191:
40:
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650:, in 1953, marketed its sunscreen with a drawing of a young girl and her cocker spaniel tugging on her bathing suit bottom, revealing her bare bottom and tan line; this advertisement was modified around the turn of the 21st century and now shows a little girl wearing a one-piece bathing suit or shorts. In the latter part of the 1950s, silver metallic reflectors were common to enhance one's tan. In 1962, sunscreen commenced to be
245:) from UV radiation. Melanogenesis leads to delayed tanning, and typically becomes visible two or three days after exposure. The tan that is created by increased melanogenesis typically lasts for a few weeks or months, much longer than the tan that is caused by oxidation of existing melanin, and is also actually protective against UV skin damage and sunburn, rather than simply cosmetic. Typically, it can provide a modest
570:
95:
682:, which uses fabric perforated with thousands of micro holes that are nearly invisible to the naked eye, but which transmit enough sunlight to approach an all-over tan, especially if the fabric is stretched taut. Tan-through swimwear typically allows more than one-third of UV rays to pass through (equivalent to SPF 3 or less), and an application of sunscreen even to the covered area is recommended.
103:
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it is already stored), but its total quantity is unchanged. Skin darkening from UVA exposure does not lead to significantly increased production of melanin or protection against sunburn. In the second process, triggered primarily by UVB, there is an increase in production of melanin (melanogenesis), which is the body's reaction to direct DNA photodamage (formation of
249:(SPF) of 3, meaning that tanned skin would tolerate up to 3 times the UV exposure as pale skin. However, in order to cause true melanogenesis-tanning by means of UV exposure, some direct DNA photodamage must first be produced, and this requires UVB exposure (as present in natural sunlight, or sunlamps that produce UVB). The
619:. When she arrived home, she arrived with a sun tan and her fans apparently liked the look and started to adopt darker skin tones themselves. Tanned skin became a trend partly because of Coco's status and the longing for her lifestyle by other members of society. In addition, Parisians fell in love with
1969:
Harris investigated the history of the parasol... everywhere ordinary people were forbidden to protect themselves with such devices "pallid skin became a marker of upper-class status". At the beginning of the 20th
Century, in the United States, lighter-skinned people avoided the sun. ... Tanned skin
631:
capitalized on the new tanning fad, launching the first sun tan oil "Huile de
Chaldee" in 1927. Just before the 1930s, sunlight therapy became a popularly subscribed cure for almost every ailment from simple fatigue to tuberculosis. In the 1940s, advertisements encouraging sunbathing began to appear
240:
There are two different mechanisms involved in the production of a tan by UV exposure: Firstly, UVA radiation creates oxidative stress, which in turn oxidizes existing melanin and leads to rapid darkening of the melanin. UVA may also cause melanin to be redistributed (released from melanocytes where
584:
In the United States and
Western Europe before the 1920s, tanned skin was associated with the lower classes because they worked outdoors and were exposed to the sunlight. Parasols and long sleeves were typically worn, even at beaches. By the 1920s, however, a cultural transformation took place, and
2080:
By the 1920s, the therapeutic effect of the sun was widely promoted, and two well-publicized French personalities gave "tanning" a fashion boost. Coco Chanel, of designer fame, returned to Paris after a cruise on the Duke of
Westminster's yacht with a tan that became all the rage. And the natural
232:
to the skin, and the body naturally combats and seeks to repair the damage and protect the skin by creating and releasing further melanin into the skin's cells. With the production of the melanin, the skin color darkens. The tanning process can be triggered by natural sunlight or by artificial UV
519:, the deadliest form of skin cancer, according to a 2010 study. The study suggests that the melanoma risk is linked more closely to total exposure than it is to the age at which an individual first uses a tanning bed. Frequent tanning also has behavioural reinforcing effects, following
1708:
Baggerly, Carole A.; Cuomo, Raphael E.; French, Christine B.; Garland, Cedric F.; Gorham, Edward D.; Grant, William B.; Heaney, Robert P.; Holick, Michael F.; Hollis, Bruce W.; McDonnell, Sharon L.; Pittaway, Mary; Seaton, Paul; Wagner, Carol L.; Wunsch, Alexander (22 June 2015).
