955:, Bunyadov claimed that Armenians had organized the pogroms: "The Sumgait tragedy was carefully prepared by Armenian nationalists... Several hours after it began, Armenian photographers and TV journalists secretly entered the city where they awaited in readiness." Bunyadov's thesis was hinged on the fact that Sumgait Armenians had withdrawn more than one million rubles from their savings before the attacks. To support his thesis, he had also drawn attention to the fact that one of the participants in the riots and killings was Eduard Grigorian, a man of mixed Russian-Armenian lineage who was freed after while later in Russia, and who had three previous criminal convictions and pretended to be Azerbaijani. Grigorian was a factory worker who took part in gang rapes and mass attacks and was subsequently sentenced to 12 years for his role in the massacres. Grigorian had been brought up in Sumgait by his Russian mother following the early death of his Armenian father, and his ethnic identity is considered irrelevant since he appropriately fit the profile of a "
599:, who addressed the crowd atop a platform. V. Huseinov, the director of the Institute of Political Education in Azerbaijan, also attempted to calm them by assuring them that Karabakh would remain within the republic and that the refugees' stories were false. He in turn was heckled with insults and forced to step down. Jahangir Muslimzade, Sumgait's first secretary, spoke to the crowd, and told them to allow Armenians to leave of their own accord. But according to witnesses, this message served to agitate the crowd. Shortly after his speech, at around 6:30 pm, Muslimzade was handed a flag of the Azerbaijan SSR and soon found himself leading the crowd. According to Muslimzade, he was attempting to lead the crowd away from the Armenian district and toward the sea, but many Armenians saw this act as implicating him as a leader of the riot. The crowd, in any case, dispersed and several groups made for the Armenian district.
1708:"Sumgait: Evidence given by witnesses and relatives of victims of pogroms". Viktoria Grigoryan, sister of murdered Seda Danielyan: "Somebody knocked on the door and asked: "Are you Armenians?" My sister's husband answered: "No, we are Azeris", and they left." Danielyan Vitaliy, son of killed Nikolay and Seda Danielyans: "They entered the house and started to raid the flat. Then they took the parents’ passports and read a few words. One of them read out in good Russian "Danielyan", stressing "yan" turned the page, it said "Armenian". And he says: "Ok, this is enough". Then they started to shout that they had come to drink blood..."
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victims based solely on ethnicity — being
Armenian was the only criterion. Some sources speak of premeditation ahead of the break-out of violence. Cobbles were brought into the city to block and limit access and exit from the town; the perpetrators had previously obtained the list of addresses of the Armenian residents of the city. Warnings by Azerbaijanis sympathetic to their Armenian neighbors instructed them to leave their lights on the night of the 27th; those who shut them off would be assumed to be Armenian. According to several Armenian witnesses and Soviet military personnel, alcohol and
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most of the
Azerbaijanis in Sumgait. Slogans such as "Death to Armenians" and "Armenians get out of our city" were being voiced. There were also many public figures attending the rallies, among them the head of public school No. 25, an actress of the Arablinski theatre, Azerbaijani poet Khydyr Alovlu (a strong supporter of Heydar Aliyev) and others, who called for Armenians to be expelled from Azerbaijan or killed. Almost each speech was concluded with the slogan "Death to Armenians." Since the speakers used microphones these calls were heard not only in the square but also in the nearby streets.
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Soviet
Supreme Court in Moscow in May 1988. By October 1988, nine men had been sentenced, including Ismailov, who was sentenced to 15 years in prison with a further 33 on trial. Other sentences were more harsh: Ahmad Ahmadov was found guilty and sentenced to be shot by a firing squad for leading a mob and taking part in the murder of seven people. However, 90 of those who were tried were set free after a relatively short time as they were sentenced for hooliganism, rather than for murder and violence.
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media did not initially report the event and remained largely silent, broadcasting instead news related to foreign affairs while the media in
Sumgait spoke only on local issues unrelated to the massacre. The Soviet government was initially hesitant to admit that violence had taken place; however, when it did, it was quick to downplay the scale of the event, describing the rioting that had occurred as that perpetrated by "hooligans."
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997:: "It is not far-fetched to speculate that the first pogroms against Armenians in Azerbaijan were instigated by the notorious local mafia, which is controlled by the KGB official G.A. Alieev , in order to create a situation in which Gorbachev would lose, no matter what he did." Two authors commented in 2004, "Although that possibility cannot be ruled out, hard evidence is still lacking." American analyst
580:, visited Sumgait ten days after the pogrom and met with the workers from the aluminum factory, and reported that locals said that people from out of town had been inciting the violence. Baku's local party leader Fuad Musayev, who was called back to Baku because of the unrest, stated in the interview given to Thomas de Waal, "Someone was provoking them, propaganda work was going on."
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pogrom-makers were entering precisely the buildings were
Armenians lived. In reality, they knew all the addresses, they were acting unmistakably. And all that was not out of hooligan intentions, that was an action specifically against the Armenian people, against Armenians. Not against Russians or other nations, but against Armenians. They were looking particularly for Armenians..."
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There was no intervention on the part of the police to stop the perpetrators. As mentioned by de Waal, "Another factor, which seems to have been a necessary condition for ethnic violence to begin, came into play: the local police did nothing. It later transpired that the local police force was overwhelmingly composed of
Azerbaijanis and had only one professional Armenian officer."
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entered the apartment buildings and sought out
Armenians where they lived. Some took shelter among their Azerbaijani and Russian neighbors, who also risked being attacked by the mobs. Others turned on the television to watch Azerbaijani music concerts and raised the volume to give the effect that they were in fact Azerbaijanis.
959:, a thuggish young man, of indeterminate nationality with a criminal past, seeking violence for its own sake." This view has since gained wider currency in all of Azerbaijan today, where it is still euphemistically referred to in the media and by government officials as the "Sumgait events" (Sumqayıt hadisələri).
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The demonstrations in the Lenin Square were concluded with strong anti-Armenian sentiments. During the demonstrations there were apparent threats and accusations against the
Armenians for distorting the territorial integrity of Azerbaijan. The Armenians were also blamed for being much better-off than
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plants built during that era. Its population in the 1960s stood at 60,000, but by the late 1980s it had grown to over 223,000 (with an
Armenian population of about 17,000), and overcrowding among other social problems plagued the city. While there was a high rate of unemployment and poverty among the
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Fragment from the indictment on criminal case 18/60233 on accusation of Akhmed Imani ogly
Akhmedov, Ilham Azat ogly Ismailov, and Yavar Giyas ogly Jafarov: "Answering the question of lawyer Shaposhnikova "Why did you not call your father, who was in service then, to tell him about what was happening
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This conspiracy theory, though discredited, is supported by Azerbaijan's president Aliyev: “I without reservation declare that the Sumgait events were carried out by Armenian nationalists and Armenian groups...The Sumgait events were used as to expand the black PR campaign against Azerbaijan, and as
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unanimously passed Amendment 2690 to the Fiscal Year 1989 Foreign Operations Appropriations bill (H.R. 4782), concerning the Karabakh conflict, which called on the Soviet government to "respect the legitimate aspirations of the Armenian people …" and noted that "dozens of Armenians have been killed
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By March 1, Soviet troops had effectively quelled the rioting. Investigations were slated to begin immediately; however, waste disposal trucks cleaned much of the debris on the streets before they arrived. Soviet authorities arrested over 400 men in connection to the rioting and violence. The Soviet
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Another factor that may have ignited the violence was an announcement of the murder of two Azerbaijanis. On February 27, Soviet Deputy Federal Procurator, Aleksandr Katusev, announced on Baku Radio and Central Television, that two Azerbaijani youths, Bakhtiyar Guliyev and Ali Hajiyev, were killed in
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The political and economic reforms that General Secretary Gorbachev had initiated in 1985 saw a marked decentralization of Soviet authority. Armenians, in both Armenia proper and Nagorno-Karabakh, viewed Gorbachev's reform program as an opportunity to unite the two entities together. On February 20,
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Excerpt from the indictment in the criminal case 18/60233 on charges of Ahmad Imani ogly Ahmаdov, Ilham Azat ogly Ismailov and Yavar Giyas ogly Jafarov. Moscow, Nov. 1988, The Supreme Court of USSR. "I reckon they knew the addresses of the Armenians in advance. I came to this conclusion because the
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session on the third day of the rioting (February 29), Gorbachev and his senior cabinet conferred on several subjects before discussing the events of Sumgait. When the issue was finally raised, Gorbachev voiced his opposition to the proposal of sending in troops but cabinet members Foreign Minister
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questioned the trials: "Who knows why, but the court examined the Sumgait events by subdividing them into single episodes and not as a programmatic act of genocide." Most Armenians and Azerbaijanis were also dissatisfied with the trials. Armenians complained that the true instigators of the pogrom
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Soviet authorities arrested 400 men in connection to the massacre and prepared criminal charges for 84 (82 Azerbaijanis, one Russian, and one Armenian). Taleh Ismailov, a pipe-fitter from one of Sumgait's industrial plants, was charged with premeditated murder and was the first to be tried by the
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In the midst of the attacks, many Armenians sought to defend themselves and improvised by nailing their doors shut and arming themselves with axes, and in some instances a number of intruding rioters were killed. Calls to ambulance services were handled late or in many cases, unheeded completely.
