6286:
6161:
6052:. National Bureau of Economic Research.
5734:
5560:
5425:
5414:
5310:The Ahmed Omar Shabrawy pontoon bridge (
4875:From north to south, the crossings are:
4866:
4753:Ships moored at El Ballah during transit
2458:
2445:
2428:
2415:
2231:. The first container ship diverted was
2175:
2079:
1951:
1859:
1848:
1752:
1602:
1594:
1586:
1512:
1407:
1344:The excavation took some 10 years, with
1335:
1329:Work started on the shore of the future
1280:
1227:
1194:invited a number of experts, among them
1121:
1064:Napoleon's discovery of an ancient canal
458:
438:
396:
383:
290:for the express purpose of building the
52:at the centre (after the 2015 expansion)
10479:(University of California Press, 2023)
10237:
10180:
9991:Somali piracy costs Suez Canal business
9154:
8502:
8251:
7757:
7755:
7465:
7415:
7409:
7104:"Thomas Waghorn and the overland route"
7101:
7009:. Kansas City, Missouri. Archived from
6881:
6849:
6462:, No. 226 (April 1977), pp. 31–38.
6363:
6310:
5658:
5638:
5143:The Taha Zaki Abdullah pontoon bridge (
3123:
3115:
2997:
2989:
2451:
2421:
2288:
2088:In 2014, months after taking office as
1278:) came into being on 15 December 1858.
931:
843:
788:Receding Red Sea and the dwindling Nile
14:
13026:
10606:
10354:Abdel-Razek, Sherine (4 August 2015).
10186:
10110:"Bye pirates, hello Northeast Passage"
10013:
9604:"Suez Canal Convoy System and passage"
9284:. Suez Canal Authority. Archived from
9255:. Suez Canal Authority. Archived from
8084:
7975:from the original on 20 September 2017
7880:"Dredge Hercules. Arrival in Brisbane"
7715:
7565:
7512:. London. 30 November 1869. p. 11
7364:
7275:
7067:
6241:
5949:Elaine Morgan; Stephen Davies (1995).
5379:Suez Canal overhead powerline crossing
5346:Suez Canal overhead powerline crossing
3760:
3752:
1793:to all Israeli ships. This led to the
1486:The first day of the passage ended at
1219:Construction by the Suez Canal Company
856:in the first century AD, who named it
848:The ancient canal was re-excavated by
27:Artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt
12812:
12243:
12054:
11877:
11718:
11237:
11198:
10805:
10443:, Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica,
10390:American Chamber of Commerce in Egypt
9546:"Egypt launches Suez Canal expansion"
9526:from the original on 24 February 2021
9456:
8592:
8414:from the original on 13 February 2016
8384:from the original on 13 February 2016
8354:from the original on 13 February 2016
8254:The Yom Kippur War 1973: 2, the Sinai
7941:
7910:
7908:
7841:
7839:
7837:
7680:
7641:from the original on 16 November 2015
7612:
7397:from the original on 12 November 2020
7368:Egypt: The Opening of the Great Canal
7080:
7078:
7076:
7006:The Search for the Ancient Suez Canal
6877:
6875:
6873:
6845:
6843:
6760:from the original on 17 December 2014
6670:from the original on 13 December 2013
6449:
6323:from the original on 19 November 2016
6088:from the original on 29 November 2014
6059:from the original on 11 February 2021
5944:
5942:
5556:
5516:
4571:Railroad (defunct) with swing bridge
4245:
4237:
3599:
3591:
3159:
3151:
3141:
3133:
1942:Sinai Separation of Forces Agreement,
1845:Closure of the Suez Canal (1967-1975)
1749:Closure of the Suez Canal (1956–1957)
1466:. Among the ships following was
1001:During the 16th century, the Ottoman
520:the Red Sea reached northward to the
388:Aerial view of the Suez Canal at Suez
12793:
10691:Darius the Great's Suez Inscriptions
10592:. London: Chapman and Hall, Limited.
10435:Britannica (2007) "Suez Canal", in:
10016:The Economic Cost of Maritime Piracy
9795:from the original on 11 January 2021
8714:Schkvarkin, Erofey (23 March 2021).
8446:from the original on 8 December 2013
8066:from the original on 7 December 2016
8035:from the original on 7 December 2016
7796:from the original on 11 January 2021
7752:
6710:Darius the Great's Suez Inscriptions
6385:(1885). London: Trubner and Company.
5972:
5970:
4517:Dock, industrial or logistical area
3948:Martyr Ahmed El-Mansy Pontoon Bridge
3363:
3355:
2476:
2468:
2107:
1392:(1862) near the middle and north of
1044:. A navigable canal would allow the
731:Darius the Great's Suez Inscriptions
12783:
9884:from the original on 5 January 2021
9514:Kingsley, Patrick (5 August 2014).
8890:
8541:from the original on 22 August 2015
8245:
7594:from the original on 18 August 2020
5763:The plan focuses on development of
5758:Suez Canal Area Development Project
5565:A graphical comparison between the
5053:) 20 km (12 mi) north of
4913:The Abanoub Gerges pontoon bridge (
4052:
4044:
4034:
4026:
3222:Martyr Mujand Abanoub Girgis Bridge
3015:
3007:
2965:
2957:
2917:
2909:
2537:
2529:
2165:
2075:
1982:was sent to the Canal, carrying 12
996:
228:
114:77.5 m (254 ft 3 in)
24:
10617:Wilson, Arnold. "The Suez Canal."
10396:from the original on 23 March 2019
10305:from the original on 27 April 2018
10187:Barket, Amiram (28 January 2019).
10116:from the original on 9 August 2011
9760:from the original on 2 August 2015
9660:from the original on 23 March 2014
9558:from the original on 6 August 2015
9215:from the original on 22 March 2009
8959:from the original on 26 March 2021
8929:from the original on 26 March 2021
8903:from the original on 26 March 2021
8872:from the original on 25 March 2021
8842:from the original on 25 March 2021
8812:from the original on 27 March 2021
8756:from the original on 24 March 2021
8726:from the original on 23 March 2021
8695:from the original on 23 March 2021
8660:from the original on 25 March 2021
8574:from the original on 24 March 2021
8503:Lakshmi, Aiswarya (17 July 2015).
8207:
8188:
8005:from the original on 17 March 2007
7905:
7834:
7822:from the original on 27 March 2021
7134:from the original on 27 March 2021
7073:
6870:
6840:
6730:from the original on 6 August 2020
6252:Hassan, F. A. & Tassie, G. J.
6044:
5984:from the original on 30 March 2019
5939:
5887:from the original on 22 April 2018
5592:for a greater period each summer.
5494:, are Mediterranean ports such as
5410:
5267:) south of the Great Bitter Lake (
4862:
4263:
4255:
4121:
4113:
2899:
2891:
2743:, fishing harbour, cruise terminal
1948:Mine clearing operations (1974–75)
1872:tank crosses the Suez Canal, 1973
1839:Arab–Israeli wars of 1967 and 1973
1617:American transcontinental railroad
1070:French campaign in Egypt and Syria
657:, and perhaps continued it to the
46:The Suez Canal from space, showing
25:
13110:
12897:Société d'Études du Canal de Suez
12164:Role of the Egyptian Armed Forces
11077:Société d'études du Canal de Suez
10771:Historic Cities Research Project.
10679:
9951:Railway Alexandria – Cairo – Suez
9712:from the original on 24 July 2011
9636:Inland Navigation newsletter – 35
9051:Nagourney, Eric (29 March 2021).
8511:from the original on 20 July 2015
8484:Multinational Force and Observers
8117:from the original on 5 April 2018
7102:Addison, Herbert (1 April 1958).
6014:from the original on 25 June 2019
5967:
5927:from the original on 13 June 2014
5837:Red Sea–Dead Sea Water Conveyance
5739:Suez Canal Economic Zone (SCZONE)
4853:
4698:near Port Said. The canal has no
4678:dimensions are greater than both
4488:
3785:
3485:
2980:
2702:
2545:
2274:
2070:Multinational Force and Observers
1645:Evelyn Baring, 1st Earl of Cromer
1192:Société d'Études du Canal de Suez
1117:
690:Necho's project was completed by
12873:Enfantin and the Saint-Simonians
12840:Suez Canal Engineers (1798–1869)
12792:
12782:
12772:
12763:
12762:
12021:Refugees of the Syrian civil war
11224:
10876:
10587:Great Britain and the Suez Canal
10378:
10347:
10335:from the original on 11 May 2018
10317:
10287:
10278:
10267:
10258:
10231:
10211:
10154:
10128:
10102:
10069:from the original on 26 May 2011
10047:
10007:
9983:
9959:
9936:
9910:
9896:
9864:
9855:
9846:
9837:
9828:
9807:
9781:
9772:
9724:
9698:
9672:
9642:
9621:
9596:
9570:
9538:
9507:
9481:
9450:
9424:
9415:
9351:
9325:
9271:
9245:
9227:
9176:
9122:
9104:
9078:
9044:
9023:
8997:
8971:
8941:
8915:
8884:
8854:
8824:
8794:
8768:
8738:
8707:
8642:
8612:
8586:
8523:
8496:
8476:
8458:
8426:
8396:
8366:
8336:
8311:
8264:
8240:Journal of Development Economics
7695:10.1111/j.1468-229X.2012.00548.x
7547:Glasgow Herald, 17 November 1903
7002:
6575:Their reports were published in
6424:The Elder Pliny and John Healey
5701:Mediterranean Science Commission
4837:
4815:
4777:
4758:
4746:
4561:
4554:
4534:
4527:
4507:
4487:
4467:
4460:
4386:
4385:
4378:
4371:
4364:
4356:
4348:
4341:
4331:
4323:
4316:
4306:
4298:
4270:
4262:
4254:
4244:
4236:
4227:
4201:
4194:
4187:
4180:
4128:
4120:
4112:
4103:
4096:
4067:
4066:
4059:
4051:
4043:
4033:
4025:
4015:
4007:
4000:
3993:
3983:
3975:
3968:
3960:
3959:
3937:
3913:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3892:
3870:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3849:
3830:
3810:
3791:
3784:
3759:
3751:
3730:
3703:
3681:
3674:
3666:
3658:
3651:
3642:
3623:
3598:
3590:
3581:
3559:
3552:
3544:
3536:
3529:
3520:
3498:
3491:
3484:
3477:
3458:
3427:
3419:
3411:
3404:
3377:
3370:
3362:
3354:
3346:
3345:
3326:
3300:
3278:
3254:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3233:
3211:
3192:
3174:
3173:
3166:
3158:
3150:
3140:
3132:
3122:
3114:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3048:
3039:
3014:
3006:
2996:
2988:
2979:
2972:
2964:
2956:
2947:
2940:
2916:
2908:
2898:
2890:
2881:
2874:
2866:
2858:
2851:
2842:
2835:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2778:
2770:
2761:
2754:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2629:
2622:
2576:
2568:
2560:
2553:
2544:
2536:
2528:
2519:
2512:
2484:
2483:
2475:
2467:
2457:
2444:
2435:
2427:
2414:
2405:
2397:
2389:
2348:
2192:Evergreen G-class container ship
2186:blocking the canal in March 2021
2112:
1548:Initial difficulties (1869–1871)
1367:
40:
12505:Identification card controversy
10744:3min video of sailing the 163km
10621:18#3, (1939), pp. 380–95.
10437:The new Encyclopædia Britannica
10411:
9516:"Egypt to build new Suez canal"
9393:10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-12A-00002.1
8232:
8141:
8129:
8078:
8047:
8017:
7995:"1956: Egypt seizes Suez Canal"
7987:
7957:
7872:
7853:. 17 December 1900. p. 5.
7808:
7782:
7773:
7764:
7709:
7674:
7665:
7653:
7606:
7559:
7550:
7541:
7524:
7506:"The Opening of the Suez Canal"
7459:
7424:
7371:. Edinburgh: "Scotsman" Office.
7304:
7269:
7243:
7210:
7192:
7183:
7174:
7161:
7146:
7095:
7030:
7017:
6984:
6975:
6966:
6939:
6917:
6902:
6827:
6814:
6811:Plutarch, "Life of Antony," 69.
6805:
6772:
6742:
6715:
6702:
6652:
6635:
6618:
6609:
6594:
6581:
6569:
6543:
6520:
6500:
6474:
6465:
6418:
6388:
6304:
5529:The main alternative is around
5524:
5446:with its direct connections to
4844:Northbound convoy waits in the
4535:
4401:(Northward convoy waiting area)
3792:
3582:
3049:
2630:
2495:(Southward convoy waiting area)
2349:
1897:peacekeeping forces out of the
1893:On 16 May 1967, Nasser ordered
1621:European colonization of Africa
1404:Inauguration (17 November 1869)
1285:Opening of the Suez Canal, 1869
820:'s and Cleopatra's war against
13074:Egypt–United Kingdom relations
13014:Jetty construction (1863-1869)
13002:Paul Borel, Alexandre Lavalley
11411:Khedivate and Kingdom of Egypt
10831:
10465:Getting to Know The Suez Canal
10244:. Food & Agriculture Org.
