933:(CO). CO is the practice of placing somebody, generally someone in a psychiatric inpatient unit, under the constant supervision of a healthcare worker. CO is widely used for potentially suicidal patients, but the evidence to support its effectiveness is weak. Concerns around the use of constant visual observation include paternalism, distrust and dislike by patients, job dissatisfaction amongst staff on CO, and the high cost of paying staff for long shifts.
1046:
for a short period. They are then restrained again, proceeding to the next limb. This process is repeated until all areas restrained have been moved. This process usually continues in eight-hour shifts, and the inmate has a face-to-face encounter with a mental health professional at least once in each eight-hour interval. This cannot continue for more than 16 consecutive hours. The inmate is continually watched by staff during this time.
1076:
degraded. Being on eyeball status with male officers, my depression intensified. I didn't want to be violated any more than I already was, so I put the mattress up against the window. When I did that I was in violation because they couldn't see me. The door was forced open, I was physically restrained in four-point restraints - arms, legs spreadeagled, tied to the floor, naked, helmet on head, men and women in the room.
1058:
Inmates are often placed naked in suicide cells, which are usually bare concrete, often without bedding (to prevent hanging by using bedsheets), and under frequent or continuous observation by guards. Unsanitary conditions are also common since toilet paper, underwear and tampons (all potential means
1045:
system. The inmate is placed on their back on a mattress. Their arms and legs are tied down and a belt is placed across the chest. In a five-point system, the head is also restrained. An inmate is allowed a range of movement every two hours, when one limb is released and they are allowed to move it
1075:
I was ... put on eyeball status, stripped of belongings, clothing, placed naked in a room with nothing but a plastic mattress on the floor. Watched 24 hours a day by a man or woman. I was on my period but because of my status not allowed to have tampons or underwear. I was very humiliated,
1049:
In the most extreme cases of self-harm, only when all other avenues have not worked or are impracticable, "chemical restraint" drugs may be used to sedate the inmate. In order for a facility to administer a chemical restraint, it must have the approval/recommendation of a licensed mental health
1063:) are restricted. Being exposed without any way of covering oneself, coupled with being under constant observation, can aggravate mental distress, particularly if the inmate has been a victim of sexual abuse. These harsh conditions came to light in 1998 when Elizabeth B., an inmate of
984:
People under suicide watch are put into an environment where it would be difficult for them to hurt themselves. In many cases, any dangerous items will be removed from the area, such as sharp objects and some furniture, or they may be placed in a special
1080:
Being on a suicide watch does not guarantee a person will not kill themself. Ashley Smith, a female inmate at a facility in Canada, killed herself while under suicide watch in
October 2007. The circumstances surrounding her death were the subject of the
975:
or observation involves the subject being observed continually by a person who may be employed in one of several possible capacities, sitting or standing in direct sight or arm's reach of the subject. This may be known as a 1 to 1.
1037:
and other items. They are only allowed small finger foods and no books. Any large pieces of food like pizza or crumpled pages of a book could be used for suffocation. In extreme cases, the inmate may be undressed entirely.
1183:
Kiley, Kathleen; Volpe, Diana; Schenkel, Sara Rae; DeGrazia, Michele (2020). "Constant observation of pediatric patients at risk for self-harm and suicide: An evidence-based practice inquiry".
921:. People are placed on suicide watch when it is believed that they exhibit warning signs indicating that they may be at risk of committing bodily harm or purposefully killing themselves.