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The pogrom of the Armenian population of Sumgait started on the evening of February 27, one week after the appeal of the Council of People's Deputies to unify Nagorno-Karabakh with Armenia and according to many sources was a direct response to the council's decision. The perpetrators targeted the
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The pogrom was marked by atrocities and savagery. As de Waal describes it, "The roving gangs committed acts of horrific savagery. Several victims were so badly mutilated by axes that their bodies could not be identified. Women were stripped naked and set on fire. Several were raped repeatedly.”"
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Violence broke on the evening of February 27. The attacking groups were of varying age groups. While the main participants were adult males and some women, there were also young students who took part in vandalizing and looting appliances, shoes, and clothing from the Armenians' homes. The mobs
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By 2018 the conspiracy theory was adopted by the government for the first time, according to journalist Shahin Rzayev. An investigation by the Prosecutor General's Office stated that "Armenians living in Sumgayit tried to provocatively burn down their homes and property and blame Azerbaijanis."
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Gluecksmann, Andre; Zelnick, Reginald E.; Wiehl, Reiner; Taylor, Charles; Shestack, Jerome J.; Ricoeur, Paul; Poulain, Jacques; Levinas, Emmanuel; Hooks, Benjamin L.; Heller, Agnes; Gregorian, Vartan; Gadamer, Hans-Georg; Ferry, Luc; Chace, William M.; Aaron, David; Putnam, Hilary; Kołakowski,
732:. As they moved in to secure the town, the soldiers found themselves as targets of the mob. In what became a startling sight for the city's residents, the soldiers were attacked and maimed with the improvised steel objects. Their armored vehicles were flipped over and in some cases disabled by
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later reported that eight of the city's twenty ambulances had been destroyed by the mobs. Looting was prevalent and many attackers discussed among themselves on who would take possession of what after they had broken into the apartments. In some cases, televisions were stolen, along with other
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several days earlier One of the youths was killed by an Azerbaijani police officer, but Katusev neglected to mention that and would later receive a stinging rebuke for revealing the nationalities of the young men. The secretive nature the Soviet Union was still attempting to shake off led many
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The lives of many Armenians were protected and saved by their Azerbaijani friends, neighbors or even strangers, who, at the risk of their own lives, let the Armenians hide in their houses or be escorted in their cars out of the city. According to Armenian witnesses, when Soviet troops went
638:, were brought in trucks and distributed to the crowds, although such accounts were not reported in the media. According to de Waal, the fact that the attackers were armed with homemade weapons that would have taken some time and effort to manufacture suggests a certain level of planning.
1450:Рабочие Сумгаита говорили о странных, "нездешнего вида" молодых мужчинах, которые заводили толпу. Что это за "нездешнего вида" мужчины, были ли они в действительности или это – плод воображения, – на эти вопросы я не знал ответа тогда, не знаю и сейчас, по прошествии более чем десяти лет.
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Glasnost: Vol. 2, Issue 1, Center for Democracy (New York, NY) – 1990, p. 62, cit. 'The massacre of Armenians in Sumgait, the heinous murders in Tbilisi—these killings are examples of genocide directed by the Soviet regime against its own people.', an announcement by USSR Journalists'
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that "It is accepted wisdom among Sumgait's Azerbaijani majority that the riots Feb. 27, 28 and 29 were deliberately contrived by Armenian extremists in order to discredit Azerbaijan in the battle for the world's sympathy." Historian and head of the Azerbaijani Academy of Sciences
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On February 26, several minor rallies were held at Lenin Square in Sumgait. Explicit calls for violence against Armenians and for their expulsion from Azerbaijan were heard and the crowds were agitated by news of Azerbaijani refugees who had fled Armenia (from the towns of
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913:. The letter, which was signed by professors from Johns Hopkins, Princeton, Berkeley, UCLA, Wesleyan University, University of Paris IV Sorbonne and other universities, urged the international community to take action to protect the Armenian community in Azerbaijan.
521:, which stated that republics' borders could not be altered without their prior consent. The vote by the council and the subsequent protests were condemned also by the state-run Soviet media; however, they resonated more loudly among Azerbaijanis. As journalist
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to demand that the region be joined to Armenia. On the same day, the Supreme Soviet of Nagorno-Karabakh voted to join the Armenian SSR, a move staunchly opposed by the Soviet Azerbaijani authorities. Gorbachev rejected these claims, invoking Article 78 of the
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reported of "rampage and violence" taking place in Sumgait on March 1, which was provoked on the part of a "group of hooligans" who engaged in various criminal acts. Western journalists were denied access to visit the town by Soviet authorities.
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were committed, taking place in both the apartments and publicly on the city streets. An account of one such act that was also corroborated by witnesses described how a crowd stripped naked an Armenian woman and dragged her through the streets.
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The rallies in Armenia were countered by demonstrations in Baku, during which time strong anti-Armenian sentiments were voiced by citizens and officials alike. One such statement came on February 14, 1988, when the head of the department of
768:– a military force of nearly 10,000 men under the overall command of a Lieutenant General Krayev – made its way to Sumgait. Tanks were brought in and ordered to cordon off the city. Andrei Shilkov, a Russian journalist for the periodical
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The violence in Sumgait was unexpected and was widely covered in the Western media. It was greeted with general surprise in Armenia and the rest of the Soviet Union since ethnic conflicts in the country had been largely suppressed by the
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were never caught whereas Azerbaijanis stated the sentences were too harsh and were upset with the fact that the trials were not held in Azerbaijan. Some Azerbaijanis even went on to campaign for the "freedom for the heroes of Sumgait."
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These events contributed to the anti-Armenian riots of February 28–29 in Sumgait near Baku. According to official data, 32 Armenians were killed during the riots, but various Armenian sources claimed that more than 200 people were
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These events contributed to the anti-Armenian riots of February 28–29 in Sumgait near Baku. According to official data, 32 Armenians were killed during the riots, but various Armenian sources claimed that more than 200 people were
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By February 29, the situation had worsened to the point where authorities were forced to call in more professional and heavily armed troops, who were given the right to use deadly force. A contingent made up of elements of the
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formed into groups and attacked and killed Armenians on the streets and in their apartments; widespread looting occurred, and a general lack of concern from police officers allowed the violence to continue for three days.
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in your block?", witness D. Zarbaliev (the witness’ father worked in the militia in Sumgait) said:"And why did I need to call? The militia knew about it; everybody knew about it. It was not the first day of the pogroms".
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troops entered the city and unsuccessfully attempted to quell the rioting. More professional military units entered with tanks and armored personnel vehicles one day later. Government forces imposed a state of
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2414:"RESOLUTION on the situation in Soviet Armenia. Joint resolution replacing Docs. B2-538 and 587 88, 07 July 1988. Source: Official journal of the European Communities, No. C 94/117, o C 235/106, 07 July 1988"
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1442:"Азербайджанская элита и массы в период распада СССР (Статья-мемуары о бурном времени) [The Azerbaijani Elite and Masses in the period of collapse of the USSR (An article-memoir on turbulent Times)]"
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calls "Azerbaijan's foremost Armenophobe", claimed that the massacre had been instigated by the Armenians to cast a negative light upon Azerbaijan. In an article that appeared in the Azerbaijani journal
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Cultural Facility (known as the SK) in the city's main square. The SK building was designed to accommodate several hundred people, though as many as several thousand eventually found shelter there.
