Sullivan Expedition

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plaque mounted on each of the monoliths bears an inscription that perpetuates the false narrative that Sullivan "did conquer the Indians and forever stopped their depredations." The inscription states that Sullivan and Clinton led "an expedition against the hostile Indian nations which checked the aggression of the English and Indians on the frontiers of New York and Pennsylvania, extending westward the dominion of the United States." Similar markers were erected in Pennsylvania marking Sullivan's route from Easton to Tioga. A number of other monuments were erected by various local organizations while a plethora of cast-iron roadside markers were placed by the New York State Education Department.

119: 1416:(a large insect species which emerge from underground only once every seventeen years to breed) in the region of the conflicts. The sudden arrival of such a large quantity of the insects provided a source of sustenance for the Onondaga people who were experiencing severe food insecurity following the Sullivan campaigns and the subsequent brutal winter. The seemingly miraculous arrival of the cicadas (specifically, Brood VII also known as the Onondaga brood) is commemorated by the Onondaga as though it were an intervention by the Creator to ensure their survival after such a traumatizing, catastrophic event. 105: 1550: 1055: 1287:

interrogating the fort's commander, McDonell wrote to Butler that he had no doubt of the American intention to attack the "Indian Country" from Wyoming. He wrote that Sullivan and Maxwell had joined Hand at Wyoming with artillery, boats and pack horses. Butler passed this information to Quebec adding that Clinton was at Lake Otsego and would rendezvous with Sullivan at Tioga. In response, Haldimand wrote directly to Butler in August reaffirming his belief that Fort Detroit was the target and that the American forces on the Susquehanna were a feint.

1353:. The expedition departed Lachine on September 13 and reached Carleton Island on September 26. At Carleton Island, Johnson learned that Sullivan was withdrawing back to Tioga. He briefly considered an attack against Fort Sullivan, but abandoned the idea in favour of an attack against the Oneida. This plan was also abandoned when it was learned that the Oneida had been forewarned. Finally, Johnson received orders to have the KRRNY, Leake's and the 34th garrison Carleton Island while the Jägers were to be sent to Niagara and the 47th to Detroit. 39: 1261:. At Kanadaseaga, Butler received reports from Indigenous scouts and American deserters of the gathering of troops and the stockpiling of supplies at Canajoharie and Wyoming. He passed on this information to the British commander of Fort Niagara, Lieutenant Colonel Mason Bolton, who forwarded it to Haldimand. Butler later reported that there was no doubt that the "rebels" were coming up the Susquehanna with the ultimate goal of attacking Fort Niagara. Haldimand, however, was skeptical about the accuracy of such reports: 888: 1585: 1369:. This number decreased to 3,678 by October 2, and by November 21, roughly 2,600 refugees still remained at Fort Niagara. Two Seneca villages west of the Genesee River had escaped destruction and absorbed some of the refugees. A small number relocated to Carleton Island at the eastern end of Lake Ontario. Some refugees returned to their razed villages, and some moved into hunting camps. After wintering at Fort Niagara, most of the remaining Seneca and Cayuga resettled at 794: 5338: 866:

depart. Sullivan decided an immediate attack was warranted. Leaving behind a garrison of 250 at Tioga, Sullivan's forces marched overnight and arrived at Chemung at dawn on August 13. They discovered that the village had been hastily abandoned. While Poor's soldiers torched the village and destroyed the crops in the surrounding fields, Hand's brigade searched for traces of the escaped villagers. About a mile west of the village, a detachment of the

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fled. Thaosagwat warned Boyd not to give chase but the warning was ignored, and the patrol stumbled into the ambush. Surrounded and outnumbered, fourteen of Boyd's men were killed while Boyd, Parker and Thaosagwat were captured. Thaosagwat was immediately executed by Little Beard while Boyd and Parker were later tortured to death. The mutilated bodies of Boyd and Park were discovered when Sullivan's forces entered Chenussio on September 14.

607: 1007:. From there Sullivan dispatched Lieutenant Thomas Boyd of Morgan's Rifle Corps to reconnoiter Chenussio. Boyd took with him 26 riflemen including Sergeant Michael Parker, and Thaosagwat, an Oneida guide also known as Han Yost. The following morning Boyd's patrol reached an abandoned village which he believed was Chenussio. Meanwhile, about 400 Butler's Rangers led by John Butler and Seneca warriors led by Cornplanter and 471:, the expedition severely damaged the Iroquois nations' economies by destroying their crops, villages, and chattels. The death toll from exposure and starvation dwarfed the casualties received in the Battle of Newtown, in which an army of 3,200 Continental soldiers decisively defeated about 600 Iroquois and Loyalists. The deaths in this battle were 11 Continental soldiers, 12 Iroquois, and 5 British soldiers. 934: 1455:, "the campaign of 1780 was an eloquent testimony to the ineffectiveness of Sullivan's expedition in quelling the Indian threat to the frontier." Military historian Joseph Fischer describes the Sullivan Expedition expedition as a "well-executed failure." In his conclusion to his journal of the campaign, Major Jeremiah Fogg noted: "The nests are destroyed, but the birds are still on the wing." 1466:, the Iroquois delegates relinquished their claims to the Ohio Country, and ceded a strip of land along the east side of the Niagara River as well as all of their territory west of mouth of Buffalo Creek. The Six Nations in council at Buffalo Creek, however, refused to ratify the treaty, denying that their delegates had the authority to surrender such large tracts of land. 942:

detachment of the 8th Regiment of Foot, and about 350 Seneca, Cayuga and Delaware warriors. Sullivan had Hand's brigade form a line of battle facing the breastwork while Proctor's artillery was positioned on a nearby rise. Poor's New Hampshire Brigade and Clinton's New York Brigade were ordered to circle around to the right and climb the steep hill to the enemy's rear.

1310:, as well as a number of Delaware. Butler and Brant believed that harassment raids would be more effective than making a stand, however, they were overruled by Sayenqueraghta, Cornplanter and the Delaware. Following the Battle of Newtown, Butler retreated to Kanadaseaga and then to Chenussio. After the Boyd and Parker Ambush, he withdrew further west to Buffalo Creek. 946:

retreat along the river. The guns, however, opened fire well before Poor and Clinton reached their objective. Their route had taken them through a "morass" that slowed their progress. The British commander, Major John Butler, became aware that his position was in danger of being flanked and began a withdrawal. An attack by a group of Indigenous warriors against the

911:, the source of the Susquehanna River. For six days in June, wagons trundled back and forth carrying supplies and 208 flatboats to the head of the lake. The supplies were then loaded onto the boats and ferried across. Clinton established his headquarters at the south end of the lake in early July and waited for Sullivan's order to march. 1529:). In 1790, Cornplanter told Washington, "When your army entered the Country of the Six Nations, we called you the Town-destroyer and to this day, when that name is heard, our women look behind them and turn pale, and our children cling close to the neck of their mothers." The name had been given to Washington decades earlier during the 4673: 1580:

To celebrate the 150th anniversary of the Sullivan expedition in 1929, New York's state historian, Alexander Flick, successfully lobbied for the erection of thirty-five "Route of the Armies" monuments that marked the movements of Sullivan's and Clinton's forces in New York and Pennsylvania. The brass

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I cannot help mentioning that last winter was the severest that was ever felt here. Our river was frozen over for seven weeks, so that horse and sley could pass, which was never known to be froze over before, owing to the great rapidity of the water from the falls. The snow in the woods eight feet on

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As Boyd's patrol kept watch for signs of enemy activity, four Seneca on horseback entered the village. One was killed but three escaped. Afraid that the gunfire would draw more of the enemy to the village, Boyd ordered a return to Sullivan's position. On the trail they spotted several more Seneca who

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Clinton reached Unadilla on August 12, and Oquaga two days later. Both villages had been destroyed by William Butler a year earlier. After a two-day rest, Clinton's brigade continued downriver, burning abandoned hamlets and scattered farms. On August 19, they reached the mouth of Choconut Creek where

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valley. Ten houses, eleven barns, a church, and a gristmill were destroyed in the raid. Most of the settlers escaped to main fort but four men were killed and three were taken prisoner. Two days later, a force of 120 militiamen led by Colonel John Hathorn tried to intercept Brant's force at Minisink

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I would recommend, that some post in the center of the Indian Country, should be occupied with all expedition, with a sufficient quantity of provisions whence parties should be detached to lay waste all the settlements around, with instructions to do it in the most effectual manner, that the country

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The Expedition you are appointed to command is to be directed against the hostile tribes of the Six Nations of Indians, with their associates and adherents. The immediate objects are the total destruction and devastation of their settlements, and the capture of as many prisoners of every age and sex

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in New York. While the rangers and regulars blockaded Fort Alden, the Seneca rampaged through the village, killing and scalping 16 soldiers and 32 civilians, mostly women and children, and taking 80 captives. In less than a year, Butler's Rangers and their Iroquois allies had reduced much of upstate

1401:, a neutral Mohawk leader, told his listeners that the Continental Congress was ready to offer peace if the refugees were to return to their own country and embrace neutrality. The Seneca war chief Sayenqueraghta was indignant. Mohawk war leader Aaron Hill accused the four of being deceitful spies. 1361:

Sullivan received the thanks of Congress on October 14, 1779. On November 6, 1779 he informed George Washington that he intended to resign from the Continental Army, writing "My Health is too much impair’d." Sullivan elaborated further in a letter to Congress dated November 9, 1779: "My Heal⟨th⟩ is

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on September 25, and four days later surprised and captured the occupants of Tiononderoga's four houses. Gansevoort wrote, "It is remarked that the Indians live much better than most of the Mohawk River farmers, their houses very well furnished with all necessary household utensils, great plenty of

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Several days into the march, Brodhead's vanguard of 15 Continentals and eight Delaware encountered seven canoes with between 30 and 40 Seneca warriors heading down the Allegheny. The Seneca are reported to have beached their canoes and prepared to fight. In the ensuing skirmish five of the warriors

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Clinton received the order to start for Tioga on August 9. Due to low water levels on the Susquehanna, Clinton had ordered the construction of a dam that had raised the water level on Otsego Lake by 2 feet (0.61 m). The boats, laden with supplies, were hauled to the shallows below the dam. The

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The winter of 1780 was especially hard with frequent storms and bitter cold. New York Harbour froze completely, and British soldiers were able to march across the ice from Manhattan to Staten Island. At Fort Niagara, the Iroquois refugees who had taken shelter there suffered greatly. The snow fell

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It is impossible the rebels can be in such force as has been represented by the deserters to Major Butler upon the Susquehanna. He would do well to send out intelligent white men to be satisfied of the truth of those reports. If anything is really intended against the Upper Country, I am convinced

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After destroying Chenussio's 128 houses with its gardens and cornfields, Sullivan retraced his steps, aware that provisions were growing short, and mistakenly believing there were no other Seneca villages west of the Genesee River. At the north end of Seneca Lake he met with a delegation of Oneida

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In his report to George Washington, Sullivan reported three dead and 39 wounded. Five of the wounded later succumbed to their injuries bringing the total to eight dead. Butler reported five of his Rangers killed or taken and three wounded as well as five killed and nine wounded among the Iroquois.