1819:
1590:
217:
2036:
2231:
941:
Various forms of suicide watch exist. These generally involve the subject being under continuous or very frequent watch of a guard, such as a
993:
to be attached, and with only a drain-grill on the floor. They may be stripped of anything with which they might hurt themselves or use as a
2162:
2221:
881:
1246:
2216:
1349:
1281:
618:
1602:
2226:
2199:
838:
2211:
2236:
1824:
431:
2264:
1094:
989:, which has nothing outcropping from the walls (e.g., a clothes hook or door closing bracket) to provide a place for a
833:
1786:
1711:
673:
382:
377:
1791:
1218:
1482:
1654:
258:
2194:
2080:
2063:
1948:
1781:
1432:
874:
803:
367:
362:
38:
2206:
1965:
1384:
1342:
808:
623:
164:
2269:
1922:
558:
1882:
1502:
1374:
1120:
568:
155:
83:
1041:
In even more extreme cases, inmates may be placed in "therapeutic restraints", a four- or five-point
548:
1943:
1634:
1609:
1559:
1522:
1416:
1304:"USA: Rights for All: "Not Part of my Sentence" Violations of the Human Rights of Women in Custody"
867:
653:
603:
563:
397:
108:
2147:
1960:
1335:
828:
763:
354:
2184:
2157:
2075:
1991:
990:
793:
773:
678:
2117:
2102:
2001:
1938:
1659:
1549:
1492:
1308:
1071:, USA, called a radio talk show to describe how she had been treated while on suicide watch:
688:
543:
278:
78:
2174:
2152:
2107:
2058:
2041:
1996:
1953:
1872:
1809:
1597:
1477:
1457:
1396:
1082:
914:
783:
768:
738:
713:
683:
598:
528:
426:
213:
170:
128:
68:
58:
1303:
8:
2132:
2016:
1867:
1857:
1554:
1542:
1487:
1437:
1258:
748:
693:
638:
533:
523:
73:
1289:
2243:
2189:
2137:
2127:
2092:
2006:
1801:
1671:
1639:
1569:
1442:
1406:
1042:
848:
843:
798:
753:
728:
608:
413:
268:
243:
175:
133:
43:
2179:
2142:
2112:
2053:
2048:
2031:
2021:
2011:
1862:
1763:
1517:
1447:
1391:
1200:
1165:
788:
758:
708:
698:
613:
538:
518:
2169:
2122:
2097:
2070:
2026:
1970:
1814:
1748:
1619:
1585:
1537:
1527:
1462:
1192:
1157:
1099:
901:) is an intensive monitoring process used to ensure that any person cannot attempt
778:
743:
733:
718:
703:
633:
498:
421:
295:
285:
208:
113:
103:
63:
2087:
1917:
1907:
1902:
1696:
1649:
1614:
1564:
1512:
1161:
998:
853:
723:
643:
588:
553:
513:
503:
463:
387:
372:
310:
228:
200:
180:
123:
93:
53:
1852:
1847:
1743:
1738:
1718:
1629:
1379:
1366:
1223:
1196:
942:
445:
335:
315:
238:
223:
160:
147:
118:
2258:
1975:
1723:
1686:
1676:
1644:
1532:
1068:
918:
573:
453:
392:
340:
330:
248:
1912:
1773:
1758:
1753:
1706:
1666:
1507:
1204:
1169:
628:
300:
273:
263:
88:
1892:
1701:
1401:
986:
964:, involves the subject being monitored through frequent periodic checks.
648:
583:
290:
1877:
1691:
1624:
1467:
1064:
1022:
488:
305:
233:
1897:
1887:
1034:
1006:
593:
578:
493:
905:. Usually the term is used in reference to inmates or patients in a
1733:
1728:
1452:
1030:
1014:
910:
458:
320:
48:
1148:
Russ, Mark J (2017). "Constant observation of suicidal patients".
1842:
1681:
1472:
1358:
1254:
1060:
1026:
1002:
949:, who will intervene if the subject attempts to harm themselves.
946:
902:
483:
325:
22:
16:
Monitoring process to ensure that a person cannot attempt suicide
906:
508:
253:
1497:
1121:"Engagement and Observation in Mental Health Inpatient Units"
994:
98:
1018:
1010:
1327:
1182:
1118:
929:
In hospitals, the practice is sometimes referred to as
1050:
professional, the facility warden, and a court order.
2256:
1247:"Variances Granted by the Board of Correction"
1343:
936:
875:
1350:
1336:
882:
868:
1119:Nursing & Midwifery (26 July 2017).
1112:
619:Suicide in colleges in the United States
2257:
1331:
1279:
1147:
432:List of suicides in the 21st century
1095:5150 (Involuntary psychiatric hold)
13:
1176:
1141:
834:Death with Dignity National Center
14:
2281:
1787:List of countries by suicide rate
1792:Antidepressants and suicide risk
1227:. September 29, 1991. p. 37
1053:
1257:. November 2005. Archived from
1150:Journal of Psychiatric Practice
924:
1296:
1273:
1239:
1211:
1:
1820:heads of state and government
1280:Rose, James (16 March 2020).