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A curfew was imposed from 8:00 pm to 7:00 am as skirmishes between troops and rioters continued. Krayev ordered troops to rescue Armenians left in their apartments. By the evening of the 29th,
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Sumgait: testimony of eyewitnesses. video: 01.13. "I personally saw the local police was standing there, doing nothing, as if it were there to help the rioters. There was no official announcement."
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had seen the Soviet Union more tolerant in responding to such politically charged issues. However, Soviet officials in Azerbaijan, some of whom were witnessing the attacks, appealed to
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On July 27, 1990, 130 leading academics and human rights advocates wrote "An Open Letter to International Public Opinion on Anti-Armenian Pogroms in the Soviet Union" published in the
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was imposed and troops in buses and personnel carriers were patrolling the streets of Sumgait. Under heavily armed guard, civilian buses and APCs transported Armenian residents to the
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568:). Certain individuals told stories of murders and violence purportedly carried out by Armenians against the Azerbaijanis. Soviet authorities would later cast these individuals as
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772:, counted at least 47 tanks and reported also seeing troops wearing bulletproof vests patrolling the town, an implication that firearms were present and used during the rioting.
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According to their investigation a "diversion group" of 20–25 people who "weren’t residents of Sumgayit and were speaking in Armenian among themselves" instigated the attacks.
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in 2005. It is officially known as "The Day of Memory of the Victims of Massacres in Azerbaijani SSR and Protection of the Rights of the Deported Armenian Population".
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Complicating matters, Armenians seem incapable of separating the 1988 pogroms from the 1915 Ottoman atrocities — mention of one immediately triggers talk of the other.
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The posters carried by the Armenians on April 24, 1988 were verifications of the fact that Armenians saw the Sumgait massacres as the continuation of the genocide.
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572:. One individual, according to the Soviet press, was later revealed not to be a resident of Kapan, as he had claimed, but a criminal with a prior arrest record.
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Zverev Alexandr. Ethnic conflicts in the Caucasus 1988–1994. In Coppieters Bruno (ed.) Contested borders in the Caucasus. Brussels: Vubpress, 1996. pp. 13–71.
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to indicate that the Soviet KGB may have orchestrated the events to allow the Soviet central government to respond, suppressing the Azeri Popular Front.
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500:. It had been renovated in the 1960s and had become a leading industrial city, second after Baku by its industrial importance, with oil refineries and
2448:"An Open Letter on Anti-Armenian Pogroms in the Soviet Union by Jacques Derrida, Isaiah Berlin, and Alain Finkielkraut – The New York Review of Books"
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804:. Borovik criticized the media blackout imposed by the Soviet government, claiming that it ran against Gorbachev's aims of greater openness under
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Cox and Eibner. "Ethnic Cleansing in Progress: War in Nagorno Karabakh" Zurich: Institute for Religious Minorities in the Islamic World, 1993
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Lyday, Corbin. "A Commitment to Truth Telling: Behind the Scenes in Soviet Armenia." 1988 (Typewritten), p. 28. Accessed December 16, 2006.
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Leszek; Habermas, Juergen; Lyttelton, Adrian; Rorty, Richard; Finkielkraut, Alain; Berlin, Isaiah; Derrida, Jacques (September 27, 1990).
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wrote in his 2003 book on the conflict, after the appeal of the council "the slow descent into armed conflict began on the first day."
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Vladimir Kryuchkov. Hardline Soviet Communist who became head of the KGB and led a failed plot to overthrow Mikhail Gorbachev,
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There were many who expressed their dissatisfaction with the way the trials were organized and conducted. Soviet historian and
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The Soviet government's reaction to the riots was initially slow. Authorities were reluctant to send military units to impose
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door-to-door searching for survivors, they managed to collect thousands of Armenians who had been hiding in Azeri households.
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556:, Asadov, declared "a hundred thousand Azerbaijanis are ready to storm Karabakh at any time and organize a slaughter there."
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Efforts to calm the crowd were made by Azerbaijani figures such as secretary of the city party committee Bayramova and poet
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Zardusht Ali-Zade. Azerbaijani Elit and Masses in the period of collapse of the USSR (article-memoir on turbulent times).
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Most of the weapons during the attacks were sharpened metal objects said to be produced in the city's industrial plants.
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1346:Мятежный Карабах: Из дневника офицера МВД СССР [Rebellious Karabakh: From the diary of an officer of the USSR]
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Because of the scale of atrocities against the Armenians as an ethnic group the pogrom was immediately linked to the
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of allowing ethnic conflicts and ethnic nationalism to increase in the Soviet Union. The massacre, together with the
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Rieff David Nagorno Karabakh: case study in ethnic strife. Foreign Affairs, vol. 76 (2) Mar.-Apr. 1997, pp. 118–132.
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2329:«Հայաստանի Հանրապետության տոների և հիշատակի օրերի մասին» Հայաստանի Հանրապետության օրենքում լրացում կատարելու մասին
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576:, who was active in the social and political life of Azerbaijan from 1988 to 1989 and was one of the founders of
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Vaserman, Arie; Ginat, Ram (1994). "National, territorial or religious conflict? The case of Nagorno-Karabakh".
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Vaserman, Arie; Ginat, Ram (1994). "National, territorial or religious conflict? The case of Nagorno-Karabakh".
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Azerbaijani residents, the Armenians comprised mainly the working and educated sector of the town's population.
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spawned in the wake of the pogrom alternatively attributed to the KGB, the CIA, and the Armenians themselves.
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Session of Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, February 29, 1988.
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The Armenian Tragedy: An Eye-Witness Account of Human Conflict and Natural Disaster in Armenia and Azerbaijan
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of conspiring together against Azerbaijan and claiming that Karabakh movement was a plot organized by the
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Sumgait (Sumqayit) is located approximately 30 kilometres (19 mi) northwest of Azerbaijan's capital
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On April 28, 1988, images of the pogrom were broadcast in a 90-minute documentary by Soviet journalist
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A map of Sumgait shows a section of the city's apartment districts, notable landmarks, and main streets
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itself: "the old mechanisms kicked in, simplifying, distorting or just eliminating the truth about ."
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of the Armenian population. The Sumgait pogrom is commemorated every year on February 28 in Armenia,
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Azerbaijanis to believe that there was something more nefarious to Katusev's report than he let on.
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1711:""Sumgait": Evidence given by witnesses and relatives of victims of pogroms | KarabakhRecords"
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Davud Imanov, an Azerbaijani filmmaker, expanded on this theory in a series of films called the
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that the pogrom was perpetrated by a "group of Azerbaijani criminals by the provocation of the
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67:
Images from a videotape show burnt automobiles and throngs of rioters on the streets of
4140:
3826:
3679:
3669:
3664:
3586:
3325:
3302:
3278:
2260:
2211:
2110:
1252:
1092:
569:
337:
314:
295:
1647:"Caroline Cox and John Eibner – Ethnic Cleansing in Progress: War in Nagorno Karabakh"
840:
4242:
4059:
4054:
4039:
4007:
3919:
3811:
3733:
3711:
3706:
3479:
3320:
3127:
3110:
2954:
2948:
2930:
2911:
2894:
2870:
2806:
2720:
2521:
2170:
2149:
2138:
Soviet TV surprise: Ethnic strife shown; Program rips news blackout, defends glasnost
1625:
1571:
1549:
1437:
1350:
1301:
1291:
1120:
858:
725:
573:
549:
465:
445:
430:
406:
373:
330:
290:
2256:Виктор Кривопусков: Преступники в Азербайджане возносятся в ранг национальных героев
4450:
4232:
4217:
4101:
4081:
3890:
3858:
3816:
3806:
3769:
3728:
3674:
3654:
3521:
3516:
3307:
3260:
3193:
3083:
3028:
2973:
2834:
2750:
2505:
1615:
1195:
1149:
1068:
1044:
1002:
749:
733:
711:
319:
309:
261:
229:
3206:
401:
was 32 Armenians, although other estimates reach up into the hundreds of victims.
4106:
4096:
4049:
4002:
3987:
3885:
3853:
3801:
3779:
3721:
3716:
3701:
3696:
3684:
3659:
3265:
2584:
2569:
2513:
2237:
2144:
2061:
2026:
1940:
1062:
876:
801:
745:
669:
appliances and household goods; many apartments were vandalized and set on fire.