498:. The devastation created great hardships for the thousands of refugees who sheltered under British military protection outside Fort Niagara that winter, and many starved or froze to death, despite efforts by the British authorities to supply food and provide shelter using their limited resources. 1422:

The Sullivan expedition did not end Iroquois participation in the Revolutionary War. Although the destruction of their villages and crops forced the Iroquois to take refuge at Fort Niagara and put considerable strain on British resources, it also triggered devastating revenge attacks. John Butler

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Sullivan, with the main body of his forces, returned to the Chemung River on September 24 and waited for Dearborn and Butler to arrive. Dearborn's detachment reached Sullivan's camp two days later while Butler's did not arrive until September 28. Sullivan's army returned to Tioga on September 30.

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ordering him to prevent his soldiers from assaulting any Onondaga women (noting that "Bad as the savages are, they never violate the chastity of any women"), the Americans committed numerous atrocities during the expedition. American soldiers "killed babies and raped women", and an Onondaga chief

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In October 1784, Sir Frederick Haldimand, the governor of the province of Quebec, signed a decree that granted 950,000 acres (380,000 ha) to the Iroquois in compensation for their alliance with British forces during the war. This tract of land, known as the Haldimand Tract, extended for six

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Celebrations of the bicentennial of the Sullivan expedition in 1979 were far more subdued. The overall lack of interest may have been the result of a growing unwillingness to celebrate military victories against Indigenous peoples. The most significant event was the reenactment of the Battle of

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then proceeded eight miles further up the Allegheny to Conawago which appeared to have been abandoned several months previously. The expedition then continued twenty miles upstream to Yoghroonwago, a cluster of eight hamlets. The Seneca who lived at Yoghroonwago had fled their homes as Brodhead

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Poor and Clinton were given an hour to move into position. When the artillery opened fire the plan was for Hand to feint a frontal attack on the breastwork while Poor and Clinton attacked from behind. Maxwell's brigade was kept in reserve except for the 1st New Jersey which moved to cut off any

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Ford. Before an ambush could be set, an accidental rifle discharge alerted Brant to the trap. Brant was able to gain the high ground behind Hathorn and in the ensuing battle 46 militiamen were killed. Brant reported three of his men killed and of the ten wounded, four were unlikely to survive.

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village 12 miles (19 km) upstream, where he believed Indigenous and Loyalist forces were gathering. When the scouts returned they reported the presence of a large number of "both white people and Indians" in "great confusion" but were unable to tell if the enemy were preparing to fight or

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But you will not by any means listen to overture of peace before the total ruin of their settlements is effected. It is likely enough their fears if they are unable to oppose us, will compel them to offers of peace, or policy may lead them, to endeavour to amuse us in this way to gain time and

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The expedition departed Fort Sullivan on August 26, and cautiously headed up the Chemung River valley. In the early morning of August 29, Sullivan's advance guard discovered a camouflaged, half-mile long breastwork of logs. The breastwork was manned by Butler's Rangers, Brant's Volunteers, a

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attacked Fort Freeland on the West Branch of the Susquehanna with his company of Butler's Rangers, a detachment of the 8th Regiment of Foot, and 120 Seneca led by Cornplanter. The fort's small garrison quickly surrendered, and a relief force that arrived shortly afterwards was routed. After

1577:. He told his audience, "Wherever men raise up their hands to oppose this great advancing tide of civilization, they must be swept aside, peaceably if possible, forcibly if we must. The monument collapsed during a storm in 1911 and was replaced with the current monument the following year. 1266:

that Detroit is the object and that they show themselves and spread reports of an expedition in your neighbourhood merely to divert the Rangers and Indians from their main purpose. Major Butler should be aware of this but at the same time be cautious of leaving the Indian Country exposed.

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Supply shortages delayed Sullivan's departure from Wyoming until July 31 when the expedition set out for Tioga at the confluence of the Chemung and Susquehanna rivers. The expedition proceeded cautiously, slowed by the mountainous terrain and the need to keep abreast of the 134

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A major highlight of New York's sesquicentennial celebrations were the three large pageants held at Elmira, Genesee and Canajoharie. Frick sought Iroquois involvement in the pageants and in the dozens of decidation ceremonies held across the state but was largely rebuked.

1151:, Brodhead sent a detachment upstream to destroy the settlement of Mahusqueehikoken. Like Yoghroonwago, Mahusqueehikoken had been hastily abandoned before Broadhead's forces arrived. The expedition returned to Fort Pitt on September 14 after covering 450 miles in 35 days. 1132:

were killed and the rest were driven off. Two Continentals and one of the Delaware suffered slight wounds. According to Seneca oral tradition, however, the "warriors" were a hunting party that had already beached their canoes when they were surprised by the Americans.

431:, with thirty-five monoliths marking the path of Sullivan's troops and the locations of the Iroquois villages they razed dotting the region, having been erected by the New York State Education Department in 1929 to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the expedition. 747:

When the British began to concentrate their military efforts on the southern colonies in 1779, Washington used the opportunity to launch a major offensive against the British-allied Iroquois. His initial impulse was to assign the expedition to Major General

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Fort Sullivan was demolished on October 3, and the following day Sullivan's army boarded the flatboats for a three-day journey down the Susquehanna to Wyoming. Two days after arriving at Wyoming, Sullivan received orders to bring his army to West Point.

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purchased from the Seneca their territory between the Genessee River and Seneca Lake. The following year the Cayuga ceded to New York most of their traditional territory except for roughly 64,000 acres at the north end of Cayuga Lake. The November 1794

1246:, the commander-in-chief of British forces in America, was convinced that the Americans were planning to capture Fort Detroit and that a feint up Susquehanna River valley would be used to draw the attention of Butler's Rangers and the allied Iroquois. 1069:, Sullivan ordered most of them euthanized. A few years later, the skulls of these horses were lined along the trail as a warning to potential settlers. The area became known as "The Valley of Horses Heads" and is now known as the town and village of 1101:, but in April 1779, he had ordered the expedition cancelled due to supply issues. Brodhead, however, indicated that he had sufficient men and provisions to mount an attack, and on July 21, Washington gave permission for the expedition to proceed. 1443:

and Mohawk valleys in which 200 dwellings were burned and 150,000 tons of grain destroyed. 265 Iroquois warriors including Brant, Cornplanter and Sayenqueraghta participated in this expedition during which 40 patriot militia were killed at the

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recounted to the British in 1782 how the Americans "put to death all the Women and Children, excepting some of the Young Women, whom they carried away for the use of their Soldiers & were afterwards put to death in a more shameful manner".

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The Sullivan expedition and the clearing-out of the Iroquois in central and western New York State—more like the Anglo-Saxons dispatching the Celts—something which more poetic souls still may lament, but which is not commonly called

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succour for more effectual opposition. Our future security will be in their inability to injure us the distance to which they are driven and in the terror with which the severity of the chastisement they receive will inspire....

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Newtown staged at Newtown Battlefield State Park. For the 225th anniversary, a much larger reenactment was staged. In recent years, reenactments have included the participation of both Indigenous and Canadian reenactors.

984:, setting every structure on fire, destroying food stores and the crops in the fields, cutting down orchards, and fulfilling Washington's directive to cause "the total destruction and devastation of their settlements." 1790: 878:

was fired upon while destroying crops on the opposite side of the river, killing one and wounding four. Sullivan's forces withdrew from Chemung that afternoon and returned to the encampment at Tioga after nightfall.

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Canadian historian Gavin Watt described the British reaction to the invasion of the Iroquois homeland as "incredibly weak and ill-timed." Following France's declaration of war against Britain in June 1778, Governor

739:. About 50 houses and a large quantity of corn and beans were burned. Van Schaick reported that they took "thirty three Indians and one white man prisoner, and killed twelve Indians." Despite Van Schaick's superior 1362:

so much impair’d by a violent bilious disorder, which seize⟨d⟩ me in the commencement, and continued during the whole of the western expedition." Congress accepted Sullivan's resignation on November 30, 1779.

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By the spring of 1779 the British had become aware that the Americans were planning a major offensive although the target was unclear. Reports had reached Quebec about the construction of a large number of

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Overall, 40 villages, numerous isolated houses and 160,000 bushels of corn, as well as orchards and a vast quantity of vegetables were destroyed. Including deaths from illness, only 40 men had been lost.

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several feet deep and the temperature remained well below freezing for many weeks. Deer and other game died in large numbers. An unknown number of refugees died from hypothermia, starvation, or disease.

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carrying Sullivan's artillery and supplies up the Susquehanna. With the expedition were 1,200 pack horses, 700 head of cattle, four brass three-pound cannons, two six-pound cannons, two 5½-inch

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and Susquehanna rivers. The road was completed in mid-June and Sullivan's forces arrived at Wyoming on June 23 after a five-day march. A number of smaller units, including three companies of

7272: 4159: 1448:. In total, the Mohawk and Schoharie valleys saw 330 men, women and children killed or taken prisoner, six forts and several mills destroyed, and over 700 houses and barns burned in 1780. 1140:

approached leaving many of their possessions behind. Over the next three days, Brodhead's men plundered and burned 130 houses, captured horses and cattle, and destroyed 500 acres of corn.

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in March 1779, was a strong advocate of launching an offensive against the western Seneca. Washington's strategy for the "chastisement of the savages" initially included an operation from

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seeking British protection, and depopulated the area for post-war settlement. Some scholars argue that it was an attempt to annihilate the Iroquois and describe the expedition as a

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were tasked with destroying the villages on the western shore of the lake while William Smith and the 5th New Jersey would burn any villages on the western shore of Seneca Lake.