10063:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2011.03.003
9750:"Six tunnels under Suez Canal"
9686:(in Arabic). 27 September 2023
9235:"Characteristics of the canal"
9211:. Suez Canal Authority. 2010.
9155:Hoskins, Peter (25 May 2023).
9088:. 1 April 2021. Archived from
8593:Bulos, Nabih (26 March 2021).
7922:. 25 January 1901. p. 8.
6660:"Cambyses II – King of Persia"
6038:
6026:
5996:
5913:
5899:
5863:
5647:between the Mediterranean and
5419:Suez Canal monthly revenue in
5403:is the only tunnel connecting
4555:
4379:
4372:
4365:
4060:
3938:
3731:
3378:
3371:
3327:
3212:
3167:
3106:
3065:
2436:
2406:
2042:
1932:On 6 October 1973, during the
1738:
1340:1881 drawing of the Suez Canal
1266:Institution of Civil Engineers
569:tribe and, the harbour of the
13:
1:
12848:Napoleon's Survey (1798–1801)
11719:
11128:Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936
10903:Suez Canal Container Terminal
10659:, TV documentary produced by
10386:"Qualifying Industrial Zones"
10356:"Canal corridor developments"
9978:The Christian Science Monitor
9335:. 12 May 2021. Archived from
8624:Port Technology International
8468:. 7 June 1975. Archived from
8154:Law and Contemporary Problems
7085:Wilson Sir Arnold T. (1939).
6946:Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (1971).
6820:Burstein, Stanley M. (2004),
4689:
4562:
4468:
4461:
4271:
4228:
4202:
4181:
4129:
4097:
3704:
3624:
3459:
3428:
3301:
3279:
3072:
3040:
2941:
2836:
2808:
2755:
2730:
2695:
2651:
2623:
2577:
2513:
2134:related to non-recent events.
2125:slanted towards recent events
1936:, the Canal was the scene of
1721:Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936
451:, at the northern end of the
392:
322:. It contained, according to
239:) is an artificial sea-level
13089:1869 establishments in Egypt
12038:Twin towns and sister cities
11878:
11550:Assassination of Anwar Sadat
11118:Convention of Constantinople
10705:Encyclopedia of the Orient:
10481:see also review of this book
9359:Suez Canal Authority website
7886:. 6 April 1901. p. 11.
7613:Fawaz, Leila Tarazi (1983).
7217:Headrick, Daniel R. (1981).
5857:
5817:Mediterranean–Dead Sea Canal
5618:
5492:Chinese Silk Road Initiative
4879:The El Nasr pontoon bridge (
4793:
4528:
4195:
4188:
4104:
3831:
3811:
3682:
3675:
3643:
3560:
3553:
3521:
3193:
3058:
2973:
2948:
2882:
2875:
2843:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2762:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2644:
2637:
2520:
2103:
1695:Convention of Constantinople
1190:In 1846, Prosper Enfantin's
1040:was increasingly pressed to
500:, joining the Nile with the
404:, that followed Wadi Tumilat
355:Convention of Constantinople
307:to the southern terminus of
7:
12911:Barthélemy-Prosper Enfantin
12882:Barthélemy-Prosper Enfantin
12566:Vehicle registration plates
12244:
12220:Water supply and sanitation
12055:
11238:
10751:, including the new section
10494:Journal of Economic History
10467:(1971), for middle schools
9373:Journal of Coastal Research
9314:http://www.suezcanal.gov.eg
8195:Anderson, Betty S. (2016).
6724:"Darius' Suez Inscriptions"
5785:
5623:Sailing ships, such as the
4709:Journal of Coastal Research
4653:
4508:
4281:Petroleum Dock, Port Tewfik
3914:
3907:
3893:
3881:Ahmed Hamdi Northern Tunnel
3871:
3864:
3850:
3499:
3492:
3478:
3255:
3248:
3234:
2172:2021 Suez Canal obstruction
2084:2015 additions to the canal
1240:obtained a concession from
1169:Barthélemy Prosper Enfantin
598:excavations in Wadi Gawasis
234:
103:193.3 km (120.1 miles)
10:
13115:
12998:Chief Engineer (1861-1869)
12992:Chief Engineer (1859-1861)
12225:Water resources management
10607:Wilson, Arnold T. (1939).
10514:Garrison, Ervan G. (1999)
10295:"Suez Canal Economic Zone"
7718:Journal of British Studies
7660:Protocol of the Commission
7365:Russel, Alexander (1869).
7040:, Volume 11 (État Moderne)
6553:, Volume 11 (État Moderne)
6508:Kafr Hassan Dawood On-line
6267:. Retrieved 8 August 2008.
5909:. Statista. 31 March 2022.
5662:
2169:
1842:
1742:
1318:French House of Rothschild
895:written by the Irish monk
353:(SCA) of Egypt. Under the
12982:
12939:
12895:
12871:
12864:
12846:
12758:
12584:
12256:
12252:
12239:
12120:Impact on the environment
12110:Entrepreneurship policies
12063:
12050:
11886:
11873:
11727:
11714:
11682:
11584:
11250:
11246:
11233:
11136:
11095:
11059:
11036:
11009:
10973:
10937:
10930:
10885:
10874:
10839:
10713:25 September 2018 at the
10630:Historiography and memory
10548:Karabell, Zachary (2003)
10039:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
8201:Stanford University Press
7311:Carminati, Lucia (2020).
7251:"Le canal de Suez – ARTE"
7120:10.1080/03068375808731637
6929:MacMillan, London (1987)
6833:Roller, Duane W. (2010),
6630:A Commentary on Herodotus
6493:, by James K. Hoffmeier.
6480:Hess, Richard S. Rev. of
6346:The Columbia Encyclopedia
6281:Sesostris#Modern research
6254:Site location and history
5513:that ended 30 June 2023.
4788:transiting the Suez Canal
4570:
4548:
4544:Village or town, feature
4543:
4521:
4516:
4501:
4496:
4481:
4476:
4454:
4414:
4406:
4394:
4290:
4279:
4221:
4167:
4084:
4075:
3953:
3946:
3931:
3922:
3886:
3879:
3843:
3839:
3824:
3819:
3804:
3800:
3778:
3769:
3743:
3739:
3724:
3715:
3697:
3692:Maadia Al Qantarah Street
3690:
3636:
3632:
3617:
3608:
3575:
3568:
3514:
3507:
3471:
3467:
3452:
3439:
3396:
3386:
3339:
3335:
3320:
3309:
3294:
3290:
3272:
3263:
3227:
3220:
3205:
3201:
3186:
3182:
3092:
3080:
3033:
3024:
2934:
2926:
2829:
2816:
2748:
2738:
2688:
2609:
2500:
2492:
2381:
2372:
2364:
2360:
2342:
2054:Egypt–Israel peace treaty
1583:Growth and reorganisation
1264:, later President of the
1113:History of the Suez Canal
987:conquest of Egypt in 1517
940:opened a direct maritime
738:Persia, as I had intended
282:In 1858, French diplomat
213:
203:
193:
188:
170:
152:
147:
137:
129:
118:
107:
99:
94:
57:
39:
34:
12996:François Philippe Voisin
12983:Construction (1859–1869)
11891:Administrative divisions
11567:2011 Egyptian revolution
11508:1952 Egyptian revolution
11304:Lighthouse of Alexandria
11017:Area Development Project
10991:El Ferdan Railway Bridge
10853:Port Said Port Authority
10765:22 November 2018 at the
10264:Galil and Zenetos (2002)
9361:Retrieved 27 March 2021.
8199:. Stanford, California:
8148:Khadduri, Majid (1968).
7383:"Harvey Wilson Harkness"
7329:10.1177/0096144218821342
7317:Journal of Urban History
7038:Descriptions de l'Égypte
6882:Raymond, André (2000) .
6799:13 February 2009 at the
6664:Encyclopaedia Britannica
6551:Descriptions de l'Égypte
6540:. Retrieved 14 May 2008.
6529:Martínez Babon, Javier.
6360:. Retrieved 14 May 2008.
6356:14 February 2009 at the
6317:Encyclopaedia Britannica
6298:Ancient Records of Egypt
6110:. Xinhua. Archived from
5731:Suez Canal Economic Zone
5044:El Ferdan Railway Bridge
5011:El Ferdan Railway Bridge
3389:El Ferdan Railway Bridge
2199:. The ship, operated by
2158:On 18 October 2017, the
1960:and Minister of Defense
1882:1949 armistice agreement
1481:a few months later. The
1325:Construction (1859–1869)
1224:Preparations (1854–1858)
967:Seafarers: The Venetians
760:, Ptolemy constructed a
480:Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt
125:20.1 m (66 ft)
12095:Egyptian stock exchange
10730:11 January 2010 at the
10574:Suez; De Lesseps' Canal
10542:19.1 (2012): 141–161. [
10432:(Librairie Droz, 2010).
10002:San Francisco Chronicle
9996:12 January 2018 at the
9972:25 January 2011 at the
9947:Thomas Fletcher Waghorn
9209:"Canal Characteristics"
9186:. Government of Egypt (
8466:"The Stars and Stripes"
8252:Dunstan, Simon (2003).
7566:Kassir, Samir (2011) .
7025:Description de l'Égypte
6850:Sheehan, Peter (2010).
6577:Description de l'Égypte
6536:1 February 2012 at the
6513:15 January 2010 at the
6174:Encyclopædia Britannica
5440:Mediterranean countries
4971:30.828248°N 32.317572°E
2218:Boston Consulting Group
1993:(LST1197). The British
1974:amphibious assault ship
1652:Mediterranean countries
1356:and similar epidemics.
1087:Description de l'Égypte
1034:increasingly challenged
892:De Mensura Orbis Terrae
754:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
583:Middle Kingdom of Egypt
478:(1878–1839 BCE) of the
267:(and by extension, the
176:; 154 years ago
158:; 165 years ago
12906:Paul-Adrien Bourdaloue
12887:Charles Joseph Lambert
12426:International rankings
11431:Egyptian–Ethiopian War
11123:Raid on the Suez Canal
10457:54.4 (2011): 411–443.
10090:Cite journal requires
9005:"Suez Canal ship news"
8489:19 August 2006 at the
8136:The Other Side of Suez
8054:Rhodes James, Robert.
7484:10.1098/rspl.1869.0034
7466:Bateman, J.F. (1870).
7416:Ritchie, G.S. (1967).
7045:19 August 2020 at the
6912:Karte Der Bai Von Súes
6835:Cleopatra: a Biography
6822:The Reign of Cleopatra
6558:19 August 2020 at the
6349:, Sixth Edition, s.v.
5921:"Suez Canal Authority"
5878:World Shipping Council
5740:
5570:
5435:
5423:
4872:
2187:
2085:
1965:
1873:
1857:
1766:
1670:, a ship owned by the
1657:Österreichischer Lloyd
1608:
1600:
1592:
1529:
1439:in the Imperial yacht
1437:French Empress Eugenie
1433:Emperor Franz Joseph I
1417:
1341:
1286:
1233:
1200:Paul-Adrien Bourdaloue
1138:
972:
942:trading route to India
858:
746:
579:
552:
516:. (It is said that in
474:and its completion to
472:Sixth Dynasty of Egypt
455:
405:
389:
13054:Canals opened in 1869
12955:John Robinson McClean
12856:Jacques-Marie Le Père
12031:Terrorism and tourism
11489:1948 Arab–Israeli War
11321:Library of Alexandria
11072:Canal of the Pharaohs
10868:Port Said Governorate
10776:25 March 2022 at the
10619:International Affairs
10597:Sanford, Eva Matthews
10528:Hallberg, Charles W.
10496:18.4 (1958): 556–573.
10422:28.1 (1955): 99–143.
10217:Madl, Pierre (1999).
