210:. It was there he adopted the name Sulaiman which was the name his mother, who died of cholera when he was young, wanted to give him. He also adopted the last name Layeq which was the name of one of his ancestors. In 1951, Layeq led a protest at the madrasas against physical harassment of students. He would be kicked out, but due to his father's connections he was able to return to the madrasas and graduate. A year later he enrolled at a Sharia course in Kabul University on the wishes of his father but was expelled the same year after being part of an anti government protest. In 1955 he was readmitted but did literature and philosophy course instead. He would graduate in 1957 and start work as a journalist initially writing for the state-owned newspaper Hewad daily in 1958. He became the head of the department of education and literature for
33:
321:, or even Parcham themselves (although this is unlikely). Layeq would later claim that Khyber was against using violence as a means to take power and that there was a circle within the PDPA that was aiming for a military takeover. However some say Khyber was in charge of the Parcham factions recruitment from the military. Following Khyber's assassination, tens of thousands of people poured the streets for the funeral which turned into a protest march against the President
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as the leader of the Soviet Union. In
October of that year Layeq was awoken early in the morning by a Soviet advisor who told him to come to the airport, there flew to Moscow and met the new Soviet leader. Gorbachev talked about the not official decision to withdraw and urged them to form a coalition
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helped Taraki with a attempt to assassinate Amin. Amin was shot in the arm however he managed to drive to the
Military headquarters and put the army on high alert ordering the arrest of Taraki. Taraki would later be executed through suffocation. The death of Taraki shocked Soviet leader
414:
Layeq's good connections with various
Pashtun tribes in both Afghanistan and Pakistan as well as his relations with Pashtun Nationalist parties in Pakistan allowed Layeq to talk to tribal elders and convince smaller Mujahedeen leaders to laydown arms. In 1989 he led negotiations with
345:, the Saudis, and China. Most Parchamites were ether jailed or exiled as the Khalqists consolidated power. In 1978, Layeq initially only lost his post and seat in the politburo but in March 1979 Layeq was arrested and sentenced to death. He was sent to the infamous
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Layeq died in
Germany on July 31, 2020. The government gave him military honors and flew him back to Afghanistan. According to the New York Times quoting Layeq’s second son Zmarak, Layeq left behind around 70 volumes of unpublished political diaries.
333:. Following the revolution Layeq and the rest of the jailed PDPA members were released driving to Radio Afghanistan to announce the victory. Layeq would become the Minister for Radio and TV in the first PDPA government cabinet. Layeq would write the
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Layeq also hung around other political circles including the emerging
Islamist movements which initially included many socialist thinkers. Layeq's Sharia studies and family ties led him to be accepted by these groups. Layeq's sister would marry
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The unity between the
Khalqists and Parchamites did not last however as the Khalqist government led by Nur Muhammad Taraki and his deputy Hafizullah Amin accused the Parchamites of being part of a larger conspiracy involving the United States,
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as members of the military were banned from being politically active. At this point political discussions started emerging and with the 1963 constitution legalizing political parties many of these discussions merged into the
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from 1959 to 1965 and then worked for the
Ministry of Information and Culture from 1965 to 1967. When working as a journalist he became more politically active beyond just holding student protests. Around 1956 Layeq met with
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adopted a new flag and constitution, Layeq would become the chair of the country’s
Academy of Sciences. He also returned to the PDPA's central committee as an alternate member and became the deputy chairman of the
411:'s reconciliation policy made Layeq an important member of the PDPA and when the party was renamed the Homeland Party and dropped most of its leftist ideology Layeq became one of its 3 deputy leaders.
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of the PDPA. Layeq initially was not a member of the central committee, but he would become an alternate central committee member in 1966. In 1965 Layeq would unsuccessfully run for
Parliament for
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calling Layeq a apostate for his work for the
Parcham newspaper. Layeq's father also was sent a leaflet which did not amuse him. The leaflets were distributed by an Islamist group associated with
850:
275:. Layeq would continue to expand his political circles throughout his life even attending a Hezb-e Islami congress (breakaway faction from Hekmatyar's Hezb-e Islami) in 2001.
251:(People) factions. Layeq followed Khyber and joined the Parcham faction. In 1969 Layeq would again attempt to run for parliament however leaflets were distributed in
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329:, the leader of the Khalq factions underground military network ordered pro-PDPA officers to overthrow the government before being arrested leading to the
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who held the positions of President of the Academy of Sciences, full member of the Afghan Politburo, and Minister of Nationalities and Tribal Affairs.
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reconciliation policy. The goal was to win over the more moderate elements of the Mujahedeen for a power sharing deal. Layeq rose to the top of the
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at Bacha-ye Shahqul’s (son of Shahqul’s) Café. Khyber had studied at Kabul’s Military Academy but was jailed for his activities related to the
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271:(the future President of Afghanistan) who would later become a Mujahedeen leader. Another one of Layeq's sisters was married to his friend
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paramilitary group which would fight the Afghan Government forces, the Soviets in the 80s and later the Americans in the 2000s and 2010s.