547:. Production of vitamin D is essential for human health. Moderate exposure (avoiding sunburn) to UV radiation provides benefits such as increased vitamin D, as well as other possible benefits that are still being studied. Several tanning activators have used different forms of
673:
including bronzers, intensifiers, and accelerators. Since then, the indoor tanning industry has become more constrained by health regulations. In China, darker skin is still considered by many to be the mark of the lower classes. As recently as 2012, in some parts of China,
2309:
The tanning industry has grown about 25 percent over the past six years, according to the Indoor
Tanning Association. In the United States, about 25,000 free-standing tanning salons employ 160,000 people and generate more than $ 5 billion in annual revenue, the association
2136:
In 1920s France, the caramel-skinned entertainer
Josephine Baker became a Parisian idol. Concurrently, fashion designer Coco Chanel was "bronzed" while cruising on a yacht. A winter tan became a symbol of the leisure class and showed you could afford to travel to exotic
321:
A person's natural skin color affects their reaction to exposure to sunlight. An individual's natural skin color can vary from a dark brown to a nearly colorless pigmentation, which may appear white. In 1975, Harvard dermatologist
712:
To avoid exposure to UVB and UVA rays, or in seasons without strong sunshine, some people take alternative steps to appear with darkened skin. They may use sunless tanning (also known as self-tanners); stainers that are based on
741:, and tanning businesses. Spray tanning does not involve a color being sprayed on the body, instead it uses a colorless chemical that reacts with proteins in the top layer of the skin, resulting in a brown color.
604:
was found to be a cause of rickets, and exposure to sunlight would allow vitamin D to be produced in a person. Therefore, sunlight exposure was a remedy to curing several diseases, especially rickets.
288:
is more likely to cause a sunburn than UVA as a result of overexposure. The mechanism for sunburn and increased melanogenesis is identical. Both are caused by the direct DNA damage (formation of CPDs).
611:
to test the wider health benefits of "heliotherapy", and by 1913 "sunbathing" was referred to as a desirable activity for the leisured class. Shortly thereafter, in the 1920s, fashion-designer
1807:
M. J. Ashwood-Smith; G. A. Poulton; M. Barker; M. Mildenberger E. (1980). "5-Methoxypsoralen, an ingredient in several sun tan preparations, has lethal, mutagenic and clastogenic properties".
1598:
881:
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first appeared. In 2007, there were an estimated 50,000 outlets for indoor tanning; it was a five-billion-dollar industry in the United States, and had spawned an auxiliary industry for
627:, and idolized her darker skin. These two women were leading figures of the transformation that tan skin underwent, in which it became perceived as fashionable, healthy, and luxurious.
1202:
1485:
Baadsgaard O (January 1991). "In vivo ultraviolet irradiation of human skin results in profound perturbation of the immune system. Relevance to ultraviolet-induced skin cancer".
466:
Dark skin does provide some protection against the sun’s ultraviolet rays, but it is a myth that people with dark skin tones are immune to the harmful effects of UV radiation.
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269:
Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation is in the wavelength range 280 to 320 nm. Much of this band is blocked by the Earth's ozone layer, but some penetrates. UVB:
1858:
Zajdela F, Bisagni E (1981). "5-Methoxypsoralen, the melanogenic additive in sun-tan preparations, is tumorigenic in mice exposed to 365 nm UV radiation".
1655:
503:, the speed and severity of which vary among individuals. This can be alleviated at least to some extent by the prior application of a suitable-strength
2071:
1590:
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870:
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535:, which are opioid agonists. An opioid blockade also then causes withdrawal signs after habitual UV exposure leading to many tanners meeting the
1686:
1523:
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were becoming popular items to wear at the beach in order to protect the wearer's face from the effects of sunlight. A 1969 innovation is
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2001:
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224:(very dark brown). Melanin protects the body by absorbing ultraviolet radiation. Excessive UV radiation causes sunburn along with other
3299:
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2515:
1986:: 1: An advertisement for a 'German Bath In Scotland' offers 'For Health and Pleasure...Pure Air and Sun Baths...'. 25 August 1900.