9312:Suez Canal Authority
8434:"Naval Aviation News"
8091:International Affairs
8060:The National Archives
8029:The National Archives
8025:"The Dean Memorandum"
6489:29 April 2005 at the
6443:24 April 2016 at the
6263:16 April 2005 at the
5738:
5627:in the heyday of the
5573:In recent years, the
5564:
5429:
5418:
5247:30.08583°N 32.57556°E
5212:Fresh-water pipelines
4870:
2179:
2083:
1970:Operation Nimbus Moon
1955:
1878:1948 Arab–Israeli War
1863:
1852:
1801:, Israel invaded the
1777:. Egyptian President
1756:
1729:North Africa Campaign
1672:Queensland Government
1606:
1598:
1590:
1516:
1453:Prince Louis of Hesse
1411:
1339:
1284:
1262:John Robinson McClean
1231:
1125:
954:
889:A geography treatise
866:. By the time of the
735:
563:
561:(23/24–79 CE) wrote:
543:
541:(384–322 BCE) wrote:
498:Canal of the Pharaohs
470:, near Aswan, to the
459:Second millennium BCE
442:
402:Canal of the Pharaohs
400:
387:
339:concessionary company
174:17 November 1869
79:30.70500°N 32.34417°E
12931:The Talabot brothers
12865:Planning (1833–1859)
12742:World Heritage Sites
12561:Units of measurement
12016:Proposed new capital
11762:Environmental issues
11523:United Arab Republic
11416:Muhammad Ali dynasty
11103:Ferdinand de Lesseps
11044:Lessepsian migration
10981:Port Said Lighthouse
10863:Ismailia Governorate
10847:Suez Canal Authority
10794:16 July 2021 at the
10739:Peace Palace Library
10686:Suez Canal Authority
10224:31 July 2016 at the
9791:. 16 November 2019.
9608:www.eastmedegypt.com
9319:13 June 2014 at the
9188:Suez Canal Authority
8408:Imperial War Museums
8378:Imperial War Museums
8348:Imperial War Museums
8138:(documentary) – 2003
8085:Shlaim, Avi (1997).
8062:. Government of UK.
8031:. Government of UK.
7792:. 16 November 2019.
7689:(2 (326)): 182–203.
7013:on 14 February 2009.
6603:Ancient Economies II
6008:Suez Canal Authority
5681:Lessepsian migration
5665:Lessepsian migration
5659:Environmental impact
5639:Negev desert railway
5476:Mediterranean region
5388:) was built in 1999.
4976:30.828248; 32.317572
4732:Suez Canal Authority
3391:(under construction)
2289:Layout and operation
2094:Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
2064:, at the request of
1787:Suez Canal Authority
1759:Anglo-French assault
1715:in 1915, during the
1615:. Combined with the
1270:Linant de Bellefonds
1238:Ferdinand de Lesseps
1157:Egypt's Public Works
1153:Linant de Bellefonds
1006:Sokollu Mehmed Pasha
932:Conception by Venice
844:Cairo to the Red Sea
796:is believed by some
565:165. Next comes the
464:James Henry Breasted
351:Suez Canal Authority
284:Ferdinand de Lesseps
142:Suez Canal Authority
138:Navigation authority
13094:Rothschild & Co
12414:Freedom of religion
12309:Mass sexual assault
11674:Timekeeping devices
11572:2013 Rabaa massacre
11545:Egyptian–Libyan War
11165:Operation Telescope
11155:Operation Musketeer
11096:French/UK operation
11001:Power line crossing
10670:(2016) 47, 93–100.
10640:19.5 (2021): 1–14.
9980:(21 November 2008).
9906:. 12 December 2022.
9756:. 1 December 2014.
9385:2012EGUGA..14...76F
8630:on 19 November 2017
8242:153 (102708): 1–32.
8203:. pp. 331–336.
7418:The Admiralty Chart
6114:on 25 February 2016
5797:Container transport
5792:Canal des Deux Mers
5615:, the Netherlands.
5363: /
5329:30.0453°N 32.5744°E
5325: /
5282: /
5242: /
5201:30.4550°N 32.3500°E
5196: /
5162:30.4729°N 32.3502°E
5158: /
5128:30.6054°N 32.3254°E
5124: /
5072: /
5028: /
4966: /
4932:30.8436°N 32.3168°E
4928: /
4898:31.2285°N 32.3042°E
4894: /
3029:container terminal
2927:Port Said harbour,
2260:-based cargo ship.
2180:Satellite image of
2062:UN Security Council
1688:Brisbane, Australia
1591:Suez Canal, c. 1914
1569:tonneau de capacité
1314:James de Rothschild
1203:interfere with its
1096:Egyptian Expedition
1042:assert its position
628:were discovered by
588:The reliefs of the
229:قَنَاةُ ٱلسُّوَيْسِ
75: /
13079:Geography of Egypt
13059:Cuts (earthmoving)
12604:Art (contemporary)
12284:Capital punishment
12174:Telecommunications
11851:Towns and villages
11819:Qattara Depression
11632:Muslim Brotherhood
11602:Cigarette industry
11462:British occupation
11373:Crusader invasions
11343:Rashidun Caliphate
11170:Protocol of Sèvres
11160:Operation Tarnegol
11113:Suez Canal Company
10996:Ahmed Hamdi Tunnel
10653:Oster, Uwe (2006)
10565:Obieta, Joseph A.
10511:, pp. 325–336
10475:Carminati, Lucia.
9880:. 12 August 2020.
9495:on 19 January 2017
9194:on 12 August 2015.
9136:. 9 September 2021
9057:The New York Times
9031:"vesselfinder.com"
8439:. September 1974.
7952:Dorling Kindersley
7206:on 19 August 2011.
6495:The Denver Journal
6406:on 11 October 2018
6168:"Suez Canal"
5812:Maritime Silk Road
5741:
5585:Northern Sea Route
5571:
5567:Northern Sea Route
5557:Northern Sea Route
5517:Alternative routes
5436:
5424:
5258:Ahmed Hamdi Tunnel
5252:30.08583; 32.57556
5225:Ahmed Hamdi Tunnel
4873:
4822:Post-deepening, a
4078:Overhead powerline
3925:Ahmed Hamdi Tunnel
3820:Small Bitter Lake
2188:
2090:President of Egypt
2086:
1966:
1919:Gamal Abdel Nasser
1905:to Israeli trade.
1874:
1858:
1799:Protocol of Sèvres
1779:Gamal Abdel Nasser
1767:
1765:, 5 November 1956.
1609:
1601:
1593:
1530:
1418:
1361:Gamal Abdel Nasser
1342:
1333:on 25 April 1859.
1287:
1236:In 1854 and 1856,
1234:
1165:Saint-Simonianists
1147:Lieutenant Waghorn
1139:
743:Darius Inscription
692:Darius I of Persia
630:Napoleon Bonaparte
456:
408:Ancient west–east
406:
390:
343:Gamal Abdel Nasser
156:25 April 1859
153:Construction began
84:30.70500; 32.34417
13064:Macro-engineering
13021:
13020:
13006:Alphonse Couvreux
12978:
12977:
12926:Robert Stephenson
12806:
12805:
12754:
12753:
12750:
12749:
12678:Football stadiums
12609:Botanical gardens
12488:Catholic dioceses
12380:Gender inequality
12304:Human trafficking
12235:
12234:
12169:Tallest buildings
12130:Military industry
12046:
12045:
11987:Political parties
11940:Islamic extremism
11928:Foreign relations
11869:
11868:
11710:
11709:
11706:
11705:
11450:French occupation
11368:Fatimid Caliphate
11363:Ikhshidid dynasty
11192:
11191:
11188:
11187:
11032:
11031:
10986:Suez Canal Bridge
10960:Great Bitter Lake
10581:Rathbone, William
10558:978-0-375-40883-0
10284:Britannica (2007)
10251:978-92-5-134775-1
10142:on 6 January 2011
9955:Robert Stephenson
9638:. Bureau Veritas.
9554:. 6 August 2015.
9291:on 24 August 2015
9259:on 21 August 2015
9190:). Archived from
8955:. 26 March 2021.
8891:Saefong, Myra P.
8868:. 24 March 2021.
8838:. 24 March 2021.
8808:. 24 March 2021.
8752:. 24 March 2021.
8720:Maritime Bulletin
8691:. 24 March 2021.
8656:. 25 March 2021.
8599:Los Angeles Times
8570:. 23 March 2021.
8323:peacemaker.un.org
8260:. pp. 35–60.
7950:– Willmott, H.P.
7291:979-10-97315-01-6
7257:on 19 August 2011
6959:978-0-691-65660-1
6895:978-0-674-00316-3
6863:978-977-416-731-7
6615:Herodotus ii.158.
6506:Hassan, Fekri A.
6434:978-0-14-044413-1
6084:. caironews.net.
5951:The Red Sea Pilot
5708:Sweet Water Canal
5685:marine biologists
5543:piracy in Somalia
5535:Cape of Good Hope
5490:emission and the
5368:29.996°N 32.583°E
5298:Great Bitter Lake
5287:30.333°N 32.383°E
5099:swing-span bridge
5077:30.583°N 32.267°E
5033:30.657°N 32.334°E
4982:Suez Canal Bridge
4949:Suez Canal Bridge
4871:The canal in 2015
4846:Great Bitter Lake
4831:Friendship Bridge
4595:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4439:
4438:
4286:
4285:
4216:
4215:
4161:
4160:
3772:Great Bitter Lake
3088:
3087:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2676:
2603:
2602:
2375:Mediterranean Sea
2229:Cape of Good Hope
2153:Tropic Brilliance
2149:
2148:
1990:Barnstable County
1829:Nobel Peace Prize
1815:Lester B. Pearson
1690:in January 1901.
1629:Cape of Good Hope
1502:. Except for the
1196:Robert Stephenson
1127:Bathymetric chart
694:, who ruled over
685:Nebuchadnezzar II
649:, about 600 BCE,
635:According to the
592:expedition under
320:Great Bitter Lake
288:Compagnie de Suez
249:Mediterranean Sea
247:, connecting the
217:
216:
50:Great Bitter Lake
16:(Redirected from
13106:
13069:Economy of Egypt
13012:Dussaud brothers
12965:Pietro Paleocapa
12869:
12868:
12833:
12826:
12819:
12810:
12809:
12796:
12795:
12786:
12785:
12776:
12766:
12765:
12571:Waste management
12336:Academic grading
12254:
12253:
12241:
12240:
12213:Railway stations
12191:Cultural tourism
12090:Economic regions
12052:
12051:
11875:
11874:
11716:
11715:
11385:Mamluk Sultanate
11316:Diocese of Egypt
11299:Battle of Actium
11248:
11247:
11235:
11234:
11219:
11212:
11205:
11196:
11195:
11093:
11092:
11067:Heroopolite Gulf
10935:
10934:
10886:Cities and ports
10880:
10858:Suez Governorate
10826:
10819:
10812:
10803:
10802:
10745:
10614:
10593:
10591:
10576:(Praeger, 1969).
10463:Burchell, S.C.
10406:
10405:
10403:
10401:
10382:
10376:
10375:
10373:
10371:
10362:. Archived from
10351:
10345:
10344:
10342:
10340:
10331:. 25 July 2017.
10321:
10315:
10314:
10312:
10310:
10291:
10285:
10282:
10276:
10271:
10265:
10262:
10256:
10255:
10235:
10229:
10215:
10209:
10208:
10206:
10204:
10199:on 6 August 2020
10184:
10178:
10177:
10175:
10173:
10168:on 30 April 2014
10158:
10152:
10151:
10149:
10147:
10132:
10126:
10125:
10123:
10121:
10106:
10100:
10099:
10093:
10088:
10086:
10078:
10076:
10074:
10051:
10045:
10044:
10038:
10030:
10028:
10026:
10020:
10011:
10005:
10004:(29 April 2009).
9987:
9981:
9963:
9957:
9940:
9934:
9933:
9931:
9929:
9914:
9908:
9907:
9900:
9894:
9893:
9891:
9889:
9868:
9862:
9859:
9853:
9850:
9844:
9841:
9835:
9832:
9826:
9823:
9814:
9811:
9805:
9804:
9802:
9800:
9785:
9779:
9776:
9770:
9769:
9767:
9765:
9746:
9740:
9739:
9728:
9722:
9721:
9719:
9717:
9708:. Kajima.co.jp.
9702:
9696:
9695:
9693:
9691:
9676:
9670:
9669:
9667:
9665:
9650:"Kajima History"
9646:
9640:
9639:
9633:
9625:
9619:
9618:
9616:
9614:
9600:
9594:
9593:
9591:
9589:
9580:. Archived from
9578:"Traffic system"
9574:
9568:
9567:
9565:
9563:
9542:
9536:
9535:
9533:
9531:
9511:
9505:
9504:
9502:
9500:
9491:. Archived from
9489:"New Suez Canal"
9485:
9479:
9478:
9476:
9474:
9469:on 8 August 2014
9465:. Archived from
9454:
9448:
9447:
9445:
9443:
9438:on 23 March 2013
9432:"Traffic system"
9428:
9422:
9419:
9413:
9412:
9368:
9362:
9355:
9349:
9348:
9346:
9344:
9329:
9323:
9310:
9301:
9300:
9298:
9296:
9290:
9283:
9275:
9269:
9268:
9266:
9264:
9249:
9243:
9242:
9241:on 9 March 2009.
