Banten Sultanate - Knowledge

2123: 2430:, right on the outskirts of Batavia. Thousands of acres of land were cleared and planted with coconut trees, and around twenty thousand people were transmigrated to the new settlement. The development also included lands along the north coast between Banten and Batavia. An irrigation project was conducted in Tanara between 1663 and 1664; a canal was dug as far as the Pasilyan River and connected to Cisadane. The second phase of the project in 1670-1672 was the development between Tanara and Pontang, including the construction of two canals and dams to irrigate new paddy fields being worked by ten thousand new settlers. The last phase, between 1675 and 1677, was the clearing and irrigation of lands between Banten and Anyer. The scale of the project was quite enormous, spanning from outskirts of Batavia to Anyer on the west coast of Java; 40 kilometres of canals were dug, at least 3 dams were built, more than 40,000 hectares of lands were transformed into 2485:(port master) of Banten. Acquiring the sultan's confidence, he was a man of exceptional talent and vision to boost the Banten economy by creating Banten's own fleet of trading ships. Previously, Banten just took the role as trading port, while the active commerce role was played by entrepreneur merchants and trading companies. Having English traders as consultants, the syahbandar built ships and recruited crew, both locals and of foreign origin, to create a trading fleet modelled after the European model. The new European ships were ordered from an English-owned shipwright in Rembang near the teak wood producing area in northern Java, while some secondhand ships were acquired from Moorish, Japanese and European traders. By the 1660s Banten was able to compete with European companies for trade in the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea. In 1666 Banten 2915: 442: 2655: 2114:— both by naval fleet and by land army marching through Southern Sumatra. At that time, Palembang was still a Hindu-Buddhist polity, a remnant of Majapahit overseas vassal, which was regarded by Muslim Banten as a pagan state. Inspired by his illustrious grandfather Hasanuddin and his valiant father Maulana Yusuf, that conquered the pagan kingdom of Sunda, Muhammad was eager to find fame of his own by expanding his realm. By 1596 the siege of Palembang was set in place, and when victory seemed within his grasp, a sudden tragedy happened as a cannonball struck and killed the king on his ship when he was sailing on the Musi River by the city. With the sudden death of the young monarch, Banten's expansionist policy was shattered, as the troops retreated and sailed home. 2722: 924: 2452: 2253: 882: 2186: 2375:. The Great Council was held and the response was the Sultan of Banten only paid homage to one sovereign only; the Grand Shareef of Mecca. As a response for this refusal, Mataram swiftly sent a fleet of 60 ships armed troops from Cirebon to invade Banten. A naval battle took place off the coast of Tanara, midway between Banten and Batavia. The Bantenese navy took an upper hand and managed to defeat Cirebonese fleet. This naval campaign ended in disastrous defeat of Cirebon. This war is known as Pagarage war or Pacirebonan war that took place in 1650. Banten was victorious, while Cirebon-Mataram forces were vanquished. 100: 73: 2943: 85: 1026: 495: 2528:

Kasepuhan and Prince Kertawijaya as Sultan Kanoman. By doing so the Sultan of Banten disintegrated and weakened the Sultanate of Cirebon into several petty states. On the other hand, Prince Wangsakerta, who had fought for 10 years, was only given a small title and estate. The cunning divide strategy was meant to weaken Cirebon and to prevent Cirebon from being Mataram's ally and becoming a menace to Banten in the future, as it had done in Pagarage War. In the 1670s he practically acquired the

509: 481: 870:, formed by the two arms of the river. Two main streets running north–south and east–west divided the city into quarters. The royal palace was surrounded by residences of the principal minister of state, and was built on the south side of the royal square while the great mosque on the west side. Foreigners, for the most part merchants, had to live outside the royal city, that is on either side of the delta. The international trade was accommodated in the larger western harbour where 2778: 2747:(Sunda) – which probably refer to the port of Banten, was famous as the producer of excellent pepper. It was one of the main commodities of its predecessor, the ancient Kingdom of Sunda; and the Muslim Banten simply took over the established pepper trade of its Hindu predecessor. Indeed, it was pepper that attracted foreign traders to Banten; from Chinese, Moors, to Portuguese, Dutch, English and Danish merchants has established their export-import business in the port city. 2520:. On the other hand, Cirebon relations with their suzerain, Mataram, were strained. The tension culminated with the execution of Cirebon King Panembahan Girilaya in Plered, while the Cirebon princes were taken as the hostage in Mataram. Prince Wangsakerta of Cirebon went to Banten to seek Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa's help in freeing his brothers. Tirtayasa agreed to assist Cirebon and saw it as an opportunity to raise Banten's influence upon Cirebon. Using the opportunity of the 2553: 3146: 2016: 2478:. The Dutch invaded Makassar and demanded the expulsion of the Portuguese from the city. Soon Banten learned about this Spanish trade and picked up what Makassar had left. Starting in 1663, Banten trading ships laden with pepper and other commodities sailed to Manila every year and acquired Spanish cash. Ageng established trade with Spanish Manila for silver and built canals for coconut palm and sugar plantations, among other developments. 2391: 2419:. Dutch Batavia once again imposed a blockade upon Banten, since the port was the center of British trading interest in the archipelago. This time however, Banten was quite powerful enough to resist Batavian coercion, albeit not on equal footing. Banten adopted rather indirect guerilla warfare, attacking Dutch ships on the high seas by sending fireships, also launching raids and harassing farmlands around Batavia. 2236:). This new foreign-controlled town soon will become the nemesis for Banten and bears a great repercussion, not only for Banten, but upon the whole archipelago. Coen soon moved on to his next objective; to control the trade in the area by implementing a monopoly on all trading activities. In order to do this, he put into effect a blockade of the Banten harbour, which went uninterrupted for some 15 years. 2628: 901:. At that time, Banten was still under the suzerainty of Demak, and thus were obliged to fulfill the duty as a vassal state to participate in Demak's endeavour. During this venture, the Demak Sultan lost his life, and it is likely that Hasanuddin took advantage of his suzerain's death and the troubles which ensued to free his kingdom from any further obligations to this royal house. 2244:

pepper plants in the region in a desperate effort to restore peace of the kingdom. This suicidal policy proved immensely disastrous for commerce as merchants suffered the biggest losses, so much so that merchants put pressure to the court that led to the resignation of Prince Ranamenggala in 1624 in favour of the heir to the throne, now coming of age, the 28 year old Abulmufakhir.

874:(Chinatown), European trading post and the foreigner quarters were located, while the eastern port accommodated domestic trade with smaller vessels, and where the retail market was also located. A ship-wright to repair ships was located on the eastern side of the city. Hasanuddin tried to invade multiple times during the reign of 2209:(now Jakarta) on the ruins of this Javanese town, which became the centre of VOC operation and a serious rival for Banten, later contributing to its decline. During the middle of 17th century several conflicts between Banten and the Dutch in Batavia, just 60 miles separated along the northern coast of Java, occurred. 2600:

Sultan Haji to sign some detrimental agreements; the expulsion of all foreigners from Banten, the Dutch monopoly on pepper trade, and the right to establish a Dutch garrison in Banten. Subsequently, the Dutch had the Banten fortification torn down, and they built Fort Speelwijk right on the entrance of the port.