581:
266:
2577:
1320:"Communities Worldwide Mark Sumgait Anniversary Along with Government Officials"
4172:
4150:
4111:
4091:
4034:
4012:
3929:
3880:
3774:
3216:
2860:
2562:
1112:
1056:
976:
947:
522:
278:
3951:
1199:
1153:
4394:
4145:
4086:
3924:
3863:
3821:
3178:
3168:
2898:
2031:
1038:
1017:
998:
943:
906:
passed a resolution condemning the violence against Armenians in Azerbaijan.
501:
239:
217:
207:
153:
22:
3038:
2885:
1305:
728:
and not given the permission to open fire), arrived in Sumgait in buses and
372:
in late February 1988. The pogrom took place during the early stages of the
3868:
2927:"Gha-Ra-Bagh"! The Emergence of the National Democratic Movement in Armenia
2676:
2066:
988:
828:
780:
714:
651:
565:
453:
377:
88:
476:
397:
and brought the crisis to an end. The official death toll released by the
4212:
4189:
3649:
3201:
2264:
2202:
1624:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. p. 475.
1050:
934:
845:
776:
690:
510:
493:
485:
426:
390:
234:
681:
4076:
3848:
3596:
2708:
2606:
1290:. Translated by Moore, Michael. New York: Pantheon Books. p. 209.
2633:"Armenian and Azerbaijani leaders embrace denialism | Eurasianet"
2504:. No. 19, May 13, 1989, p. 175. Excerpts of this text can be found in
1621:
The First Socialist Society: A History of the Soviet Union from Within
2137:
1541:
825:
702:
647:
361:
107:
2578:
Sumgait's events committed by special services and Armenian diaspora
433:
in 1987, had decreased suppression of the population, which had the
2970:
The Sumgait Tragedy: Pogroms Against Armenians in Soviet Azerbaijan
2518:
The Caucasian Knot: The History and Geopolitics of Nagorno-Karabagh
871:
753:
635:
539:
528:
457:
422:
365:
2603:"Baku Embraces Conspiracy Theory Blaming Armenians for Own Pogrom"
2500:
Buniyatov, Ziya. "Concerning the events in Karabakh and Sumgait."
2230:
1287:
Time of change : an insider's view of Russia's transformation
3982:
3759:
3115:
2893:. Translated by Vagif Ismayil and Vusal Kazimli. Baku: Çaşıoğlu.
1945:
1422:
1324:
875:(cross stone) dedicated to the pogrom victims was planted at the
698:
621:
80:
68:
62:
509:
1988, tens of thousands of Armenians gathered to demonstrate in
4128:
3946:
3907:
765:
741:
609:
394:
357:
120:
2352:"More Members of Congress Commemorate Sumgait, Baku Massacres"
717:, fearing an escalation of violence, persuaded him otherwise.
464:(before the flight of its Armenian population), and among the
2444:
1784:
1568:
Nationalist Mobilization and the Collapse of the Soviet State
561:
685:
Military police escorting Armenian civilians out of the town
2987:
2336:(in Armenian). National Assembly of Armenia. Archived from
2054:
1988:
1808:
1762:
1760:
1001:
suggested in a 2015 interview with the Armenian service of
987:
to "justify the importance of the Soviet secret services".
497:
481:
128:
124:
2866:
Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War
2771:Ըստ Փոլ Գոբլի՝ Սումգայիթի ջարդը ՊԱԿ-ի կազմակերպած ոճիրն էր
2296:
1933:
701:
leaders to dispatch Soviet troops to Sumgait. In a Soviet
2180:
1021:
1006:
894:
In July 1988, within months of the Sumgait massacre, the
721:
3233:
Law on Abolishment of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast
2531:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2207:"Riot's Legacy of Distrust Quietly Stalks a Soviet City"
2106:"Riot's Legacy of Distrust Quietly Stalks a Soviet City"
1976:
1952:
1757:
1584:
1284:
Medvedev, Roy Aleksandrovich; Giulietto, Chiesa (1989).
720:
Meanwhile, on the previous day, two battalions from the
4265:
2713:
Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History
2308:
2085:
1464:
756:; an assault landing brigade; military police; and the
736:, as the troops found themselves in complete disarray.
2035:. March 11, 1988. p. B1. Retrieved September 15, 2006.
1923:. Berkeley: University of California Press; pp. 46–47.
2543:
2474:
2284:
2169:. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991, pp. 176–177.
2153:. April 28, 1988. p. 36. Retrieved December 31, 2006.
2073:
2000:
1964:
1796:
1772:
1596:
1367:
1349:(2nd ed.). Moscow: Golos Press. pp. 87–88.
1169:
1167:
844:
A memorial dedicated to the victims of the pogrom in
492:
The city of Sumgait is located near the coast of the
1829:"Сумгаит: рассказы очевидцев | KarabakhRecords"
1684:"ЗАСЕДАНИЕ ПОЛИТБЮРО ЦК КПСС (29 февраля 1988 года)"
1444:. Andrei Sakharov Archives and Human Rights Center.
916:
456:
and USSR Journalists' Union described the events as
3645:
Administrative divisions of the Republic of Artsakh
2908:
Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War
2020:
Witness Tells of Aftermath of Bloody Armenian Riots
1949:. March 2, 1988 p. 13. Retrieved December 30, 2006.
928:
1164:
1119:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 111.
967:a result the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict happened.”
3003:Уголовное Дело № 18/55461-88. Сумгаит. 1989. (II)
1393:"Туча в горах [A cloud in the mountains]"
1283:
899:and hundreds injured during the recent unrests…"
4392:
2998:Уголовное Дело № 18/55461-88. Сумгаит. 1989. (I)
2247:
2055:400 arrested after riots in Sumgait, Soviets say
1336:
1222:"The Collective Memory of the Armenian Genocide"
608:a clash between Armenians and Azerbaijanis near
529:Rallies and fuelling of anti-Armenian sentiments
2887:Sumgayit—Beginning of the Collapse of the USSR
2814:
2244:. November 20, 1988. Retrieved April 19, 2007.
2070:. March 22, 1988. Retrieved December 26, 2006.
1869:"Азербайджан и Россия. Общества и государства"
1481:
1479:
1215:
1213:
496:, only thirty kilometers north of the capital
183:
3068:
3054:
2842:
2707:
1548:. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990, p. 27.
1415:
1185:
1139:
877:Armenian Genocide memorial at Tsitsernakaberd
584:cites several pieces of evidence in his book
169:
4426:War crimes in the First Nagorno-Karabakh War
2967:
2742:Սումգայիթի ջարդը՝ ՊԱԿ–ի կազմակերպած ոճիրն էր
1994:
1919:Miller, Donald E. and Lorna Touryan Miller.
1814:
1790:
1766:
1219:
4436:Persecution of Oriental Orthodox Christians
2819:
2665:(in Russian). Moscow: Materik. p. 551.
1570:. Cambridge University Press. p. 300.
1476:
1416:Kulish, O.; Melikov, D. (March 27, 1988).
1342:
1210:
4401:Massacres of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
3061:
3047:
2767:
2382:"Senate Joint Resolution 4, March 1, 2013"
1565:
1390:
852:
176:
162:
16:1988 anti-Armenian riots in Azerbaijan SSR
3876:Azerbaijani Community of Nagorno-Karabakh
3560:Azerbaijan's construction in gained areas
2929:. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
2924:
2883:
2555:
2314:
2197:
2195:
2091:
1675:
1260:from the original on September 19, 2016.
1016:where he accused Armenians, Russians and
983:, the Sumgait pogrom was arranged by KGB
857:The pogrom was immediately linked to the
421:to avert such conflicts. The policies of
3383:2012 Armenian–Azerbaijani border clashes
3101:Deportation of Azerbaijanis from Armenia
2910:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
2697:from the original on September 12, 2017.
2657:
2520:. London: Zed Books, 1994, pp. 188–189.
1857:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1245:
1232:from the original on November 29, 2014.
839:
680:
620:
616:
538:
475:
2905:
2869:. New York: New York University Press.
2859:
2768:Mkhitaryan, Inesa (February 27, 2015).
