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Summer Days (Georgia O'Keeffe)

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The levitation theme is still fruitful, giving us, now, a canvas called in the catalogue "Summer Days". Mr. Stieglitz says he doesn't in the least like that title. In fact he admitted yesterday: "I hate it". Mr. Stieglitz hopes that each visitor to the gallery will supply a title of his
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for US$ 350,000. After being temporarily displayed in one of the museum's main galleries, financial disputes within the institution ultimately led to the acquisition being cancelled and the painting was soon returned to the artist. In 1983, the work was purchased by the American
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potential. At the same time, O'Keeffe maintained that she did not intend for these motifs to carry any specific symbolism. Speaking to her interest in incorporating depictions of skulls and bones into her paintings, O'Keeffe wrote in 1939, two years after
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was first exhibited, that "The bones seem to cut sharply to the center of something that is keenly alive in the desert even tho' it is vast and empty and untouchable—and knows no kindness with all its beauty". She would later describe
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potential. O'Keeffe, who never assigned any specific symbolic meaning to her use of skeletal motifs, associated the inclusion of bones in her artwork with the raw, alive essence of the desert, and later defined
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and other compositions from that period, "directly tap into the mass culture's utopian vision of the West" already cultivated in numerous American literary works and movies made between the 1920s and 1950s.
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for the first time. She would subsequently visit New Mexico on near annual basis from 1929 onward, often staying there several months at a time, returning to New York each winter to exhibit her work at
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following the exhibition's opening, and hoped that exhibition viewers would "supply" a title of their own. The painting has been described as representing a "distinctive iconography of the
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When commenting on O'Keeffe's use of flowers in the composition, a very popular subject matter in her work, Peters speculates that the largest red flower, which she identifies as an
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art which had to do with "suggestion, allusion, and equivalence", indicating that the artist was sympathetic to the Symbolist belief in the "curative" properties of form and color.
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and diminutive positive form floating in deep space" typical of some Surrealist paintings. Predating Surrealism, Whitaker points to O'Keeffe's long-standing interest in 19th-century
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so as to deceive the viewer into thinking the painted space is real—was not well suited to evoke the emotional response O'Keeffe "hoped for in the dialogue between nature and art".
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in New York, an exhibition venue established by Stieglitz in 1929. Stieglitz is said to have disliked the painting's title, a sentiment he expressed openly to a journalist from
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painting. Author Marjorie P. Balge-Crozier suggests that there is an art historical precedent to O'Keefe's combination of still life and landscape imagery seen in
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In her analysis of O'Keeffe's 1936 composition, Balge-Crozier also discusses the relevance of the American late 19th-century "trophy paintings" of artists like
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Following its first display at An American Place in 1937, the painting remained with O'Keeffe for several decades. It was later featured on the cover of
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has prompted various interpretations. While some art historians and critics see them as commonplace desert elements, others emphasize the painting's
886: 508:. At the same time, Balge-Crozier notes that trompe-l'oeil—a tradition of painting in which the artist depicts objects with the highest degree of 239:, who was a prominent New York photographer and gallerist. Through Stieglitz, O'Keeffe met numerous prominent contemporary artists, including 1202: 549:
of other artists was encouraged and practiced in Stieglitz's New York circle, to which O'Keeffe belonged. Scholar and political scientist
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Some art critics interpreted the inclusion of animal skulls as mundane elements of a desert landscape while others speculated about their
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in which the artists combined "foreground displays of food, dead game, and dogs with background views of landscape or architecture".
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and bones collected in the New Mexico desert, began appearing in O'Keeffe's work in 1931. By the early 1930s, the news of Stieglitz's
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is also noted by scholar Henry W. Peacock who finds a parallel between the visual components of O'Keeffe's 1936 painting and the "
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Norris, Kathleen, Wagner M., Anne, Peters, Sarah Whitaker (1999). "Georgia O'Keeffe. Summer Days. 1936". In Venn, Beth (ed.).
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attempted to acquire the painting in 1980, but financial disagreements within the museum led to its return to O'Keeffe.