2368:. At that time Cirebon was a vassal state as well as the westernmost province of Mataram. Historically Banten and Cirebon are linked through their common ancestral founding father Sunan Gunung Jati, and Banten saw the currently weakened Cirebon as rightfully belongs within Banten's sphere of influence. 2508:

The closure of regional free trading ports and the free trade policy made Banten attractive for trading nations. During the early years of Sultan Ageng's reign only the English and the Dutch had a permanent trading post in Banten. Towards 1670 they were joined by Danish, French, Portuguese Macao, and

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The 1640s was the time of peace for Banten, much appreciated by the merchants. Streams of Banten small boats sailing to Batavia supplying the Dutch city with agricultural products, from coconut oil, rattan, eggs to sugar. The English were followed by the Danish to trade in Banten; both opened trading

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In 1635 King Abu al-Mafakhir named his son Prince Pekik (Abu al-Ma'ali Ahmad) as his co-reign. In the next year a peace treaty with Batavia was signed and ratified later in 1639. In 1636, the sovereign sent envoy to Mecca for the first time, and two years later the diplomatic delegation returned with

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province), which had traditionally belonged to the kingdom of Sunda, and from which the bulk of the pepper sold in the Sundanese region came. He was keen to assure himself of the loyalty of these agriculturally wealthy areas as soon as possible and to guarantee supplies of pepper for his ports, since

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With the infant king and the absence of a decisive central figure, the government was taken over by the regency council. The expulsion of the Portuguese had led to both Dutch and English vying for control of the city. The court itself was divided into two competing factions, and civil war erupted in

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Yusuf chose his young son Prince Muhammad as heir. However, not long after, Yusuf fell ill and died in 1580. The chosen successor, Prince Muhammad was only a child of 9 years old at that time and was not come of age. Thus, this provoked the first crisis of succession, as his uncle — Pangeran Japara,

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at whose conclusion the protagonist's problems are neatly solved when he is suddenly informed that he is "The Prince of Bantam", and that as the old "King of Bantam" has died he is to inherit the throne. Fielding and his London audience clearly conceived of "Bantam" as a prosperous country of which

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In the following years, despite occasional uprisings, Banten was forced to follow Batavia's order and was reduced to become a protectorate or a client state. Banten's influence overseas also waned, substantially. In 1752, the Dutch annexed territories on western Borneo and southern Sumatra formerly

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The young Sultan retreated and took refuge in a fortress which two years earlier he had built within Banten Palace according to the plan drew by Hendrik Lucasz Cardeel, a renegade Dutchman that become Sultan Haji's advisor. Trapped inside his fortress, Sultan Haji's fate seems sealed when, however,

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Facing this profound crisis, Prince Ranamenggala called up a great council meeting. The conclusion of this meeting is; the European were to be blame for the troubles, and to get rid of them, Banten should forfeit the commodity they coveted the most; pepper. Ranamenggala decided to pull off all the

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or VOC) with the aim to bypass the spice trade. Unlike the Portuguese in Malacca which at that time quite harmoniously integrated into the Asian trade system involving various states in the region including Banten; the Dutch as a newcomer had a different approach, they planned on seizing control of

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Around 1676 thousands of Chinese people sought asylum and worked in Banten. This wave of migration was due to the outbreak of war in Fujian and other areas of South China. These communities generally build settlements around the coasts and rivers and have a significant proportion of the Indian and

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The Dutch were only too happy to learn about the crisis within their rival's palace. They saw an opportunity to gain control upon Banten politics, and acted swiftly by dispatching the Dutch fleet to rescue the trapped young Sultan. Sultan Haji was freed by the Dutch, while his father and his loyal

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Prince Muhammad ascended to the throne in 1580 when he was 9 years of age. During the reign of the young king, Banten continued to flourish as merchants enjoyed relative freedom in trade. Pepper remained Banten's top export commodity. However, the wealth was generated by large numbers of merchants

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With Sultan Haji allied with the VOC, a war broke out between Batavia and Banten in the 1680s. After a year, the old Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa was forced to surrender. He was held as a prisoner first in Banten, later in Batavia when he died there in 1692. In return for their help, the Dutch demanded

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In 1677 Tirtayasa succeeded in having the princes of Cirebon, previously being held as hostage in Mataram, brought to Banten. However, Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa saw an opportunity to impose Banten's influence upon Cirebon. He crowned both princes he saved as the sultans, Prince Mertawijaya as Sultan

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Unlike his valiant father however, Sultan Haji were reluctant to continue the fight and sought to make peace with Batavia. Sultan Haji, angered by criticism of his new political policy from court officials loyal to his father, demanded the removal of Prime Minister Mangunjaya from the court. Old

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Batavia, however, could not afford to see Banten emerge and become too powerful. Allying themselves with Mataram, the Dutch waged two years of war and forced Banten to give up their control of Cirebon. Defeated and disappointed, Sultan Ageng retreated to his estate in Tirtayasa and withdrew from

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Sultan Abu al-Mafakhir implemented the decentralisation policy that allowed merchants to acquire commodities directly from Sumatran ports colony of Banten; such as Bengkulu, Silebar, Semangka, and Lampung. Having tasted a benefit of trade has encouraged these ports to be independent from Banten;

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The ratification of peace treaty in 1639 forced Banten to recognize the state of Batavia, forego all trade with the Moluccas, and its ships should obtain pass permit issued by Batavia. In exchange, Batavia lifted the blockade upon Banten, increased trade with Batavia, and neutrality if not Dutch

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of Banten, an important religious figure and the head of the regency council that insisted on the protection of the inheritance and rights of the child prince Muhammad. The tension increased and almost broke into a war of succession, yet being undone in the last minute due to the reversal of the

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were involved in rivalry to dominate the region, while Cirebon stuck in the middle. Although Cirebon had never been attacked by Mataram, since 1619 Cirebon had been practically held under Mataram influences and behaved as the latter's vassal. The Sultan of Mataram tried once again to impose his

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to Mataram. Thus in just a decade, Banten had lost two of its important settlements previously acquired from the former Kingdom of Sunda; Jayakarta to the Dutch, and Pajajaran to Mataram. Fearing the common enemy has led for both Banten and Batavia to repair their relations. Batavia feared that

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Starting in 1656, the Chinese merchants of both Banten and Batavia brokered peace talks between two cities that led to the agreements three years later with the kingdom of Jambi acting as intermediary. Banten demanded the right to re-establish trade with Moluccas and the Malay Peninsula, while

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In retaliation, the Banten government placed an embargo on all pepper exports to Batavia. However, as the Dutch blockade was in place, they patrolled the Bay of Banten, harassing and marauding trading ships, preventing traditional Asian traders, especially Chinese from coming to Banten. As the

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After the reign of Sultan Haji in the late 17th century, Banten had lost most of its power to the Dutch in Batavia. True that the sultanate still survives well throughout the 18th century with the reign of successive line of sultans of Banten, but it was only a shadow of its former glory of a

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As the economy prospered, so did the political influence. Official letters were exchanged with the rulers of England, Denmark, France, Portuguese Goa and Macao, Arabia, China, Japan, Siam and Cambodia. Diplomatic missions were sent to England and Arabia, the sultan's son was sent to Mecca on

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Rapid economic development led to an increase of the urban population. Major agricultural developments to ensure food production was launched, by constructing irrigation canals, dams and the expansion of ricefields. The royal city itself had undertaken a major project; 1.80 metres thick brick

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to convert to Islam, thus allowing these former Sundanese subjects to retain their ancient faith and way of life up until today. The sovereign of Banten was known to keep a regiment of bodyguard consisting of these non-Muslim "highlanders" mercenaries. The kings of Banten also allowed the

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in the east, stripping the merchants' power altogether. This strong new policy showed disregard for the principles of free trade did not sit well with the Dutch and the English. A few years later the Dutch and English followed suit, they went to Jayakarta to establish a new trade post.

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Traders coming from China, India, Turkey, Portugal, England, Denmark and the Netherlands were frequent visitors to the Banten harbour. Spices, silk, Chinese ceramics, gold, jewellery and other Asian goods attracted European merchants. Banten was a pioneer in international trade.

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ascended the throne when he was about 40. He was already an experienced ruler as co-sovereign with his late father. During Yusuf's reign, his younger brother Pangeran Japara returned from Jepara in Central Java. The name of this prince describes that he had spent his life in

2690:. The Sultan refused Daendels' command, and in response Daendels ordered the invasion of Banten and destruction of Surosowan palace. The Sultan, together with his family, was arrested in Puri Intan and held as a prisoner in Fort Speelwijk, and later sent into exile in 2587:

In 1682, angered by the death of his loyal friend Prime Minister Mangunjaya, the king rode out from his retirement estate in Tirtayasa back to the royal city of Banten, determined to take over reins of power from his son, he and his loyal officials stormed the palace.

