307:
85 per cent could not read or write. Each voter had to be identified, named and registered. This registration of voters was merely the first step. For how did one design party symbols, ballot papers and ballot boxes for a mostly unlettered electorate? Then, polling stations had to be built and properly spaced out, and honest and efficient polling officers recruited. Voting has to be as transparent as possible, to allow for the fair play of the multiplicity of parties that would contest. Moreover, with the general election would take place elections to the State
Assemblies. Working with Sukumar Sen in this regard were the election commissioners of the different provinces, also I.C.S. men.
33:
342:
and used the existing election infrastructure to reduce costs and improve efficiency for the 1957 election. Guha writes: "this general election cost the exchequer Rs45 million less than the previous one. The prudent Sen had safely stored the 3.5 million ballot boxes the first time round and only half
333:
With their positions secure and their political master sufficiently enlightened to understand when to stop engaging in politics, a hierarchy of IAS officers employed at the central, provincial, and district levels in coordination with the police and village watchmen administered the largest exercises
306:
It was perhaps the mathematician in Sen, which made him ask the prime minister to wait. No officer of State, certainly no Indian official, has ever had such a stupendous task placed in front of him. Consider, first of all, the size of the electorate: 176 million
Indians aged 21 or more, of whom about
300:
Nehru's haste was understandable, but it was viewed with some alarm by the man who had to make the election possible, a man who is an unsung hero of Indian democracy. It is a pity we know so little about
Sukumar Sen. He left no memoirs and, it appears, no papers either.
248:, the senior-most rank that an ICS officer could attain in any state in British India. He was still serving in that capacity when he was sent on deputation as chief election commissioner in 1950. He was among the first recipients of the civilian honour of
334:
in the history of electoral democracy. The autonomy and integrity of the IAS was a crucial element in motivating opposition parties to participate in the elections and thus contributed to the credibility of the democratic exercise.
327:
This approach paid handsome dividends. Sukumar Sen and his colleagues in the IAS developed and adapted the election machinery inherited from the
British Empire in India in preparation for elections on the basis of universal adult
318:
with a few minor changes) gave Sen and his colleagues the freedom to adapt the machinery used by the
British in the first Indian elections for the purposes of a general election. Niaz comments:
1060:
873:
314:
The ability of India's first political leaders to refrain from interfering with the machinery, as well as their decision to retain the Indian Civil
Service (renamed the
1053:
371:
has been named after him as
Sukumar Sen Road. Further a street in Sudan has also been named after him to mark a respect and for the conduct of election there in 1953.
1659:
322:
Though not always successful, Nehru took it upon himself to shield the higher bureaucracy against any arbitrary interference and allowed it to operate autonomously.
263:
alive. It is said that Amiya Sen preserved Tagore's last poem, which he had written down at the poet's dictation, and later donated it to Indian Museum in
Kolkata.
1639:
1598:
1593:
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1046:
643:
866:
276:
573:
367:, facilitated the establishment of this university. As a mark of respect and to perpetuate his memory the road leading from G.T. Road to Golapbagh,
259:(1913–1996), Union Law Minister and a noted Indian barrister. Another brother was Amiya Kumar Sen, an eminent doctor, who was the last man to see
1654:
1624:
859:
311:
Tinker and Walker write that
Sukumar Sen was aided by two Regional Election Commissioners plus one Chief Election Officer for each state.
1634:
533:
408:
615:(10th anniversary edition, updated and expanded, first published in hardcover ed.). New Delhi: Picador India. p. 280.
549:(10th anniversary edition, updated and expanded, first published in hardcover ed.). New Delhi: Picador India. p. 131.