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in December 1979 and many of the jailed Parchamites including Layeq were freed from prison. In April 1980 the Parchamite government under
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of the Naqshbandi Sufi order led by the influential Mojaddedi family of scholars. In 1935 his father would serve as the personal imam to
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184:. His father Abdul Ghani named him Ghulam Mujaddid. Abdul Ghani was a religious tribal figure who had fought the British during the
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government with the Mujahedeen. Karmal was pressured to step down. Layeq was considered to become the next leader however instead
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325:. Daoud Khan arrested many leading members of the PDPA, Layeq would turn himself into the authorities. During the arrests
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in Kabul. The relationship between Hafizullah Amin and Taraki started to worsen as Amin moved to consolidate power. The
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383:. His most important role however was his position as Minister for Tribal and Border Affairs from 1981 until 1989.
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243:. In 1967 due to a rift in the party caused by political and personal differences, the PDPA split into the
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298:. In 1978 Layeq's mentor and friend Khyber was assassinated, blame has been put on many people including
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439:. Both attempts for a truce failed as did another mission he led in the United States in early 1992.
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would ascent to the top. Layeq's ministry would be of great importance to the new Afghan President
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after Soviet persuasion and mediation from the Indian Communist Party and the Iranian
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after refusing multiple requests from Taraki. Hafizullah Amin was killed during
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735:"The Intervention in Afghanistan and the Fall of Detente, A Chronology"
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Famed Afghan poet Sulaiman Layeq has died of illness at the age of 90
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595:"Rebel Poet's Death Leaves 40 Years of Epic Afghan Work Unfinished"
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672:"AAN Obituary: PDPA leader and poet Sulaiman Layeq (1930-2020)"
634:"AAN Obituary: PDPA leader and poet Sulaiman Layeq (1930-2020)"
513:"AAN Obituary: PDPA leader and poet Sulaiman Layeq (1930-2020)"
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house during the "founding congress" where they elected the
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National anthem of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
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National anthem of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
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in 1940. In 1947 Layeq attended a state-run madrasas in
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Frank Clements and Ludwig W. Adamec (2 December 2003).
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People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan politicians
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16:Afghan politician, ideologue, and poet (1930–2020)
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202:Layeq's father would enroll him in the prestige
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149:) (12 October 1930 - 31 July 2020) was an
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366:and led to him finally sending troops to
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226:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
153:communist politician (belonging to the
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778:Minister for radio and television
733:Byrne, Malcolm; Zubok, Vladislav.
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231:In 1965, 27 participants met at
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386:In 1985 the Soviets appointed
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173:Sulaiman Layeq was born to a
593:Mashal, Mujib (2020-08-13).
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831:Afghan critics of religions
800:Minister of Foreign Affairs
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357:was a part of the American
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841:Afghan democracy activists
720:Ghulam Dastagir Panjsheri.
407:as a full member in 1986.
871:21st-century Afghan poets
846:20th-century Afghan poets
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381:National Fatherland Front
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129:(born Ghulam Mujaddid) (
696:Anthony Arnold (1983).
678:(in Pashto). 2020-08-19
640:(in Pashto). 2020-08-19
540:Conflict in Afghanistan
199:for the next 17 years.
427:that were arranged by
269:Sibghatullah Mojaddedi
186:third Anglo-Afghan war
61:31 July 2020 (aged 90)
51:Kingdom of Afghanistan
866:Pashto-language poets
758:http://www.spinta.de/
401:Mohammad Najibullah's
233:Nur Muhammad Taraki's
804:1981 – ?
347:Pul-e-Charkhi prison
296:Awami National Party
397:Mohammad Najibullah
300:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar
257:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar
204:Habibia High School
188:. His father was a
120:2 daughters, 2 sons
75:Politician and Poet
781:1978 – 1979
766:Political offices
742:nsarchive2.gwu.edu
599:The New York Times
459:De Abaseen Spaiday
836:Afghan socialists
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807:Succeeded by
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388:Mikhail Gorbachev
278:In July 1977 the
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856:2020 deaths
826:1930 births
570:Tolo News.
519:31 December
368:Afghanistan
292:Tudeh Party
135:سليمان لايق
103:Watan Party
25:سليمان لايق
820:Categories
723:, page 180
711:2009-03-21
682:2023-07-23
644:2023-07-22
612:2021-01-07
579:2020-07-31
556:2009-03-24
500:References
323:Daoud Khan
304:Daoud Khan
180:family in
157:faction),
607:0362-4331
405:Politburo
372:Storm-333
169:Biography
159:ideologue
139:Romanised
478:See also
453:Chunghar
117:Children
83:Academia
809:Unknown
794:Unknown
786:Unknown
773:Unknown
489:Parcham
465:Kaygday
437:Gaddafi
425:Tripoli
421:Baghdad
351:Soviets
315:Soviets
284:Parcham
253:Baghlan
245:Parcham
208:Paghman
190:khalifa
182:Sharana
178:Pashtun
155:Parcham
65:Germany
605:
547:
313:, The
308:Iran's
151:Afghan
131:Pashto
112:Mahera
109:Spouse
738:(PDF)
494:Khalq
467:کېږدۍ
455:چونغر
447:Books
431:head
395:head
311:Savak
280:Khalq
249:Khalq
603:ISSN
545:ISBN
521:2020
423:and
393:KhAD
343:Iran
288:PDPA
282:and
228:.
163:poet
161:and
147:Laiq
143:Laeq
92:PDPA
58:Died
40:Born
706:182
429:PLO
419:in
359:CIA
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