543:
and the US Surgeon
General have issued guidelines warning about sun tanning and UV radiation exposure, either from the sun or from
980:
507:, which also hinders the tanning process due to the blocking of UV light. Overexposure to ultraviolet radiation is known to cause
233:
radiation, which can be delivered in frequencies of UVA, UVB, or a combination of both. The intensity is commonly measured by the
2987:
2350:
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2965:
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1591:"Side effects of naltrexone observed in frequent tanners: Could frequent tanners have ultraviolet-induced high opioid levels?"
2271:
2244:
2217:
2122:
1955:
1631:
1337:
1246:
John A. Parrish; Kurt F. Jaenicke; R. Rox
Anderson (1982). "Erythema And Melanogenesis Action Spectra Of Normal Human Skin".
2450:
580:. At that time in the West, the upper social class used parasols, long sleeves and hats to avoid sunlight's tanning effects.
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2611:
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82:. Some people use chemical products that can produce a tanning effect without exposure to ultraviolet radiation, known as
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895:
475:
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1062:
1545:"Induction of withdrawal-like symptoms in a small randomized, controlled trial of opioid blockade in frequent tanners"
564:
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2937:
2039:
1543:
Kaur, Mandeep; Liguori, Anthony; Lang, Wei; Rapp, Stephen R.; Fleischer, Alan B.; Feldman, Steven R. (1 April 2006).
592:
was awarded the Nobel Prize in
Medicine for his “Finsen Light Therapy”. The therapy was a cure for diseases such as
3002:
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stimulates the production of new melanin, which leads to an increase in the dark-colored pigment within a few days.
150:. The term "tanning" has a cultural origin, arising from the color tan. Its origin lies in the Western culture of
2692:
142:. Some people tan or sunburn more easily than others. This may be the result of different skin types and natural
78:
beds. People who deliberately tan their skin by exposure to the sun engage in a passive recreational activity of
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was considered lower class...But by the 1920s, a cultural transformation in favor of sun tanning took place.
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274:
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729:, and sprays that are self-applied on the skin. There is also a professional spray-on tanning option or “
17:
2081:
caramel skin color of singer
Josephine Baker made women all over the world try to emulate her skin tone.
3083:
3068:
1160:
Nita Agar; Antony R. Young (2005). "Review: Melanogenesis: a photoprotective response to DNA damage?".
1080:"The deceptive nature of UVA tanning versus the modest protective effects of UVB tanning on human skin"
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2616:
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By the early 20th century, therapeutic benefits of sunlight were advertised to the public. In 1903,
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rated, although SPF labeling in the US was not standardized by the FDA until 1978. In the 1970s,
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criteria for addiction. Several organizations, such as the World Health Organization (WHO), the
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such as bronzers. Many sunless tanning products are available in the form of darkening creams,
1997:
1544:
923:"Ultraviolet Radiation, Aging and the Skin: Prevention of Damage by Topical cAMP Manipulation"
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8:
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229:
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Best in Beauty: An Ultimate Guide to Makeup and Skincare Techniques, Tools, and Products
1820:
515:, and impair the immune system. Frequent tanning bed use triples the risk of developing
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2078:. The Chemical Heritage Foundation. 2001. Archived from the original on 20 June 2010.
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radically changing swimsuit style after it made its appearance in 1946. In the 1950s,
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80 per cent of UV rays... a stretchy yarn described as 'a chicken wire mesh material'
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Cross-sectional view showing skin tone becoming darker due to the production of more
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on a woman whose skin has been darkened by ultraviolet exposure, except where covered
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A UVB-induced tan provides minimal sun protection, equivalent to an SPF of about 3.
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frequencies responsible for tanning are often divided into the UVA and UVB ranges.
242:
59:
1760:"Possible cancer hazard associated with 5-methoxypsoralen in sun tan preparations"
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39:
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1895:"Should subjects who used psoralen sun tan activators be screened for melanoma?"
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1947:
1937:
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Sinha RP, Häder DP (April 2002). "UV-induced DNA damage and repair: a review".
1332:(4th ed.). Malden, Massachusetts, USA: Blackwell Publishing. p. 268.
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75:
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Excessive exposure to ultraviolet rays has negative health effects, including
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2177:"Sunscreen Lotion, Spray & Sun Care Products - Coppertone® - Coppertone®"
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1568:
1409:
Fisher GJ, Wang ZQ, Datta SC, Varani J, Kang S, Voorhees JJ (November 1997).