1219:"'Standing Up to Ezra Pound'"
1105:
979:
1162:10.1097/PRA.0000000000000175
624:Suicide in music subcultures
7:
1923:Suicide prevention contract
1357:
1088:
952:
931:constant visual observation
559:Neurodevelopmental disorder
10:
2286:
2265:Imprisonment and detention
1375:Assessment of suicide risk
1197:10.1016/j.apnr.2020.151294
967:
960:, or more simply known as
937:In correctional institutes
1984:
1931:
1835:
1800:
1772:
1578:
1425:
1365:
549:Major depressive disorder
1560:Suicide and the Internet
1523:Social media and suicide
1251:NYC Board of Corrections
1185:Applied Nursing Research
897:(sometimes shortened to
829:Compassion & Choices
654:Warning signs of suicide
604:Suicide and the Internet
564:Non-suicidal self-injury
109:Social media and suicide
1128:New South Wales Health
1078:
958:Periodic suicide watch
945:, security officer or
1493:Philosophy of suicide
1309:Amnesty International
1073:
973:Intense suicide watch
368:LGBT-related suicides
1810:Suicide in antiquity
1598:Bullying and suicide
1483:Interpersonal theory
1478:Identity performance
1458:Dysfunctional family
1397:Suicide intervention
1282:"Counseling in Jail"
1083:Ashley Smith inquest
915:psychiatric hospital
599:Suicidal ambivalence
427:Suicide in antiquity
214:Bullying and suicide
129:Voluntary euthanasia
69:Identity performance
59:Dysfunctional family
1868:Diseases of despair
1858:Consensual homicide
1825:in the 21st century
1655:Jumping from height
639:Suicide terminology
524:Diseases of despair
2270:Suicide prevention
1712:London Underground
1570:Workplace bullying
1407:Suicide prevention
1261:on 2 December 2011
849:Final Exit Network
844:Exit International
609:Suicide and trauma
363:Gender differences
156:Assessment of risk
134:Workplace bullying
2252:
2251:
1966:Music subcultures
1863:Depression (mood)
1518:Social inequality
1392:Suicidal ideation
892:
891:
614:Suicide awareness
519:Depression (mood)
477:Related phenomena
2277:
2227:military veteran
2212:Assisted suicide
2200:Assisted suicide
1815:List of suicides
1610:Charcoal-burning
1586:Assisted suicide
1538:Suicide survivor
1528:Social rejection
1463:Economic anxiety
1352:
1345:
1338:
1329:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1288:. Archived from
1286:Counseling Today
1277:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1125:
1116:
1100:Prisoner suicide
884:
877:
870:
634:Suicide survivor
499:Anxiety disorder
422:List of suicides
398:among LGBT youth
383:Seasonal effects
296:Prisoner suicide
114:Social rejection
104:Social isolation
19:
18:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2232:Native American
1980:
1927:
1908:Suicide methods
1903:Suicide attempt
1831:
1796:
1782:Sex differences
1768:
1574:
1565:Toxic workplace
1513:School bullying
1503:Religious views
1421:
1361:
1356:
1326:
1325:
1315:
1313:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1278:
1274:
1264:
1262:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1230:
1228:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1181:
1177:
1146:
1142:
1132:
1130:
1123:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1091:
1056:
982:
970:
955:
939:
927:
888:
859:
858:
854:Hemlock Society
824:
823:
814:
813:
674:Rate by country
669:
668:
659:
658:
644:Suicide tourism
589:Substance abuse
554:Mental disorder
514:Coping planning
504:Autism spectrum
479:
478:
469:
468:
464:Suicide mission
449:
448:
437:
436:
417:
416:
405:
404:
388:Suicidal person
378:Rate by country
358:
357:
346:
345:
204:
203:
191:
190:
181:Suicide attempt
151:
150:
139:
138:
124:Toxic workplace
94:School bullying
84:Religious views
34:
33:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2283:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2195:United Kingdom
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1941:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1853:Caring letters
1850:
1848:Animal suicide
1845:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1812:
1806:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1778:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1739:Suicide attack
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1719:Self-sacrifice
1716:
1715:
1714:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1672:Murder–suicide
1669:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1429:
1427:
1426:Social aspects
1423:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1380:Crisis hotline
1377:
1371:
1369:
1367:Suicide crisis
1363:
1362:
1355:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1332:
1324:
1323:
1312:. 1 March 1999
1295:
1292:on 1 May 2020.
1272:
1238:
1224:New York Times
1210:
1175:
1156:(5): 382–388.