4726: 1573:. In his speech, Sherman justified Sullivan's "scorched earth" campaign and the displacement of Indigenous people by appealing to the widespread American 19th-century belief in 1179:

A group of local colonists, homeless after earlier Indigenous raids, successfully petitioned Gansevoort to turn the houses over to them. Gansevoort's actions were criticized by

4423: 229: 1462:. Beginning in 1784, the United States negotiated a series of treaties with the Iroquois that led to the cession of most of their traditional territory. In the October 1784 4837: 1502:

saw the Seneca relinquish their rights to most of their remaining territory west of the Genesee River. 12 parcels of land were reserved for the Seneca including tracts at

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established perpetual “peace and friendship” between the Iroquois and the United States, and acknowledged the sovereignty of the Iroquois within their lands. The 1797

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Exhausted from carrying the expedition's supplies, many of Sullivan's pack horses reached the end of their endurance on the return to Tioga. Just north of what is now

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The expedition was largely successful, with more than 40 Iroquois villages razed and their crops and food stores destroyed. The campaign drove 5,000 Iroquois to

4820: 4736: 2484: 1409:, ordered the messengers imprisoned in Fort Niagara's "black hole," an unheated, unlit stone cell. Little Abraham died as a result of his harsh confinement. 7030: 6498: 6345: 4753: 4275: 3880: 7428: 7423: 7398: 6695: 5375: 1167:. Gansevoort was ordered to destroy the Mohawk settlement of Tiononderoga and capture the inhabitants. Sullivan believed that Tiononderoga, located beside 626:

concluded that a major Indian war was in the offing. Since a defensive war would prove inadequate, the board called for an expedition of 3,000 men against

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Francis Goring, an employee of the trading firm Taylor & Forsyth, described the conditions at Fort Niagara in an October 1780 letter to his uncle:

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campaign to put an end to Loyalist and Iroquois attacks. The American force methodically destroyed at least forty Iroquois villages throughout the

5998: 874:. The Continentals were able to counterattack and force the Delaware to retreat but suffered six killed and 12 wounded. Later a detachment of the 6614: 6120: 5132: 4892: 4731: 4716: 4088: 3475: 1243: 7408: 7232: 4763: 4748: 4346: 3809: 1024:

that brought a message from the Cayuga claiming neutrality. Ignoring their plea, Sullivan ordered William Butler with 600 men to cross over to

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Journals of the Military Expedition of Major John Sullivan against the Six Nations of Indians in 1779; with Records of Centennial Celebrations

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294 formerly rebel Onondagas, Tuscaroras, and Oneidas arrived at Fort Niagara in early July 1780 and declared their support for the British.

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Smith, Andrea Lynn; John, Randy A. (2021). "Monuments, Legitimization Ceremonies, and Haudenosaunee Rejection of Sullivan-Clinton Markers".

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to lead the expedition and appropriated funds for the campaign. Despite these efforts, the campaign did not occur until the following year.

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of Quebec became preoccupied with the possibility of a Franco-American invasion. As a result he focused on reinforcing the defences of the

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That same year, the United States Post Office issued a commemorative two-cent red stamp featuring a portrait of Major General Sullivan.

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a large detachment from Poor's and Hand's brigades was waiting to escort them to Tioga. Clinton entered Sullivan's camp on August 22.

7443: 7096: 6503: 5804: 5727: 4741: 4721: 4060: 1474:, from its source to Lake Erie. In 1785, Joseph Brant led about 1,450 to the Haldimand Tract. Others, primarily Mohawk, settled with 968:

Sullivan's force destroyed Newtown and several other abandoned Delaware villages along the Chemung River, then turned north towards

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New York and northeastern Pennsylvania to ruins, causing thousands of settlers to flee and depriving the Continental Army of food.

684:, destroying numerous houses, barns and mills. In October, further American retaliation was taken by Continental Army units under 6807: 6493: 5263: 4280: 4240: 4142: 4093: 3745: 2908: 1825: 583:, Loyalists and their Iroquois allies began to raid American settlements, as well as the villages of the Oneida. Working out of 7227: 7010: 6685: 6075: 5854: 4830: 4484: 4469: 3480: 1235: 1609: 7186: 6478: 5733: 5426: 5040: 5013: 4025: 2262: 2252: 2213: 2188: 2140: 2065: 2006: 1862: 1806:"I told her I objected to her… titling the counter marker as the Sullivan-Clinton Genocide," said Alden, speaking last week. 7342: 6705: 5692: 4678: 4616: 4544: 4474: 4310: 4050: 3804: 3792: 1432: 1326: 1250: 1117: 708: 1710:"'To Extirpate the Indians': An Indigenous Consciousness of Genocide in the Ohio Valley and Lower Great Lakes, 1750s–1810" 7337: 7217: 7040: 6483: 6473: 6463: 5361: 5222: 5186: 5127: 5117: 4408: 1094: 1673:

Koehler, Rhiannon (Fall 2018). "Hostile Nations: Quantifying the Destruction of the Sullivan-Clinton Genocide of 1779".

853:. The expedition arrived at Tioga on August 11 and construction began on a temporary fort that was named Fort Sullivan. 7312: 6700: 6675: 6609: 6534: 6458: 5789: 5451: 5436: 5065: 5018: 5003: 4793: 4783: 4623: 4371: 4235: 3511: 3199: 3146: 3099: 2638: 2581: 2092: 1773: 1334: 1330: 564: 3022:

https://postalmuseum.si.edu/exhibition/about-us-stamps-bureau-period-1894-1939-commemorative-issues-1928-1929/sullivan

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Although there had been earlier discussion about Brodhead linking up with Sullivan at Chenussio for an attack against

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4th Artillery Regiment. Before they could proceed to Wyoming a road had to be hewn through the wilderness between the

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dam was breached and the boats were able to float downriver, paced by Clinton's soldiers marching along both banks.

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at the mouth of Schoharie Creek, was "constantly employed in giving intelligence to the enemy." Gansevoort reached

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in April 1780 led by Joseph Brant killed three and took 11 prisoners. In May 1780, Iroquois warriors accompanied

900: 764:, the "Hero of Saratoga," but Gates turned down the offer, ostensibly for health reasons. Finally, Major General 2523:“To George Washington from Major General John Sullivan, 28 September 1779,” Founders Online, National Archives, 7247: 6335: 6299: 6036: 5560: 5162: 5095: 4914: 4857: 4825: 4701: 4534: 4361: 4147: 4137: 4000: 3748: 3516: 3374: 1558: 1458:

The Iroquois were ignored in the peace negotiations between the United States and Britain that led to the 1783

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Journals of the military expedition of Major General John Sullivan against the Six Nations of Indians in 1779

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Journals of the Military Expedition of Major General John Sullivan against the Six Nations of Indians in 1779

2229: 1566: 1521:

Ordering the "particulars of the expedition" would cement George Washington's identify among the Iroquois as

1482: 1463: 1428: 1314: 689: 427:, in the sense that the total destruction of the enemy was on the table. Today this area is the heartland of 287: 4341: 3092:

The Indian World of George Washington: The First President, the First Americans, and the Birth of the Nation

2511:“To George Washington from Colonel Daniel Brodhead, 16 September 1779,” Founders Online, National Archives, 776:

as possible. It will be essential to ruin their crops now in the ground and prevent their planting more....

7463: 7292: 7113: 5722: 5463: 5283: 4887: 4778: 4637: 4583: 4559: 4528: 4127: 2832: 2548:“From George Washington to Colonel Peter Gansevoort, 25 October 1779,” Founders Online, National Archives, 1270:

On July 20, Joseph Brant led his volunteers and a detachment of Butler's Rangers against the settlement of

693: 2535:“To George Washington from Colonel Peter Gansevoort, 8 October 1779,” Founders Online, National Archives, 7322: 6690: 6639: 6390: 6269: 6149: 5983: 5769: 5510: 4951: 4927: 4609: 4325: 4193: 3856: 3771: 3333: 3125: 1511: 7025: 6340: 1159:

The final operation of the campaign occurred in late September. From Kanadaseaga, Sullivan sent Colonel

7433: 7403: 7327: 6752: 6604: 6406: 5749: 5600: 5545: 5384: 5341: 5198: 5168: 5070: 4758: 4567: 4203: 3781: 3711: 3605: 3583: 1659: 1486: 1445: 1029: 947: 875: 867: 650: 447:, the expedition was conducted during the summer of 1779, beginning June 18 when the army marched from 365: 327: 30: 7035: 6767: 2394: 1791:"Time to change? Effort seeks 'counter marker' for existing Sullivan-Clinton monument in Hemlock park" 1423:

reported that 59 war parties set out from Fort Niagara between February and September 1780. A raid on

7086: 7076: 6958: 6380: 6365: 6179: 6070: 6019: 5864: 5814: 5661: 5525: 5469: 5210: 4959: 4688: 4454: 3978: 3824: 3814: 3687: 3610: 3414: 3404: 3338: 1503: 1478:

on the Bay of Quinte. A significant number of Seneca, Cayuga and Onondaga remained at Buffalo Creek.

1406: 1397:, a member of the Continental Congress, sent four pro-rebellion Iroquois messengers to Fort Niagara. 1249:

In May 1779, Major Butler, accompanied by five companies of Butler's Rangers and a detachment of the

1109: 637:

On July 3, 1778, Butler, Sayenqueraghta and Cornplanter led a mixed force of Indigenous warriors and

416: 6375: 6360: 6309: 6284: 6254: 6174: 6164: 5975: 5192: 5055: 4935: 4798: 4443: 3819: 3399: 3384: 3035:"The Military Expedition of Major General John Sullivan against the Six Nations of Indians in 1779" 2882: 2719: 2549: 2536: 2524: 2512: 2367: 2341: 1633: 1562: 1370: 1105: 1098: 826: 704: 685: 630:

and a similar thrust into Seneca country to punish the Iroquois. Congress designated Major General

572: 369: 110: 520:, also known as the Six Nations. The Iroquois eventually divided over what course to pursue. Most 7302: 6862: 6529: 6416: 6159: 5754: 5651: 5555: 5483: 4967: 4862: 4683: 4658: 4225: 4055: 4045: 3988: 3470: 3379: 1515: 1350: 1303: 765: 720: 440: 156: 5988: 5050: 4418: 1819: 1204:

valley rather than supporting Britain's Iroquois allies by establishing a long-promised post at

813:

to the Wyoming Valley to establish a base camp for the expedition. In May 1779, the brigades of

392:. The campaign had the aim of "the total destruction and devastation of their settlements." The 7352: 7081: 6649: 6411: 5874: 5844: 5416: 4813: 4808: 4596: 4413: 4403: 4208: 3567: 3531: 3409: 1918:"Monuments, Legitimization Ceremonies, and Haudenosaunee Rejection of Sullivan-Clinton Markers" 1459: 1424: 1258: 992: 969: 963: 908: 728: 478:, Wyoming Valley and Cherry Valley, as well as Iroquois support of the British during the 1777 389: 317: 297: 3077:

The American Revolution in Indian Country: Crisis and Diversity in Native American Communities

1852: 1733: 1709: 1660:"Not Merely Overrun but Destroyed. The Sullivan Expedition Against the Iroquois Indians, 1779" 1557:

To celebrate the centennial of the Sullivan expedition, a monument was erected in what is now

1035:

Over the next five days, Bulter's and Dearborn's men leveled the two large Cayuga villages of

7317: 7102: 6812: 6624: 6319: 6274: 6239: 6169: 6154: 6090: 5839: 5779: 5656: 5080: 4653: 4438: 4305: 4154: 4122: 3917: 3902: 3640: 3547: 3450: 3359: 3317: 2598: 1530: 1507: 1495: 1471: 1436: 1307: 1229: 1168: 1113: 749: 622:

resulted in the deaths of 22 regulars and militia. On June 10, 1778, the Board of War of the

619: 2945:"A Battle of Remembrance: Memorialization and Heritage at the Newtown Battlefield, New York" 2485:"Allegheny Burning: George Washington, Daniel Brodhead, and the Battle of Thompson's Island" 2058:

The Divided Ground: Indians, Settlers and the Northern Borderland of the American Revolution

954:

American sources reported two prisoners taken, and twelve dead "Indians" including a woman.