2549:
2537:
2485:
2302:
2290:
2186:
2079:
2006:
1982:
1970:
1958:
1921:Armenia: Portraits of Survival and Hope
1802:
1778:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1590:
1448:from the original on October 30, 2013.
1405:from the original on December 13, 2014.
1373:
1332:from the original on November 29, 2014.
1111:
815:
376:. On February 27, 1988, mobs of ethnic
4393:
4252:2020–2024 monitoring and peacekeeping
3475:Allegations of third-party involvement
3424:July 2020 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes
3369:September 2009 Agdam military incident
3336:1994 Iranian Air Force C-130 shootdown
3033:United States House of Representatives
2972:. New Rochelle, NY; Cambridge, Mass.:
2715:. Cambridge University Press. p.
2600:
2563:Armenia's provocation: Sumgayit events
2438:
2201:
2192:
2103:
676:
409:, which had promoted policies such as
384:On February 28, a small contingent of
3140:Anti-Armenian sentiment in Azerbaijan
3042:
2675:
2639:from the original on January 25, 2021
2231:Soviet Riot Leader Sentenced to Death
2219:from the original on October 3, 2017.
1875:from the original on October 30, 2013
1379:
1034:Anti-Armenian sentiment in Azerbaijan
535:Anti-Armenian sentiment in Azerbaijan
157:
4416:Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic
3622:Flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians
3366:January 2009 Agdam military incident
3096:Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)
2943:
2601:Kucera, Joshua (February 22, 2018).
2118:from the original on October 3, 2017
1653:from the original on January 5, 2013
1470:
1436:
1363:from the original on August 9, 2012.
370:Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic
3251:Capture of Gushchular and Malibeyli
3246:1992 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown
3228:1991 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown
2950:The Collapse of the Soviet Military
2786:from the original on March 1, 2015.
2757:from the original on March 5, 2016.
2561:See, for example, Jamil Babayeva, "
2362:from the original on April 14, 2015
2263:. February 28, 2009. Archived from
1638:
1188:Studies in Conflict & Terrorism
1142:Studies in Conflict & Terrorism
586:The Collapse of the Soviet Military
364:population of the lakeside town of
13:
4421:Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic
2613:from the original on March 8, 2018
1690:from the original on July 22, 2011
1517:"Newspaper "НОВОЕ ВРЕМЯ" N9 21 89"
602:
386:Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD)
14:
4477:
4466:Massacres committed by Azerbaijan
3416:2018 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes
3393:2014 Armenian Mil Mi-24 shootdown
3388:2014 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes
3198:Il-76 crash near Leninakan (1988)
3035:, Congressional Record, Feb. 2012
2981:
1934:Soviets Impose Curfew After Riots
970:
917:Conspiracy theories in Azerbaijan
867:Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day
4182:
4160:
4134:
4121:
4069:
4022:
3975:
3939:
3913:
3900:
3841:
3789:
3752:
3284:Mardakert and Martuni Offensives
2462:from the original on May 1, 2015
2104:Keller, Bill (August 31, 1988).
889:
882:February 28 was designated as a
748:; a company of marines from the
61:
3405:2017 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
3106:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
2853:
2780:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
2761:
2733:
2701:
2669:
2651:
2625:
2594:
2491:
2406:
2374:
2344:
2320:
2271:
2223:
2156:
2130:
2097:
2047:
2038:
2012:
1926:
1913:
1903:"Сумгаит, Один месяц поздно ".
1896:
1887:
1847:
1820:
1747:
1738:
1729:
1702:
1666:
1559:
1535:
1509:
1455:
1430:
1409:
1343:Krivopuskov, Viktor V. (2007).
1312:
1246:Pheiffer, Evan (June 1, 2016).
991:wrote in a 1989 article in the
55:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
4316:NATO Lisbon Summit Declaration
3627:Berkadzor fuel depot explosion
3401:2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
3212:1990 Tbilisi–Agdam bus bombing
3189:Shusha and Stepanakert pogroms
3008:Nationalism at Its Nastiest –
2800:
1423:Sotsialisticheskaya Industriya
1401:(in Russian) (10). Leningrad.
1391:Vasilevsky, Alexander (1988).
1277:
1267:
1239:
1179:
1176:. No. 4, 1994, pp. 82–90.
1133:
1105:
758:137th Guards Airborne Regiment
514:Lenin (now Renaissance) Square
429:, introduced by Soviet leader
399:Prosecutor General of the USSR
202:Civilian clashes and massacres
1:
3692:Armenian-occupied territories
3373:2010 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes
2968:Shahmuratian, Samvel (1990).
2167:The Future Belongs to Freedom
1909:(in Russian). April 13, 1988.
1117:The Caucasus: An Introduction
1099:
1081:Similar international events:
554:Communist Party of Azerbaijan
471:
4456:February 1988 events in Asia
4311:Nagorno-Karabakh Declaration
4168:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
3607:Blockade of Nagorno-Karabakh
3298:1993 Azerbaijani coup d'état
3145:Armenia–Azerbaijan relations
2686:The New York Review of Books
2452:The New York Review of Books
1893:De Waal. Black Garden, p. 33
1566:Beissinger, Mark R. (2002).
835:
786:
419:proletarian internationalism
7:
3565:2020–2021 Armenian protests
3532:Russian Mil Mi-24 shootdown
2906:Kaufman, Stuart J. (2001).
2843:
2815:
2711:; Lambroza, Shlomo (2004).
2236:September 16, 2017, at the
1461:Thomas De Waal Ch. 2, p. 31
1226:Central European University
1220:Hovhannisyan, Mari (2010).
1027:
693:on the town. The spirit of
452:. Russian political writer
98:February 27 – March 1, 1988
10:
4482:
3612:2023 Azerbaijani offensive
3570:Chaylaggala and Hin Tagher
3542:Treatment of Armenian POWs
2143:December 31, 2006, at the
1418:Черным семенам не прорасти
750:Caspian Sea Naval Flotilla
742:Felix Dzerzhinsky Division
730:armored personnel carriers
532:
188:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
51:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
4461:March 1988 events in Asia
4298:
4205:
3967:
3744:
3637:
3580:September 2022 escalation
3552:
3449:
3354:
3153:
3076:
3070:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
2953:. Yale University Press.
2884:Ismayilov, Aslan (2010).
2838:
2810:
1200:10.1080/10576109408435961
1154:10.1080/10576109408435961
884:public holiday in Armenia
578:Azerbaijani Popular Front
439:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
197:
144:
138:32 (official Soviet data)
134:
114:
102:
94:
76:
60:
47:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
44:
39:
4441:1988 in the Soviet Union
4290:2023 ceasefire agreement
4248:2020 ceasefire agreement
4228:Zheleznovodsk Communiqué
3499:Ghazanchetsots Cathedral
3341:1994 Bagratashen bombing
3331:1994 Baku Metro bombings
2925:Malkasian, Mark (1996).
2793:
2770:
2741:
2681:"The Gorbachev Prospect"
2328:
2255:
2060:October 6, 2016, at the
2025:August 12, 2006, at the
1417:
994:New York Review of Books
861:of 1915 in the Armenian
448:of 1915 in the Armenian
4406:Massacres in Azerbaijan
4299:International documents
4276:EUPAT Dec 2022–Jan 2023
3470:International reactions
3420:2019 clash near Chinari
3184:Zvartnots Airport clash
3135:Azerbaijanis in Armenia
3123:Armenians in Azerbaijan
2822:: "Sumgait massacres";
2576:." February 28, 2014; "
1939:March 14, 2011, at the
853:In Armenia and Karabakh
140:200+ (Armenian sources)
27:Infobox civilian attack
20:
4351:UNGA Resolution 62/243
4346:UNGA Resolution 60/285
4341:UNGA Resolution 48/114
3602:2022 Armenian protests
3434:Protests in Azerbaijan
3378:2010 Mardakert clashes
3362:2008 Mardakert clashes
3346:Refugees in Azerbaijan
3313:1993 Summer Offensives
2827:
2659:Yakovlev, Alexander N.