1140:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1090:
1087:
1055:
1052:
981:
978:
969:
966:
954:
951:
943:prison officer
938:
935:
926:
923:
890:
889:
887:
886:
879:
872:
864:
861:
860:
857:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
825:
821:
820:
819:
816:
815:
812:
811:
806:
804:United Kingdom
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
670:
666:
665:
664:
661:
660:
657:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
480:
476:
475:
474:
471:
470:
467:
466:
461:
456:
450:
444:
443:
442:
439:
438:
435:
434:
429:
424:
418:
412:
411:
410:
407:
406:
403:
402:
401:
400:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
359:
353:
352:
351:
348:
347:
344:
343:
338:
336:Suicide attack
333:
328:
323:
318:
316:Self-sacrifice
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
282:
281:
271:
269:Murder–suicide
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
211:
205:
198:
197:
196:
193:
192:
189:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
161:Crisis hotline
158:
152:
146:
145:
144:
141:
140:
137:
136:
131:
126:
121:
119:Social support
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
35:
32:Social aspects
31:
30:
29:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2282:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2207:United States
2205:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1932:By subculture
1930:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1883:Perfectionism
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1724:Banzai charge
1722:
1720:
1717:
1713:
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1579:Suicide types
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2148:Saudi Arabia
1913:Suicide note
1873:Echo chamber
1774:Epidemiology
1759:Suicide pill
1508:Right to die
1411:
1314:. Retrieved
1307:
1298:
1290:the original
1285:
1275:
1263:. Retrieved
1259:the original
1250:
1241:
1229:. Retrieved
1222:
1213:
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1133:22 September
1131:. Retrieved
1127:
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997:, including
983:
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928:
925:In hospitals
898:
894:
893:
764:Saudi Arabia
629:Suicide note
529:Echo chamber
355:Epidemiology
185:
171:Intervention
89:Right to die
2185:Switzerland
2158:South Korea
1992:Afghanistan
1893:Self-hatred
1702:Prayopavesa
1555:Terminology
1543:bereavement
1488:Legislation
1402:Suicidology
987:padded cell
794:Switzerland
774:South Korea
679:Afghanistan
649:Suicidology
584:Self-hatred
291:Prayopavesa
74:Legislation
2259:Categories
2163:LGBT youth
2118:Mozambique
2103:Kazakhstan
2002:Bangladesh
1985:By country
1944:LGBT youth
1878:Last words
1692:Sallekhana
1650:Immolation
1625:Familicide
1550:Literature
1468:Euthanasia
1443:Altruistic
1106:References
1067:prison in
1065:Framingham
1035:bed sheets
1023:suspenders
980:Conditions
689:Bangladesh
667:By country
489:Alcoholism
446:In warfare
306:Sallekhana
234:Familicide
199:Types and
176:Prevention
79:Philosophy
44:Altruistic
2175:Sri Lanka
2153:Singapore
2108:Lithuania
2059:Hong Kong
2042:Greenland
1997:Australia
1971:Prisoners
1898:Suffering
1888:Self-harm
1764:Vehicular
1660:locations
1448:Awareness
1316:11 August
1265:11 August
1231:11 August
1043:restraint
1031:necklaces
1015:shoelaces
784:Sri Lanka
769:Singapore
739:Lithuania
714:Greenland
684:Australia
594:Suffering
579:Self-harm
544:Locations
494:Anhedonia
2133:Pakistan
2017:Cameroon
1961:Military
1749:By pilot
1734:Senicide
1729:Kamikaze
1707:By train
1620:Epidemic
1453:Bullying
1438:Advocacy
1205:32532475
1170:27648502
1089:See also
1003:neckties
991:ligature
953:Periodic
911:hospital
839:Dignitas
749:Pakistan
694:Cameroon
539:Ideation
459:Kamikaze
321:Senicide
279:Internet
209:Assisted
64:Epidemic
49:Bullying
2244:Uruguay
2237:teenage
2222:farmers
2217:college
2190:Ukraine
2138:Romania
2128:Nigeria
2093:Ireland
2081:farmers
2064:student
2037:Denmark
2007:Belarus
1939:Doctors
1918:Tourism
1843:Anguish
1836:Related
1802:History
1682:Seppuku
1640:Hanging
1635:Gunshot
1615:Copycat
1473:Failure
1359:Suicide
1255:NYC.gov
1061:choking
1027:glasses
968:Intense
947:orderly
903:suicide
799:Ukraine
754:Romania
729:Ireland
484:Anguish
414:History
373:Methods
326:Seppuku
259:Jumping
244:Hanging
229:Copycat
201:methods
54:Copycat
23:Suicide
2180:Sweden
2143:Russia
2113:Mexico
2054:Guyana
2049:Greece
2032:France
2022:Canada
2012:Bhutan
1954:Mormon
1744:By cop
1630:Forced
1203:
1168:
907:prison
789:Sweden
759:Russia
709:France
699:Canada
509:Coping
254:Jauhar
239:Forced
148:Crisis
2170:Spain
2123:Nepal
2098:Japan
2076:youth
2071:India
2027:China
1976:Youth
1645:Honor
1498:Shame
1191:(1).
1124:(PDF)
1019:socks
1011:shoes
999:belts
995:noose
779:Spain
744:Nepal
734:Japan
719:India
704:China
534:Grief
286:Pilot
249:Honor
99:Shame
2088:Iran
1949:list
1754:Pact
1697:Sati
1667:Mass
1603:list
1591:list
1433:ACEs
1385:list
1318:2019
1267:2019
1233:2019
1201:PMID
1166:PMID
1135:2023
1007:bras
724:Iran
311:Sati
301:Rail
274:Pact
264:Mass
218:list
165:list
39:ACEs
1193:doi
1158:doi
1059:of
917:or
224:Cop
2261::
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.