7167: 7118: 6219: 6214: 6204: 5950: 5702: 5697: 5446: 5180: 5174: 4981: 4693: 4220: 4174: 4035: 3912: 3907: 3506: 3460: 3192:

The Divided Ground: Indians, Settlers, and the Northern Boundary of the American Revolution

1879:"A well-executed failure: the Sullivan campaign against the Iroquois, July–September, 1779" 1549: 1217: 1184: 1059: 834: 822: 669: 623: 615: 588: 568: 513: 475: 452: 448: 267: 151: 97: 760:

were all disregarded for various reasons. Washington offered command of the expedition to

474:

In response to 1778 attacks by Iroquois and Loyalists on American settlements, such as on

8: 7359: 7005: 6762: 6385: 6264: 6229: 6209: 6194: 5965: 5764: 5494: 5398: 5293: 5100: 4943: 4507: 4398: 4181: 3961: 3934: 3895: 3682: 3645: 3626: 3445: 1197: 1054: 973: 638: 580: 553: 479: 332: 216:

5,000 refugees; unknown number of deaths from starvation, exposure, disease, and violence

191: 3139:

A Well-Executed Failure: The Sullivan campaign against the Iroquois, July–September 1779

2686: 2631:

A Well-Executed Failure: The Sullivan campaign against the Iroquois, July–September 1779

1228:. Haldimand also received information that American troops were gathering at Albany and 7297: 7257: 6827: 6782: 6304: 6294: 6224: 5687: 5550: 5520: 5303: 5246: 5216: 4975: 4842: 4648: 4643: 4517: 4502: 4459: 4448: 4186: 4164: 3927: 3552: 3526: 3465: 3455: 3301: 2433: 2178: 2082: 1937: 1737: 1729: 1690: 1570: 1499: 1413: 1271: 1201: 987:

Following the destruction of Kanadaseaga, Sullivan's forces continued west towards the

302: 292: 3246: 7413: 6948: 6908: 6732: 6440: 6314: 6289: 6249: 6234: 6184: 6115: 6085: 5942: 5901: 5204: 5156: 5150: 5142: 5090: 4882: 4847: 4169: 3949: 3944: 3885: 3829: 3734: 3635: 3600: 3562: 3435: 3213: 3195: 3179: 3161: 3142: 3111: 3095: 3080: 3065: 2960: 2634: 2577: 2290: 2258: 2209: 2184: 2136: 2130: 2088: 2061: 2002: 1996: 1941: 1898: 1858: 1769: 1741: 1694: 1584: 1313:

In early September, Haldimand reluctantly decided to send reinforcements. He ordered

1136: 977: 928: 861:

After arriving at Tioga, Sullivan dispatched a small party to reconnoitre Chemung, a

732: 654: 646: 460: 456: 381: 377: 312: 272: 44: 38: 707:(the son of John Butler) led two companies of Butler's Rangers, a detachment of the 7287: 6973: 6938: 6847: 6832: 6817: 6777: 6589: 6279: 5960: 5955: 5869: 5794: 5744: 5646: 5535: 5530: 5313: 5273: 5035: 5023: 4904: 4872: 4497: 4040: 4013: 3841: 3796: 3761: 3588: 3003: 2956: 2688:

The Battle of Minisink: A Revolutionary War Engagement in the Upper Delaware Valley

2425: 1929: 1890: 1725: 1721: 1686: 1682: 1574: 1490: 1440: 1205: 1160: 1066: 907:. A 24 miles (39 km) road was cut through the forest from the Mohawk River to 802: 541: 468: 428: 420: 401: 393: 68: 1028:

and lay waste to the Cayuga villages on the eastern shore. Henry Dearborn and the

7307: 6852: 6792: 6757: 6747: 6144: 6065: 5993: 5938: 5849: 5818: 5774: 5707: 5666: 5626: 5615: 5585: 5234: 5112: 5008: 4428: 3966: 3868: 3863: 3692: 3666: 3593: 3369: 3291: 2658: 2597:

Sutherland, Stuart R.J.; Tousignant, Pierre; Dionne-Touignant, Madeleine (1983).

1763: 1534: 1394: 1322: 1318: 1180: 1125: 1090: 771:

Washington's issued his specific orders in a letter to Sullivan on May 31, 1779:

753: 736: 549: 545: 529: 176: 123: 2944: 1135:

Sullivan's forces entered the abandoned settlement of Buckaloon at the mouth of

731:

convinced the Americans that they needed to take action. In April 1779, Colonel

6903: 6797: 5799: 5631: 5620: 5565: 5540: 5308: 5298: 5278: 5028: 4512: 4320: 4008: 3223: 2814: 1526: 1475: 1439:

except for the church. In October, Johnson led a second expedition against the

1398: 1275: 871: 661: 642: 596: 483: 397: 221: 135: 2975: 2317:"General Sullivan's Expedition Against the Iroquois and the Battle of Newtown" 887: 660:

In September 1778, a response to the Wyoming defeat was undertaken by Colonel

7387: 7201: 6968: 6953: 6943: 6923: 6872: 6842: 6837: 6772: 6599: 6453: 5859: 5717: 5515: 5353: 5268: 5075: 4230: 3973: 1902: 1538: 1295: 1291: 1283: 1164: 988: 896: 761: 757: 740: 681: 631: 576: 537: 533: 525: 521: 512:

When the Revolutionary War began, British officials, as well as the colonial

495: 464: 444: 423:" instead. Some historians have also related this campaign to the concept of 400:

campaign in the territory of the Iroquois Confederacy in what is now central

361: 322: 160: 3597: 2977:

A Place Called Home: Dispossession and Remembrance of a Central NY Landscape

1878: 1306:

moved south to the Chemung River where they were joined by Joseph Brant and

7196: 6913: 6893: 6867: 6787: 6594: 6539: 6524: 6370: 6355: 6350: 5879: 5809: 5610: 5595: 5489: 5457: 5228: 5085: 4522: 4388: 4356: 3993: 3922: 3296: 2030: 1894: 1612:. Places ' Sullivan Expedition ' in overall sequence and strategic context. 1366: 1239: 1221: 1172: 1144: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 904: 716: 673: 627: 592: 584: 491: 487: 408: 147: 143: 72: 3007: 2429: 2414:"An Odyssey among the Iroquois: A History of Tutelo Relations in New York" 1933: 1553:

Monument constructed in 1912 and located in Newtown Battlefield State Park

1412:

The year 1780 coincided with the sudden appearance of a massive number of

995:, also known as Little Beard's Town. On September 12, after marching from 6963: 6918: 6822: 6742: 6629: 6029: 6024: 3956: 3501: 3394: 2574:

No Despicable Enemy, 1779: The Continental Army destroys Indian Territory

1402: 1299: 1254: 1044: 1025: 981: 806: 712: 657:, after which houses, barns, and mills were razed throughout the valley. 600: 463:(since the tribes evacuated ahead of the large military force) along the 277: 164: 139: 2749:. Vol. 2. Buffalo, New York: Rockwell, Baker and Hill. p. 348. 2720:"To George Washington from Major General John Sullivan, 6 November 1779" 793: 544:

joined the American revolutionaries, thanks in part to the influence of

7123: 6888: 6802: 6670: 5682: 5641: 5421: 5327: 5288: 4351: 4215: 3430: 3210:

Year of the Hangman: George Washington's Campaign Against the Iroquois.

2762:"A Story of Survival Revived by the Cicadas' Loud (and Crunchy) Return" 2437: 2368:"To George Washington from Major General John Sullivan, 30 August 1779" 2342:"To George Washington from Major General John Sullivan, 15 August 1779" 1317:

to take command of a 400-man relief expedition that would proceed from

1089:

Further to the west, a concurrent expedition was undertaken by Colonel

814: 168: 2703: 2413: 2180:

Year of the Hangman: George Washington's Campaign against the Iroquois

1917: 1108:

on August 11, 1779, with a contingent of 605 "rank and file" from the

980:, the expedition headed up the east side of the lake and then west to 7000: 5759: 5605: 3176:

Seeds of Empire: The American Revolutionary Conquest of the Iroquois.

2787:"Ogweñ•yó'da' déñ'se' Hanadagá•yas: The Cicada and George Washington" 2206:

Joseph Brant and his World: 18th Century Mohawk Warrior and Statesmen

1854:

George Washington Remembers: Reflections on the French and Indian War

1374: 1040: 1036: 606: 557: 424: 3703: 2596: 2132:

Seeds of Empire: The American Revolutionary Conquest of the Iroquois

1634:"From George Washington to Major General John Sullivan, 31 May 1779" 1561:

in 1879. One of the speakers at the dedication ceremony was General

1338: 1147:, Brodhead turned back after razing Yoghroonwago. From the mouth of 6933: 5590: 3242:

Retracing the Route of the Sullivan Expedition through Pennsylvania

1225: 1124:

warriors. The expedition proceeded northwards up the valley of the

846: 842: 830: 810: 697: 517: 373: 490:

region of western New York. The survivors fled to Fort Niagara on

459:'s main camp in New Jersey. While the campaign had only one major 5636: 4384:

Longfellow House–Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site

1342: 850: 508:

Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War after Saratoga

7449:

Province of Quebec (1763–1791) in the American Revolutionary War

3141:. Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. 3020:"Sullivan Expedition Issue" Smithsonian National Postal Museum. 2633:. Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. 2550:

https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/03-23-02-0035

2537:

https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/03-22-02-0542

2525:

https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/03-22-02-0450

2513:

https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/03-22-02-0360

1128:

into Seneca territory in what is now northwestern Pennsylvania.