9237:. Archived from
9231:
9225:
9224:
9222:
9220:
9205:
9196:
9195:
9184:"New Suez Canal"
9180:
9174:
9173:
9171:
9169:
9152:
9146:
9145:
9143:
9141:
9126:
9120:
9119:
9108:
9102:
9101:
9099:
9097:
9082:
9076:
9075:
9073:
9071:
9048:
9042:
9041:
9039:
9037:
9027:
9021:
9020:
9018:
9016:
9001:
8995:
8994:
8992:
8990:
8975:
8969:
8968:
8966:
8964:
8945:
8939:
8938:
8936:
8934:
8919:
8913:
8912:
8910:
8908:
8888:
8882:
8881:
8879:
8877:
8858:
8852:
8851:
8849:
8847:
8828:
8822:
8821:
8819:
8817:
8798:
8792:
8791:
8789:
8787:
8772:
8766:
8765:
8763:
8761:
8742:
8736:
8735:
8733:
8731:
8711:
8705:
8704:
8702:
8700:
8681:
8670:
8669:
8667:
8665:
8646:
8640:
8639:
8637:
8635:
8626:. Archived from
8616:
8610:
8609:
8607:
8605:
8590:
8584:
8583:
8581:
8579:
8560:
8551:
8550:
8548:
8546:
8537:. 16 July 2015.
8527:
8521:
8520:
8518:
8516:
8500:
8494:
8480:
8474:
8473:
8472:on 22 June 2015.
8462:
8456:
8455:
8453:
8451:
8445:
8438:
8430:
8424:
8423:
8421:
8419:
8400:
8394:
8393:
8391:
8389:
8370:
8364:
8363:
8361:
8359:
8340:
8334:
8333:
8331:
8329:
8315:
8309:
8308:
8289:10.2307/20034020
8268:
8262:
8261:
8249:
8243:
8236:
8230:
8229:
8227:
8225:
8211:
8205:
8204:
8192:
8186:
8185:
8145:
8139:
8133:
8127:
8126:
8124:
8122:
8082:
8076:
8075:
8073:
8071:
8051:
8045:
8044:
8042:
8040:
8021:
8015:
8014:
8012:
8010:
8001:. 26 July 1956.
7991:
7985:
7984:
7982:
7980:
7961:
7955:
7945:
7939:
7938:
7936:
7934:
7912:
7903:
7902:
7900:
7898:
7876:
7870:
7869:
7867:
7865:
7843:
7832:
7831:
7829:
7827:
7818:. 16 June 2020.
7812:
7806:
7805:
7803:
7801:
7786:
7780:
7777:
7771:
7768:
7762:
7759:
7750:
7749:
7713:
7707:
7706:
7678:
7672:
7669:
7663:
7657:
7651:
7650:
7648:
7646:
7610:
7604:
7603:
7601:
7599:
7563:
7557:
7554:
7548:
7545:
7539:
7528:
7522:
7521:
7519:
7517:
7502:
7496:
7495:
7463:
7457:
7456:
7428:
7422:
7421:
7413:
7407:
7406:
7404:
7402:
7393:(1): 1–2. 1891.
7379:
7373:
7372:
7362:
7349:
7348:
7308:
7302:
7301:
7300:
7298:
7273:
7267:
7266:
7264:
7262:
7247:
7241:
7240:
7214:
7208:
7207:
7202:. Archived from
7196:
7190:
7187:
7181:
7178:
7172:
7165:
7159:
7150:
7144:
7143:
7141:
7139:
7099:
7093:
7092:
7082:
7071:
7065:
7054:
7034:
7028:
7023:Please refer to
7021:
7015:
7014:
7000:
6991:
6988:
6982:
6979:
6973:
6970:
6964:
6963:
6943:
6937:
6924:Tuchman, Barbara
6921:
6915:
6906:
6900:
6899:
6879:
6868:
6867:
6847:
6838:
6831:
6825:
6818:
6812:
6809:
6803:
6788:
6779:
6776:
6770:
6769:
6767:
6765:
6746:
6740:
6739:
6737:
6735:
6722:Jona Lendering.
6719:
6713:
6708:Please refer to
6706:
6700:
6689:
6680:
6679:
6677:
6675:
6656:
6650:
6639:
6633:
6622:
6616:
6613:
6607:
6598:
6592:
6587:Montet, Pierre.
6585:
6579:
6573:
6567:
6547:
6541:
6528:
6524:
6518:
6504:
6498:
6478:
6472:
6469:
6463:
6456:
6447:
6438:books.google.com
6422:
6416:
6415:
6413:
6411:
6392:
6386:
6379:Naville, Édouard
6376:
6361:
6342:
6333:
6332:
6330:
6328:
6308:
6302:
6295:J. H. Breasted,
6293:
6284:
6279:Please refer to
6277:
6268:
6250:
6239:
6236:History of Egypt
6232:
6179:
6178:
6170:
6159:
6124:
6123:
6121:
6119:
6104:
6098:
6097:
6095:
6093:
6078:
6069:
6068:
6066:
6064:
6058:
6051:
6042:
6036:
6030:
6024:
6023:
6021:
6019:
6000:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5989:
5974:
5965:
5964:
5946:
5937:
5936:
5934:
5932:
5917:
5911:
5910:
5903:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5892:
5886:
5875:
5867:
5767:and the port of
5629:Great Grain Race
5547:financial crisis
5430:The old port of
5387:
5386:
5384:
5383:
5382:
5380:
5375:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5361:
5360:
5359:
5356:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5334:30.0453; 32.5744
5330:
5326:
5323:
5322:
5321:
5318:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5294:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5278:
5275:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5254:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5240:
5239:
5238:
5235:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5208:
5207:
5206:30.4550; 32.3500
5202:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5192:
5189:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5169:
5168:
5167:30.4729; 32.3502
5163:
5159:
5156:
5155:
5154:
5151:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5135:
5134:
5133:30.6054; 32.3254
5129:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5120:
5117:
5109:pontoon bridge (
5096:
5095:
5093:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5084:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5068:
5065:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5040:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5024:
5021:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4978:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4962:
4959:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4938:
4937:30.8436; 32.3168
4933:
4929:
4926:
4925:
4924:
4921:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4904:
4903:31.2285; 32.3042
4899:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4890:
4887:
4841:
4819:
4786:Hanjin Kaohsiung
4781:
4762:
4750:
4642:
4641:
4637:
4634:
4628:
4627:
4623:
4620:
4610:
4609:
4605:
4602:
4565:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4538:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4511:
4510:
4491:
4490:
4477:Navigable canal
4471:
4470:
4464:
4463:
4452:
4451:
4389:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4368:
4367:
4360:
4359:
4352:
4351:
4345:
4344:
4335:
4334:
4327:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4310:
4309:
4302:
4301:
4274:
4273:
4266:
4265:
4258:
4257:
4248:
4247:
4240:
4239:
4231:
4230:
4205:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4170:
4169:
4142:
4132:
4131:
4124:
4123:
4116:
4115:
4107:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4086:
4085:
4070:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4055:
4054:
4047:
4046:
4037:
4036:
4029:
4028:
4019:
4018:
4011:
4010:
4004:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3987:
3986:
3979:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3963:
3962:
3941:
3940:
3917:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3903:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3874:
3873:
3867:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3834:
3833:
3814:
3813:
3795:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3763:
3762:
3755:
3754:
3734:
3733:
3707:
3706:
3685:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3670:
3669:
3662:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3646:
3645:
3627:
3626:
3602:
3601:
3594:
3593:
3585:
3584:
3563:
3562:
3556:
3555:
3548:
3547:
3540:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3524:
3523:
3502:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3462:
3461:
3446:SCA headquarters
3431:
3430:
3423:
3422:
3415:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3381:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3366:
3365:
3358:
3357:
3349:
3348:
3330:
3329:
3304:
3303:
3282:
3281:
3258:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3215:
3214:
3196:
3195:
3177:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3162:
3161:
3154:
3153:
3144:
3143:
3136:
3135:
3126:
3125:
3118:
3117:
3109:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3075:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3052:
3051:
3043:
3042:
3018:
3017:
3010:
3009:
3000:
2999:
2992:
2991:
2983:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2968:
2967:
2960:
2959:
2951:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2929:Port Fuad (city)
2920:
2919:
2912:
2911:
2902:
2901:
2894:
2893:
2885:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2870:
2869:
2862:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2846:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2811:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2782:
2781:
2774:
2773:
2765:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2733:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2664:
2654:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2612:
2611:
2590:
2580:
2579:
2572:
2571:
2564:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2548:
2547:
2540:
2539:
2532:
2531:
2523:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2502:
2501:
2487:
2486:
2479:
2478:
2471:
2470:
2461:
2460:
2448:
2447:
2439:
2438:
2431:
2430:
2418:
2417:
2409:
2408:
2401:
2400:
2393:
2392:
2352:
2351:
2340:
2339:
2316:
2309:
2302:
2293:
2252:'s recovery was
2237:
2201:Evergreen Marine
2166:2021 obstruction
2144:
2141:
2135:
2132:add more content
2116:
2115:
2108:
2076:Bypass expansion
1903:Straits of Tiran
1791:Straits of Tiran
1704:to suppress the
1232:Suez Canal, 1869
997:Ottoman attempts
989:, led by Sultan
970:
861:
770:Heroopolite Gulf
744:
659:Heroopolite Gulf
614:ancient Egyptian
510:Nile River Delta
237:
230:
184:
182:
177:
166:
164:
159:
90:
89:
87:
86:
85:
80:
76:
73:
72:
71:
68:
44:
32:
31:
21:
13114:
13113:
13109:
13108:
13107:
13105:
13104:
13103:
13039:Canals in Egypt
13024:
13023:
13022:
13017:
12974:
12935:
12891:
12860:
12842:
12837:
12807:
12802:
12746:
12737:Public holidays
12727:National anthem
12580:
12493:Coptic Churches
12436:Egyptian Arabic
12346:Medical schools
12248:
12231:
12147:Nuclear program
12059:
12042:
11972:Nationality law
11965:Supreme Council
11950:Law enforcement
11882:
11865:
11841:Sinai Peninsula
11824:Red Sea Riviera
11723:
11702:
11678:
11580:
11467:1919 revolution
11455:Revolt of Cairo
11380:Ayyubid dynasty
11358:Tulunid dynasty
11242:
11229:
11223:
11193:
11184:
11148:
11141:
11132:
11091:
11083:Obstruction by
11055:
11028:
11005:
10969:
10926:
10881:
10872:
10835:
10830:
10796:Wayback Machine
10778:Wayback Machine
10767:Wayback Machine
10743:
10732:Wayback Machine
10715:Wayback Machine
10682:
10677:
10638:History Compass
10632:
10627:
10428:Bonin, Hubert.