866:, he chose to construct it on the coast at the mouth of the Cibanten River. A settlement had already existed at this place as evidenced by its harbour activities, however the settlement's seat of political power was in Banten Girang. The royal city was founded on the 973:) that was serving as the sovereign's throne of the Sunda Kingdom was taken away and placed at the street intersection in the royal square of Banten, thus marking the end of the Sundanese dynasty. Henceforth, this stone was to serve as the Banten sovereign's throne. 2855:

religious school were established in the kingdom, with the pesantren of Kasunyatan was among the most prestigious one, established south of the city in the 16th century under the patronage of king Maulana Muhammad and was led by the king's own religious teacher.

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the spice trade from the Far East up to Europe. The Portuguese and the Dutch fought fiercely for influence in Banten in the early 17th century, which erupted into a full-scale naval battle on Bay of Banten in 1601, in which the Portuguese fleet was crushed.

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office in Banten, established their trading ports in coastal India, and revived the once thriving trade of Indian colourful clothes. The lucrative trade with China, that once was very strong however, was not recovered since it was taken over by Batavia.

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of Sunda Kingdom was achieved by military means. It was said that the Sundanese prisoners were spared only if they converted to Islam. Nevertheless, the kings of Banten demonstrated their tolerance by not interfering and forcing the native inlanders

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Religious tolerance in Banten is well developed. Although dominated by Muslims, certain communities were allowed to build their facilities of worship, where around 1673 several temples had been established in the area around the port of Banten.

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The Dutch grew mightier in the region that in 1641 manage to capture Malacca, which led to the disperse of Portuguese merchants elsewhere. Some of them find refuge in Makassar which employed by its king to generate trade in eastern Indonesia.

821:, the king of Sunda at that time was powerless to prevent this takeover and signed a peace treaty with Demak and Cirebon in 1531. Gunungjati crowned Hasanudin as the temenggong of Banten with authority bestowed by the Sultan of Demak 2579:

with all European powers, but his son wanted close relations with the Dutch in Batavia. Ageng's independence is shown in the letter to the Danish king mentioned above, offering to trade pepper from Banten for firearms and gunpowder.

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Sultan Tirtayasa to demonstrate his support for his son, and in an effort to avoid any conflict, agreed for the exile of his political mentor, only to learn that several weeks later his loyal long standing friend has been murdered.

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is marked with an intense and vigorous relations with both Batavia and Mataram. In 1628, the English returned to Banten, which helped the commerce in Banten against their common rival, the Dutch in Batavia. Towards the end of 1620s

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Chinese from Amoy and Taiwan. Moreover, the English, Danish and Portuguese trading ships from India revived the archipelagic trade with Coromandel coast, as large numbers of Indian traders returned to Banten to sell their fabrics.

2436:, about 30,000 people were resettled and large numbers of villages created, and two new towns were planned. In 1678 Sultan Ageng created a new palace right in the heart of the newly improved lands in Tirtayasa village. The term 2513:

Banten's own ship. The shining prestige of the Banten court throughout the archipelago led regional rulers to ask Banten for help and intervention in particular matters, such as Banten involvement in Cirebon's political affair.

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in 1479, succeeding his uncle and father-in-law Prince Cakrabuana who had also founded Cirebon town in 1445. In 1482 Gunungjati sent a letter to his grandfather, proclaiming independence of Cirebon from Sunda. According to the

669:(Sharif Hidayatullah). He was part of the educated class of Muslim legal scholars who was educated in the Middle East. In the early 16th century, Gunungjati arrived in the town of Banten Girang with the intention of spreading 2097:

nobilities who favoured strong government control. The rise of the child prince as the successor was a victory for the liberals which saw more years of economic liberty without too much interference from the royal household.

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Nevertheless, the state of Banten has regained its prestige as an important trading emporium in the archipelago. As its wealth restored, Banten has established diplomatic relations with neighboring kingdoms; from Palembang,

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result, bulks of unwanted pepper sacks stockpiled and accumulated in Banten warehouses. This blockade struck a severe blow to commerce, thus pushing some Chinese merchants to move out from Banten and resettling in Batavia.

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around the 15th century. At that time, Islam also benefited as being the predominant faith of the Asian merchant class, that established their trading network from the coasts of Arabia, India, all the way to Indonesia.

2402:, inherited the kingdom from his grandfather in a rather favourable condition; united, prosperous and well respected. He chose his close friend Kyai Mangunjaya to be his prime minister. During his reign the Banten and 3057: 2407:

suzerainty, albeit this time indirectly: he proposed his son the heir apparent be betrothed to Ageng's daughter, while actually intending her as a royal hostage. The proposal was declined by the Sultan of Banten.

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Banten was also known as an educational centre for Islamic studies. Indeed, Islam was the main component of Bantenese civilization. Islamic religious ceremonies, festivals and also Islamic customs – the prince's

2493:, reestablishing the ancient trade link with mainland China. Banten was able to trade directly with Mecca, Gujarat, the Coromandel coast, Bengal, Siam, Cambodia, Vietnam, China, Taiwan and Japan, and also set up 2414:

erupted in Europe, which subsequently affected Batavian relations with English trading interests in Banten. The war reflected with the fierce trading competition and clashes between Dutch East India Company and

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to unite Java. Ultimately Mataram failed to capture Batavia. Later Mataram was gradually weakened through struggle of successions of Javanese princes and Dutch involvements in internal Mataram court affair.

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stormed and burnt Jayakarta to the ground and ousted Banten authority from the city. From its ashes they established the first Dutch foothold in the archipelago, the fortified port town of Batavia (now

2382:, was chosen to be his successor. A year later in 1651, old Sultan Abu al-Mufakhir died, thus at the age of 25, Sultan Ageng replacing his grandfather and rose to become the sole sovereign of Banten. 2906:. This religious prestige has made Banten – together with Aceh, a sense of belonging within the larger Islamic ummah, and made the kingdom as one of the prominent Islamic polity in the archipelago. 3084: 908:, a former enemy that despite their political rivalry, saw Portuguese fleets trading in Banten for pepper. According to tradition, the development of this kingdom was managed by Hasanuddin's son, 2955:

Arab communities . Meanwhile in Banten several European community groups such as Britain, the Netherlands, France, Denmark and Portugal have also built lodgings and warehouses around Ci Banten.

3130: 391: 272: 378: 2317:" bestowed by the Grand Shareef of Mecca upon the king of Banten. This was the first sultan title officially bestowed by Mecca upon the king of Java, which much to the dismay of the powerful 958:). The already-weakened kingdom put up little resistance and henceforth Banten ruled over the territory of the former Kingdom of Sunda west of the Citarum River. Geusan Ulun, the ruler of 3051: 3025: 862:

Having established control over the ports and the pepper trade, Hasanuddin decided to build a new capital, to symbolise the new era which was beginning. On the advice of his father,

737:(Chi Manuk or Cimanuk), this is Sunda, because the river of Chi Manuk is the limit of both kingdoms. Now comes Java and we must speak of the kings within the hinterland. The land of 3771: 2592:

he managed to send a message to Batavia urging the Dutch to intervene immediately. Indeed, Cardeel's influence was crucial in Sultan Haji decision to appeal for Dutch intervention.