653:. Roughly 300 of the armed Patriot defenders were killed at the 2812:

Cook, Frederick, ed. (1887). "Journal of Major Jeremiah Fogg".

1346: 1341:, and Leake's Independent Company. They were joined by Mohawk, 1213: 1121: 1048: 862: 665: 376:(also known as the Haudenosaunee). The campaign was ordered by 2883:"To George Washington from the Seneca Chiefs, 1 December 1790" 1365:

On September 21, 1779, there were 5036 Indigenous refugees at

1208:

on Lake Ontario or increasing troop strength at Fort Niagara.

3236: 1232:

with the goal of establishing a military presence at Oswego.

933: 735:

led an expedition of 558 Continental Army troops against the

516:, sought the allegiance (or at least the neutrality) of the 3130:

The Story of Butler's Rangers and the Settlement of Niagara

2820:. Auburn, New York: Knapp, Pick & Thomson. p. 101. 2084:

Unconquered: the Iroquois League at War in Colonial America

668:

and Seneca villages along the Susquehanna River, including

7459:

Loyalists in the American Revolution from New York (state)

7454:

Forced migrations of Native Americans in the United States

575:. Following the October 1777 surrender of British General 5785:

Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms

2863: 2851: 2451: 451:, to October 3 when it abandoned Fort Sullivan, built at 3079:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1995. 1051:

who had been adopted by the Cayuga, was also destroyed.

797:

Map showing the route of the Sullivan Expedition in 1779

3276: 1058:

A memorial to Sullivan's pack horses in the village of

801:

The expedition was one of the largest campaigns of the

5396: 1325:. The expedition consisted of soldiers from Johnson's 563:

The Iroquois homeland lay on the frontier between the

368:, lasting from June to October 1779, against the four 2605:. Vol. 5. University of Toronto/Université Laval 4424:

Washington's relations with the Iroquois Confederacy

2208:. Toronto: James Lormier & Company. p. 45. 1183:, Commissioner for Indian Affairs and member of the 380:

in response to Iroquois and Loyalist attacks on the

1610:

American Revolutionary War § Stalemate in the North

4631:General George Washington Resigning His Commission 2813: 2708:. Vol. 15. Library of Congress. p. 1170. 2685: 2576:. Carleton Place, Ontario: Global Heritage Press. 3160:. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. 2747:An Authentic and Comprehensive History of Buffalo 2663:Brock University Archives and Special Collections 7385: 4592:George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door 1588:Commemorative postage stamp issued June 17, 1929 536:chose to ally themselves with the British. Most 251: 3094:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2017. 2705:Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789 2183:. Yardley, Pennsylvania: Westholme Publishing. 1290:In mid-August, Butler accompanied by about 300 101: 7233:Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War 5383: 4668:George Washington Taking the Salute at Trenton 4036:Initiated, co-wrote, 1769 Virginia Association 3237:Sullivan/Clinton Campaign by Robert Spiegelman 2401:. Auburn, New York: Knapp, Peck & Thomson. 2287:Scars of Independence: America's Violent Birth 1768:. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. p. 52. 1093:. Brodhead, who had been given command of the 16:Campaign during the American Revolutionary War 5369: 3719: 3262: 2913:The Digital Encyclopedia of George Washington 2310: 2308: 2306: 2257:. Oxford University Press. pp. 248–249. 1451:According to Barbara Graymont, author of The 780:may not be merely overrun, but destroyed.... 237: 2915:. The George Washington Presidential Library 2692:. Middletown, New York: T. Emmett Henderson. 2172: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1537:had been given a similar appellation by the 1176:grain, several horses, cows, and wagons". 1120:, as well as militia, volunteers and allied 415:, although this term is disputed. Historian 7429:Native American history of New York (state) 7424:New York (state) in the American Revolution 7399:Campaigns of the American Revolutionary War 6346:Washington's crossing of the Delaware River 4089:1788–89 United States presidential election 3178:New York: New York University Press, 1999. 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2665:. St. Catharines, Ontario: Brock University 2507: 2505: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2001:. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. 1976: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1916:Smith, Andrea Lynn; John, Randy A. (2020). 1435:in a raid that destroyed every building in 1043:, as well as smaller villages and hamlets. 645:, a rebel granary and settlement along the 7223:African Americans in the Revolutionary War 5477:Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness 5376: 5362: 3726: 3712: 3269: 3255: 3124: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2314: 2303: 1666: 1253:, established a forward operating base at 244: 230: 5061:Washington–Rochambeau Revolutionary Route 4804:Washington and Jefferson National Forests 4535:Washington Monument (Boonsboro, Maryland) 3636:Washington calls off invasion of New York 2993: 2652: 2650: 2230:"The Van Schaick Expedition - April 1779" 2124: 1915: 1889:(1): 35–0457-35-0457. September 1, 1997. 1857:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 138. 1765:George Washington's War on Native America 1701: 1485:, a syndicate of land speculators led by 957: 4199:United States Capitol cornerstone laying 4061:Chairman, 1787 Constitutional Convention 3155: 3110:. New York: Little Brown & Company. 3062:Encyclopedia of the American Revolution. 2989: 2987: 2942: 2927: 2502: 2250: 2176: 2149: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2060:. New York: Vintage Books. p. 151. 1994: 1955: 1850: 1628: 1626: 1583: 1548: 1084: 1053: 932: 886: 792: 752:, however, Lee as well as Major General 605: 603:led the joint British-Indigenous raids. 419:, describes the expedition as "close to 7439:Native American history of Pennsylvania 4389:Ford Mansion, Washington's headquarters 4281:John Rutledge Supreme Court nominations 4066:George Washington's political evolution 3476:Battle of Freeman's Farm (1st Saratoga) 3158:The Iroquois in the American Revolution 3136: 2744: 2659:"The Butler papers - Pt. II. 1778-1779" 2628: 2617: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2482: 2469: 2135:. New York: New York University Press. 2027:1759–1796 Guardhouse of the Great Lakes 1998:The Iroquois in the American Revolution 1826:State University of New York at Oneonta 1672: 1533:, while Washington's great-grandfather 937:Woodcut print of the Burning of Newtown 825:where they were joined by Sullivan and 703:On November 11, 1778, Loyalist Captain 692:the substantial Indigenous villages at 7386: 7228:Dogs in the American Revolutionary War 5171:(step-granddaughter, adopted daughter) 4470:Electoral history of George Washington 3486:Battle of Bemis Heights (2nd Saratoga) 3481:Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery 3189: 3105: 3032: 2869: 2857: 2683: 2677: 2647: 2203: 2055: 1788: 1762:Mann, Barbara Alice (March 30, 2005). 1707: 715:, and a small group of Mohawks led by 7409:Ethnic cleansing in the United States 7140: 7065: 6993: 6564: 5900: 5734:Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania 5395: 5357: 5133:Attempted theft of Washington's skull 5014:Founding Fathers of the United States 3837:Washington in the American Revolution 3733: 3707: 3693:Washington's Farewell to His Officers 3662:Washington's Headquarters at Newburgh 3250: 3212:Yardley: Westholme Publishing, 2005. 3064:New York: McKay, 1966; revised 1974. 2984: 2973: 2967: 2759: 2392: 2284: 2278: 2254:The Indian World of George Washington 2128: 2101: 1817: 1623: 711:, about 300 Seneca and Cayuga led by 225: 7343:Daughters of the American Revolution 7141: 5693:Declaration of Rights and Grievances 4789:Washington Masonic National Memorial 4617:General George Washington at Trenton 4475:Post-presidency of George Washington 4051:Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture 3842:Commander-in-chief, Continental Army 2980:(PhD thesis). Vanderbilt University. 2811: 2571: 2554: 2411: 2080: 1761: 922: 882: 856: 837:, joined the expedition at Wyoming. 664:who destroyed a number of abandoned 7338:Children of the American Revolution 7218:Timeline of the American Revolution 5128:George Washington Memorial Building 4194:Presidential Succession Act of 1792 3370:Submarine attack in New York Harbor 3278:New York in the American Revolution 2656: 1789:Leader, Matt (September 15, 2019). 1470:miles (9.7 km) to each side of the 1453:Iroquois in the American Revolution 1190: 999:, Sullivan's forces camped between 891:Historic marker, Kirkwood, New York 870:was ambushed by 30 Delaware led by 13: 5999:European allies of King George III 5855:British credit crisis of 1772–1773 5790:Committee of Secret Correspondence 5452:No taxation without representation 4794:George Washington Memorial Parkway 4784:Washington University in St. Louis 2830: 2489:Journal of the American Revolution 2087:. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. 1018: 14: 7475: 7365:Museum of the American Revolution 3984:Resignation as commander-in-chief 3230: 1433:King's Royal Regiment of New York 1327:King's Royal Regiment of New York 1257:located near the northern end of 895:The fourth brigade, commanded by 686:Lieutenant Colonel William Butler 587:, men such as Loyalist commander 7444:History of immigration to Canada 7253:Continental Currency dollar coin 7238:Women in the American Revolution 5337: 5336: 5118:Mount Vernon Ladies' Association 4898:Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins 4603:Washington Crossing the Delaware 4041:Initiated, 1774 Fairfax Resolves 3876:New York and New Jersey campaign 3355:New York and New Jersey campaign 2949:Northeast Historical Archaeology 2603:Dictionary of Canadian Biography 2289:. New York: Crown. p. 281. 1824:James Fenimore Cooper Society – 1708:Ostler, Jeffrey (October 2015). 1544: 1298:warriors led by Sayenqueraghta, 976:(Catherine's Town), the home of 482:, Sullivan's army carried out a 117: 103: 43:Route of the Armies marker near 37: 7348:Sons of the American Revolution 4624:Washington at Verplanck's Point 4540:Washington Monument (Baltimore) 4409:President's House, Philadelphia 4246:State of the Union Address 1790 3026: 3014: 2901: 2875: 2824: 2805: 2779: 2753: 2738: 2712: 2696: 2590: 2542: 2529: 2517: 2444: 2405: 2386: 2360: 2334: 2251:Calloway, Colin Gordon (2018). 2244: 2222: 2197: 2074: 2049: 2015: 1909: 1154: 610:Letter from John Sullivan, 1779 7248:Continental currency banknotes 6336:Staten Island Peace Conference 5163:George Washington Parke Custis 5096:American Philosophical Society 4858:America the Beautiful quarters 4702:George Washington on Horseback 4654:The Washington Family portrait 4001:Washington Before Boston Medal 3749:President of the United States 3375:Staten Island Peace Conference 2412:Vest, Jay Hansford C. (2005). 1871: 1844: 1811: 1782: 1755: 1734:10.5309/willmaryquar.72.4.0587 1726:10.5309/willmaryquar.72.4.0587 1714:The William and Mary Quarterly 1687:10.5250/amerindiquar.42.4.0427 1652: 1559:Newtown Battlefield State Park 1: 7066: 6042:German supporters of Congress 5740:Massachusetts Circular Letter 4893:250th Anniversary half dollar 4853:D.C. and territories quarters 4674:Reception at Trenton painting 4465:Washington and Lee University 4434:James River and Kanawha Canal 4276:Federal judicial appointments 3891:Battle of the Assunpink Creek 3522:Raid on Unadilla and Onaquaga 3053: 2760:Rojas, Rick (June 22, 2018). 1483:First Treaty of Buffalo Creek 1224:which suggested an attack on 788: 501: 364:military campaign during the 5723:Committees of correspondence 5165:(step-grandson, adopted son) 4779:George Washington University 4638:Surrender of Lord Cornwallis 4529:The Apotheosis of Washington 4128:Cabinet of the United States 4056:1785 Mount Vernon Conference 2397:. In Cook, Frederick (ed.). 1616: 1405:, the Superintendent of the 1356: 1329:(KRRNY), detachments of the 1321:up the St Lawrence River to 7: 7360:Charters of Freedom Rotunda 6565: 6391:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 6376:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1781 6150:Capture of Fort Ticonderoga 5805:Declaration of Independence 5770:Second Continental Congress 4610:The Passage of the Delaware 4404:Second Presidential Mansion 3772:Second Continental Congress 3365:New York Prison Ships begin 3334:Capture of Fort Ticonderoga 3297:First Liberty poles erected 3137:Fischer, Joseph R. (1997). 3033:Pierce, Preston E. (2019). 2629:Fischer, Joseph R. (1997). 2177:Williams, Glenn F. (2005). 1603: 434: 350:Sullivan-Clinton Expedition 10: 7480: 7243:Financial costs of the war 5750:First Continental Congress 5601:Royal Proclamation of 1763 5546:Second Rockingham ministry 5385:American Revolutionary War 5199:Elizabeth Washington Lewis 4826:Washington–Franklin Issues 4399:First Presidential Mansion 4204:Proclamation of Neutrality 4106:1792 presidential election 3782:First Continental Congress 3760:Commander-in-Chief of the 3755:Senior Officer of the Army 3502:Setauket Spy Ring launched 3194:. New York: Random House. 3156:Graymont, Barbara (1972). 2961:10.22191/neha/vol41/iss1/8 2599:"Haldimand, Sir Frederick" 2483:Crytzer, Brady J. (2015). 2418:American Indian Quarterley 2315:Schenawolf, Harry (2023). 1995:Graymont, Barbara (1972). 961: 926: 876:1st New Hampshire Regiment 868:11th Pennsylvania Regiment 700:on the Susquehanna River. 505: 366:American Revolutionary War 214:Total Iroquois casualties: 31:American Revolutionary War 7210: 7179: 7155: 7151: 7136: 7097:Constitutional Convention 7077:Society of the Cincinnati 7072: 7061: 6986: 6881: 6725: 6718: 6663: 6582: 6575: 6571: 6560: 6517: 6439: 6425: 6399: 6366:Carlisle Peace Commission 6328: 6200:Siege of Fort Ticonderoga 6129: 6054: 6007: 5974: 5937: 5930: 5926: 5896: 5865:Hutchinson letters affair 5832: 5815:Articles of Confederation 5675: 5662:Proclamation of Rebellion 5574: 5526:First Rockingham ministry 5503: 5470:All men are created equal 5409: 5405: 5391: 5322: 5256: 5141: 4991: 4961:The War that Made America 4689:Princeton Battle Monument 4483: 4455:Society of the Cincinnati 4453:President General of the 4334: 4291: 4236:Thanksgiving Proclamation 4143:Secretary of the Treasury 4074: 4024: 3852:Washington's headquarters 3825:Battle of the Monongahela 3791: 3741: 3688:British evacuate New York 3675: 3654: 3619: 3611:Battle of Fort St. George 3576: 3540: 3494: 3441:Siege of Fort Ticonderoga 3423: 3415:Battle of Fort Washington 3347: 3326: 3310: 3284: 3132:. Tribune Printing House. 3106:Eckert, Allan W. (1978). 3037:. Ontario County New York 2837:The Canadian Encyclopedia 2745:Ketchum, William (1864). 2321:Revolutionary War Journal 2274:– via Google Books. 2023:"The American Revolution" 1675:American Indian Quarterly 1407:British Indian Department 1110:8th Pennsylvania Regiment 809:brigade was ordered from 591:, Mohawk military leader 358:Sullivan-Clinton Campaign 263: 213: 200: 182: 129: 91: 58:June 18 – October 3, 1779 50: 36: 28: 23: 7419:Native American genocide 7394:1779 in New York (state) 6361:Entry of France into war 5976:Kingdom of Great Britain 5193:Augustine Washington Jr. 4953:Turn: Washington's Spies 4799:George Washington Bridge 4444:Congressional Gold Medal 4123:Title of "Mr. President" 3857:office and sleeping tent 3820:Battle of Fort Necessity 3400:Battle of Valcour Island 3395:Execution of Nathan Hale 3385:Battle of Harlem Heights 2943:Venables, Brant (2012). 