2583:March 2, 2014, at the
2568:March 2, 2014, at the
1672:De Waal "Black Garden"
929:"Armenian provocation"
863:national consciousness
849:
686:
634:, a term referring to
626:
544:
489:
450:national consciousness
435:unintended consequence
32:considered for merging
4431:Anti-Armenian pogroms
4306:Astrakhan Declaration
4281:EUMA Feb 2023–present
4045:Arkady Ter-Tadevosyan
3998:Norat Ter-Grigoryants
3553:Post-ceasefire events
3275:Capture of Artsvashen
3256:Capture of Garadaghly
2753:. February 27, 2015.
2340:on November 16, 2014.
2267:on November 16, 2014.
2018:Bortin, Mary Ellen. "
1491:www.armenianhouse.org
1426:(in Russian). Moscow.
1248:"A Place to Live For"
933:As early as mid-1988
902:On July 7, 1988, the
869:on April 24, 1988, a
843:
684:
624:
617:Pogrom and atrocities
542:
479:
411:fraternity of peoples
4336:PACE Resolution 2085
4331:PACE Resolution 1416
4326:OIC Resolution 10/37
4321:OIC Resolution 10/11
3957:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
3485:Aras Valley campaign
3397:2016 Odundağ clashes
3317:Operation Geghamasar
3238:Siege of Stepanakert
2833:: "Sumgait events";
2591:. February 27, 2014.
2163:Shevardnadze, Eduard
1835:on February 17, 2013
1717:on February 15, 2013
1616:Hosking, Geoffrey A.
1075:Siege of Stepanakert
896:United States Senate
816:Criminal proceedings
597:Bakhtiyar Vahabzadeh
415:socialist patriotism
251:Gushchular−Malibeyli
4411:Mass murder in 1988
4271:EUMCAP Oct–Dec 2022
4195:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar
4030:Republic of Artsakh
3993:Gurgen Dalibaltayan
3832:Samvel Shahramanyan
3797:Republic of Artsakh
3765:Levon Ter-Petrosyan
3617:Protests in Armenia
3409:Shelling of Alxanlı
3288:Operation Həsənqaya
2828:Sumqayıt hadisələri
2305:, pp. 67, 205.
2242:The Washington Post
2205:(August 31, 1988).
1906:Moskovskiye Novosti
1087:Tulsa race massacre
985:agents provocateurs
923:conspiracy theories
904:European Parliament
708:Eduard Shevardnadze
677:Government reaction
665:Moskovskiye Novosti
519:Soviet Constitution
4446:1988 in Azerbaijan
4141:Viktor Polyanichko
3827:Arayik Harutyunyan
3680:Shahumyan Province
3670:Martakert Province
3665:Kashatagh Province
3326:Operation Kalbajar
3303:Battle of Kalbajar
3279:Operation Goranboy
3242:Operation Dashalty
3010:The New York Times
2844:Sumgaitskij pogrom
2839:Сумгаитский погром
2747:amerikayidzayn.com
2510:Patrick Donabédian
2261:REGNUM News Agency
2212:The New York Times
2189:, pp. 39, 43.
2111:The New York Times
1523:on October 8, 2012
1487:"Мятежный Карабах"
1473:, p. 260-264.
1438:Ali-Zade, Zardusht
981:Alexander Yakovlev
850:
848:, Nagorno-Karabakh
687:
627:
570:agents provocateur
545:
490:
360:that targeted the
224:Stepanakert−Shusha
4386:
4385:
4243:Madrid Principles
4223:Tehran Communiqué
4060:Mikael Arzumanyan
4055:Jalal Harutyunyan
4040:Kristapor Ivanyan
4008:Tiran Khachatryan
3920:Mikhail Gorbachev
3812:Leonard Petrosyan
3745:Political leaders
3734:Zangilan District
3712:Kalbajar District
3707:Jabrayil District
3480:Madagiz offensive
3321:Operation Horadiz
3294:Operation Qazançı
3271:Capture of Shusha
3221:Voskepar massacre
3128:Armenians in Baku
3111:Karabakh movement
2816:Sumgayit'i jarder
2811:Սումգայիթի ջարդեր
2540:, pp. 42–43.
2426:on April 23, 2014
2394:on March 20, 2013
2358:. March 3, 2011.
2150:Chicago Sun-Times
1995:Shahmuratian 1990
1815:Shahmuratian 1990
1793:, pp. 56–60.
1791:Shahmuratian 1990
1767:Shahmuratian 1990
1593:, pp. 33–34.
1497:on August 9, 2012
1356:978-5-7117-0163-7
1328:. March 1, 2011.
859:Armenian genocide
734:Molotov cocktails
646:Numerous acts of
574:Zardusht Alizadeh
550:Central Committee
466:Armenian diaspora
446:Armenian genocide
431:Mikhail Gorbachev
407:Soviet government
374:Karabakh movement
349:
348:
304:Mardakert−Martuni
152:
151:
4473:
4356:UNSC resolutions
4233:OSCE Minsk Group
4218:Bishkek Protocol
4188:
4186:
4185:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4102:Mais Barkhudarov
4082:Isgandar Hamidov
4075:
4073:
4072:
4028:
4026:
4025:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3968:Military leaders
3945:
3943:
3942:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3891:Tural Ganjaliyev
3859:Abulfaz Elchibey
3847:
3845:
3844:
3817:Arkadi Ghukasyan
3807:Robert Kocharyan
3795:
3793:
3792:
3770:Robert Kocharyan
3758:
3756:
3755:
3729:Qubadli District
3675:Martuni Province
3655:Askeran Province
3527:Battle of Shusha
3522:Lachin offensive
3517:Battle of Hadrut
3355:Interwar clashes
3308:Battle of Aghdam
3291:Battle of Lachin
3261:Khojaly massacre
3194:Kirovabad pogrom
3084:Nagorno-Karabakh
3063:
3056:
3049:
3040:
3039:
3029:Howard L. Berman
3025:Sumgait Pogroms.
2988:sumqayit1988.com
2977:
2974:Zoryan Institute
2964:
2945:Odom, William E.
2940:
2921:
2902:
2892:
2880:
2847:
2846:
2840:
2821:
2818:
2812:
2804:
2788:
2787:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2751:Voice of America
2737:
2731:
2730:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2679:(June 1, 1989).
2673:
2667:
2666:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2598:
2592:
2559:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2506:Levon Chorbajian
2499:
2495:
2489:
2483:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2425:
2419:. Archived from
2418:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2393:
2387:. Archived from
2386:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2288:
2282:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2251:
2245:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2199:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2160:
2154:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2051:
2045:
2042:
2036:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1985:, p. 37-38.
1980:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1961:, p. 38-39.
1956:
1950:
1930:
1924:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1900:
1894:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1861:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1831:. Archived from
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1713:. Archived from
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1563:
1557:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1519:. Archived from
1513:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1493:. Archived from
1483:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1388:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1281:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1217:
1208:
1207:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1162:
1161:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1126:978-0-19539977-6
1109:
1069:Khojaly Massacre
1045:Kirovabad pogrom
1003:Voice of America
712:Defense Minister
462:Nagorno-Karabakh
306:
253:
226:
192:
191:
189:
178:
171:
164:
155:
154:
65:
37:
36:
4481:
4480:
4476:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4470:
4391:
4390:
4387:
4382:
4294:
4201:
4183:
4181:
4161:
4159:
4135:
4133:
4122:
4120:
4107:Hikmat Mirzayev
4097:Valeh Barshadly
4070:
4068:
4050:Monte Melkonian
4023:
4021:
4003:Jirair Sefilian
3988:Vazgen Sargsyan
3976:
3974:
3963:
3940:
3938:
3914:
3912:
3901:
3899:
3886:Nizami Bahmanov
3854:Ayaz Mutallibov
3842:
3840:
3802:Artur Mkrtchyan
3790:
3788:
3780:Nikol Pashinyan
3753:
3751:
3740:
3722:Lachin corridor
3717:Lachin District
3702:Fuzuli District
3697:Aghdam District
3685:Shushi Province
3660:Hadrut Province
3633:
3548:
3445:
3350:
3266:Maraga massacre
3149:
3072:
3067:
2984:
2961:
2937:
2918:
2890:
2877:
2861:De Waal, Thomas
2856:
2851:
2850:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2778:(in Armenian).
2772:
2766:
2762:
2749:(in Armenian).