1022:
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730:
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Disappearing sun tan, revealing the individual's naturally light-colored skin
261:
Ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation is in the wavelength range 320 to 400 nm.
330:
to describe the common tanning behavior of various skin types, as follows:
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662:, which had tanned skin and further popularized sun tanning among women.
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127:
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1943:
Killer Commodities: Public Health and the Corporate Production of Harm
1411:"Pathophysiology of premature skin aging induced by ultraviolet light"
118:
Moderate exposure to direct sunlight contributes to the production of
3325:
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2814:
2764:
2742:
2539:
1828:
1463:
1162:
Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis
921:
Amaro-Ortiz, Alexandra; Yan, Betty; D’Orazio, John A. (15 May 2014).
718:
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2422:. 1 September 1969. Archived from the original on 12 October 2013.
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548:
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234:
147:
67:
44:
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1201:. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2014. p. 20.
1005:
Garone, Michael; Howard, John; Fabrikant, Jordan (February 2015).
30:"Sunbather" redirects here. For the 2013 album by Deafheaven, see
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597:
569:
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is reduced by virtually all sunscreens in accordance with their
62:
is darkened or tanned. It is most often a result of exposure to
2592:
2556:
2351:"Beach Essentials in China: Flip-Flops, a Towel and a Ski Mask"
1223:"ISO 21348 Definitions of Solar Irradiance Spectral Categories"
1078:
Miyamura Y; Coelho SG; Schlenz K; et al. (February 2011).
659:
655:
637:
151:
98:
A sun tanned arm showing browner skin where it has been exposed
94:
2660:
2263:
Living Color: The Biological and Social Meaning of Skin Color
1679:"The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Prevent Skin Cancer"
1196:"The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Prevent Skin Cancer"
624:
499:
The most common risk of exposure to ultraviolet radiation is
174:
Excessive exposure may in the long-term increase the risk of
155:
102:
1077:
316:
2233:
Heckman, Carolyn J.; Manne, Sharon L. (15 September 2011).
722:
555:. Health authorities have banned psoralen since July 1996.
480:
3300:
Diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate (Uvinul A Plus)
2046:. FaceMaster. Archived from the original on 23 April 2012.
1707:
871:"Scientists find why some people tan and some people burn"
565:
Human skin color § Social status, colorism and racism
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2551:
1530:
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In 1978, both sunscreen with an SPF 15 rating as well as
512:
1159:
2540:
Information on tanning from The Skin Cancer Foundation
1521:
Study: Frequent tanning-bed use triples melanoma risk.
920:
791:"Benefits of sunlight: a bright spot for human health"
607:
In 1910 a scientific expedition went to the island of
305:
is thought, but not proven, to cause the formation of
2239:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 20.
1711:"Sunlight and Vitamin D: Necessary for Public Health"
1408:
1004:
2044:
The Effects of Aging, Health and Stress on Your Face
2512:"Sunless tanning: A safe alternative to sunbathing"
1542:
869:
178:, as well as depressed immune system function and
27:Darkening of skin in response to ultraviolet light
1757:
1011:The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology
3493:
2451:"Tan-tastic bikini that lets rays shine through"
1402:
2266:. University of California Press. p. 185.
2148:
1998:"All Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine"
1936:
3371:Phenylbenzimidazole sulfonic acid (Ensulizole)
1990:
1893:Autier P.; Dore J.-F.; Cesarini J.-P. (1997).
1857:
1549:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
1443:
1318:. Journal de Médecine Esthétique 1975; 2:33-34
981:"Melanin - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
208:is a natural pigment produced by cells called
3231:
2577:
1328:Weller, R; J Hunter; J Savin; M Dahl (2008).
615:accidentally got sunburnt while visiting the
523:radiation epidermal keratinocytes synthesize
2232:
1715:Journal of the American College of Nutrition
1484:
1478:
1327:
216:. Melanocytes produce two types of melanin:
2100:
1851:
1800:
1751:
1239:
1155:
1153:
1129:
636:' skin coverage began decreasing, with the
511:, make skin age and wrinkle faster, mutate
3238:
3224:
2584:
2570:
1932:
1930:
1886:
1449:
1125:
1123:
1057:. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009.