10414:
10409:
10399:
10397:
10384:
10383:
10379:
10369:
10367:
10360:Al Ahram Weekly
10352:
10348:
10338:
10336:
10323:
10322:
10318:
10308:
10306:
10293:
10292:
10288:
10283:
10279:
10272:
10268:
10263:
10259:
10252:
10236:
10232:
10226:Wayback Machine
10216:
10212:
10202:
10200:
10185:
10181:
10171:
10169:
10160:
10159:
10155:
10145:
10143:
10134:
10133:
10129:
10119:
10117:
10108:
10107:
10103:
10091:
10089:
10080:
10079:
10072:
10070:
10053:
10052:
10048:
10032:
10031:
10024:
10022:
10018:
10012:
10008:
9998:Wayback Machine
9988:
9984:
9974:Wayback Machine
9964:
9960:
9941:
9937:
9927:
9925:
9916:
9915:
9911:
9902:
9901:
9897:
9887:
9885:
9870:
9869:
9865:
9860:
9856:
9851:
9847:
9842:
9838:
9833:
9829:
9824:
9817:
9812:
9808:
9798:
9796:
9787:
9786:
9782:
9777:
9773:
9763:
9761:
9748:
9747:
9743:
9730:
9729:
9725:
9715:
9713:
9704:
9703:
9699:
9689:
9687:
9678:
9677:
9673:
9663:
9661:
9648:
9647:
9643:
9631:
9627:
9626:
9622:
9612:
9610:
9602:
9601:
9597:
9587:
9585:
9584:on 29 July 2015
9576:
9575:
9571:
9561:
9559:
9544:
9543:
9539:
9529:
9527:
9512:
9508:
9498:
9496:
9487:
9486:
9482:
9472:
9470:
9455:
9451:
9441:
9439:
9430:
9429:
9425:
9420:
9416:
9369:
9365:
9356:
9352:
9342:
9340:
9331:
9330:
9326:
9321:Wayback Machine
9311:
9304:
9294:
9292:
9288:
9281:
9277:
9276:
9272:
9262:
9260:
9251:
9250:
9246:
9233:
9232:
9228:
9218:
9216:
9207:
9206:
9199:
9182:
9181:
9177:
9167:
9165:
9153:
9149:
9139:
9137:
9128:
9127:
9123:
9110:
9109:
9105:
9095:
9093:
9092:on 1 April 2021
9084:
9083:
9079:
9069:
9067:
9049:
9045:
9035:
9033:
9029:
9028:
9024:
9014:
9012:
9011:. 29 March 2021
9003:
9002:
8998:
8988:
8986:
8976:
8972:
8962:
8960:
8947:
8946:
8942:
8932:
8930:
8921:
8920:
8916:
8906:
8904:
8889:
8885:
8875:
8873:
8860:
8859:
8855:
8845:
8843:
8830:
8829:
8825:
8815:
8813:
8806:The Independent
8800:
8799:
8795:
8785:
8783:
8782:. 24 March 2021
8774:
8773:
8769:
8759:
8757:
8744:
8743:
8739:
8729:
8727:
8712:
8708:
8698:
8696:
8683:
8682:
8673:
8663:
8661:
8648:
8647:
8643:
8633:
8631:
8618:
8617:
8613:
8603:
8601:
8591:
8587:
8577:
8575:
8562:
8561:
8554:
8544:
8542:
8529:
8528:
8524:
8514:
8512:
8501:
8497:
8491:Wayback Machine
8481:
8477:
8464:
8463:
8459:
8449:
8447:
8443:
8436:
8432:
8431:
8427:
8417:
8415:
8402:
8401:
8397:
8387:
8385:
8372:
8371:
8367:
8357:
8355:
8342:
8341:
8337:
8327:
8325:
8317:
8316:
8312:
8277:Foreign Affairs
8269:
8265:
8250:
8246:
8237:
8233:
8223:
8221:
8213:
8212:
8208:
8193:
8189:
8166:10.2307/1190847
8146:
8142:
8134:
8130:
8120:
8118:
8103:10.2307/2624270
8083:
8079:
8069:
8067:
8052:
8048:
8038:
8036:
8023:
8022:
8018:
8008:
8006:
7993:
7992:
7988:
7978:
7976:
7963:
7962:
7958:
7948:First World War
7946:
7942:
7932:
7930:
7914:
7913:
7906:
7896:
7894:
7878:
7877:
7873:
7863:
7861:
7845:
7844:
7835:
7825:
7823:
7814:
7813:
7809:
7799:
7797:
7788:
7787:
7783:
7778:
7774:
7769:
7765:
7760:
7753:
7714:
7710:
7679:
7675:
7670:
7666:
7658:
7654:
7644:
7642:
7627:
7611:
7607:
7597:
7595:
7580:
7564:
7560:
7555:
7551:
7546:
7542:
7529:
7525:
7515:
7513:
7504:
7503:
7499:
7464:
7460:
7445:10.2307/1799610
7429:
7425:
7414:
7410:
7400:
7398:
7381:
7380:
7376:
7363:
7352:
7309:
7305:
7296:
7294:
7292:
7274:
7270:
7260:
7258:
7249:
7248:
7244:
7229:
7215:
7211:
7198:
7197:
7193:
7188:
7184:
7179:
7175:
7166:
7162:
7151:
7147:
7137:
7135:
7100:
7096:
7083:
7074:
7066:
7057:
7047:Wayback Machine
7035:
7031:
7022:
7018:
7001:
6994:
6989:
6985:
6980:
6976:
6971:
6967:
6960:
6944:
6940:
6922:
6918:
6907:
6903:
6896:
6880:
6871:
6864:
6848:
6841:
6832:
6828:
6819:
6815:
6810:
6806:
6801:Wayback Machine
6789:
6782:
6777:
6773:
6763:
6761:
6748:
6747:
6743:
6733:
6731:
6720:
6716:
6707:
6703:
6690:
6683:
6673:
6671:
6658:
6657:
6653:
6645:." (Herodotus,
6640:
6636:
6623:
6619:
6614:
6610:
6599:
6595:
6586:
6582:
6574:
6570:
6560:Wayback Machine
6548:
6544:
6538:Wayback Machine
6526:
6525:
6521:
6515:Wayback Machine
6505:
6501:
6491:Wayback Machine
6479:
6475:
6470:
6466:
6457:
6450:
6445:Wayback Machine
6426:Natural History
6423:
6419:
6409:
6407:
6394:
6393:
6389:
6377:
6364:
6358:Wayback Machine
6343:
6336:
6326:
6324:
6309:
6305:
6294:
6287:
6278:
6271:
6265:Wayback Machine
6251:
6242:
6233:
6182:
6160:
6127:
6117:
6115:
6106:
6105:
6101:
6091:
6089:
6080:
6079:
6072:
6062:
6060:
6056:
6049:
6045:Feyrer, James.
6043:
6039:
6031:
6027:
6017:
6015:
6002:
6001:
5997:
5987:
5985:
5976:
5975:
5968:
5961:
5947:
5940:
5930:
5928:
5919:
5918:
5914:
5905:
5904:
5900:
5890:
5888:
5884:
5873:
5869:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5822:New Imperialism
5788:
5733:
5667:
5661:
5641:
5621:
5559:
5527:
5519:
5489:
5465:
5413:
5411:Economic impact
5378:
5376:
5372:
5370:
5366:
5365:
5362:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5350:
5349:
5333:
5331:
5327:
5324:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5312:
5311:
5297:
5295:
5291:
5289:
5285:
5284:
5281:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5269:
5268:
5257:
5255:
5251:
5249:
5245:
5244:
5241:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5229:
5228:
5211:
5209:
5205:
5203:
5199:
5198:
5195:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5183:
5182:
5166:
5164:
5160:
5157:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5145:
5144:
5132:
5130:
5126:
5123:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5111:
5110:
5087:
5085:
5081:
5079:
5075:
5074:
5071:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5059:
5058:
5043:
5041:
5037:
5035:
5031:
5030:
5027:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5015:
5014:
4981:
4979:
4975:
4973:
4969:
4968:
4965:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4953:
4952:
4936:
4934:
4930:
4927:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4915:
4914:
4902:
4900:
4896:
4893:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4865:
4863:Canal crossings
4856:
4849:
4842:
4833:
4829:approaches the
4820:
4807:Dar Al-Handasah
4796:
4789:
4784:Container ship
4782:
4773:
4763:
4754:
4751:
4692:
4664:deadweight tons
4656:
4639:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4625:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4607:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4566:
4559:
4539:
4532:
4512:
4492:
4472:
4465:
4446:
4402:
4390:
4383:
4376:
4369:
4362:
4361:
4354:
4353:
4346:
4337:
4336:
4329:
4328:
4321:
4312:
4311:
4304:
4303:
4282:
4275:
4268:
4267:
4260:
4259:
4250:
4249:
4242:
4241:
4232:
4217:
4206:
4199:
4192:
4185:
4138:
4133:
4126:
4125:
4118:
4117:
4108:
4101:
4080:
4071:
4064:
4057:
4056:
4049:
4048:
4039:
4038:
4031:
4030:
4021:
4020:
4013:
4012:
4005:
3998:
3989:
3988:
3981:
3980:
3973:
3964:
3949:
3942:
3927:
3918:
3911:
3904:
3897:
3882:
3875:
3868:
3861:
3854:
3835:
3815:
3796:
3789:
3765:
3764:
3757:
3756:
3735:
3720:
3713:
3708:
3693:
3686:
3679:
3672:
3671:
3664:
3663:
3656:
3647:
3628:
3604:
3603:
3596:
3595:
3586:
3571:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3549:
3542:
3541:
3534:
3525:
3510:
3509:Tunnel Ismailia
3503:
3496:
3489:
3482:
3463:
3448:
3437:
3432:
3425:
3424:
3417:
3416:
3409:
3392:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3367:
3360:
3359:
3350:
3331:
3316:
3305:
3288:
3283:
3268:
3266:Al Salam Bridge
3259:
3252:
3245:
3238:
3223:
3216:
3197:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3163:
3156:
3155:
3146:
3145:
3138:
3137:
3128:
3127:
3120:
3119:
3110:
3103:
3076:
3069:
3062:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3044:
3020:
3019:
3012:
3011:
3002:
3001:
2994:
2993:
2984:
2977:
2970:
2969:
2962:
2961:
2952:
2945:
2922:
2921:
2914:
2913:
2904:
2903:
2896:
2895:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2871:
2864:
2863:
2856:
2847:
2840:
2825:
2821:(city), former
2812:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2784:
2783:
2776:
2775:
2766:
2759:
2744:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2684:
2660:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2586:
2581:
2574:
2573:
2566:
2565:
2558:
2549:
2542:
2541:
2534:
2533:
2524:
2517:
2496:
2488:
2481:
2480:
2473:
2472:
2463:
2462:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2440:
2433:
2432:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2410:
2403:
2402:
2395:
2394:
2358:
2353:
2334:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2291:
2282:Xin Hai Tong 23
2277:
2238:s sister ship,
2235:
2174:
2168:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2129:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2078:
2045:
1979:Inchon (LPH-12)
1950:
1908:After the 1967
1899:Sinai Peninsula
1847:
1841:
1803:Sinai Peninsula
1751:
1743:Main articles:
1741:
1717:First World War
1585:
1550:
1540:ship, the S.S.
1473:, captained by
1429:Egypt and Sudan
1414:Brooklyn Museum
1406:
1370:
1327:
1299:Lord Palmerston
1250:Egypt and Sudan
1226:
1221:
1198:, Negrelli and
1161:Isthmus of Suez
1143:Francis Chesney
1120:
1115:
1066:
1048:to connect its
999:
971:
961:
938:Bartolomeu Dias
934:
846:
790:
745:
742:
666:Pliny the Elder
610:
559:Pliny the Elder
489:(likely either
461:
395:
311:at the city of
269:Sinai Peninsula
257:Isthmus of Suez
235:Qanāt as-Suwais
180:
178:
175:
162:
160:
157:
83:
81:
77:
74:
69:
66:
64:
62:
61:
53:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
13112:
13102:
13101:
13096:
13091:
13086:
13081:
13076:
13071:
13066:
13061:
13056:
13051:
13049:1860s in Egypt
13046:
13041:
13036:
13019:
13018:
13016:
13015:
13009:
12999:
12993:
12986:
12984:
12980:
12979:
12976:
12975:
12973:
12972:
12967:
12962:
12960:Alois Negrelli
12957:
12952:
12946:
12944:
12937:
12936:
12934:
12933:
12928:
12923:
12921:Alois Negrelli
12918:
12913:
12908:
12902:
12900:
12893:
12892:
12890:
12889:
12884:
12878:
12876:
12866:
12862:
12861:
12859:
12858:
12852:
12850:
12844:
12843:
12836:
12835:
12828:
12821:
12813:
12804:
12803:
12801:
12800:
12790:
12780:
12770:
12759:
12756:
12755:
12752:
12751:
12748:
12747:
12745:
12744:
12739:
12734:
12729:
12724:
12719:
12714:
12713:
12712:
12707:
12702:
12697:
12687:
12682:
12681:
12680:
12675:
12673:Football clubs
12665:
12664:
12663:
12658:
12648:
12643:
12642:
12641:
12636:
12626:
12621:
12616:
12611:
12606:
12601:
12596:
12590:
12588:
12582:
12581:
12579:
12578:
12573:
12568:
12563:
12558:
12553:
12552:
12551:
12546:
12545:
12544:
12534:
12533:
12532:
12527:
12522:
12512:
12507:
12502:
12497:
12496:
12495:
12490:
12480:
12475:
12465:
12460:
12455:
12450:
12449:
12448:
12443:
12438:
12428:
12423:
12422:
12421:
12416:
12406:
12401:
12400:
12399:
12394:
12384:
12383:
12382:
12372:
12371:
12370:
12360:
12359:
12358:
12353:
12348:
12343:
12338:
12328:
12323:
12318:
12317:
12316:
12311:
12306:
12296:
12291:
12286:
12281:
12276:
12271:
12269:Animal welfare
12266:
12260:
12258:
12250:
12249:
12237:
12236:
12233:
12232:
12230:
12229:
12228:
12227:
12217:
12216:
12215:
12210:
12205:
12195:
12194:
12193:
12183:
12182:
12181:
12171:
12166:
12161:
12160:
12159:
12152:Power stations
12149:
12144:
12143:
12142:
12132:
12127:
12122:
12117:
12112:
12107:
12102:
12100:Egyptian pound
12097:
12092:
12087:
12082:
12081:
12080:
12070:
12064:
12061:
12060:
12048:
12047:
12044:
12043:
12041:
12040:
12035:
12034:
12033:
12023:
12018:
12013:
12012:
12011:
12004:Prime Minister
12001:
12000:
11999:
11989:
11984:
11979:
11974:
11969:
11968:
11967:
11957:
11952:
11947:
11942:
11937:
11936:
11935:
11925:
11920:
11915:
11910:
11905:
11900:
11899:
11898:
11887:
11884:
11883:
11871:
11870:
11867:
11866:
11864:
11863:
11858:
11853:
11848:
11843:
11838:
11837:
11836:
11826:
11821:
11816:
11811:
11809:Northern coast
11806:
11801:
11800:
11799:
11789:
11784:
11779:
11774:
11769:
11764:
11759:
11754:
11749:
11744:
11739:
11734:
11728:
11725:
11724:
11712:
11711:
11708:
11707:
11704:
11703:
11701:
11696:
11691:
11686:
11684:
11680:
11679:
11677:
11676:
11671:
11666:
11661:
11656:
11651:
11650:
11649:
11644:
11639:
11629:
11624:
11619:
11614:
11609:
11604:
11599:
11594:
11588:
11586:
11582:
11581:
11579:
11578:
11577:
11576:
11575:
11574:
11569:
11559:
11554:
11553:
11552:
11547:
11542:
11540:Yom Kippur War
11532:
11531:
11530:
11525:
11520:
11515:
11510:
11495:
11494:
11493:
11492:
11491:
11481:
11476:
11471:
11470:
11469:
11459:
11458:
11457:
11442:
11441:
11440:
11439:
11438:
11433:
11423:
11418:
11408:
11407:
11406:
11396:
11395:
11394:
11393:
11392:
11382:
11377:
11376:
11375:
11365:
11360:
11355:
11350:
11345:
11335:
11330:
11329:
11328:
11323:
11318:
11308:
11307:
11306:
11301:
11291:
11290:
11289:
11284:
11274:
11273:
11272:
11262:
11256:
11254:
11244:
11243:
11231:
11230:
11222:
11221:
11214:
11207:
11199:
11190:
11189:
11186:
11185:
11183:
11182:
11177:
11172:
11167:
11162:
11157:
11151:
11149:
11142:
11134:
11133:
11131:
11130:
11125:
11120:
11115:
11110:
11105:
11099:
11097:
11090:
11089:
11080:
11074:
11069:
11063:
11061:
11057:
11056:
11054:
11053:
11052:
11051:
11040:
11038:
11034:
11033:
11030:
11029:
11027:
11026:
11025:
11024:
11022:New Suez Canal
11013:
11011:
11007:
11006:
11004:
11003:
10998:
10993:
10988:
10983:
10977:
10975:
10971:
10970:
10968:
10967:
10965:Ismaïlia Canal
10962:
10957:
10952:
10947:
10941:
10939:
10932:
10931:Infrastructure
10928:
10927:
10925:
10924:
10923:
10922:
10912:
10907:
10906:
10905:
10900:
10889:
10887:
10883:
10882:
10875:
10873:
10871:
10870:
10865:
10860:
10855:
10850:
10843:
10841:
10837:
10836:
10829:
10828:
10821:
10814:
10806:
10800:
10799:
10786:
10780:
10757:
10752:
10740:
10734:
10722:
10717:
10702:
10693:
10688:
10681:
10680:External links
10678:
10676:
10675:
10668:Asian Affairs,
10664:
10651:
10644:
10633:
10631:
10628:
10626:
10625:
10615:
10604:
10594:
10577:
10572:Pudney, John.