1629:
620:
554:
882:
714:
202:
167:
45:
422:
665:
272:
1514:
674:
Justin Willis. "'A Model of its Kind': Representation and
Performance in the Sudan Self-government Election of 1953",
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458:
1119:
1357:
244:, and served in various districts as an ICS officer and as a judge. In 1947, he was appointed Chief Secretary of
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360:
315:
1235:
388:
339:
293:
214:
210:
206:
142:
493:
1403:
1027:
233:
1423:
1174:
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271:
Sukumar Sen, in his role as the Chief Election Commissioner of India, was charged with overseeing the
1509:
592:
509:
1473:
1367:
1205:
1139:
1089:
791:
707:
495:
History of Services: Indian Administrative Service and Indian Police Service (as of 1 January 1957)
1644:
1433:
1230:
671:
4 March 2007, magazine section. Guha praises Sen as "a man of great intelligence and integrity."
472:
1372:
1352:
1200:
1149:
1094:
1002:
232:
family. He was the elder or eldest son of a civil servant Akshoy Kumar Sen. He was educated at
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1347:
1327:
1251:
1038:
962:
352:
176:
1619:
1337:
1225:
1195:
1124:
1114:
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931:
650:
241:
237:
146:
209:
successfully administered and oversaw independent India's first two general elections, in
8:
1539:
1529:
1448:
1408:
1190:
967:
839:
700:
260:
851:
1504:
1468:
1453:
1362:
1312:
1286:
1276:
1215:
1169:
1134:
1099:
997:
364:
462:
434:
1382:
1322:
1007:
786:
616:
550:
240:. He was awarded a gold medal in Mathematics at the latter. In 1921, Sen joined the
1463:
1438:
1413:
1342:
1220:
1012:
765:
639:
597:
569:
430:
283:
256:
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1210:
1154:
1129:
906:
901:
735:
689:, Vol. 25, No. 7 (Jul., 1956), pp. 97–110 (available via subscription only).
468:
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68:
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987:
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911:
807:
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205:, serving from 21 March 1950 to 19 December 1958. Under his leadership, the
1377:
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201:(2 January 1898 – 13 May 1963) was an Indian civil servant who was the 1st
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812:
781:
245:
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946:
682:
404:
137:
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252:. He married Gouri and had two sons and daughters each with her.
229:
613:
India after Gandhi: the history of the world's largest democracy
547:
India after Gandhi: the history of the world's largest democracy
1068:
32:
692:
218:
114:
683:"JSTOR: The First General Elections in India and Indonesia"
881:
217:. He also served as first Chief Election Commissioner in
649:
27 January 2002, magazine section. Later reprinted as
515:. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2015
678:, Volume 35, Issue 3 September 2007, pages 485 - 502
655:
s first free elections in 1952. (Reconsiderations)."
464:
The Indian And Pakistan Year Book And Who's Who 1950
601:. 3 November 2007. Retrieved on 4 September 2012.
582:. 27 January 2002. Retrieved on 4 September 2012.
275:, which was the first election in the history of
1660:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in civil service
1611:
676:The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
498:. Government of India Press. 1957. p. 166.
393:. Government of West Bengal. 1963. p. 1–2.
266:
1640:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers
1054:
867:
708:
502:
343:a million additional ones were required".
1061:
1047:
874:
860:
715:
701:
294:independent India's first general election
31:
58:21 March 1950 – 19 December 1958
534:Life of Rabindranath Tagore (1932–1941)
405:"Previous Chief Election Commissioners"
390:West Bengal Legislative Council Debates
1612:
593:How democracy became possible in India
486:
453:
451:
411:from the original on 21 November 2008.
1655:Chief Election Commissioners of India
1625:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni
1042:
883:Chief Election Commissioners of India
855:
696:
351:Sen was the first Vice-Chancellor of
610:
544:
457:
292:in 2002, on the 50th anniversary of
224:Sen was born on 2 January 1899 in a
203:Chief Election Commissioner of India
46:Chief Election Commissioner of India
448:
423:"The General Election in the Sudan"
381:
346:
13:
1635:Alumni of the University of London
1515:Tiruppattur R. Venkatachala Murthi
14:
1671:
681:Irene Tinker, Mil Walker. JSTOR.