2424:permits 40% of the sun's ultraviolet rays
2259:
1910:
1783:
1734:
1426:
1358:Columbia University Irving Medical Center
1103:
1030:
956:
938:
840:"Gene behind tanning comes out of hiding"
814:
317:Tanning behavior of different skin colors
3351:4-Methylbenzylidene camphor (Enzacamene)
3295:Bisdisulizole disodium (Neo Heliopan AP)
2295:. Harrisonburg, Virginia. Archived from
2260:Jablonski, Nina G. (27 September 2012).
1701:
1513:
1150:
788:
695:
632:in women's magazines. At the same time,
568:
490:
479:
189:
101:
93:
89:
38:
2552:Research on the benefits of UV exposure
2106:
1927:
1208:from the original on 26 November 2014.
1120:
644:was commonly used to increase tanning.
14:
3494:
3440:Bisoctrizole (Tinosorb M / Eversorb M)
3274:Chemical agents unless otherwise noted
2382:"Tan-Through Fabric Lets Sun Shine In"
2379:
2286:
2037:
281:), which in turn induces an increased
70:or from artificial sources, such as a
3412:Drometrizole trisiloxane (Mexoryl XL)
3219:
2565:
2518:from the original on 16 February 2010
2348:
2321:
2205:
1235:from the original on 29 October 2013.
902:from the original on 6 September 2015
850:from the original on 25 November 2020
163:
154:when it became fashionable for young
133:
2612:Prehistory of nakedness and clothing
2463:from the original on 17 October 2014
2394:from the original on 12 October 2013
2330:from the original on 10 October 2016
2076:Magic Bullets - Chemistry vs. Cancer
2072:"Sun and Clouds: The Sun in History"
1689:from the original on 9 February 2017
1658:from the original on 17 January 2017
1499:10.1001/archderm.1991.01680010109019
1084:Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research
1055:Encyclopædia Britannica almanac 2010
1007:"A Review of Common Tanning Methods"
837:
113:
3356:Octyl methoxycinnamate (Octinoxate)
2212:. Simon and Schuster. p. 185.
1676:
558:
476:Health effects of sunlight exposure
24:
3341:Ethylhexyl triazone (Uvinul T 150)
2414:"Scorecard: No nudes is good news"
2380:Taylor, Angela (17 October 1969).
2361:from the original on 5 August 2012
1296:from the original on 4 August 2012
1260:10.1111/j.1751-1097.1982.tb04362.x
685:
185:
25:
3513:
2533:
2492:from the original on 28 July 2010
2322:Clark, Patrick (5 October 2016).
2038:Hanson, Peter G. (22 June 2009).
1601:from the original on 7 March 2022
884:from the original on 25 May 2022.
469:
198:to overcome DNA damage caused by
3199:
3190:
3189:
2324:"Twilight of the Tanning Salons"
2236:Shedding Light on Indoor Tanning
2004:from the original on 12 May 2015
1677:General, Office of the Surgeon.
1619:
1354:"Skin Cancer in People of Color"
1290:"The known health effects of UV"
1134:. Lookingfit.com. Archived from
1096:10.1111/j.1755-148X.2010.00764.x
623:, a "caramel-skinned" singer in
2504:
2478:
2443:
2406:
2373:
2342:
2315:
2280:
2253:
2226:
2199:
2169:
2142:
2107:Koskoff, Sharon (28 May 2007).
2064:
2031:
2016:
1975:
1670:
1640:
1613:
1583:
1536:
1372:
1346:
1321:
1308:
1282:
1248:Photochemistry and Photobiology
1215:
1188:
1130:Amy Thorlin (5 February 2006).
146:, and these may be a result of
2287:Wright, Dan (16 August 2007).
2206:Campo, Riku (31 August 2010).
1071:
1047:
998:
973:
914:
888:
862:
831:
782:
309:and some types of skin cancer.
13:
1:
3361:Octyl salicylate (Octisalate)
3101:Nudity in American television
2152:The Berg Companion to Fashion
2149:Steele, Valerie, ed. (2010).