2743:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2727:
2706:
2702:
2674:
2670:
2656:
2652:
2642:
2640:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2616:
2614:
2599:
2595:
2585:Wayback Machine
2570:Wayback Machine
2560:
2556:
2548:
2544:
2536:
2532:
2514:Claude Mutafian
2497:
2496:
2492:
2484:
2475:
2465:
2463:
2443:
2439:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2365:
2363:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2313:
2309:
2301:
2297:
2289:
2285:
2276:
2272:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2238:Wayback Machine
2228:
2224:
2200:
2193:
2185:
2181:
2161:
2157:
2145:Wayback Machine
2135:
2131:
2121:
2119:
2102:
2098:
2090:
2086:
2078:
2074:
2062:Wayback Machine
2052:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2027:Wayback Machine
2017:
2013:
2005:
2001:
1993:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1969:
1965:
1957:
1953:
1941:Wayback Machine
1931:
1927:
1918:
1914:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1878:
1876:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1848:
1838:
1836:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1813:
1809:
1801:
1797:
1789:
1785:
1777:
1773:
1765:
1758:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1720:
1718:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1693:
1691:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1656:
1654:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1613:
1609:
1601:
1597:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1564:
1560:
1540:
1536:
1526:
1524:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1500:
1498:
1485:
1484:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1435:
1431:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1389:
1380:
1372:
1368:
1357:
1341:
1337:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1298:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1268:
1244:
1240:
1218:
1211:
1184:
1180:
1172:
1165:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1113:De Waal, Thomas
1110:
1106:
1102:
1063:Maraga massacre
1030:
1014:Echo of Sumgait
973:
931:
919:
892:
855:
838:
818:
802:Genrikh Borovik
789:
762:Airborne Forces
746:Internal Troops
679:
619:
605:
603:Radio broadcast
582:William E. Odom
537:
531:
474:
350:
345:
344:
324:
302:
249:
222:
193:
187:
185:
184:
182:
139:
117:
72:
35:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4479:
4469:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4292:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4263:
4258:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4238:Prague Process
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4175:
4173:Shamil Basayev
4156:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4151:Rustam Muradov
4148:
4143:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4112:Hikmat Hasanov
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4092:Surat Huseynov
4089:
4084:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4035:Samvel Babayan
4018:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4013:Seyran Ohanyan
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3954:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3930:Vladimir Putin
3927:
3922:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3881:Bayram Safarov
3873:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3775:Serzh Sargsyan
3772:
3767:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3641:
3639:
3638:Main locations
3635:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3489:Bombardments (
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3456:
3454:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3421:
3418:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3403:
3398:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3224:Battle of Togh
3222:
3219:
3217:Operation Ring
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3174:Sumgait pogrom
3171:
3166:
3164:Çardaqlı clash
3160:
3158:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3066:
3065:
3058:
3051:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3022:
3013:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2983:
2982:External links
2980:
2979:
2978:
2965:
2959:
2941:
2935:
2922:
2916:
2903:
2881:
2875:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2760:
2732:
2725:
2700:
2668:
2650:
2624:
2593:
2554:
2542:
2530:
2490:
2473:
2437:
2405:
2373:
2343:
2319:
2315:Malkasian 1996
2307:
2295:
2283:
2279:Time of Change
2270:
2259:(in Russian).
2246:
2222:
2191:
2179:
2155:
2129:
2096:
2092:Malkasian 1996
2084:
2072:
2046:
2037:
2011:
1999:
1997:, p. 199.
1987:
1975:
1963:
1951:
1925:
1912:
1895:
1886:
1856:
1846:
1819:
1817:, p. 227.
1807:
1795:
1783:
1771:
1756:
1746:
1737:
1728:
1701:
1674:
1665:
1637:
1630:
1607:
1595:
1583:
1576:
1558:
1534:
1508:
1475:
1463:
1454:
1429:
1408:
1378:
1366:
1355:
1335:
1311:
1296:
1276:
1266:
1238:
1228:. p. 21.
1209:
1178:
1163:
1132:
1125:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1090:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1057:Operation Ring
1054:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1029:
1026:
977:CPSU Politburo
972:
971:Other theories
969:
948:Thomas de Waal
939:New York Times
930:
927:
918:
915:
911:New York Times
891:
888:
854:
851:
837:
834:
817:
814:
788:
785:
752:; troops from
678:
675:
618:
615:
604:
601:
530:
527:
523:Thomas de Waal
473:
470:
354:Sumgait pogrom
347:
346:
343:
342:
335:
328:
322:
317:
312:
307:
300:
293:
288:
283:
275:
274:
270:
269:
264:
259:
254:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
220:
215:
210:
204:
203:
199:
198:
195:
194:
181:
180:
173:
166:
158:
150:
149:
146:
142:
141:
136:
132:
131:
118:
115:
112:
111:
104:
100:
99:
96:
92:
91:
78:
74:
73:
66:
58:
57:
42:
41:
40:Sumgait pogrom
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4478:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4389:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4297:
4291:
4288:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4206:Peace process
4204:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4180:
4179:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4169:
4158:
4157:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4146:Pavel Grachev
4144:
4142:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4119:
4118:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4087:Rahim Gaziyev
4085:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4067:
4066:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3937:
3936:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3925:Boris Yeltsin
3923:
3921:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3898:
3897:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3864:Heydar Aliyev
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3822:Bako Sahakyan
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3575:Border crisis
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3207:Bağanis Ayrum
3205:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3179:Gugark pogrom
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3169:Askeran clash
3167:
3165:
3162:
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3141:
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2960:0-300-07469-7
2956:
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2936:0-8143-2605-6
2932:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2917:0-8014-8736-6
2913:
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2876:9780814719459
2872:
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2722:
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2692:
2688:
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2678:
2677:Soros, George
2672:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2638:
2634:
2628:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2558:
2552:, p. 43.
2551:
2546:
2539:
2534:
2527:
2526:1-85649-288-5
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2494:
2488:, p. 42.
2487:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2441:
2422:
2415:
2409:
2390:
2383:
2377:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2339:
2335:
2334:parliament.am
2331:
2323:
2317:, p. 68.
2316:
2311:
2304:
2299:
2293:, p. 65.
2292:
2287:
2280:
2274:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2250:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2226:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2198:
2196:
2188:
2183:
2176:
2175:0-02-928617-4
2172:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2133:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2100:
2094:, p. 54.
2093:
2088:
2082:, p. 40.
2081:
2076:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2050:
2041:
2034:
2033:
2032:Seattle Times
2028:
2024:
2021:
2015:
2009:, p. 39.
2008:
2003:
1996:
1991:
1984:
1979:
1973:, p. 64.
1972:
1967:
1960:
1955:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1929:
1922:
1916:
1908:
1907:
1899:
1890:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1850:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1811:
1805:, p. 34.
1804:
1799:
1792:
1787:
1781:, p. 35.
1780:
1775:
1768:
1763:
1761:
1750:
1741:
1732:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1689:
1685:
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1652:
1648:
1641:
1633:
1631:9780674304437
1627:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1611:
1605:, p. 33.
1604:
1599:
1592:
1587:
1579:
1577:0-521-00148-X
1573:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1554:0-312-04611-1
1551:
1547:
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1424:
1412:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1376:, p. 14.