435:10.1093/oxfordjournals.pa.a053175
355:, which started on 15 June 1960.
1120:Kariamanickam Srinivasa Krishnan
644:" The biggest gamble in history"
407:. Election Commission of India.
1358:Shrikrishna Narayan Ratanjankar
604:
585:
722:
574:The biggest gamble in history
563:
538:
527:
415:
397:
168:Election Commissioner of India
1:
1630:University of Calcutta alumni
1545:Bhargavaram Viththal Varerkar
374:
361:Chief Minister of West Bengal
316:Indian Administrative Service
255:Sen was the elder brother of
1236:Maneklal Sankalchand Thacker
1072:award recipients (1954–1959)
469:Bennett Coleman and Co. Ltd.
340:1957 Indian General Election
273:1952 Indian General Election
143:Presidency College, Calcutta
7:
267:Chief Election Commissioner
234:Presidency College, Kolkata
10:
1676:
1424:Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar
1175:Kodandera Subayya Thimayya
1145:A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar
657:(partly available online)
633:
611:Guha, Ramachandra (2022).
545:Guha, Ramachandra (2022).
1558:
1510:Pammal Sambandha Mudaliar
1482:
1391:
1305:
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1183:
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955:
889:
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728:
664:Ramachandra Guha (2007).
192:
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136:
128:
120:
110:
98:
83:
78:
74:
62:
51:
43:
39:
30:
23:
1650:Politicians from Kolkata
1474:Darashaw Nosherwan Wadia
1368:Govind Sakharam Sardesai
1206:Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay
1140:Vallathol Narayana Menon
1090:Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar
792:Emma Georgina Rothschild
286:wrote of Sukumar Sen in
1560:# Posthumous conferral
1231:Madapati Hanumantha Rao
840:Das family of Telirbagh
653:s biggest gamble: India
1373:K. A. Nilakanta Sastri
1353:Andal Venkatasubba Rao
1201:Suniti Kumar Chatterji
1150:Palden Thondup Namgyal
1095:Mahadeva Iyer Ganapati
336:
330:
324:
309:
303:
1535:Nirmal Kumar Sidhanta
1495:Ramdhari Singh Dinkar
1348:Radha Kumud Mukherjee
1328:Hazari Prasad Dwivedi
1252:Rukmini Devi Arundale
427:Parliamentary Affairs
338:Sen also oversaw the
331:
325:
320:
304:
298:
177:University of Burdwan
1459:Rao Raja Hanut Singh
1338:Mushtaq Hussain Khan
1226:Prana Krushna Parija
1196:Lalit Mohan Banerjee
1125:Hussain Ahmed Madani
1115:Ajudhiya Nath Khosla
1105:Maithili Sharan Gupt
932:R. V. S. Peri Sastri
659:World Policy Journal
242:Indian Civil Service
238:University of London
147:University of London
16:Indian civil servant
1540:Mysore Vasudevachar
1530:Dhanvanthi Rama Rau
1449:Poola Tirupati Raju
1409:D. P. Roy Choudhury
1191:Fateh Chand Badhwar
968:T. S. Krishnamurthy
261:Rabindranath Tagore
207:Election Commission
1505:Hansa Jivraj Mehta
1469:Surya Narayan Vyas
1454:Kamalendumati Shah
1363:Shyam Nandan Sahay
1313:Bhikhan Lal Atreya
1277:Muthulakshmi Reddi
1216:Sunder Das Khungar
1170:M. S. Subbulakshmi
1135:Vaikunthbhai Mehta
1100:Jnan Chandra Ghosh
687:Far Eastern Survey
365:Bidhan Chandra Roy
353:Burdwan University
1607:
1606:
1383:Siddheshwar Varma
1323:Alagappa Chettiar
1036:
1035:
849:
848:
787:Nabaneeta Dev Sen
622:978-93-82616-97-9
556:978-93-82616-97-9
357:Uday Chand Mahtab
277:independent India
196:
195:
1667:
1464:Rustom Jal Vakil
1439:A. C. N. Nambiar
1414:Jeahangir Ghandy
1343:Lakshmi N. Menon
1221:Rameshwari Nehru
1063:
1056:
1049:
1040:
1039:
876:
869:
862:
853:
852:
831:Related families
766:Ashoke Kumar Sen
740:Akshoy Kumar Sen
717:
710:
703:
694:
693:
640:Ramachandra Guha
627:
626:
608:
602:
589:
583:
570:Ramachandra Guha
567:
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531:
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347:Other activities
284:Ramachandra Guha
257:Ashoke Kumar Sen
105:
93:
91:
79:Personal details
65:
56:
35:
21:
20:
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1257:Rajshekhar Basu
1240:
1211:V. R. Khanolkar
1179:
1155:V. Narahari Rao
1130:Josh Malihabadi
1073:
1067:
1037:
1032:
951:
907:S. P. Sen Verma
902:Kalyan Sundaram
885:
880:
850:
845:
825:
822:Pratik Kanjilal
796:
770:
762:Amiya Kumar Sen
743:
736:Kshitimohan Sen
724:
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173:Vice-Chancellor
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69:Kalyan Sundaram
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26:
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11:
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1645:Bengali Hindus
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1550:Ghulam Yazdani
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661:22 March 2002.
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510:"Padma Awards"
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94:2 January 1898
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1290:
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1070:Padma Bhushan
1064:
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1026:
1024:
1021:
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993:V. S. Sampath
991:
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1404:Vijaya Anand
1378:Basiswar Sen
1333:Abid Hussain
1272:C. K. Nayudu
1164:
1110:Amarnath Jha
998:H. S. Brahma
983:Navin Chawla
973:B. B. Tandon
942:T. N. Seshan
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104:(1963-05-13)
64:Succeeded by
53:
18:
1620:1898 births
1262:Dhyan Chand
1165:Sukumar Sen
1028:Rajiv Kumar
1018:Sunil Arora
1013:O. P. Rawat
1008:A. K. Jyoti
1003:Nasim Zaidi
897:Sukumar Sen
813:Nandana Sen
782:Amartya Sen
758:Sukumar Sen
246:West Bengal
236:and at the
199:Sukumar Sen
111:Nationality
102:13 May 1963
25:Sukumar Sen
1614:Categories
1282:Kanwar Sen
1160:Jamini Roy
947:M. S. Gill
723:Sen family
651:"Democracy
375:References
328:franchise.
282:Historian
153:Occupation
138:Alma mater
90:1898-01-02
1599:2020–2029
1594:2010–2019
1589:2000–2009
1584:1990–1999
1579:1980–1989
1574:1970–1979
1569:1960–1969
1564:1954–1959
1399:Salim Ali
1287:Vir Singh
956:2001–2050
890:1950–2000
754:Amita Sen
669:The Hindu
647:The Hindu
642:(2002). *
579:The Hindu
289:The Hindu
221:in 1953.
163:Known for
124:Gouri Sen
54:In office
478:16 March
471:p.
461:(1950).
429:. 1953.
409:Archived
129:Children
1444:Kuvempu
634:Sources
519:21 July
440:14 July
369:Burdwan
230:Brahmin
228:Baidya-
226:Bengali
213:and in
211:1951–52
619:
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363:, Dr.
183:Awards
171:First
166:First
121:Spouse
115:Indian
513:(PDF)
219:Sudan
1483:1959
1392:1958
1306:1957
1245:1956
1184:1955
1078:1954
666:1957
617:ISBN
598:Dawn
551:ISBN
521:2015
480:2018
442:2023
215:1957
99:Died
84:Born
44:1st
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431:doi
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88:(
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