1727:10.1080/07315724.2015.1039866
776:
180:accelerated aging of the skin
3376:Polysilicone-15 (Parsol SLX)
2349:Levin, Dan (3 August 2012).
2110:Art Deco of the Palm Beaches
1940:; Hans Baer (28 July 2008).
1174:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2004.11.016
896:"Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation"
169:
7:
3437:Hybrid (chemical/physical):
3149:Imagery of nude celebrities
2873:Social nudity organizations
1561:10.1016/j.jaad.2005.11.1059
1428:10.1056/NEJM199711133372003
744:
585:tan skin became the ideal.
527:inducing the production of
10:
3518:
3467:
3417:Iscotrizinol (Uvasorb HEB)
3331:4-Aminobenzoic acid (PABA)
3084:Nudity in live performance
2591:
2557:Melanoma Research Alliance
1758:Ashwood-Smith MJ. (1979).
689:
562:
473:
457:Naturally black-brown skin
273:triggers the formation of
64:ultraviolet (UV) radiation
29:
3465:
3427:Oxybenzone (Eusolex 4360)
3397:Bemotrizinol (Tinosorb S)
3389:
3318:
3282:
3260:
3187:
3141:
3054:
3001:
2946:
2891:
2883:Timeline of social nudity
2833:
2783:
2718:
2617:Nakedness and colonialism
2599:
2435:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2092:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2056:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1776:10.1136/bmj.2.6198.1144-b
1452:Photochem. Photobiol. Sci
940:10.3390/molecules19056202
3366:Padimate O (Escalol 507)
3290:Avobenzone (Parsol 1789)
2938:Clothing-optional events
2710:Clothing laws by country
1292:. WHO. 1 December 2010.
551:, which are known to be
3474:Sun protective clothing
3003:Social nudity advocates
2785:Issues in social nudity
2651:Breastfeeding in public
2545:7 December 2011 at the
1912:10.1023/A:1008205513771
795:Environ Health Perspect
789:Mead, MN (April 2008).
541:American Cancer Society
58:is the process whereby
3106:Nudity in music videos
3079:Nude photography (art)
2798:Sexual objectification
2600:Nakedness and clothing
1872:10.1093/carcin/2.2.121
1683:www.surgeongeneral.gov
709:
671:indoor tanning lotions
581:
496:
488:
375:Light or light-skinned
264:
256:
202:
110:
99:
48:
3305:Ecamsule (Mexoryl SX)
3116:Nudity in advertising
3111:Nudity in print media
2911:Nude swimming classes
2293:The Daily News-Record
2155:. Berg. p. 554.
1380:"Reviewed Substances"
1132:"The Tanning Process"
985:www.sciencedirect.com
733:” that is offered by
699:
572:
494:
483:
324:Thomas B. Fitzpatrick
247:Sun Protection Factor
193:
105:
97:
90:Impact on skin health
42:
3381:Trolamine salicylate
3310:Menthyl anthranilate
3179:Softcore pornography
3056:Depictions of nudity
2820:Wardrobe malfunction
2720:Nudity and sexuality
2027:: 12. 12 March 1910.
1330:Clinical Dermatology
807:10.1289/ehp.116-a160
680:tan-through swimwear
602:Vitamin D deficiency
212:in a process called
158:to seek a less pale
3247:Sunscreening agents
3126:Glamour photography
3074:Nude modeling (art)
3031:Henry S. Huntington
1821:1980Natur.285..407A
1526:30 May 2010 at the
1390:on 16 December 2016
838:Marshall, Jessica.
230:indirect DNA damage
3402:Benzophenones 1–12
3174:Nude psychotherapy
3131:Erotic photography
3046:Richard Ungewitter
3041:Elton Raymond Shaw
2878:Anarchist naturism
2868:Naturist magazines
2848:Christian naturism
2700:Nudity and protest
2639:Nudity in religion
2486:"Dihydroxyacetone"
2419:Sports Illustrated
2387:The New York Times
2355:The New York Times
2326:. Bloomberg News.