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Sarah Whitaker Peters describes as "two uneven spaces". The top three-fourths of the painting consist of a large and
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in New York in 1933. Since the mid-1930s, she began to spend increasingly more time around Santa Fe, particularly at
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argues that the artist's juxtaposition of skeletal imagery from the desert and flowers against the landscape of the
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demonstrates O'Keeffe's "awareness of the incongruous aesthetic juxtapositions" present in the work of contemporary
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painter and draftswoman whose career spanned seven decades and whose work remained largely independent of major
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Frames of Reference: Looking at American art, 1900-1950. Works from the Whitney Museum of American Art
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Art historian Britta Benke argues that due to "its meditative contemplation of individual objects",
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of the artist's career published by Viking Press. In 1980, curator Ellen Bradbury and architect
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Balge-Crozier, Marjorie P. (1999). "Still Life Redefined". In Turner, Elizabeth Hutton (ed.).
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in 1937 and remained with O'Keeffe for numerous years, later featuring on the cover of her
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landscape. According to Peters, the red hills shown in the composition are evocative of
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Discussing possible 20th-century inspirations, art historian Sasha Nicholas notes that
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and his followers. Specifically, she references Harnett's 1885 composition titled
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in 1994. It has been described as one of O'Keeffe's most recognized paintings.
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76.5 cm × 91.8 cm (30.1 in × 36.1 in)
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in New York. It has since been a part of the Whitney's permanent collection.
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By 1929, her marriage had deteriorated after she found out about Stieglitz's
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is among several landscape paintings featuring animal skulls and inspired by
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In particular, she points to the work of the French 18th-century painters
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artists in the United States and Europe. The influence of Surrealism in
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hovering below. The skull and flowers are suspended over a mountainous
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painted in red and yellow are seen floating against "an indeterminate
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Nicholas, Sasha (2015). "Georgia O'Keeffe". In Miller, Dana (ed.).
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forms in nature" usually expressed through meticulous paintings of
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had taken a significant emotional toll on O'Keeffe who suffered a
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Shows of Force. Power, Politics, and Ideology in Art Exhibitions
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space". The bottom fourth of the composition is occupied by a
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rock formations similar to the landscape environment of the
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Whitney Museum of American Art: Handbook of the Collection
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landscape occupying the lower part of the composition.