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Also in 1650, the heir apparent and also the co-reign Abu al-Ma'ali, died without ascending the throne of his father Abu al-Mafakhir. Ma'ali's son, Prince Surya, the future Sultan

962:, refused to acknowledge Banten's authority over the former territory of Sunda and proclaimed his kingdom as the successor of Sunda. Sumedang Larang would later become part of the 4376: 2364:, improving city fortifications and buying cannons. In 1644 the ambassador of Mataram arrived and proposed an alliance, which was declined by Banten that now set their eyes on 2301:. The English was the primary buyer, while the Chinese merchants and settlers concentrated in Kelapadua village has established possibly the first sugar plantation in Java. 2444:", which properly describes the sultan's pride project. This new idyllic farmland abode has led to the nickname of the sultan, who was thenceforth famously known as Sultan 2134:

was still a few months old, when a few months after the king's death, a new faction of European merchant fleets arrived in Banten. On 27 June 1596 Dutch trade ships led by

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Other Europeans were soon to follow. The English, who started to sail to the East Indies from around 1600, established a permanent trading post in Banten in 1602 under

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After 20 years the new dynasty was so firmly established that Hasanuddin had no hesitation in leaving the kingdom in 1546 to take part in a military expedition against

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Feeling confident of the wealth and the power of his kingdom, the youthful 25 year-old King Muhammad in 1596 launched a military campaign against the principality of

692:, a Portuguese explorer, it was reported that the port of Banten still belonged to the Hindu Kingdom of Sunda, while Cirebon had been established as an Islamic state. 2077:

This created two factions in Banten's court; one led by the Prime Minister of the late Yusuf that supported Pangeran Japara, while the other faction was led by the

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Milton, Giles (1999). Nathaniel's Nutmeg or, The True and Incredible Adventures of the Spice Trader Who Changed the Course of History. New York: Penguin Books.

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cosmopolitan port city. By that time Banten was overshadowed by the neighboring port city of Batavia, and was treated as a client state or protectorate of VOC.

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to capture these towns. Subsequently, the Portuguese fleet that intended to establish a coastal fortress was defeated by the combined Cirebon and Demak forces.

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By 1800, a major change occurred; the Dutch East India Company went bankrupt, and its possessions were nationalized by the Netherlands as their colony, the

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from the ports of the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea that was flocking to Banten. The influx of traders filled the tax income of Banten's treasury.

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Between 1629 and 1631, a major agricultural project were underway; digging canals, building dams etc. to produce rice as well as a new export commodity;

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with a new Islamic kingdom. Although, a more pragmatic reason was more possible; a geopolitical move to prevent Muslim's rival; the Catholic Christian

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men retreated to the interior of the land to reorganize their struggle against Sultan Haji and the Dutch. Civil war ensued for several years to come.

2138:, the first Dutch fleet to arrive in East Indies, landed in Banten. On its return to the Netherlands, the voyage (1595–97) generated a modest profit. 636:

Prior to 1526, a settlement called Banten was situated about ten kilometres inland from the coast on the Cibanten River, in what is today a suburb of

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possible Muslim alliance would put Banten into Mataram camp, while Banten feared that their kingdom would become the next target for the ambitious

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Ranamanggala restored the state's authority on commercial affairs; levying taxes, imposing prices and the volume of trade. He also exiled the

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From the 1550s onwards the kingdom enjoyed a period of great prosperity. Trade saw a significant growth due to the flourishing trade with

644:, meaning "Upper Banten" owing to its location. This town previously was a native Hindu Sundanese principality that was held under the 2524:

against Mataram, Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa secretly supported the revolt and managed to weaken Mataram and save the two Cirebon princes.

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who, in turn, offered Hasanudin his sister's hand in marriage. This resulted in the establishment of a new dynasty and a new kingdom.

4572: 4447: 2615:) and reduced Banten's power substantially, making it a protectorate of the VOC. Although nominally independent, its power was gone. 2085:

Claude Guillot, a historian on Banten, argues that in the Banten court there was two competing factions; the liberals represented by

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By the 19th century, the majority of Indonesian scholars that study and even teach in Mecca were of Banten origin; such as Sheikh

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or religious judge of Banten, also holds authoritative power and enjoyed important position within Banten's court. Numbers of

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In 1650, two diplomatic missions from Mataram arrived at Banten, they demanded Banten sovereign to submit to Mataram king's

829:(currently part of Serang town) was the capital of this kingdom, and was held as a province under the Sultanate of Cirebon. 4557: 1961: 923: 601:, the kingdom reached its apogee in the late 16th and mid-17th centuries. By the late 17th century, it was overshadowed by 2817:

However, to suggest that Islam spread within Western Java as an entirely peaceful process is inaccurate as the capture of

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ramparts were built encircling the entire city which spanned 8 kilometres. Maulana Yusuf also led the construction of the

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Kasepuhan yang tumbuh di atas yang luruh: pengelolaan lingkungan secara tradisional di kawasan Gunung Halimun, Jawa Barat

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of Mataram that subsequently also sent envoys to Mecca to acquire this much coveted honorific title of Islamic world.

3882: 3851: 3830: 3510: 3352: 3296: 3270: 1941: 2733:, thus its international trade mainly consists of this product. At least since the 13th century, the Chinese record 2721: 1976: 1966: 1956: 1951: 1931: 4218: 2898:. He was a native of Tanara that wrote several works in Arabic and taught as a professor in Mecca and became the 2883:

pilgrim. These actions demonstrate a symbolic gesture that Banten holds an important prestige within the larger

2423:

Batavia demanded the extradition of fugitives that found refuge in Banten. The peace treaty was signed in 1659.

859:

it was on this spice that all international trade was based and, hence, in which the wealth of his kingdom lay.

3841: 3164: 2843:

for example, were observed faithfully and held in such great importance and festivities. After the sultan, the

2329:

Bengkulu rebelled in 1640 while Lampung rebelled in 1641 and 1644, all of them were crushed by Banten's force.

2252: 1993: 1785: 1033: 817:

Gunungjati and his son settled in Banten Girang, and took control of both the port of Banten and Kelapa, while

84: 3402: 3286: 2451: 4577: 3385: 2305:

has been a familiar plant in Java since ancient times, as image of sugarcane can be found in the 9th century

2030: 1998: 1988: 1971: 1936: 1860: 1830: 1765: 1595: 1298: 1121: 1005: 3316: 2462:

By the 1660s both Batavia and Banten embarked on expansionist policy. Batavia invaded Palembang in 1659 and

2426:

Beginning in 1653 Sultan Ageng launched agricultural reform, including developing new settlements along the

3862:

Sumber-sumber asli sejarah Jakarta, Jilid I: Dokumen-dokumen sejarah Jakarta sampai dengan akhir abad ke-16

3500: 2985: 1614: 1307: 248: 1840: 72: 2851:

hailed from India and Arabia were invited to Banten to spread their knowledge in religious matters. The

2470:. Previously Makassar, with the help of Portuguese merchants, had established trade with the Spanish in 4582: 4562: 4063: 3621:

Gallop, Annabel (November 2003). "Seventeenth-century Indonesian letters in the public record office".

2416: 2218: 2206: 1795: 959: 881: 602: 502: 3820: 3260: 954:, the Sundanese ruler at that time, decided to move the center of government to Pulasari (present-day 3709: 3031: 3015: 2964: 2481:

Sultan Ageng appointed a Chinese man named Kaytsu as the minister of foreign trade, who was also the

2261: 2142: 2131: 1946: 912:, who had become co-sovereign with his father, following a custom long practised in the archipelago. 260: 229: 4476: 4208: 3871:

The Sunda Kingdom of West Java From Tarumanagara to Pakuan Pajajaran with the Royal Center of Bogor

3546:. Penerbit Buku Kompas, PT Kompas Media Nusantara, Jakarta Indonesia. November 2008. pp. 1–2. 3169: 2895: 2766: 2270: 2224: 2194: 1926: 1347: 628:

is an important destination for tourists and for pilgrims from across Indonesia and from overseas.

365: 324: 2309:

bas relief. However, this was the first time that the sugar reached this large plantation scale.