2833:"Haldimand Proclamation" 2657:Smy, William A. (1994). 1818:Birns, Nicholas (2007). 1563:William Tecumseh Sherman 595:, and Seneca war chiefs 552:. For the Iroquois, the 7092:Ratification Day (1784) 6417:Second Anglo-Mysore War 6101:Northern after Saratoga 6081:New York and New Jersey 5755:Continental Association 5652:Conciliatory Resolution 5511:Pitt–Newcastle ministry 5484:Consent of the governed 5243:(2nd great-grandfather) 4863:American Women quarters 4769:Washington, D.C. statue 4684:Trenton Battle Monument 4660:Washington at Princeton 4352:Ferry Farm boyhood home 4226:Slave Trade Act of 1794 4160:Oath Administration Act 4046:Continental Association 3989:Badge of Military Merit 3881:Delaware River crossing 3631:runs aground at Montauk 3606:Battle of Klock's Field 3584:Battle of Young's House 3517:Attack on German Flatts 3471:Battle of Staten Island 2974:Bruno, L. Dean (2018). 2684:Leslie, Vernon (1975). 2572:Watt, Gavin K. (2019). 2232:. National Park Service 1851:Anderson, Fred (2004). 1351:Seven Nations of Canada 678:attack on German Flatts 372:-allied nations of the 7353:Sons of the Revolution 7082:Treaty of Paris (1783) 6412:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War 6407:Cherokee–American wars 6020:Franco-American Treaty 5875:Philadelphia Tea Party 5845:Treaty of Paris (1763) 5824:Confederation Congress 5417:American Enlightenment 4809:Washington Square Park 4597:Revolutionary War Door 4414:Germantown White House 4316:Washington and slavery 4209:Neutrality Act of 1794 3568:Boyd and Parker ambush 3532:Cherry Valley massacre 3512:West Point established 3410:Battle of White Plains 3405:Battle of Pell's Point 3390:Great Fire of New York 2285:Hoock, Holger (2017). 2204:Paxton, James (2008). 2129:Mintz, Max M. (1999). 1895:10.5860/choice.35-0457 1795:Livingston County News 1589: 1554: 1464:Treaty of Fort Stanwix 1446:Battle of Stone Arabia 1391: 1373:at the eastern end of 1337:, a company of German 1268: 1062: 964:Boyd and Parker ambush 958:Boyd and Parker Ambush 938: 892: 798: 786: 729:Cherry Valley massacre 611: 443:and Brigadier General 130:Commanders and leaders 7298:Washington's Birthday 7103:The Federalist Papers 7087:Evacuation Day (1783) 6140:Lexington and Concord 5840:French and Indian War 5780:Olive Branch Petition 5123:Mount Vernon replicas 5081:General of the Armies 5056:Washington's Crossing 4888:Washington half eagle 4518:Washington's Birthday 4439:Mountain Road Lottery 4306:The Washington Papers 4155:Judiciary Act of 1789 3918:Battle of White Marsh 3903:Philadelphia campaign 3810:French and Indian War 3641:Battle of Fort Slongo 3548:Battle of Stony Point 3451:Siege of Fort Stanwix 3360:Battle of Long Island 3318:Battle of Golden Hill 3190:Taylor, Alan (2006). 3008:10.1353/nyh.2020.0042 2456:Village of Horseheads 2430:10.1353/aiq.2005.0072 2393:Craft, David (1887). 2081:Barr, Daniel (2006). 2056:Taylor, Alan (2007). 1934:10.1353/nyh.2020.0042 1883:Choice Reviews Online 1587: 1552: 1531:French and Indian War 1496:Treaty of Canandaigua 1386: 1335:47th Regiment of Foot 1331:34th Regiment of Foot 1263: 1114:9th Virginia Regiment 1085:Brodhead's expedition 1057: 936: 890: 796: 773: 609: 567:and the provinces of 439:Led by Major General 288:Unadilla and Onaquaga 209:33 killed, 41 wounded 201:Casualties and losses 7303:Jefferson's Birthday 7293:Pulaski Memorial Day 6300:Guilford Court House 5951:Continental Congress 5728:Committees of safety 5703:Daughters of Liberty 5698:Virginia Association 5447:Rights of Englishmen 5181:Mary Ball Washington 5175:Augustine Washington 5169:Eleanor Parke Custis 5046:Cherry-tree anecdote 4929:A More Perfect Union 4878:Silver bullion coins 4737:New York City statue 4301:Presidential library 4175:Militia Acts of 1792 4116:Reception at Trenton 3913:Battle of Germantown 3908:Battle of Brandywine 3507:Battle of Cobleskill 3461:Battle of Bennington 3380:Landing at Kip's Bay 3060:Boatner, Mark Mayo. 2395:"Historical Address" 1282:On July 28, Captain 1251:8th Regiment of Foot 1185:Continental Congress 1163:with 100 men to the 1118:Maryland Rifle Corps 1060:Horseheads, New York 709:8th Regiment of Foot 672:. At the same time, 641:in an attack on the 624:Continental Congress 518:Iroquois Confederacy 514:Continental Congress 494:at the mouth of the 449:Easton, Pennsylvania 98:Iroquois Confederacy 7464:Sullivan Expedition 6431:colony or location) 6386:Newburgh Conspiracy 6245:Sullivan Expedition 5765:Provincial Congress 5556:Fox–North coalition 5495:Settler colonialism 5442:Freedom of religion 5399:American Revolution 5237:(great-grandfather) 5223:Lawrence Washington 5187:Lawrence Washington 5101:American Revolution 4945:We Fight to Be Free 4910:Cultural depictions 4821:U.S. Postage stamps 4774:West Point monument 4759:Philadelphia statue 4644:Unfinished portrait 4508:Washington Monument 4377:Woodlawn Plantation 4182:Coinage Act of 1792 4111:Second inauguration 3962:Newburgh Conspiracy 3940:Sullivan Expedition 3935:Battles of Saratoga 3896:Battle of Princeton 3683:Newburgh Conspiracy 3646:Battle of Johnstown 3558:Sullivan Expedition 3446:Battle of Fort Anne 3208:Williams, Glenn F. 3090:Calloway, Colin G. 3075:Calloway, Colin G. 2889:. National Archives 2726:. National Archives 2374:. National Archives 2348:. National Archives 2037:on October 12, 2006 1640:. National Archives 1198:Frederick Haldimand 719:, on an assault at 614:On May 30, 1778, a 581:Battles of Saratoga 554:American Revolution 480:Battles of Saratoga 348:(also known as the 346:Sullivan Expedition 308:Sullivan Expedition 24:Sullivan Expedition 7333:Semiquincentennial 7258:Libertas Americana 5688:Stamp Act Congress 5578:Acts of Parliament 5551:Shelburne ministry 5521:Grenville ministry 5304:Christopher Sheels 5247:Bushrod Washington 5217:Charles Washington 5211:John A. Washington 5066:1751 Barbados trip 4955:(2014–2017 series) 4843:Washington quarter 4754:Perth Amboy statue 4742:Wall Street statue 4722:Mexico City statue 4649:Lansdowne portrait 4460:Washington College 4449:Thanks of Congress 4372:Whiskey distillery 4187:United States Mint 4165:Nonintercourse Act 4133:Secretary of State 4094:First inauguration 3928:Battle of Monmouth 3601:conspiracy exposed 3589:First Purple Heart 3553:Battle of Minisink 3466:Battle of Setauket 3456:Battle of Oriskany 3339:Invasion of Canada 3302:Stamp Act Congress 3126:Cruikshank, Ernest 3108:The Wilderness War 2872:, p. 313-316. 2860:, p. 119-120. 2839:. Historica Canada 2831:Filice, Michelle. 2766:The New York Times 1590: 1571:American Civil War 1555: 1500:Treaty of Big Tree 1414:periodical cicadas 1393:In February 1780, 1349:warriors from the 1308:Brant's Volunteers 1202:St. Lawrence River 1104:Brodhead departed 1095:Western Department 1063: 939: 893: 799: 768:accepted command. 756:and Major General 620:Brant's Volunteers 612: 565:Province of Quebec 461:battle, at Newtown 254:Northern frontier 7434:Massacres in 1779 7404:Conflicts in 1779 7381: 7380: 7377: 7376: 7373: 7372: 7132: 7131: 7119:Shays's Rebellion 7057: 7056: 7053: 7052: 7049: 7048: 6982: 6981: 6949:Richard Henry Lee 6714: 6713: 6556: 6555: 6552: 6551: 6548: 6547: 6400:Related conflicts 6270:Connecticut Farms 6050: 6049: 5943:Thirteen Colonies 5892: 5891: 5888: 5887: 5351: 5350: 5205:Samuel Washington 5157:John Parke Custis 5151:Martha Washington 5091:American Foxhound 4971:(2020 miniseries) 4963:(2006 miniseries) 4916:George Washington 4883:Washington nickel 4868:Washington dollar 4848:50 State Quarters 4831:1932 bicentennial 4727:Morristown statue 4585:George Washington 4577:George Washington 4569:George Washington 4561:George Washington 4546:George Washington 4221:Pinckney's Treaty 4170:Whiskey Rebellion 3950:Siege of Yorktown 3945:Yorktown campaign 3886:Battle of Trenton 3830:Forbes Expedition 3797:Revolutionary War 3735:George Washington 3701: 3700: 3563:Battle of Newtown 3436:Saratoga campaign 2452:"Village History" 2264:978-0-1906-5216-6 2215:978-1-5527-7023-8 2190:978-1-5941-6013-4 2142:978-0-8147-5622-5 2067:978-1-4000-7707-6 2008:978-0-8156-0116-6 1864:978-0-7425-3372-1 1565:, famous for his 1137:Brokenstraw Creek 1030:3rd New Hampshire 978:Catherine Montour 948:2nd New Hampshire 929:Battle of Newtown 923:Battle of Newtown 883:Clinton's Brigade 857:Battle of Chemung 835:Morgan's Riflemen 733:Goose Van Schaick 655:Battle of Wyoming 649:near present-day 647:Susquehanna River 618:on Cobleskill by 589:Major John Butler 579:forces after the 457:George Washington 378:George Washington 354:Sullivan Campaign 341: 340: 220: 219: 87: 86: 71:and Northeastern 45:Chemung, New York 7471: 7323:Sesquicentennial 7283:Independence Day 7187:Founding Fathers 7153: 7152: 7138: 7137: 7063: 7062: 6991: 6990: 6723: 6722: 6580: 6579: 6573: 6572: 6562: 6561: 6437: 6436: 6432: 6260:Cape St. Vincent 5935: 5934: 5928: 5927: 5898: 5897: 5870:Boston Tea Party 5795:Halifax Resolves 5745:Suffolk Resolves 5536:Grafton ministry 5531:Chatham ministry 5427:Colonial history 5407: 5406: 5393: 5392: 5378: 5371: 5364: 5355: 5354: 5340: 5339: 5314:Harry Washington 5274:Caroline Branham 5036:Virginia dynasty 5024:Federalist Party 5004:List of articles 4918:(1984 miniseries 4905:Mount Washington 4873:Lafayette dollar 4712:Baltimore statue 4503:Washington state 4498:Washington, D.C. 4241:Farewell Address 4148:Secretary of War 4138:Attorney General 3762:Continental Army 3728: 3721: 3714: 3705: 3704: 3271: 3264: 3257: 3248: 3247: 3205: 3171: 3152: 3133: 3121: 3047: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3030: 3024: 3018: 3012: 3011: 2996:New York History 2991: 2982: 2981: 2971: 2965: 2964: 2940: 2925: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2905: 2899: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2879: 2873: 2867: 2861: 2855: 2849: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2828: 2822: 2821: 2819: 2809: 2803: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2783: 2777: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2757: 2751: 2750: 2742: 2736: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2716: 2710: 2709: 2700: 2694: 2693: 2691: 2681: 2675: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2654: 2645: 2644: 2626: 2615: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2594: 2588: 2587: 2569: 2552: 2546: 2540: 2533: 2527: 2521: 2515: 2509: 2500: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2480: 2467: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2448: 2442: 2441: 2424:(1/2): 124–155. 2409: 2403: 2402: 2390: 2384: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2364: 2358: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2338: 2332: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2312: 2301: 2300: 2282: 2276: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2248: 2242: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2226: 2220: 2219: 2201: 2195: 2194: 2174: 2147: 2146: 2126: 2099: 2098: 2078: 2072: 2071: 2053: 2047: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2033:. Archived from 2031:Old Fort Niagara 2019: 2013: 2012: 1992: 1953: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1922:New York History 1913: 1907: 1906: 1875: 1869: 1868: 1848: 1842: 1841: 1835: 1833: 1815: 1809: 1808: 1803: 1801: 1786: 1780: 1779: 1759: 1753: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1705: 1699: 1698: 1670: 1664: 1663: 1656: 1650: 1649: 1647: 1645: 1630: 1575:manifest destiny 1567:March to the Sea 1491:Nathaniel Gorham 1481:In 1788, at the 1429:Sir John Johnson 1339:Jäger (infantry) 1315:Sir John Johnson 1191:British reaction 1161:Peter Gansevoort 1067:Elmira, New York 972:. After burning 827:Thomas Proctor's 803:Continental Army 429:Upstate New York 421:ethnic cleansing 394:Continental Army 258: 246: 239: 232: 223: 222: 192:Butler's Rangers 122: 121: 120: 113: 109: 107: 106: 83:American victory 52: 51: 41: 21: 20: 7479: 7478: 7474: 7473: 7472: 7470: 7469: 7468: 7384: 7383: 7382: 7369: 7308:Von Steuben Day 7206: 7175: 7147: 7128: 7068: 7045: 6987:Colonial allies 6978: 6877: 6710: 6671:King George III 6659: 6567: 6544: 6513: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6421: 6395: 6324: 6305:Lochry's Defeat 6190:Assunpink Creek 6180:Fort Washington 6125: 6059: 6057: 6046: 6037:Hortalez et Cie 6008:Colonial allies 6003: 5970: 5939:United Colonies 5922: 5884: 5850:Boston Massacre 5828: 5819:Perpetual Union 5775:United Colonies 5708:Sons of Liberty 5671: 5579: 5577: 5576:Related British 5570: 5499: 5401: 5397:Origins of the 5387: 5382: 5352: 5347: 5318: 5252: 5235:John Washington 5137: 5113:Betsy Ross flag 5009:Founders Online 4987: 4764:Portland statue 4487: 4479: 4429:Potomac Company 4394:Hasbrouck House 4330: 4311:Religious views 4293: 4287: 4099:inaugural bible 4078: 4070: 4028:founding events 4027: 4020: 3967:Newburgh letter 3957:Culper Spy Ring 3869:Siege of Boston 3864:Boston campaign 3815:Jumonville Glen 3805:Military career 3795: 3793:Military career 3787: 3737: 3732: 3702: 3697: 3671: 3667:Newburgh letter 3650: 3615: 3572: 3536: 3527:Carleton's Raid 3490: 3419: 3343: 3322: 3306: 3292:Sons of Liberty 3280: 3275: 3233: 3228: 3202: 3168: 3149: 3118: 3056: 3051: 3050: 3040: 3038: 3031: 3027: 3019: 3015: 2992: 2985: 2972: 2968: 2941: 2928: 2918: 2916: 2909:"Conotocarious" 2907: 2906: 2902: 2892: 2890: 2887:Founders Online 2881: 2880: 2876: 2868: 2864: 2856: 2852: 2842: 2840: 2829: 2825: 2810: 2806: 2796: 2794: 2791:Onondaga Nation 2785: 2784: 2780: 2770: 2768: 2758: 2754: 2743: 2739: 2729: 2727: 2724:Founders Online 2718: 2717: 2713: 2702: 2701: 2697: 