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Portrait of an Artist. A Biography of Georgia O'Keeffe
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Still Life with Dead Game and Peaches in a Landscape
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The juxtaposition of skull and landscape imagery in
1085:. Washington, D.C.: Whalesback Books. p. 144. 1028:Georgia O'Keeffe, 1887-1986: Flowers in the Desert 1005:. New York: Washington Square Press. p. 294. 793: 706: 339:extending toward the top edge of the canvas. Six 145:desert O'Keeffe completed between 1934 and 1936. 1572: 798:. New York, NY: W. W. Norton. pp. 294–296. 796:Full Bloom: The Art and Life of Georgia O'Keeffe 711:. New York, New York: W.W. Norton. p. 536. 709:Full Bloom: The Art and Life of Georgia O'Keeffe 1581:Paintings in the Whitney Museum of American Art 1136:Georgia O'Keeffe, A Private Friendship, Part II 335:rendition of a large buck deer skull with its 1210: 1196: 1106:Luke, Timothy W. (1992). "Georgia O'Keeffe". 1055: 504:, and other objects commonly associated with 436: 885:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1203: 1189: 1166:. New York: Whitney Museum of American Art 821:Carr, O'Keeffe, Kahlo. Places of Their Own 776:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art 605:for US$ 1 million. In 1994, Klein donated 29: 767: 192:was eventually purchased by the American 939: 440: 307: 129:juxtaposed with a vibrant assortment of 1080: 967: 652:Georgia O'Keeffe, Hands and Horse Skull 572: 496:representations of "dead game" against 275:. The skull motifs, inspired by animal 165:as simply a "portrayal of summertime". 1573: 1058:Georgia O'Keeffe: The Poetry of Things 899: 860: 731: 18:Painting by Georgia O'Keeffe from 1936 1184: 1160:"Georgia O'Keeffe, Summer Days, 1936" 1133: 1129: 1127: 1051: 1049: 1047: 1025: 1000: 818: 433:simply as a "picture of summertime". 318:Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts 206: 199:in 1983, who later donated it to the 1105: 963: 961: 935: 933: 856: 854: 852: 850: 848: 846: 844: 842: 840: 763: 761: 759: 757: 755: 753: 702: 700: 685:Flower paintings of Georgia O'Keeffe 369:(known as "Indian paintbrush"), two 114:by the American 20th-century artist 900:Jewell, Edward Alden (1937-02-06). 13: 1380:New York skyscraper paintings 1152: 1124: 1044: 794:Drohojowska-Philp, Hunter (2004). 707:Drohojowska-Philp, Hunter (2004). 636:Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco 14: 1612: 1333:University of Virginia, 1912–1914 1291:Cow's Skull: Red, White, and Blue 1030:. Köln: Taschen. pp. 63–64. 958: 930: 902:"Georgia O'Keeffe Shows New Work" 837: 774:Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History 750: 697: 287:in 1932 and was hospitalized for 211:Georgia O'Keeffe was an American 172:'s New York gallery space called 1411:Georgia O'Keeffe Home and Studio 1368: paintings (1916–1918) 1354: paintings (1915–1927) 768:Messinger, Lisa (October 2004). 643: 623: 564:hills in New Mexico, evident in 168:The work was first exhibited at 1099: 1074: 1019: 994: 819:Udall, Sharyn Rohlfsen (2000). 379:(known as "little sunflower"). 968:Tomkins, Calvin (1974-02-25). 893: 812: 787: 770:"Georgia O'Keeffe (1887–1986)" 725: 656:The Metropolitan Museum of Art 611:Whitney Museum of American Art 589:negotiated the acquisition of 303: 201:Whitney Museum of American Art 86:Whitney Museum of American Art 1: 1601:Paintings by Georgia O'Keeffe 1134:Reily, Nancy Hopkins (2009). 690: 595:Museum of Fine Arts, Santa Fe 186:Museum of Fine Arts, Santa Fe 475:Alexandre-François Desportes 382: 7: 970:"Georgia O'Keeffe's Vision" 663: 506:American hunting traditions 390:was first shown in 1937 at 298: 10: 1617: 1373:Light Coming on the Plains 1164:Collection, Whitney Museum 1081:Peacock, Henry W. (1995). 616: 437:Influences and scholarship 376:Helianthella quinquenervis 180:book published in 1976 by 1525: 1484: 1455: 1434: 1403: 1317: 1218: 630:William Michael Harnett, 410:Deer's Head with Pedernal 95: 81: 73: 61: 53: 45: 37: 28: 23: 1542:Georgia O'Keeffe - Hands 1534:Georgia O'Keeffe - Torso 1362: series (1916) 451:Birmingham Museum of Art 406:Rams Head with Hollyhock 1421:Georgia O'Keeffe Museum 732:Abrams, Dennis (2009). 