10570:
10563:
10546:
10536:
10526:
10512:
10497:
10490:
10483:
10472:
10471:
10461:
10451:
10433:
10426:
10415:
10413:
10410:
10408:
10407:
10392:. March 2018.
10377:
10366:on 11 May 2018
10346:
10316:
10286:
10277:
10266:
10257:
10250:
10230:
10210:
10179:
10153:
10127:
10101:
10092:|journal=
10046:
10006:
9989:Louis Wasser,
9982:
9958:
9935:
9924:. 21 June 2023
9909:
9895:
9877:Deutsche Welle
9863:
9854:
9845:
9836:
9827:
9815:
9806:
9780:
9771:
9741:
9723:
9697:
9671:
9641:
9620:
9595:
9569:
9537:
9506:
9480:
9449:
9423:
9414:
9379:(4): 745–759.
9363:
9350:
9339:on 12 May 2021
9324:
9302:
9270:
9244:
9226:
9197:
9175:
9147:
9121:
9118:. 12 May 2021.
9103:
9077:
9043:
9022:
8996:
8970:
8940:
8914:
8883:
8853:
8823:
8793:
8767:
8737:
8706:
8671:
8641:
8611:
8585:
8552:
8522:
8507:. MarineLink.
8495:
8475:
8457:
8425:
8395:
8365:
8335:
8310:
8263:
8244:
8231:
8219:britannica.com
8206:
8187:
8160:(1): 147–157.
8140:
8128:
8097:(3): 509–530.
8077:
8046:
8016:
7986:
7971:. StratScope.
7969:stratscope.com
7956:
7940:
7904:
7871:
7833:
7807:
7781:
7772:
7763:
7751:
7730:10.1086/385467
7724:(2): 142–159.
7708:
7673:
7664:
7652:
7625:
7605:
7578:
7558:
7549:
7540:
7523:
7497:
7458:
7423:
7408:
7374:
7350:
7323:(3): 622–647.
7303:
7290:
7268:
7242:
7227:
7209:
7191:
7182:
7173:
7167:Lord Kinross,
7160:
7145:
7114:(2): 179–185.
7094:
7088:The Suez Canal
7072:
7055:
7029:
7016:
6992:
6983:
6974:
6965:
6958:
6938:
6916:
6901:
6894:
6869:
6862:
6839:
6826:
6813:
6804:
6780:
6771:
6741:
6726:. Livius.org.
6714:
6701:
6681:
6651:
6634:
6617:
6608:
6593:
6580:
6568:
6542:
6519:
6499:
6473:
6464:
6448:
6417:
6387:
6362:
6334:
6303:
6285:
6269:
6240:
6180:
6165:, ed. (1911).
6163:Chisholm, Hugh
6125:
6099:
6070:
6037:
6025:
6004:"SCA Overview"
5995:
5966:
5959:
5938:
5912:
5898:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5855:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5827:New Suez Canal
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5807:Istanbul Canal
5804:
5799:
5794:
5787:
5784:
5765:East Port Said
5732:
5729:
5721:Aswan High Dam
5712:the Nile delta
5663:Main article:
5660:
5657:
5640:
5637:
5620:
5617:
5558:
5555:
5526:
5523:
5518:
5515:
5487:
5468:carbon dioxide
5463:
5460:Eastern Europe
5448:Central Europe
5412:
5409:
5407:to the Sinai.
5390:
5389:
5373:29.996; 32.583
5342:
5308:
5292:30.333; 32.383
5222:
5175:
5141:
5107:Ahmed el-Mansy
5103:
5082:30.583; 32.267
5038:30.657; 32.334
5008:
4945:
4911:
4864:
4861:
4855:
4854:Convoy sailing
4852:
4851:
4850:
4843:
4836:
4834:
4821:
4814:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4783:
4776:
4774:
4764:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4745:
4691:
4688:
4655:
4652:
4648:New Suez Canal
4646:The so-called
4593:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4560:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4533:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4466:
4459:
4457:
4455:
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4280:
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3999:
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3990:
3982:
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3340:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3313:New Suez Canal
3311:Eastern lane:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3277:
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3112:
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3097:
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3013:
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2995:
2987:
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2806:
2799:
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2769:
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2767:
2760:
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2707:
2700:
2693:
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2635:
2628:
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2607:
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2598:
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2575:
2567:
2559:
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2543:
2535:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2518:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2498:
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2491:
2489:
2482:
2474:
2466:
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2464:
2456:
2450:
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2434:
2426:
2420:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2404:
2396:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2296:
2290:
2287:
2276:
2275:2023 grounding
2273:
2170:Main article:
2167:
2164:
2155:became stuck.
2147:
2146:
2123:appears to be
2120:
2118:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2098:New Suez Canal
2077:
2074:
2044:
2041:
1949:
1946:
1938:Operation Badr
1934:Yom Kippur War
1914:Israeli forces
1855:Yom Kippur War
1840:
1837:
1740:
1737:
1641:Ottoman Empire
1637:invade in 1882
1584:
1581:
1577:Moorsom System
1561:Sursock family
1549:
1546:
1457:H. W. Harkness
1405:
1402:
1386:Mediterranenan
1369:
1366:
1326:
1323:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1177:Alois Negrelli
1173:Muhammad Ali's
1171:tried to draw
1119:
1118:Interim period
1116:
1114:
1111:
1080:, scientists,
1078:archaeologists
1072:in late 1798,
1065:
1062:
1018:Constantinople
998:
995:
969:(1980), p. 102
959:
933:
930:
859:Amnis Traianus
845:
842:
789:
786:
762:navigable lock
740:
609:
606:
485:The legendary
468:first cataract
460:
457:
436:(522–486 BCE).
394:
391:
324:Alois Negrelli
296:North Atlantic
215:
214:
211:
210:
205:
201:
200:
195:
191:
190:
186:
185:
172:
171:Date completed
168:
167:
154:
150:
149:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
131:
127:
126:
123:
116:
115:
112:
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
95:Specifications
92:
91:
59:
55:
54:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13111:
13100:
13097:
13095:
13092:
13090:
13087:
13085:
13082:
13080:
13077:
13075:
13072:
13070:
13067:
13065:
13062:
13060:
13057:
13055:
13052:
13050:
13047:
13045:
13042:
13040:
13037:
13035:
13032:
13031:
13029:
13013:
13010:
13007:
13003:
13000:
12997:
12994:
12991:
12990:Eugène Mougel
12988:
12987:
12985:
12981:
12971:
12968:
12966:
12963:
12961:
12958:
12956:
12953:
12951:
12950:Charles Manby
12948:
12947:
12945:
12942:
12938:
12932:
12929:
12927:
12924:
12922:
12919:
12917:
12914:
12912:
12909:
12907:
12904:
12903:
12901:
12898:
12894:
12888:
12885:
12883:
12880:
12879:
12877:
12874:
12870:
12867:
12863:
12857:
12854:
12853:
12851:
12849:
12845:
12841:
12834:
12829:
12827:
12822:
12820:
12815:
12814:
12811:
12799:
12791:
12789:
12781:
12779:
12775:
12771:
12769:
12761:
12760:
12757:
12743:
12740:
12738:
12735:
12733:
12730:
12728:
12725:
12723:
12720:
12718:
12715:
12711:
12708:
12706:
12703:
12701:
12698:
12696:
12693:
12692:
12691:
12688:
12686:
12683:
12679:
12676:
12674:
12671:
12670:
12669:
12666:
12662:
12659:
12657:
12654:
12653:
12652:
12649:
12647:
12644:
12640:
12637:
12635:
12632:
12631:
12630:
12627:
12625:
12622:
12620:
12617:
12615:
12612:
12610:
12607:
12605:
12602:
12600:
12599:Art (ancient)
12597:
12595:
12592:
12591:
12589:
12587:
12583:
12577:
12574:
12572:
12569:
12567:
12564:
12562:
12559:
12557:
12554:
12550:
12547:
12543:
12540:
12539:
12538:
12535:
12531:
12528:
12526:
12523:
12521:
12518:
12517:
12516:
12513:
12511:
12508:
12506:
12503:
12501:
12498:
12494:
12491:
12489:
12486:
12485:
12484:
12481:
12479:
12478:Blasphemy law
12476:
12474:
12471:
12470:
12469:
12466:
12464:
12461:
12459:
12456:
12454:
12451:
12447:
12446:Sign Language
12444:
12442:
12441:Saʽidi Arabic
12439:
12437:
12434:
12433:
12432:
12429:
12427:
12424:
12420:
12417:
12415:
12412:
12411:
12410:
12407:
12405:
12402:
12398:
12395:
12393:
12390:
12389:
12388:
12385:
12381:
12378:
12377:
12376:
12373:
12369:
12366:
12365:
12364:
12361:
12357:
12354:
12352:
12349:
12347:
12344:
12342:
12339:
12337:
12334:
12333:
12332:
12329:
12327:
12324:
12322:
12319:
12315:
12312:
12310:
12307:
12305:
12302:
12301:
12300:
12297:
12295:
12292:
12290:
12287:
12285:
12282:
12280:
12277:
12275:
12272:
12270:
12267:
12265:
12262:
12261:
12259:
12255:
12251:
12247:
12242:
12238:
12226:
12223:
12222:
12221:
12218:
12214:
12211:
12209:
12206:
12204:
12201:
12200:
12199:
12196:
12192:
12189:
12188:
12187:
12184:
12180:
12177:
12176:
12175:
12172:
12170:
12167:
12165:
12162:
12158:
12155:
12154:
12153:
12150:
12148:
12145:
12141:
12138:
12137:
12136:
12133:
12131:
12128:
12126:
12123:
12121:
12118:
12116:
12113:
12111:
12108:
12106:
12103:
12101:
12098:
12096:
12093:
12091:
12088:
12086:
12083:
12079:
12078:National Bank
12076:
12075:
12074:
12071:
12069:
12066:
12065:
12062:
12058:
12053:
12049:
12039:
12036:
12032:
12029:
12028:
12027:
12024:
12022:
12019:
12017:
12014:
12010:
12007:
12006:
12005:
12002:
11998:
11995:
11994:
11993:
11990:
11988:
11985:
11983:
11980:
11978:
11975:
11973:
11970:
11966:
11963:
11962:
11961:
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11938:
11934:
11931:
11930:
11929:
11926:
11924:
11921:
11919:
11916:
11914:
11911:
11909:
11906:
11904:
11901:
11897:
11894:
11893:
11892:
11889:
11888:
11885:
11881:
11876:
11872:
11862:
11859:
11857:
11854:
11852:
11849:
11847:
11844:
11842:
11839:
11835:
11832:
11831:
11830:
11827:
11825:
11822:
11820:
11817:
11815:
11812:
11810:
11807:
11805:
11802:
11798:
11795:
11794:
11793:
11790:
11788:
11785:
11783:
11780:
11778:
11775:
11773:
11770:
11768:
11765:
11763:
11760:
11758:
11755:
11753:
11750:
11748:
11745:
11743:
11740:
11738:
11735:
11733:
11730:
11729:
11726:
11722:
11717:
11713:
11700:
11697:
11695:
11692:
11690:
11687:
11685:
11681:
11675:
11672:
11670:
11667:
11665:
11662:
11660:
11657:
11655:
11652:
11648:
11645:
11643:
11640:
11638:
11635:
11634:
11633:
11630:
11628:
11625:
11623:
11620:
11618:
11615:
11613:
11610:
11608:
11605:
11603:
11600:
11598:
11595:
11593:
11590:
11589:
11587:
11583:
11573:
11570:
11568:
11565:
11564:
11563:
11560:
11558:
11555:
11551:
11548:
11546:
11543:
11541:
11538:
11537:
11536:
11533:
11529:
11526:
11524:
11521:
11519:
11516:
11514:
11511:
11509:
11506:
11505:
11504:
11501:
11500:
11499:
11496:
11490:
11487:
11486:
11485:
11482:
11480:
11477:
11475:
11472:
11468:
11465:
11464:
11463:
11460:
11456:
11453:
11452:
11451:
11448:
11447:
11446:
11443:
11437:
11434:
11432:
11429:
11428:
11427:
11424:
11422:
11419:
11417:
11414:
11413:
11412:
11409:
11405:
11404:Ottoman Egypt
11402:
11401:
11400:
11397:
11391:
11388:
11387:
11386:
11383:
11381:
11378:
11374:
11371:
11370:
11369:
11366:
11364:
11361:
11359:
11356:
11354:
11351:
11349:
11346:
11344:
11341:
11340:
11339:
11336:
11334:
11331:
11327:
11324:
11322:
11319:
11317:
11314:
11313:
11312:
11309:
11305:
11302:
11300:
11297:
11296:
11295:
11292:
11288:
11285:
11283:
11280:
11279:
11278:
11275:
11271:
11268:
11267:
11266:
11263:
11261:
11258:
11257:
11255:
11253:
11249:
11245:
11241:
11236:
11232:
11227:
11220:
11215:
11213:
11208:
11206:
11201:
11200:
11197:
11181:
11178:
11176:
11173:
11171:
11168:
11166:
11163:
11161:
11158:
11156:
11153:
11152:
11150:
11146:
11139:
11135:
11129:
11126:
11124:
11121:
11119:
11116:
11114:
11111:
11109:
11108:Isma'il Pasha
11106:
11104:
11101:
11100:
11098:
11094:
11087:
11086:
11081:
11078:
11075:
11073:
11070:
11068:
11065:
11064:
11062:
11058:
11050:
11047:
11046:
11045:
11042:
11041:
11039:
11035:
11023:
11020:
11019:
11018:
11015:
11014:
11012:
11008:
11002:
10999:
10997:
10994:
10992:
10989:
10987:
10984:
10982:
10979:
10978:
10976:
10974:Constructions
10972:
10966:
10963:
10961:
10958:
10956:
10953:
10951:
10948:
10946:
10943:
10942:
10940:
10936:
10933:
10929:
10921:
10918:
10917:
10916:
10913:
10911:
10908:
10904:
10901:
10899:
10896:
10895:
10894:
10891:
10890:
10888:
10884:
10879:
10869:
10866:
10864:
10861:
10859:
10856:
10854:
10851:
10848:
10845:
10844:
10842:
10838:
10834:
10827:
10822:
10820:
10815:
10813:
10808:
10807:
10804:
10797:
10793:
10790:
10787:
10784:
10781:
10779:
10775:
10772:
10768:
10764:
10761:
10758:
10756:
10753:
10750:
10746:
10741:
10738:
10735:
10733:
10729:
10726:
10723:
10721:
10718:
10716:
10712:
10709:
10708:
10703:
10701:
10700:OpenStreetMap
10697:
10694:
10692:
10689:
10687:
10684:
10683:
10673:
10669:
10665:
10662:
10658:
10657:
10652:
10649:
10645:
10643:
10639:
10635:
10634:
10624:
10620:
10616:
10612:
10611:
10605:
10602:
10598:
10595:
10590:
10588:
10582:
10578:
10575:
10571:
10568:
10564:
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10509:1-4020-0837-6
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10485:Farnie, D.A.
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5983:
5979:
5978:"Suez Crisis"
5973:
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5962:
5960:9780852885543
5956:
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5908:
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5847:Qantara Sharq
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5802:Corinth Canal
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4770: (CV-66)
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3084:turning dock
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2269:Coral Crystal
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2222:semiconductor
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1781:responded by
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1650:The European
1648:
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1634:
1633:Isma'il Pasha
1630:
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1625:Panic of 1873
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1425:Isma'il Pasha
1423:
1415:
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1383:
1379:
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1374:company towns
1368:Company towns
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1346:forced labour
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1082:cartographers
1079:
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1058:Mediterranean
1055:
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1038:Sublime Porte
1035:
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1019:
1015:
1014:Mediterranean
1011:
1007:
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988:
985:
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963:Colin Thubron
958:
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947:
946:Spice Islands
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881:
877:
873:
872:Amr ibn al-As
869:
868:Arab conquest
865:
860:
855:
851:
841:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
814:
809:
807:
803:
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795:
785:
782:
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777:cartographers
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
739:
734:
732:
728:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
696:Ancient Egypt
693:
688:
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682:
677:
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671:
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648:
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568:
562:
560:
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551:
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542:
540:
536:
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529:
527:
523:
519:
518:ancient times
515:
511:
507:
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329:
326:'s plans, no
325:
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298:and northern
297:
293:
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285:
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259:and dividing
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106:
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98:
93:
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60:
56:
51:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
13099:Wadi Tumilat
12970:James Rendel
12624:Coat of arms
12594:Architecture
12483:Christianity
12463:Prostitution
12409:Human rights
12368:Abaza family
12356:Universities
12321:Demographics
12274:Billionaires
11918:Constitution
11913:Conscription
11896:Governorates
11845:
11777:Halfaya Pass
11647:1954–present
11607:Constitution
11562:2010s Crisis
11474:World War II
11436:Urabi revolt
11353:Islamization
11287:31st Dynasty
11282:27th Dynasty
11084:
10950:Lake Manzala
10832:
10706:
10667:
10655:
10647:
10637:
10618:
10609:
10600:
10586:
10573:
10566:
10549:
10539:
10529:
10515:
10500:
10493:
10486:
10476:
10464:
10454:
10440:
10439:, 15th ed.,
10436:
10429:
10419:
10412:Bibliography
10398:. Retrieved
10389:
10380:
10368:. Retrieved
10364:the original
10359:
10349:
10337:. Retrieved
10329:Ahram Online
10328:
10319:
10307:. Retrieved
10298:
10289:
10280:
10269:
10260:
10240:
10233:
10213:
10201:. Retrieved
10197:the original
10192:
10182:
10170:. Retrieved
10166:the original
10156:
10146:21 September
10144:. Retrieved
10140:the original
10130:
10118:. Retrieved
10104:
10083:cite journal
10071:. Retrieved
10049:
10023:. Retrieved
10009:
10001:
9985:
9977:
9965:Liam Stack,
9961:
9950:
9942:
9938:
9926:. Retrieved
9921:
9912:
9898:
9886:. Retrieved
9875:
9866:
9857:
9848:
9839:
9830:
9809:
9797:. Retrieved
9783:
9774:
9762:. Retrieved
9753:
9744:
9736:arabcont.com
9735:
9726:
9714:. Retrieved
9700:
9688:. Retrieved
9684:اليوم السابع
9683:
9674:
9662:. Retrieved
9644:
9635:
9623:
9611:. Retrieved
9607:
9598:
9586:. Retrieved
9582:the original
9572:
9560:. Retrieved
9549:
9540:
9528:. Retrieved
9520:The Guardian
9519:
9509:
9497:. Retrieved
9493:the original
9483:
9471:. Retrieved
9467:the original
9462:
9452:
9440:. Retrieved
9436:the original
9426:
9417:
9376:
9372:
9366:
9353:
9341:. Retrieved
9337:the original
9327:
9293:. Retrieved
9286:the original
9273:
9261:. Retrieved
9257:the original
9247:
9239:the original
9229:
9217:. Retrieved
9192:the original
9178:
9166:. Retrieved
9160:
9150:
9140:10 September
9138:. Retrieved
9133:
9124:
9115:
9106:
9094:. Retrieved
9090:the original
9080:
9068:. Retrieved
9056:
9046:
9034:. Retrieved
9025:
9013:. Retrieved
9008:
8999:
8987:. Retrieved
8983:
8973:
8961:. Retrieved
8952:
8943:
8931:. Retrieved
8917:
8905:. Retrieved
8896:
8886:
8874:. Retrieved
8865:
8856:
8844:. Retrieved
8835:
8826:
8814:. Retrieved
8805:
8796:
8784:. Retrieved
8779:
8770:
8758:. Retrieved
8749:
8740:
8728:. Retrieved
8719:
8709:
8697:. Retrieved
8688:
8662:. Retrieved
8653:
8644:
8632:. Retrieved
8628:the original
8623:
8614:
8602:. Retrieved
8598:
8588:
8576:. Retrieved
8567:
8543:. Retrieved
8534:
8525:
8513:. Retrieved
8498:
8478:
8470:the original
8460:
8448:. Retrieved
8428:
8416:. Retrieved
8407:
8398:
8386:. Retrieved
8377:
8368:
8356:. Retrieved
8347:
8338:
8326:. Retrieved
8322:
8313:
8280:
8276:
8266:
8253:
8247:
8239:
8234:
8222:. Retrieved
8218:
8209:
8196:
8190:
8157:
8153:
8143:
8135:
8131:
8119:. Retrieved
8094:
8090:
8080:
8068:. Retrieved
8059:
8049:
8037:. Retrieved
8028:
8019:
8007:. Retrieved
7998:
7989:
7977:. Retrieved
7968:
7959:
7954:, 2003, p.87
7947:
7943:
7931:. Retrieved
7919:
7895:. Retrieved
7883:
7874:
7862:. Retrieved
7850:
7824:. Retrieved
7810:
7798:. Retrieved
7784:
7775:
7766:
7721:
7717:
7711:
7686:
7682:
7676:
7667:
7662:(in Ffrench)
7655:
7643:. Retrieved
7615:
7608:
7596:. Retrieved
7568:
7561:
7552:
7543:
7535:
7531:
7526:
7514:. Retrieved
7509:
7500:
7475:
7471:
7461:
7439:(1): 75–78.