822: 791: 2995: 2809:

that targeted the ruling class was also an instrumental action that contributed to the spread of

2706: 2675: 2360:

The trade with English and Danish had enabled Banten to buy arms and developed troops of trained

2318: 2185: 2058: 1093: 2474:, acquiring Spanish coins and silver from South America brought to the Philippines by the famed 4486: 2782: 2667: 2494: 928: 917: 625: 613: 3342: 4250: 4203: 3291:(in Indonesian). Pemerintah Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta, Dinas Museum dan Pemugaran. 1997. 3041: 2934: 2903: 2572: 1850: 1577: 1042: 976:

When Hasanuddin died in 1570, the royal kingdom of Banten comprised all of Sunda, except for

934:

Also during this period, Hasanuddin decided to launch the final blow to what remained of the

2560: 4503: 4493: 4366: 4348: 4285: 4213: 4183: 4073: 4048: 4038: 3159: 2978: 2713:

to give up his throne. This was the final blow that marked the end of Sultanate of Banten.

2670:, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies in 1808–1810, commissioned the construction of 2533: 2365: 2198: 1878: 1641: 1604: 1557: 1487: 1457: 1427: 1397: 1014: 678: 2603:

The result of civil war and Batavia involvement was disastrous for Banten: the VOC gained

2157:. In 1603, the first permanent Dutch trading post in Indonesia was established in Banten. 950:, the kingdom, already deprived of its trading revenues, was of symbolic importance only. 8: 4498: 4452: 4290: 4280: 4275: 4240: 4193: 3753: 2521: 2135: 1696: 1661: 1527: 1447: 1317: 652: 192: 4526: 4518: 4508: 4333: 4318: 4198: 4068: 3997: 3942: 3638: 2942: 2810: 2802: 1901: 1886: 1547: 1517: 1437: 1357: 1190: 955: 905: 898: 878:, however his efforts failed due to the strong defense employed by the Sundanese army. 670: 540: 197: 180: 2761:, in search of pepper. The trade relation is evident in two letters written by Sultan 1025: 4371: 4308: 4188: 4168: 4127: 4058: 4053: 3878: 3847: 3826: 3663: 3642: 3547: 3506: 3425: 3348: 3292: 3266: 2702: 2663: 2635: 2517: 2455: 2403: 2266: 1736: 1716: 1497: 1387: 1377: 1337: 1072: 963: 606: 488: 447: 342: 130: 4531: 4260: 4163: 3967: 3630: 3151: 2970: 2411: 2354: 2274: 2020: 1896: 1651: 1477: 1160: 939: 935: 863: 843: 666: 645: 583: 560: 474: 309: 202: 2879:, thus made Sultan Haji as the first sovereign in the archipelago to ever go on a 2466:

in 1661, while in 1661 Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa extended Banten's rule to Landak in

4245: 4178: 4173: 4043: 3992: 3982: 3657: 2868: 2794: 2762: 2671: 2658:

The ruins of Kaibon palace, the former residence of Banten Sultan's queen mother.

2568: 2467: 2445: 2399: 2379: 2346: 2154: 2067: 1891: 1632: 1507: 1407: 1367: 1200: 795: 774: 461: 137: 3634: 2785:, the remnant of Banten Sultanate, a popular destination for Indonesian Muslims. 4469: 4437: 4429: 4361: 4153: 4112: 3987: 3972: 3952: 2929: 2475: 2427: 2342: 2269:

grew to become a dominant power in Java and was involved in power contest with

1567: 1537: 1417: 1240: 1170: 656: 594: 186: 3344:

The Suma Oriental of Tome Pires: An Account of the East, from Red Sea to China

4546: 4012: 3947: 3890: 2818: 2798: 2691: 1220: 909: 850:, especially pepper. One of his earliest decisions was to travel to southern 684: 641: 571: 433: 329: 3338: 2729:

The sultanate's economy was built mainly upon its most important commodity;

689: 4356: 4017: 2860: 2840: 2835:

construction of Chinese folk temples and Christian churches for merchants.

2831: 2822: 2806: 2777: 2740: 2730: 2350: 2290: 2202: 2066:, the late king Hasanuddin had entrusted his younger son under the care of 1210: 1140: 1103: 947: 811: 790:

Although at first well received by the Sunda authorities, once news of the

730: 598: 150: 146: 109: 3683: 3069:

Sultan Syarifuddin Ratu Wakil, in effect Ratu Syarifah Fatimah 1750 – 1752

4270: 4265: 4158: 4102: 2735: 2701:

that the Sultanate of Banten had been absorbed into the territory of the

2687: 2541: 2486: 2390: 1327: 1250: 1052: 867: 847: 2871:. Sultan Ageng also sent Banten's first ocean-going ship to the port of 2552: 4386: 4313: 4232: 4002: 2758: 2576: 2441: 2432: 2372: 1270: 826: 674: 621: 164: 2212: 992:. Trade was expanding to become one of the largest in Southeast Asia. 4137: 4007: 3977: 3962: 3347:(1990 ed.). New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. p. 166. 2852: 2826: 2612: 2361: 2325:

assistance in the event of possible attack by Mataram in the future.

2306: 2302: 2281: 2228: 2173: 2111: 1280: 1230: 1180: 1083: 894: 803: 722: 567: 527: 105: 4404: 4399: 4300: 4132: 3957: 3813:

The Sultanate of Banten AD 1750-1808: A Social and Cultural History

2864: 2797:

decision to capture Banten in 1527, and supplant the ancient Hindu

2608: 2463: 2285: 1062: 989: 890: 807: 766: 126: 3373:(in Indonesian). Kantor Sensus dan Statistik D.K.I. Jakarta. 1980. 842:

Sultan Hasanuddin planned on reviving the fortunes of the ancient

4409: 4107: 4087: 3662:(in Indonesian). Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia. pp. 300–301. 2754: 2686:

and to provide labour to build a new port planned to be built at

2639: 2529: 2233: 2193:

After conflict with the Dutch over the pepper trade in 1619, the

2126:

The reception of Cornelis de Houtman in Java in 1596 by Paulides.

2074:

was eager to replace his late brother as the new king of Banten.

1150: 985: 981: 977: 855: 851: 742: 587: 123: 2697:

On 22 November 1808, Daendels declared from his headquarters in

4419: 4414: 4122: 3447:

The Globe Encompassed: The Age of European Discovery, 1500–1700

2872: 2698: 2631: 2502: 2490: 2471: 2314: 2247: 2165:

nobles, Prince Ranamanggala ascended to power as a new regent.

2063: 1260: 637: 617: 168: 2627: 4394: 4328: 4255: 4117: 3502:

International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania

2884: 2876: 2848: 2790: 2683: 2643: 2604: 2498: 2298: 2082:

Prime Minister who withdrew his support for Pangeran Japara.

1130: 943: 758: 661: 563: 214: 2385: 4323: 3927: 3533:(1947:280) notes that Valentijn had been in Banten in 1694. 2899: 2880: 2844: 2805:

to ever established their base in Java. The role of Muslim

2078: 995: 575: 2516:

By that time, Banten enjoyed a favourable relation with

2161:

1602. Peace was not restored until 1609 when one of the

2057:

After the death of Hasanuddin in 1570 at 70 years old,

806:

commanded this military operation in 1527, just as the

554: 3684:"Syekh Nawawi al-Bantani, Alimnya Ulama di Tanah Suci" 3544:

Ekspedisi Anjer-Panaroekan, Laporan Jurnalistik Kompas

2540:

government affairs, leaving his son, the co-sovereign

2101: 3370:

Jakarta Dalam Angka: Statistical Year Book of Jakarta

920:, perhaps built upon an older and simpler structure. 3141: 3131:

Sultan Muhammad ibn Muhammad Muhyiddin Zainussalihin

2705:. In 1813 the Banten Sultanate ceased to exist when 3097:

Sultan Abu al-Fath Muhammad Muhyiddin Zainussalihin

2213:

The loss of Jayakarta and the rise of Dutch Batavia

3736:"Sultan Maulana Hasanuddin, Sultan Banten Pertama" 837: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3103:Sultan Abu al-Nashar Muhammad Ishaq Zainulmutaqin 4544: 3315:(in Indonesian). Cirebon Regency. Archived from 3220: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3075:Sultan Abu al-Ma'ali Muhammad Wasi Zainal Alimin 3064:Sultan Abu al-Fathi Muhammad Syifa Zainul Arifin 2725:Market trade in Bantam, circa 17th-18th century. 897:, at the request of Sultan Trenggana, the third 3846:(in Indonesian). Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia. 53: 47: 39: 27:Kingdom based on the island of Java (1527–1813) 3920: 3710:"Sejarah Kesultanan Banten dan peninggalannya" 3527:Beschrijving van Groot Djava, ofte Java Major, 3444: 2939:it was a great fortune to become the monarch. 2575:. Sultan Ageng wished to maintain a policy of 2547: 2117: 2089:civil servants and merchants, and the elitist 3906: 3843:Banten, Sejarah dan Peradaban (Abad X - XVII) 3199: 2038: 3586: 3584: 3123:Caretaker Sultan Wakil Pangeran Suramenggala 3117:Sultan Abu al-Mafakhir Muhammad Aliyuddin II 3058:Sultan Abu al-Mahasin Muhammad Zainul Abidin 2958: 2248:Abu al-Mafakhir's reign, Batavia and Mataram 885:Bird's-eye view of the city of Bantam, 1599. 578:; the contemporary English name of both was 3592:"Banten abounds in archeological treasures" 3400: 2793:was possibly one of the main reason behind 2280:During this Javanese campaign, Banten lost 794:in 1522 became known, Gunungjati asked the 570:founded in the 16th century and centred in 3913: 3899: 3487:A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300 3474:A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300 3461:A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300 3109:Caretaker Sultan Wakil Pangeran Natawijaya 2928:Attesting to Bantam's renown in Europe is 2353:, and Makassar as far as sending envoy to 2045: 2031: 98: 3815:(Ph.D. thesis). Hull: University of Hull. 3659:Banten: sejarah dan peradaban abad X-XVII 3598:. Jakarta. 7 October 1999. Archived from 3581: 2386:Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa, the last blooming 980:and Sumedang Larang, and all of southern 3305: 3091:Sultan Abu al-Mafakhir Muhammad Aliuddin 3016:Sultan Abu al-Mafakhir Mahmud Abdulkadir 2941: 2913: 2776: 2720: 2653: 2626: 2551: 2532:area as vassal following a civil war in 2450: 2398:The youthful Prince Surya, who ruled as 2389: 2256:The golden crown of the Sultan of Banten 2251: 2184: 2121: 996:Maulana Yusuf and a crisis of succession 922: 880: 574:, a port city on the northwest coast of 544: 48: 3868: 3839: 3818: 3655: 3417: 3383: 3258: 2567:Palace disputes erupted between Sultan 946:. After losing its most important port 798:to send troops to Banten, starting the 104:Rough extent of Banten at the death of 14: 4545: 3620: 3489:, 2nd edition. London: MacMillan, p.35 3476:, 2nd edition. London: MacMillan, p.31 3463:, 2nd edition. London: MacMillan, p.29 3190:Historic Grand Mosque to get new look' 671:Islam in the then Hindu-dominated area 3894: 3873:. Jakarta: Yayasan Cipta Loka Caraka. 3825:. Gramedia Book Publishing Division. 3505:. Braun-Brunfield. pp. 101–104. 3337: 3265:. Gramedia Book Publishing Division. 2875:to take his son in his pilgrimage to 2859:Among Islamic scholars in Banten was 2739:mentioned that area of both sides of 2622: 2130:The successor, the infant and future 984:, as far as Tulangbawang (modern-day 942:, its capital city located in modern 582:. It is said to have been founded by 285:Sultan Syarif Muhammad ash-Shafiuddin 3569:Memimpikan Takhta Kesultanan Banten. 3498: 3085:Sultan Arif Zainul Asyiqin al-Qadiri 2440:itself means "water management" or " 2394:The statue of Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa 3529:Amsterdam, 1796. Ludwig Bachhofer, 3418:Spiller, Henry J. (15 April 2010). 3331: 2102:Muhammad and the Palembang campaign 810:fleet was arriving of the coast at 673:. Gunungjati eventually became the 24: 2789:The desire to spread the faith of 938:. Maulana Yusuf led the attack on 273:Sultan Maulana Muhammad Shafiuddin 25: 4594: 3421:Focus: Gamelan Music of Indonesia 3341:(1944) . Armando Cortesão (ed.). 2682:of Banten to move the capital to 2638:, with neighbouring Batavia (now 2262:Abu al-Mufakhir Mahmud Abdulkadir 2147:Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie 705:, the town and lands and port of 651:A grandson of the King of Sunda, 612:Its core territory now forms the 4573:1527 establishments in Indonesia 3144: 2014: 1024: 507: 493: 479: 454: 440: 426: 83: 71: 4553:Precolonial states of Indonesia 3869:Zahorka, Herwig (20 May 2007). 3764: 3746: 3728: 3702: 3676: 3649: 3614: 3560: 3536: 3519: 3492: 3479: 3466: 3453: 3438: 3411: 3052:Sultan Abu Fadhl Muhammad Yahya 3032:Sultan Abu al-Fath Abdul Fattah 2811:Islam in Indonesian archipelago 838:Initial expansion of Hasanuddin 701:(Sunda) with his great city of 605:and was finally annexed to the 593:Once a great trading centre in 3792: 3716:(in Indonesian). 24 April 2021 3690:(in Indonesian). 27 March 2020 3394: 3377: 3361: 3279: 3182: 3165:List of Sunni Muslim dynasties 2634:Residency after annexation to 1727:French and British interregnum 13: 1: 3805: 3623:Indonesia and the Malay World 3401:Adimihardja, Kusnaka (1992). 3042:Sultan Abu Nashar Abdul Qahar 2919: 2571:and his son and co-sovereign 2141:In 1600 the Dutch set up the 802:. It was likely that his son 586:, who had previously founded 143:Independent state (1547-1682) 3175: 2757:merchants also arrived from 1615:Kingdom of Bolaang Mongondow 631: 136:Under the suzerainty of the 108:, controlling both sides of 7: 4558:Islamic states in Indonesia 3758:kesultananbanten.weebly.com 3754:"Sejarah Kesultanan Banten" 3635:10.1080/1363981042000188673 3313:"Sejarah Kabupaten Cirebon" 3137: 2918:Nobleman in Banten, de Bry 2772: 2548:Civil war of father and son 2118:Western contacts and crisis 1122:Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms 555: 10: 4599: 3921:Former states in Indonesia 3026:Sultan Abu al-Ma'ali Ahmad 2962: 2909: 2716: 2678:. Daendels ordered Sultan 2458:at the Banten court, 1711. 2417:British East India Company 2313:the prestigious title of " 2219:Batavia, Dutch East Indies 2216: 2180: 1796:United States of Indonesia 1633:Chinese Kongsi federations 688:, written in 1512–1515 by 4568:17th century in Indonesia 4517: 4428: 4385: 4347: 4299: 4231: 4146: 4095: 4086: 4026: 3935: 3926: 3811:Dinar Boontharm. (2003). 3575:, Senin, 22 December 2003 3407:(in Indonesian). Tarsito. 3390:(in Indonesian). Saudara. 3384:Michrob, Halwany (1993). 