680:Georgia O'Keeffe Museum 634:, Oil on canvas, 1885 ( 486:William Michael Harnett 449:, Oil on canvas, 1727 ( 1596:20th-century paintings 1259:My Shanty, Lake George 1026:Benke, Britta (2000). 1001:Lisle, Laurie (1997). 587:Edward Larrabee Barnes 581:, an illustrated 1976 465:composition than to a 454: 321: 1235:Red and Orange Streak 445:Jean-Baptiste Oudry, 444: 311: 262:with a fellow artist 1591:Still life paintings 1243:Blue and Green Music 654:, photograph, 1931 ( 573:History of ownership 544:non-representational 1586:Landscape paintings 1469:Katherine Stieglitz 479:Jean-Baptiste Oudry 273:Stieglitz's gallery 260:extramarital affair 1396:series (1960–1977) 1346: (1915–1950s) 906:The New York Times 650:Alfred Stieglitz, 455: 402:American Southwest 397:The New York Times 322: 253:Edward J. Steichen 207:Historical context 1568: 1567: 1545:(1919 photograph) 1537:(1918 photograph) 1497:Mabel Dodge Luhan 1382: (1925–1928) 1338:Charcoal drawings 1329: (1903–1912) 1283:The Lawrence Tree 1246: (1919–1921) 1145:978-0-86534-452-5 1117:978-0-8223-1123-2 1092:978-0-929590-14-1 1083:Art as Expression 1067:978-0-300-07935-7 1037:978-3-8228-5861-5 951:978-0-300-21183-2 872:978-0-520-21888-8 805:978-0-393-32741-0 743:978-1-60413-336-3 718:978-0-393-32741-0 540:Indian paintbrush 392:An American Place 312:Georgia O'Keefe, 285:nervous breakdown 174:An American Place 103: 102: 1608: 1550:Georgia O'Keeffe 1463:Alfred Stieglitz 1393:Sky Above Clouds 1366:Palo Duro Canyon 1344:Flower paintings 1275:Oriental Poppies 1212:Georgia O'Keeffe 1205: 1198: 1191: 1182: 1181: 1175: 1174: 1172: 1171: 1156: 1150: 1149: 1131: 1122: 1121: 1103: 1097: 1096: 1078: 1072: 1071: 1053: 1042: 1041: 1023: 1017: 1016: 998: 992: 991: 989: 988: 965: 956: 955: 937: 928: 927: 921: 920: 897: 891: 890: 884: 876: 858: 835: 834: 816: 810: 809: 791: 785: 784: 782: 781: 765: 748: 747: 734:Georgia O'Keeffe 729: 723: 722: 704: 647: 627: 600:fashion designer 579:Georgia O'Keeffe 237:Alfred Stieglitz 194:fashion designer 170:Alfred Stieglitz 116:Georgia O'Keeffe 41:Georgia O'Keeffe 33: 21: 20: 1616: 1615: 1611: 1610: 1609: 1607: 1606: 1605: 1571: 1570: 1569: 1564: 1521: 1502:Anita Pollitzer 1480: 1471:(step-daughter) 1451: 1430: 1399: 1319: 1313: 1214: 1209: 1179: 1178: 1169: 1167: 1158: 1157: 1153: 1146: 1132: 1125: 1118: 1104: 1100: 1093: 1079: 1075: 1068: 1054: 1045: 1038: 1024: 1020: 1013: 999: 995: 986: 984: 966: 959: 952: 938: 931: 918: 916: 898: 894: 878: 877: 873: 859: 838: 831: 817: 813: 806: 792: 788: 779: 777: 766: 751: 744: 730: 726: 719: 705: 698: 693: 666: 659: 648: 639: 628: 619: 575: 551:Timothy W. Luke 492:which includes 461:is closer to a 439: 385: 306: 301: 245:Marsden Hartley 209: 118:. It depicts a 19: 12: 11: 5: 1614: 1604: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1566: 1565: 1563: 1562: 1554: 1546: 1538: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1522: 1520: 1519: 1517:Rebecca Strand 1514: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1481: 1479: 1478: 1472: 1466: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1452: 1450: 1449: 1444: 1442:Cerro Pedernal 1438: 1436: 1432: 1431: 1429: 1428: 1418: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1400: 1398: 1397: 1389: 1383: 1377: 1369: 1363: 1355: 1347: 1341: 1335: 1330: 1323: 1321: 1315: 1314: 1312: 1311: 1303: 1295: 1287: 1279: 1271: 1263: 1255: 1247: 1239: 1231: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1215: 1208: 1207: 1200: 1193: 1185: 1177: 1176: 1151: 1144: 1123: 1116: 1098: 1091: 1073: 1066: 1043: 1036: 1018: 1012:978-0671016661 1011: 993: 974:The New Yorker 957: 950: 929: 892: 871: 836: 829: 811: 804: 786: 749: 742: 724: 717: 695: 694: 692: 689: 688: 687: 682: 677: 672: 665: 662: 661: 660: 649: 642: 640: 632:After the Hunt 629: 622: 618: 615: 574: 571: 555:Cerro Pedernal 510:verisimilitude 490:After the Hunt 438: 435: 384: 381: 305: 302: 300: 297: 289:psychoneurosis 264:Dorothy Norman 249:Charles Demuth 208: 205: 154:transcendental 101: 100: 97: 93: 92: 83: 