1375:
1370:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1339:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1315:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1297:0-394-58151-2
1293:
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1147:
1143:
1136:
1128:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1104:
1094:
1093:Gujarat riots
1091:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1039:Gugark pogrom
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
999:Paul A. Goble
996:
995:
990:
986:
982:
978:
975:According to
968:
964:
960:
958:
954:
949:
945:
944:Ziya Bunyadov
940:
937:wrote in the
936:
926:
924:
914:
912:
907:
905:
900:
897:
890:International
887:
885:
880:
878:
874:
873:
868:
864:
860:
847:
842:
833:
830:
827:
822:
813:
811:
807:
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798:
795:
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755:
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747:
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731:
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723:
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643:
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633:
623:
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611:
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583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
557:
555:
551:
541:
536:
526:
524:
520:
515:
512:
511:Stepanakert's
506:
503:
502:petrochemical
499:
495:
487:
483:
478:
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467:
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455:
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277:
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272:
271:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
252:
248:
246:
245:Baganis Ayrum
243:
241:
240:Black January
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
225:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
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64:
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56:
52:
48:
43:
38:
33:
29:
28:
24:
19:
4388:
3869:Ilham Aliyev
3173:
3017:
3009:
2969:
2949:
2926:
2907:
2886:
2865:
2854:Bibliography
2802:
2776:azatutyun.am
2775:
2763:
2746:
2735:
2712:
2703:
2690:
2684:
2671:
2662:
2653:
2641:. Retrieved
2627:
2615:. Retrieved
2596:
2588:
2573:
2557:
2550:De Waal 2003
2545:
2538:De Waal 2003
2533:
2517:
2501:
2498:(in Russian)
2493:
2486:De Waal 2003
2464:. Retrieved
2455:
2451:
2440:
2428:. Retrieved
2421:the original
2408:
2396:. Retrieved
2389:the original
2376:
2364:. Retrieved
2356:Asbarez News
2355:
2346:
2338:the original
2333:
2322:
2310:
2303:Kaufman 2001
2298:
2291:Kaufman 2001
2286:
2278:
2273:
2265:the original
2249:
2241:
2225:
2210:
2203:Keller, Bill
2187:De Waal 2003
2182:
2166:
2158:
2148:
2132:
2120:. Retrieved
2109:
2099:
2087:
2080:De Waal 2003
2075:
2067:Toronto Star
2065:
2049:
2040:
2030:
2014:
2007:De Waal 2003
2002:
1990:
1983:De Waal 2003
1978:
1971:Kaufman 2001
1966:
1959:De Waal 2003
1954:
1944:
1928:
1920:
1915:
1904:
1898:
1889:
1877:. Retrieved
1863:
1859:
1849:
1837:. Retrieved
1833:the original
1822:
1810:
1803:De Waal 2003
1798:
1786:
1779:De Waal 2003
1774:
1749:
1740:
1731:
1719:. Retrieved
1715:the original
1704:
1692:. Retrieved
1677:
1668:
1655:. Retrieved
1640:
1620:
1610:
1603:De Waal 2003
1598:
1591:De Waal 2003
1586:
1567:
1561:
1545:
1537:
1525:. Retrieved
1521:the original
1511:
1499:. Retrieved
1495:the original
1490:
1466:
1457:
1449:
1432:
1421:
1411:
1396:
1374:De Waal 2003
1369:
1345:
1338:
1323:
1314:
1286:
1279:
1269:
1261:
1251:
1241:
1233:
1224:. Budapest:
1203:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1173:
1157:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1116:
1107:
1080:
1079:
1013:
1011:
992:
989:George Soros
974:
965:
961:
957:pogromshchik
956:
952:
938:
932:
920:
910:
908:
901:
893:
881:
870:
856:
829:Roy Medvedev
823:
819:
809:
805:
799:
790:
781:Samed Vurgun
774:
769:
738:
719:
715:Dmitry Yazov
694:
688:
671:
663:
661:
657:
652:sexual abuse
644:
640:
631:
628:
606:
594:
590:
585:
558:
546:
507:
491:
454:Roy Medvedev
443:
403:
383:
378:Azerbaijanis
353:
351:
338:
331:
296:
279:
212:
89:Soviet Union
25:
18:
4213:Baker rules
4190:Afghanistan
3952:Turgut Özal
3650:Stepanakert
3507:Stepanakert
3202:Baku pogrom
3157:(1988–1994)
2993:sumqait.com
2824:Azerbaijani
2709:Klier, John
1879:January 15,
1839:January 18,
1721:January 15,
1051:Baku pogrom
935:Bill Keller
846:Stepanakert
777:martial law
691:martial law
662:The weekly
494:Caspian Sea
486:Caspian Sea
484:, near the
427:perestroika
391:martial law
326:Summer 1993
286:Stepanakert
116:Attack type
21:‹ The
4395:Categories
4077:Azerbaijan
3849:Azerbaijan
3537:War crimes
3465:Casualties
3451:Second war
3077:Background
2607:EurasiaNet
2277:Medvedev.
1864:in Russian
1657:January 8,
1542:Rost, Yuri
1194:(4): 348.
1148:(4): 348.
1100:References
650:and other
533:See also:
472:Background
273:Offensives
257:Garadaghly
110:population
85:Azerbaijan
3439:Reactions
3429:Incidents
3155:First war
2899:909344127
2281:, p. 209.
1471:Odom 1998
1018:Americans
865:. On the
836:Reactions
826:dissident
787:Aftermath
703:Politburo
648:gang rape
636:narcotics
230:Kirovabad
30:is being
3587:Susuzluq
3460:Timeline
2947:(1998).
2863:(2003).
2807:Armenian
2784:Archived
2755:Archived
2695:Archived
2663:Сумерки
2661:(2003).
2637:Archived
2617:March 8,
2611:Archived
2581:Archived
2574:AzerNews
2566:Archived
2466:April 6,
2460:Archived
2366:April 6,
2360:Archived
2234:Archived
2217:Archived
2141:Archived
2116:Archived
2058:Archived
2023:Archived
1937:Archived
1873:Archived
1694:June 28,
1688:Archived
1651:Archived
1618:(1993).
1446:Archived
1403:Archived
1361:Archived
1330:Archived
1306:20593737
1258:Archived
1230:Archived
1115:(2010).
1028:See also
921:Several
872:khachkar
810:glasnost
806:glasnost
770:Glasnost
754:Dagestan
695:glasnost
458:genocide
423:glasnost
362:Armenian
339:Kalbajar
315:Kalbajar
297:Goranboy
108:Armenian
77:Location
45:Part of
34:. ›
23:template
4451:Sumgait
3983:Armenia
3760:Armenia
3503:Martuni
3116:Miatsum
3089:History
2835:Russian
2643:May 22,
2430:May 22,
2398:May 22,
1946:Newsday
1527:May 22,
1501:May 22,
1325:Asbarez
1253:Jacobin
1205:killed.
1159:killed.
979:member
946:, whom
760:of the
744:of the
699:Kremlin
552:of the
368:in the
366:Sumgait
332:Horadiz
262:Khojaly
213:Sumgait
208:Askeran
148:Unknown
145:Injured
81:Sumgait
69:Sumgait
4256:Russia
4187:
4165:
4129:Russia
4126:
4074:
4027:
3980:
3947:Turkey
3944:
3908:Russia
3905:
3846:
3794:
3757:
3597:Farukh
3592:Shusha
3511:Tartar
3453:(2020)
3020:Online
2957:
2933:
2914:
2897:
2873:
2723:
2524:
2458:(14).
2173:
2122:May 1,
1628:
1574:
1552:
1398:Avrora
1353:
1304:
1294:
1174:Rodina
1123:
1095:(2002)
1089:(1921)
1071:(1992)
1065:(1992)
1059:(1991)
1053:(1990)
1047:(1988)
1041:(1988)
766:Ryazan
726:blanks
632:anasha
610:Aghdam
417:, and
395:curfew
358:pogrom
356:was a
320:Aghdam
310:Lachin
291:Shusha
267:Maraga
218:Gugark
135:Deaths
121:Murder
106:Local
103:Target
3495:Ganja
3491:Barda
3027:Hon.
3018:Times
2891:(PDF)
2794:Notes
2693:(9).
2589:Trend
2424:(PDF)
2417:(PDF)
2392:(PDF)
2385:(PDF)
1274:Union
764:from
566:Masis
562:Kapan
4261:OSCE
2955:ISBN
2931:ISBN
2912:ISBN
2895:OCLC
2871:ISBN
2831:lit.
2820:lit.
2721:ISBN
2645:2023
2619:2018
2522:ISBN
2468:2015
2432:2023
2400:2023
2368:2015
2171:ISBN
2124:2022
1881:2013
1841:2017
1723:2013
1696:2011
1659:2013
1626:ISBN
1572:ISBN
1550:ISBN
1529:2023
1503:2023
1351:ISBN
1302:OCLC
1292:ISBN
1121:ISBN
794:TASS
710:and
564:and
498:Baku
482:Baku
425:and
393:and
352:The
280:Ring
235:Baku
129:riot
125:rape
95:Date
53:and
4376:884
4371:874
4366:853
4361:822
2717:371
2587:."
2502:Elm
2240:."
2147:."
2064:."
2029:."
1943:."
1196:doi
1150:doi
1022:CIA
1009:."
1007:KGB
953:Elm
722:MVD
4397::
4266:EU
3509:,
3505:,
3501:,
3497:,
3493:,
3031:,
2841:,
2837::
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