2986:Sultan Maulana Hasanuddin 2965:List of Sultans of Banten 2959:List of sultans of Banten 2946:Wedding in Banten, de Bry 2676:incoming British invasion 2189:Warriors of Banten, 1596. 2143:Dutch East Indies Company 1947:Javanese historical texts 832: 792:Portuguese-Sunda alliance 546: 523: 405: 401: 388: 375: 362: 354:• Fall of Jayakarta 352: 341:• Independence from 339: 320: 306: 302: 294: 290: 278: 266: 254: 249:Sultan Maulana Hasanuddin 242: 238: 228: 220: 210: 174: 160: 116: 97: 67: 62: 41: 40: 34: 3840:Guillot, Claude (2008). 3819:Guillot, Claude (1990). 3259:Guillot, Claude (1990). 3170:List of monarchs of Java 3079:Pangeran Arya Adisantika 2896:Arsyad Thawil al-Bantani 2867:who worked under Sultan 2863:. He was a scholar from 2767:Frederick III of Denmark 2277:twice in 1628 and 1629. 2271:Dutch East India Company 2205:from Banten. He founded 2195:Dutch East India Company 1707:Dutch East India Company 1348:Samudera Pasai Sultanate 3822:The Sultanate of Banten 3772:"Ratu Syarifah Fatimah" 3485:Ricklefs, M.C. (1991). 3472:Ricklefs, M.C. (1991). 3459:Ricklefs, M.C. (1991). 3445:Ames, Glenn J. (2008). 3387:Catatan masalalu Banten 3262:The Sultanate of Banten 3006:Sultan Maulana Muhammad 2707:Thomas Stamford Raffles 2223:In 1619, the mercurial 927:Colonial era sketch of 713:(Pontang), the port of 364:• Client state of 3036:Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa 2947: 2925: 2887:or Islamic community. 2786: 2783:Great Mosque of Banten 2743:with its main port of 2726: 2668:Herman Willem Daendels 2659: 2647: 2642:) and Buitenzorg (now 2564: 2459: 2395: 2349:, Indragiri, Mataram, 2257: 2190: 2172:elites to the port of 2127: 1758:Emergence of Indonesia 931: 929:Grand Mosque of Banten 918:Great Mosque of Banten 886: 779: 753:(Losari), the land of 717:(Cigede), the port of 709:(Banten), the port of 640:town. It was known as 626:Great Mosque of Banten 390:• Annexed by the 377:• Annexed by the 261:Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa 189:(trade and diplomatic) 54: 2945: 2917: 2904:Great Mosque of Mecca 2803:Portuguese in Malacca 2780: 2724: 2657: 2630: 2555: 2454: 2393: 2255: 2188: 2125: 1813:Republic of Indonesia 1679:European colonization 1578:Riau-Lingga Sultanate 926: 884: 695: 175:Common languages 4578:History of West Java 4349:Lesser Sunda Islands 3656:Guillot, C. (2011). 3499:Ring, Trudy (1996). 3160:History of Indonesia 2996:Sultan Maulana Yusuf 2979:Sultanate of Cirebon 2674:to defend Java from 2476:galleons of Acapulco 2273:(VOC), and launched 2199:Jan Pieterszoon Coen 2021:Indonesia portal 1642:Heshun Confederation 1558:Yogyakarta Sultanate 1488:Kalinyamat Sultanate 1458:Sultanate of Jailolo 1428:Sultanate of Ternate 1141:Tarumanagara Kingdom 679:Sultanate of Cirebon 3782:on 16 January 2017. 2971:Syarif Hidayatullah 2522:Trunojoyo rebellion 2319:King Hanyokrokusumo 2136:Cornelis de Houtman 2132:Sultan Abulmafakhir 1786:National Revolution 1776:Japanese occupation 1662:Santiaogou Republic 1528:Palembang Sultanate 1448:Sultanate of Tidore 1318:Peureulak Sultanate 1251:Dharmasraya Kingdom 800:Demak-Sundanese war 733:), and the port of 697:"First the king of 653:Sri Baduga Maharaja 614:Indonesian province 310:Syarif Hidayatullah 36:Sultanate of Banten 18:Sultanate of Banten 3319:on 24 October 2019 3288:Jakarta kota joang 2990:Prince Sabakinking 2948: 2935:The Author's Farce 2926: 2787: 2727: 2711:Muhamad Syafiuddin 2660: 2648: 2623:The fall of Banten 2565: 2561:François Valentijn 2460: 2404:Mataram Sultanates 2396: 2258: 2191: 2128: 1865:1998–present 1766:National Awakening 1596:Christian kingdoms 1562:1755–present 1552:1745–present 1548:Surakarta Sunanate 1518:Kingdom of Kaimana 1472:1526–present 1438:Sultanate of Bacan 1358:Pagaruyung Kingdom 1299:Islamic sultanates 1191:Shailendra Dynasty 969:The sacred stone ( 956:Pandeglang Regency 932: 906:Portuguese Malacca 887: 4583:History of Banten 4563:Former sultanates 4540: 4539: 4227: 4226: 4082: 4081: 3669:978-2-85539-486-2 3553:978-979-709-391-4 3449:. pp. 97–99. 3431:978-1-135-90189-9 3010:Prince Sedangrana 2975:Sunan Gunung Jati 2894:, the teacher of 2892:Nawawi al-Bantani 2703:Dutch East Indies 2664:Dutch East Indies 2636:Dutch East Indies 2563:, Amsterdam, 1726 2456:Cornelis de Bruyn 2275:sieges on Batavia 2267:Mataram Sultanate 2227:Governor General 2201:took the port of 2197:Governor-General 2055: 2054: 1869: 1868: 1821:Liberal democracy 1804: 1803: 1749: 1748: 1737:Dutch East Indies 1670: 1669: 1623: 1622: 1605:Larantuka Kingdom 1586: 1585: 1498:Mataram Sultanate 1398:Cirebon Sultanate 1378:Malacca Sultanate 1338:Ternate Sultanate 1289: 1288: 1271:Singhasari Empire 1265:1000s–1300s 1231:Kahuripan Kingdom 1112: 1111: 964:Mataram Sultanate 607:Dutch East Indies 556:Kasultanan Banten 553: 547:ᮊᮞᮥᮜ᮪ᮒᮔᮔ᮪ ᮘᮔ᮪ᮒᮨᮔ᮪ 533: 532: 519: 518: 515: 514: 489:Bantam Presidency 467: 466: 448:Cirebon Sultanate 392:Dutch East Indies 343:Cirebon Sultanate 312:conquered Banten 268:• 1809–1813 256:• 1651–1683 244:• 1552–1570 131:Cirebon Sultanate 55:Kasultanan Banten 42:ᮊᮞᮥᮜ᮪ᮒᮔᮔ᮪ ᮘᮔ᮪ᮒᮨᮔ᮪ 16:(Redirected from 4590: 4490: 4473: 4456: 4377:Solor Watan Lema 4261:Lanfang Republic 4093: 4092: 3933: 3932: 3915: 3908: 3901: 3892: 3891: 3874: 3865: 3857: 3836: 3799: 3796: 3784: 3783: 3778:. Archived from 3768: 3762: 3761: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3732: 3726: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3688:Republika Online 3680: 3674: 3673: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3618: 3612: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3596:The Jakarta Post 3588: 3579: 3578: 3564: 3558: 3557: 3540: 3534: 3525:From Valentijn, 3523: 3517: 3516: 3496: 3490: 3483: 3477: 3470: 3464: 3457: 3451: 3450: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3415: 3409: 3408: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3335: 3329: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3283: 3277: 3276: 3256: 3197: 3196:, 20 April 2013. 3194:The Jakarta Post 3186: 3154: 3152:Indonesia portal 3149: 3148: 3147: 3000:Prince Pasareyan 2924: 2921: 2619:held by Banten. 2412:Anglo-Dutch Wars 2068:Queen Kalinyamat 2047: 2040: 2033: 2019: 2018: 2017: 1831:Guided Democracy 1817: 1816: 1762: 1761: 1683: 1682: 1652:Lanfang Republic 1638: 1637: 1601: 1600: 1522:1600s–1926 1512:1528s–1877 1478:Banjar Sultanate 1468:Banten Sultanate 1452:1500s–1967 1368:Brunei Sultanate 1304: 1303: 1281:Majapahit Empire 1181:Srivijaya Empire 1161:Kalingga Kingdom 1127: 1126: 1094:Toba catastrophe 1077:94,000–12,000 BP 1048: 1047: 1028: 1018: 1000: 999: 936:Kingdom of Sunda 864:Sunan Gunungjati 844:kingdom of Sunda 786: 667:Sunan Gunungjati 646:Kingdom of Sunda 597:, especially of 584:Sunan Gunungjati 558: 552:romanized: 551: 549: 548: 537:Banten Sultanate 511: 510: 497: 496: 483: 482: 475:Bantam Residency 471: 470: 458: 457: 444: 443: 430: 429: 423: 422: 407: 406: 280:• 2016–now 203:Cikoneng Lampung 102: 87: 75: 57: 51: 50: 45: 44: 43: 32: 31: 21: 4598: 4597: 4593: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4588: 4587: 4543: 4542: 4541: 4536: 4513: 4484: 4467: 4450: 4424: 4381: 4343: 4295: 4223: 4142: 4078: 4064:Sumedang Larang 4022: 3922: 3919: 3860: 3854: 3833: 3808: 3803: 3802: 3797: 3793: 3788: 3787: 3770: 3769: 3765: 3752: 3751: 3747: 3734: 3733: 3729: 3719: 3717: 3708: 3707: 3703: 3693: 3691: 3682: 3681: 3677: 3670: 3654: 3650: 3629:(91): 412–439. 