79: 78: 75: 71: 70: 65: 59: 58: 55: 51: 50: 47: 43: 42: 39: 35: 34: 26: 25: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1613: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1576: 1561:(composition) 1560: 1559: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1539: 1536: 1535: 1531: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1487: 1483: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1426: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1412: 1409: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1395: 1394: 1390: 1387: 1386:Hawaii series 1384: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1360: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1324: 1322: 1316: 1309: 1308: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1288: 1285: 1284: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1272: 1269: 1268: 1264: 1261: 1260: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1248: 1245: 1244: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1232: 1229: 1228: 1224: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1206: 1201: 1199: 1194: 1192: 1187: 1186: 1183: 1165: 1161: 1155: 1147: 1141: 1137: 1130: 1128: 1119: 1113: 1109: 1102: 1094: 1088: 1084: 1077: 1069: 1063: 1059: 1052: 1050: 1048: 1039: 1033: 1029: 1022: 1014: 1008: 1004: 997: 983: 979: 975: 971: 964: 962: 953: 947: 943: 936: 934: 926: 915: 911: 908:. p. 7. 907: 903: 896: 888: 882: 874: 868: 864: 857: 855: 853: 851: 849: 847: 845: 843: 841: 832: 830:0-300-07958-3 826: 822: 815: 807: 801: 797: 790: 775: 771: 764: 762: 760: 758: 756: 754: 745: 739: 735: 728: 720: 714: 710: 703: 701: 696: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 667: 657: 653: 646: 641: 637: 633: 626: 621: 620: 614: 612: 608: 604: 601: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 570: 567: 563: 559: 556: 552: 548: 545: 541: 536: 534: 530: 529:illusionistic 526: 522: 518: 513: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 482: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 452: 448: 443: 434: 432: 427: 422: 418: 413: 411: 407: 403: 399: 398: 393: 389: 380: 378: 377: 372: 368: 367: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 329:art historian 326: 319: 315: 310: 296: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 269: 265: 261: 256: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 217:art movements 214: 204: 202: 198: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 166: 164: 159: 155: 151: 146: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 121: 117: 113: 109: 108: 98: 94: 91: 87: 84: 80: 76: 72: 69: 66: 64: 60: 57:Oil on canvas 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 36: 32: 27: 22: 16: 1556: 1548: 1540: 1532: 1507:Eliot Porter 1492:Maria Chabot 1475:Ida O'Keeffe 1391: 1388: (1939) 1371: 1358: 1349: 1340: (1915) 1306: 1305: 1297: 1289: 1286: (1929) 1281: 1278: (1928) 1273: 1270: (1926) 1265: 1262: (1922) 1257: 1254: (1922) 1249: 1241: 1238: (1919) 1233: 1225: 1168:. 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The 135:desert 99:94.171 54:Medium 38:Artist 233:bones 123:skull 1359:Blue 1140:ISBN 1112:ISBN 1087:ISBN 1062:ISBN 1032:ISBN 1007:ISBN 978:ISSN 946:ISBN 925:own. 910:ISSN 887:link 867:ISBN 825:ISBN 800:ISBN 738:ISBN 713:ISBN 558:mesa 502:horn 500:, a 477:and 345:mist 49:1936 46:Year 560:or 419:or 156:or 1577:: 1162:. 1126:^ 1046:^ 976:. 972:. 960:^ 932:^ 922:. 904:. 883:}} 879:{{ 839:^ 772:. 752:^ 699:^ 255:. 247:, 243:, 227:, 88:, 1427:) 1423:( 1417:) 1413:( 1204:e 1197:t 1190:v 1173:. 1148:. 1120:. 1095:. 1070:. 1040:. 1015:. 990:. 954:. 889:) 875:. 833:. 808:. 783:. 746:. 721:. 658:) 638:) 453:) 320:)

Index


Movement
Modernism
Whitney Museum of American Art
New York
oil painting
Georgia O'Keeffe
buck deer
skull
antlers
wildflowers
desert
New Mexico
transcendental
mystical
Alfred Stieglitz
An American Place
monographic
Viking Press
Museum of Fine Arts, Santa Fe
fashion designer
Calvin Klein
Whitney Museum of American Art
modernist
art movements
abstract
landscapes
flowers
bones
Alfred Stieglitz

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