2682: 2678: 2668: 2666: 2655: 2648: 2641: 2627: 2618: 2608: 2606: 2595: 2591: 2584: 2570: 2555: 2547: 2543: 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819:William Maxwell 791: 754:Philip Schuyler 737:Onondaga people 577:John Burgoyne's 550:Samuel Kirkland 510: 504: 455:, to return to 437: 342: 337: 318:Boyd and Parker 293:Carleton's Raid 259: 255: 252: 250: 215: 189: 177:Daniel Brodhead 175: 173:William Maxwell 171: 167: 163: 159: 150: 146: 142: 138: 118: 116: 104: 102: 100: 75: 42: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7477: 7467: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7379: 7378: 7375: 7374: 7371: 7370: 7368: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7356: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7313:Minor holidays 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7214: 7212: 7208: 7207: 7205: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7183: 7181: 7177: 7176: 7174: 7173: 7165: 7159: 7157: 7149: 7148: 7146: 7145: 7144:Related topics 7134: 7133: 7130: 7129: 7127: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7114:Bill of Rights 7111: 7106: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7073: 7070: 7069: 7059: 7058: 7055: 7054: 7051: 7050: 7047: 7046: 7044: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6997: 6995: 6988: 6984: 6983: 6980: 6979: 6977: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6885: 6883: 6879: 6878: 6876: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6729: 6727: 6720: 6716: 6715: 6712: 6711: 6709: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6667: 6665: 6661: 6660: 6658: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6586: 6584: 6577: 6569: 6568: 6558: 6557: 6554: 6553: 6550: 6549: 6546: 6545: 6543: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6521: 6519: 6518:Loyal colonies 6515: 6514: 6512: 6511: 6506: 6504:South Carolina 6501: 6496: 6491: 6489:North Carolina 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6445: 6443: 6441:Rebel colonies 6434: 6426: 6423: 6422: 6420: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6403: 6401: 6397: 6396: 6394: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6381:Sint Eustatius 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6341:"First Salute" 6338: 6332: 6330: 6326: 6325: 6323: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6285:Kings Mountain 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6175:Harlem Heights 6172: 6167: 6165:Valcour Island 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6136: 6134: 6127: 6126: 6124: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6062: 6060: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6033: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6011: 6009: 6005: 6004: 6002: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5980: 5978: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5947: 5945: 5932: 5924: 5923: 5921: 5920: 5917: 5914: 5911: 5908: 5905: 5894: 5893: 5890: 5889: 5886: 5885: 5883: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5836: 5834: 5830: 5829: 5827: 5826: 5821: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5800:Lee Resolution 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5718:Black Patriots 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5679: 5677: 5673: 5672: 5670: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5582: 5580: 5575: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5568: 5566:Black Loyalist 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5541:North ministry 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5507: 5505: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5480: 5473: 5466: 5461: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5413: 5411: 5403: 5402: 5389: 5388: 5381: 5380: 5373: 5366: 5358: 5349: 5348: 5346: 5345: 5332: 5331: 5323: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5316: 5311: 5309:Deborah Squash 5306: 5301: 5299:Hercules Posey 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5279:William Costin 5276: 5271: 5266: 5260: 5258: 5254: 5253: 5251: 5250: 5244: 5238: 5232: 5226: 5220: 5214: 5208: 5202: 5196: 5195:(half-brother) 5190: 5189:(half-brother) 5184: 5178: 5172: 5166: 5160: 5154: 5147: 5145: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5109: 5108: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5032: 5031: 5029:Federalist Era 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4995: 4993: 4989: 4988: 4986: 4985: 4973: 4965: 4957: 4949: 4941: 4933: 4925: 4920: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4901: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4835: 4834: 4833: 4828: 4818: 4817: 4816: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4745: 4744: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4664: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4634: 4627: 4620: 4613: 4606: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4581: 4573: 4565: 4557: 4556: 4555: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4513:Mount Rushmore 4510: 4505: 4500: 4494: 4492: 4481: 4480: 4478: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4380: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4338: 4336: 4335:Life and homes 4332: 4331: 4329: 4328: 4323: 4321:Town Destroyer 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4297: 4295: 4289: 4288: 4286: 4285: 4284: 4283: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4212: 4211: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4190: 4189: 4179: 4178: 4177: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4151: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4125: 4120: 4119: 4118: 4108: 4103: 4102: 4101: 4091: 4085: 4083: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4032: 4030: 4022: 4021: 4019: 4018: 4017: 4016: 4011: 4003: 3998: 3997: 3996: 3986: 3981: 3979:Evacuation Day 3976: 3971: 3970: 3969: 3959: 3954: 3953: 3952: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3931: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3900: 3899: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3873: 3872: 3871: 3861: 3860: 3859: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3833: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3807: 3801: 3799: 3789: 3788: 3786: 3785: 3775: 3765: 3758: 3752: 3742: 3739: 3738: 3731: 3730: 3723: 3716: 3708: 3699: 3698: 3696: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3679: 3677: 3673: 3672: 3670: 3669: 3664: 3658: 3656: 3652: 3651: 3649: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3623: 3621: 3617: 3616: 3614: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3591: 3586: 3580: 3578: 3574: 3573: 3571: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3544: 3542: 3538: 3537: 3535: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3498: 3496: 3492: 3491: 3489: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3427: 3425: 3421: 3420: 3418: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3351: 3349: 3345: 3344: 3342: 3341: 3336: 3330: 3328: 3324: 3323: 3321: 3320: 3314: 3312: 3308: 3307: 3305: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3288: 3286: 3282: 3281: 3274: 3273: 3266: 3259: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3239: 3232: 3231:External links 3229: 3227: 3226: 3221: 3206: 3201:978-1400077076 3200: 3187: 3174:Mintz, Max M. 3172: 3166: 3153: 3148:978-1570031373 3147: 3134: 3122: 3116: 3103: 3100:978-0190652166 3088: 3073: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3049: 3048: 3025: 3013: 3002:(2): 343–365. 2983: 2966: 2955:(8): 144–165. 2926: 2900: 2874: 2862: 2850: 2823: 2804: 2793:. May 14, 2018 2778: 2752: 2737: 2711: 2695: 2676: 2646: 2640:978-1570031373 2639: 2616: 2589: 2583:978-1772401424 2582: 2553: 2541: 2528: 2516: 2501: 2468: 2443: 2404: 2385: 2359: 2333: 2302: 2295: 2277: 2263: 2243: 2221: 2214: 2196: 2189: 2148: 2141: 2100: 2094:978-0275984663 2093: 2073: 2066: 2048: 2014: 2007: 1954: 1928:(2): 343–365. 1908: 1870: 1863: 1843: 1810: 1781: 1775:978-0275981778 1774: 1754: 1720:(4): 587–622. 1700: 1681:(4): 427–453. 1665: 1651: 1621: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1614: 1613: 1605: 1602: 1546: 1543: 1527:Town Destroyer 1476:John Deseronto 1399:Little Abraham 1358: 1355: 1276:Delaware River 1192: 1189: 1156: 1153: 1086: 1083: 1020: 1017: 962:Main article: 959: 956: 927:Main article: 924: 921: 884: 881: 872:Roland Montour 858: 855: 790: 787: 662:Thomas Hartley 643:Wyoming Valley 597:Sayenqueraghta 506:Main article: 503: 500: 484:scorched-earth 436: 433: 398:scorched-earth 396:carried out a 382:Wyoming Valley 339: 338: 336: 335: 330: 325: 320: 315: 310: 305: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 273:Wyoming Valley 270: 264: 261: 260: 249: 248: 241: 234: 226: 218: 217: 211: 210: 207: 203: 202: 198: 197: 194: 188:1,000 Iroquois 185: 184: 180: 179: 154: 136:Sayenqueraghta 132: 131: 127: 126: 114: 94: 93: 89: 88: 85: 84: 81: 77: 76: 66: 64: 60: 59: 56: 48: 47: 34: 33: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7476: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7391: 7389: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7288:Patriots' Day 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7265: 7264: 7263:Commemoration 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7215: 7213: 7209: 7203: 7202:Yankee Doodle 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7184: 7182: 7178: 7172: 7171: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7160: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7143: 7142: 7139: 7135: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7104: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7074: 7071: 7064: 7060: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7031:de Rochambeau 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6998: 6996: 6992: 6989: 6985: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6886: 6884: 6880: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6730: 6728: 6724: 6721: 6717: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6668: 6666: 6662: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6587: 6585: 6581: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6563: 6559: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6522: 6520: 6516: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6474:New Hampshire 6472: 6470: 6469:Massachusetts 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6446: 6444: 6442: 6438: 6435: 6424: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6404: 6402: 6398: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6333: 6331: 6327: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6128: 6122: 6121:Naval battles 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6063: 6061: 6056:Campaigns and 6053: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6017: 6016: 6013: 6012: 6010: 6006: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5977: 5973: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5918: 5915: 5912: 5909: 5906: 5903: 5902: 5899: 5895: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5860:Gaspee affair 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5837: 5835: 5831: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5735: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5680: 5678: 5674: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5583: 5581: 5573: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5516:Bute ministry 5514: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5502: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5485: 5481: 5478: 5474: 5471: 5467: 5465: 5464:Spirit of '76 5462: 5460: 5459: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5437:Republicanism 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5379: 5374: 5372: 5367: 5365: 5360: 5359: 5356: 5344: 5343: 5334: 5333: 5330: 5329: 5325: 5324: 5321: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5284:Sarah Johnson 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5255: 5248: 5245: 5242: 5239: 5236: 5233: 5231:(grandmother) 5230: 5227: 5225:(grandfather) 5224: 5221: 5218: 5215: 5212: 5209: 5206: 5203: 5200: 5197: 5194: 5191: 5188: 5185: 5182: 5179: 5176: 5173: 5170: 5167: 5164: 5161: 5158: 5155: 5152: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5140: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5107: 5104: 5103: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5076:Syng inkstand 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5030: 5027: 5026: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5019:Republicanism 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4996: 4994: 4990: 4983: 4979: 4978: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4840: 4839: 4836: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4823: 4822: 4819: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4743: 4740: 4739: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4732:Newark statue 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4717:Boston statue 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4707:Austin statue 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4695:Point of View 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4669: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4639: 4635: 4633: 4632: 4628: 4626: 4625: 4621: 4619: 4618: 4614: 4612: 4611: 4607: 4605: 4604: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 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Sullivan Expedition

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