7436:
7432:
7426:
7417:
7411:
7399:. Retrieved
7390:
7386:
7377:
7367:
7320:
7316:
7306:
7295:, retrieved
7281:
7271:
7259:. Retrieved
7255:the original
7245:
7218:
7212:
7204:the original
7194:
7185:
7180:Oster (2006)
7176:
7168:
7163:
7153:
7148:
7136:. Retrieved
7111:
7107:
7097:
7087:
7050:
7037:
7032:
7019:
7011:the original
7005:
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6941:
6926:
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6904:
6884:
6852:
6834:
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6821:
6816:
6807:
6790:
6774:
6762:. Retrieved
6753:
6744:
6732:. Retrieved
6717:
6704:
6691:Apparently,
6672:. Retrieved
6663:
6654:
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6629:
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6611:
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6583:
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6527:(in Spanish)
6522:
6502:
6494:
6482:
6476:
6467:
6459:
6425:
6420:
6408:. Retrieved
6404:the original
6397:
6390:
6382:
6351:"Suez Canal"
6344:
6325:. Retrieved
6316:
6313:"Suez Canal"
6306:
6296:
6253:
6235:
6172:
6116:. Retrieved
6112:the original
6102:
6090:. Retrieved
6061:. Retrieved
6040:
6028:
6016:. Retrieved
5998:
5986:. Retrieved
5950:
5929:. Retrieved
5915:
5901:
5889:. Retrieved
5865:
5852:Yellow Fleet
5832:Panama Canal
5781:
5762:
5742:
5716:Wadi Tumilat
5705:
5689:
5677:
5672:Bitter Lakes
5668:
5651:through the
5642:
5622:
5601:Beluga Group
5594:
5572:
5531:Cape Agulhas
5528:
5525:Cape Agulhas
5520:
5504:
5480:
5452:
5437:
5398:
5394:
5391:
5000:
4874:
4857:
4827:bulk carrier
4804:
4801:
4797:
4785:
4767:
4736:
4729:
4725:
4713:
4708:
4696:Fairway Buoy
4693:
4672:Panama Canal
4657:
4645:
4596:
4415:
4397:Gulf of Suez
4395:
4151:
4145:
3770:
3717:
3609:
2823:headquarters
2667:
2593:
2373:
2280:
2278:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2232:
2226:
2210:
2204:
2194:
2189:
2181:
2159:
2157:
2152:
2150:
2137:
2122:
2087:
2058:Soviet Union
2046:
2037:Reza Pahlavi
2028:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2008:
2002:
1998:
1989:
1978:
1967:
1962:Ahmed Ismail
1941:
1931:
1927:Yellow Fleet
1923:
1907:
1892:
1886:
1875:
1812:
1807:Anglo-French
1771:Soviet Union
1768:
1725:World War II
1719:. Under the
1706:Urabi Revolt
1692:
1683:
1679:
1667:
1665:
1649:
1610:
1568:
1565:
1558:
1551:
1541:
1535:
1531:
1526:George Nares
1520:
1507:
1503:
1495:
1491:
1482:
1475:George Nares
1469:
1463:
1461:
1445:Crown Prince
1440:
1419:
1371:
1358:
1343:
1328:
1303:
1294:
1288:
1273:
1257:
1235:
1189:
1151:
1140:
1131:Gulf of Suez
1100:
1092:
1085:
1067:
1046:Ottoman Navy
1030:Indian Ocean
1026:trade routes
1003:Grand Vizier
1000:
973:
966:
955:
935:
915:
901:
891:
888:
847:
810:
791:
774:
747:
736:
707:
703:
689:
678:
663:
636:
634:
611:
587:
580:
564:
553:
544:
532:
530:
522:Bitter Lakes
514:Wadi Tumilat
506:flood season
484:
476:Senusret III
462:
449:Gulf of Suez
407:
379:
375:
336:
317:
281:
255:through the
232:
220:
218:
29:
13044:Ship canals
12943:(1855–1856)
12899:(1846–1854)
12875:(1833–1836)
12788:WikiProject
12549:Scientology
12419:LGBT rights
12341:Law schools
12125:Lighthouses
12068:Agriculture
11797:Mount Sinai
11757:Earthquakes
11557:Mubarak era
11528:Six-Day War
11518:Suez Crisis
11513:Land reform
11260:Prehistoric
11138:Suez Crisis
11037:Marine life
10955:Lake Timsah
10840:Authorities
10798:– Inventiva
10203:25 November
10172:25 November
10035:cite report
10025:26 February
9613:19 February
9530:16 December
8897:MarketWatch
8604:19 February
8328:16 February
8009:17 December
7478:: 132–144.
7401:12 November
7068:Wilson 1939
6764:17 December
6754:attalus.org
6674:19 November
6626:Mehemet Ali
6436:p. 70
6398:Meteorology
5625:windjammers
5590:icebreakers
5511:fiscal year
5472:East Africa
5401:Ahmed Hamdi
5371: /
5332: /
5290: /
5250: /
5204: /
5165: /
5131: /
5080: /
5036: /
4974: /
4935: /
4901: /
4684:New Panamax
4662:or 240,000
4643: mi).
3611:Lake Timsah
3025:East Port,
2493:Approaches
2043:UN presence
2033:Anwar Sadat
1958:Anwar Sadat
1910:Six-Day War
1864:An Israeli
1795:Suez Crisis
1745:Suez Crisis
1739:Suez Crisis
1613:world trade
1573:net tonnage
1538:Anchor Line
1488:Lake Timsah
1398:Port Twefik
1394:Lake Timsah
1380:(1869) and
1242:Sa'id Pasha
1133:, route to
1129:, northern
1068:During the
818:Mark Antony
802:Lake Timsah
781:Lake Timsah
700:Cambyses II
622:Pi-Ramesses
602:Ramesses II
534:Meteorology
526:Lake Timsah
494:Senusret II
426:Ramesses II
422:Senusret II
371:Six-Day War
359:choke point
347:Suez Crisis
309:Port Tewfik
286:formed the
273:trade route
194:Start point
82: /
58:Coordinates
13034:Suez Canal
13028:Categories
12700:Newspapers
12690:Mass media
12542:Synagogues
12510:Irreligion
12458:Literature
12453:Liberalism
12392:Healthcare
12294:Corruption
11977:Parliament
11908:Corruption
11903:Civil Code
11846:Suez Canal
11804:Nile Delta
11689:Alexandria
11659:Population
11654:Parliament
11622:Healthcare
11503:Nasser era
11277:Achaemenid
11252:Chronology
11085:Ever Given
10938:Waterworks
10833:Suez Canal
10707:Suez Canal
10696:Suez Canal
9888:11 January
9522:. London.
9442:8 February
8450:30 October
8418:22 October
8388:22 October
8358:22 October
8283:(3): 154.
8256:. London:
8121:29 October
8070:29 October
8039:29 October
7933:30 January
7897:30 January
7864:30 January
7826:18 January
7588:1083962708
6643:barbarians
5769:Ain Sokhna
5725:Nile Delta
5692:introduced
5551:oil tanker
5377: (
5358:32°34′59″E
5355:29°59′46″N
5320:32°34′28″E
5317:30°02′43″N
5296: (
5256: (
5237:32°34′32″E
5210: (
5153:32°21′01″E
5150:30°28′22″N
5119:32°19′31″E
5116:30°36′19″N
5086: (
5042: (
5023:32°20′02″E
5020:30°39′25″N
5001:al qantara
4993:El Qantara
4980: (
4961:32°19′03″E
4958:30°49′42″N
4923:32°19′00″E
4920:30°50′37″N
4889:32°18′15″E
4886:31°13′43″N
4716:El Qantara
4690:Navigation
4497:Anchorage
3570:New Ismala
2741:lighthouse
2323:Suez Canal
2250:Ever Given
2246:Ever Given
2240:Ever Greet
2233:Ever Given
2214:IHS Markit
2205:Ever Given
2196:Ever Given
2183:Ever Given
2160:OOCL Japan
2027:, and HMS
2021:Hubberston
2003:Bossington
1995:Royal Navy
1956:President
1876:After the
1843:See also:
1735:shipping.
1554:final cost
1295:status quo
1291:Cape route
1209:Alexandria
1036:, and the
1022:pilgrimage
838:Malichus I
798:historians
716:navigation
655:Heroopolis
645:historian
616:cities of
594:Hatshepsut
575:Ptolemy II
393:Precursors
279:and Asia.
221:Suez Canal
181:1869-11-17
163:1859-04-25
121:boat draft
70:32°20′39″E
67:30°42′18″N
35:Suez Canal
18:Suez canal
12695:Magazines
12685:Egyptians
12520:Ahmadiyya
12431:Languages
12397:Hospitals
12331:Education
12198:Transport
12157:Aswan Dam
12085:Companies
12026:Terrorism
11992:President
11955:Massacres
11945:Judiciary
11923:Elections
11792:Mountains
11721:Geography
11699:Port Said
11642:1939–1954
11637:1928–1938
11592:Anarchism
11535:Sadat era
11479:Sultanate
11426:Khedivate
11326:Christian
11294:Ptolemaic
11010:Expansion
10920:Suez Port
10898:Port Fuad
10893:Port Said
10552:, Knopf,
9953:built by
9928:15 August
9799:9 January
9716:24 August
9690:7 January
9401:0749-0208
9295:15 August
9263:15 August
9134:Bloomberg
9065:0362-4331
8297:0015-7120
8174:0023-9186
7928:2203-790X
7892:2203-790X
7859:1833-5551
7800:9 January
7746:145087661
7635:993333677
7516:5 October
7492:178734036
7345:150024329
7337:0096-1442
7297:2 January
7261:24 August
7237:905456588
7128:0035-8789
6410:24 August
5858:Citations
5760:(SCADP).
5746:Port Said
5645:a railway
5633:Cape Horn
5619:Cape Horn
5613:Rotterdam
5575:shrinking
5539:too large
5191:32°21.0′E
5188:30°27.3′N
4794:Operation
4766:USS
4153:Suez Port
3718:Deversoir
2819:Port Said
2669:Port Said
2595:Port Said
2258:Hong Kong
2140:July 2024
2104:Incidents
1775:Aswan Dam
1763:Port Said
1676:Australia
1479:Admiralty
1382:Port Fuad
1378:Port Said
1331:Port Said
1107:Kassassin
1054:Black Sea
976:Mamelukes
908:al-Mansur
864:Old Cairo
813:Cleopatra
784:Timsah.)
768:, at the
647:Herodotus
638:Histories
539:Aristotle
487:Sesostris
334:at Suez.
305:Port Said
208:Suez Port
204:End point
198:Port Said
189:Geography
110:boat beam
12768:Category
12732:Olympics
12668:Football
12500:Hinduism
12468:Religion
12375:Feminism
12363:Families
12326:Diaspora
12289:Censuses
12279:Cannabis
12264:Abortion
12208:Airports
12203:Airlines
12179:Internet
11982:Passport
11960:Military
11933:Missions
11880:Politics
11861:Wildlife
11585:By topic
11498:Republic
11333:Sassanid
11145:Timeline
10910:Ismailia
10792:Archived
10785:BBC News
10774:Archived
10763:Archived
10728:Archived
10711:Archived
10583:(1882).
10394:Archived
10333:Archived
10303:Archived
10222:Archived
10114:Archived
10067:Archived
9994:Archived
9970:Archived
9882:Archived
9793:Archived
9764:6 August
9758:Archived
9710:Archived
9664:23 March
9658:Archived
9588:8 August
9562:7 August
9556:Archived
9551:BBC News
9524:Archived
9473:7 August
9409:54644781
9317:Archived
9213:Archived
9162:BBC News
9116:ABC News
9070:30 March
9036:26 March
9015:30 March
8989:29 March
8963:26 March
8957:Archived
8953:BBC News
8933:26 March
8927:Archived
8907:25 March
8901:Archived
8876:24 March
8870:Archived
8846:25 March
8840:Archived
8836:NBC News
8816:25 March
8810:Archived
8786:24 March
8760:24 March
8754:Archived
8730:23 March
8724:Archived
8699:24 March
8693:Archived
8689:BBC News
8664:25 March
8658:Archived
8654:BBC News
8634:30 March
8578:25 March
8572:Archived
8545:6 August
8539:Archived
8535:Al-Ahram
8515:6 August
8509:Archived
8487:Archived
8441:Archived
8412:Archived
8382:Archived
8352:Archived
8305:20034020
8115:Archived
8064:Archived
8033:Archived
8003:Archived
7999:BBC News
7973:Archived
7820:Archived
7794:Archived
7703:24429312
7639:Archived
7592:Archived
7395:Archived
7138:24 March
7132:Archived
7043:Archived
6797:Archived
6758:Archived
6734:21 April
6728:Archived
6668:Archived
6647:eo. loc.
6556:Archived
6534:Archived
6511:Archived
6487:Archived
6441:Archived
6354:Archived
6321:Archived
6261:Archived
6256:(2003).
6118:12 March
6092:7 August
6086:Archived
6063:27 March
6054:Archived
6012:Archived
5988:17 April
5982:Archived
5925:Archived
5891:15 March
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5786:See also
5750:Ismailia
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5484:Cold War
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2023:and HMS
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1684:Hercules
1680:Hercules
1668:Hercules
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1500:Ismailia
1390:Ismailia
1185:Austrian
1103:Bubastis
1074:Napoleon
1012:and the
980:Venetian
960:—
944:and the
926:al-Hakim
852:emperor
826:Plutarch
822:Octavian
741:—
720:triremes
651:Necho II
618:Bubastis
434:Darius I
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13084:Red Sea
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12717:Museums
12661:regions
12629:Cuisine
12614:Castles
12586:Culture
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12537:Judaism
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