3619: 3615: 3605: 3603: 3602:on 14 July 2009 3590: 3589: 3582: 3566: 3565: 3561: 3554: 3542: 3541: 3537: 3524: 3520: 3513: 3497: 3493: 3484: 3480: 3471: 3467: 3458: 3454: 3443: 3439: 3432: 3416: 3412: 3399: 3395: 3382: 3378: 3367: 3366: 3362: 3355: 3336: 3332: 3322: 3320: 3311: 3310: 3306: 3299: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3273: 3257: 3200: 3188:Multa Fidrus, ' 3187: 3183: 3178: 3150: 3145: 3143: 3140: 2967: 2961: 2922: 2912: 2869:Ageng Tirtayasa 2775: 2763:Ageng Tirtayasa 2719: 2672:Great Post Road 2625: 2611:Highlands (now 2569:Ageng Tirtayasa 2559:, engraving by 2550: 2446:Ageng Tirtayasa 2388: 2380:Ageng Tirtayasa 2250: 2221: 2215: 2183: 2155:James Lancaster 2120: 2104: 2051: 2015: 2013: 2008: 2007: 2006: 2004: 1916: 1908: 1907: 1906: 1881: 1871: 1870: 1855:1967–1998 1845:1966–1967 1835:1959–1966 1825:1950–1959 1814: 1806: 1805: 1800:1949–1950 1790:1945–1949 1780:1942–1945 1770:1908–1942 1759: 1751: 1750: 1745: 1744:1945–1949 1743: 1742:1800–1942 1731:1806–1816 1721:1685–1824 1711:1602–1799 1701:1521–1677 1691:1512–1850 1680: 1672: 1671: 1666:1777–1853 1656:1777–1884 1646:1776–1854 1635: 1625: 1624: 1598: 1588: 1587: 1582:1824–1911 1572:1814–1946 1542:1725–1946 1532:1659–1823 1508:Johor Sultanate 1502:1586–1755 1492:1527–1599 1482:1526–1863 1462:1496–1903 1442:1515–1946 1432:1486–1914 1422:1496–1903 1412:1475–1554 1408:Demak Sultanate 1402:1445–1677 1392:1405–1851 1382:1400–1511 1372:1368–1888 1362:1347–1833 1352:1267–1521 1342:1257–1914 1332:1225–1613 1308:Spread of Islam 1301: 1291: 1290: 1285:1293–1527 1275:1222–1292 1255:1183–1347 1245:1045–1221 1235:1019–1045 1201:Mataram Kingdom 1124: 1114: 1113: 1045: 1016: 1009: 998: 960:Sumedang Larang 899:sultan of Demak 846:— the rice and 840: 835: 796:Demak Sultanate 788: 781: 769:), the land of 761:), the land of 745:), the land of 725:), the port of 657:Prabu Siliwangi 655:(also known as 634: 508: 494: 480: 462:Demak Sultanate 455: 441: 427: 394: 381: 368: 355: 345: 332: 313: 281: 269: 257: 245: 183:(predominantly) 156: 138:Demak Sultanate 112: 93: 92: 91: 88: 80: 79: 76: 58: 52: 46: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4596: 4586: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4538: 4537: 4535: 4534: 4529: 4523: 4521: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4479: 4474: 4462: 4457: 4445: 4440: 4434: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4391: 4389: 4383: 4382: 4380: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4353: 4351: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4305: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4294: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4237: 4235: 4229: 4228: 4225: 4224: 4222: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4209:Samudera Pasai 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4150: 4148: 4144: 4143: 4141: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4099: 4097: 4096:Hindu/Buddhist 4090: 4084: 4083: 4080: 4079: 4077: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4030: 4028: 4024: 4023: 4021: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3939: 3937: 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, 531: 530: 525: 521: 520: 517: 516: 513: 512: 505: 499: 498: 491: 485: 484: 477: 468: 465: 464: 459: 451: 450: 445: 437: 436: 431: 419: 418: 413: 403: 402: 399: 398: 395: 389: 386: 385: 382: 376: 373: 372: 369: 363: 360: 359: 356: 353: 350: 349: 346: 340: 337: 336: 333: 321: 318: 317: 314: 307: 304: 303: 300: 299: 296: 292: 291: 288: 287: 282: 279: 276: 275: 270: 267: 264: 263: 258: 255: 252: 251: 246: 243: 240: 239: 236: 235: 232: 226: 225: 222: 218: 217: 212: 208: 207: 206: 205: 200: 195: 190: 184: 176: 172: 171: 162: 158: 157: 155: 154: 144: 141: 134: 120: 118: 114: 113: 103: 95: 94: 89: 82: 81: 77: 70: 69: 68: 65: 64: 60: 59: 38: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4595: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4516: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4488: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4471: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4454: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4427: 4421: 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Routledge. 3423: 3422: 3414: 3406: 3405: 3397: 3389: 3388: 3380: 3372: 3371: 3364: 3356: 3354:81-206-0535-7 3350: 3346: 3345: 3340: 3334: 3318: 3314: 3308: 3300: 3298:9789799530608 3294: 3290: 3289: 3282: 3274: 3272:9789794039229 3268: 3264: 3263: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3195: 3191: 3185: 3181: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3157: 3153: 3142: 3132: 3129: 3124: 3121: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3110: 3107: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3076: 3073: 3068: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3043: 3040: 3037: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3020:Pangeran Ratu 3017: 3014: 3011: 3007: 3004: 3001: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2987: 2984: 2983: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2969: 2968: 2966: 2956: 2952: 2944: 2940: 2937: 2936: 2931: 2916: 2907: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2857: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 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In 1808 2577:free-trade 2483:syahbandar 2442:hydraulics 2373:suzerainty 2362:musketeers 2355:Coromandel 2217:See also: 1984:Mass media 1861:Reform era 1841:Transition 1687:Portuguese 1073:Flores Man 1043:Prehistory 952:Nilakendra 827:Old Banten 819:Surawisesa 808:Portuguese 690:Tomé Pires 675:tumenggong 622:Old Banten 221:Government 193:Cirebonese 165:Old Banten 4367:Larantuka 4276:Pontianak 4194:Palembang 4138:Srivijaya 4128:Samaskuta 4069:Surakarta 4008:Srivijaya 3978:Majapahit 3963:Kahuripan 3798:pretender 3643:162010030 3606:3 January 3176:Footnotes 2853:pesantren 2827:Pajajaran 2613:West Java 2501:and even 2495:factories 2438:Tirtayasa 2307:Borobudur 2303:Sugarcane 2282:Pajajaran 2229:J.P. 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