2187:on 26 October 2016
2181:www.coppertone.com
2115:Arcadia Publishing
1899:Annals of Oncology
710:
658:introduced Malibu
582:
497:
489:
392:Light intermediate
358:Very light or pale
203:
134:Excessive exposure
111:
100:
49:
3489:
3488:
3254:or other agencies
3213:
3212:
2810:Indecent exposure
2758:Feminist stripper
2289:"Working The Tan"
2273:978-0-520-25153-3
2246:978-94-007-2048-0
2219:978-1-4391-5585-1
2124:978-0-7385-4415-1
1957:978-0-7591-0979-7
1633:978-92-832-3005-2
1384:ntp.niehs.nih.gov
1339:978-1-4051-4663-0
553:photocarcinogenic
464:
463:
436:Sometimes darkens
409:Dark intermediate
349:von Luschan scale
328:Fitzpatrick scale
279:direct DNA damage
243:pyrimidine dimers
114:Moderate exposure
32:Sunbather (album)
16:(Redirected from
3509:
3450:Titanium dioxide
3255:
3250:approved by the
3240:
3233:
3226:
3217:
3216:
3203:
3193:
3192:
3164:Nudity in combat
3121:Nude photography
2853:Freikörperkultur
2624:Childhood nudity
2586:
2579:
2572:
2563:
2562:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2468:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2434:
2426:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2306:
2304:
2299:on 20 April 2010
2284:
2278:
2277:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2183:. Archived from
2173:
2167:
2166:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2133:
2131:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2091:
2083:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2055:
2047:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1966:
1964:
1934:
1925:
1924:
1914:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1829:10.1038/285407a0
1804:
1798:
1797:
1787:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1738:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1540:
1534:
1519:Peeples, Lynne.
1517:
1511:
1510:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1464:10.1039/B201230H
1447:
1441:
1440:
1430:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1386:. Archived from
1376:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1325:
1319:
1314:Fitzpatrick TB:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1227:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1200:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1168:(1–2): 121–132.
1157:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1127:
1118:
1117:
1107:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1034:
1002:
996:
995:
993:
991:
977:
971:
970:
960:
942:
933:(5): 6202–6219.
918:
912:
911:
909:
907:
892:
886:
885:
873:
866:
860:
859:
857:
855:
835:
829:
828:
818:
786:
766:Perineum sunning
715:dihydroxyacetone
559:Cultural history
345:Tanning behavior
333:
332:
164:Cultural history
21:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3484:
3470:Photoprotection
3461:
3390:UVA+UVB filters
3385:
3314:
3278:
3270:UVB: 315–290 nm
3256:
3249:
3244:
3214:
3209:
3183:
3137:
3050:
2997:
2942:
2893:Nude recreation
2887:
2843:Naturist resort
2829:
2779:
2714:
2629:Sex segregation
2595:
2590:
2547:Wayback Machine
2536:
2531:
2521:
2519:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2495:
2493:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2466:
2464:
2459:. 30 May 2009.
2449:
2448:
2444:
2428:
2427:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2397:
2395:
2378:
2374:
2364:
2362:
2347:
2343:
2333:
2331:
2320:
2316:
2302:
2300:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2204:
2200:
2190:
2188:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2147:
2143:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2105:
2101:
2085:
2084:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2049:
2048:
2036:
2032:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2007:
2005:
2000:. Nobel Media.
1996:
1995:
1991:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1950:. p. 151.
1938:Singer, Merrill
1935:
1928:
1891:
1887:
1856:
1852:
1805:
1801:
1756:
1752:
1706:
1702:
1692:
1690:
1675:
1671:
1661:
1659:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1618:
1614:
1604:
1602:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1541:
1537:
1528:Wayback Machine
1518:
1514:
1483:
1479:
1448:
1444:
1421:(20): 1419–28.
1415:N. Engl. J. Med
1407:
1403:
1393:
1391:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1363:
1361:
1360:. 29 April 2022
1352:
1351:
1347:
1340:
1326:
1322:
1313:
1309:
1299:
1297:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1244:
1240:
1232:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1205:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1158:
1151:
1141:
1139:
1138:on 22 July 2009
1128:
1121:
1076:
1072:
1065:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1003:
999:
989:
987:
979:
978:
974:
919:
915:
905:
903:
894:
893:
889:
877:The Independent
868:
867:
863:
853:
851:
836:
832:
787:
783:
779:
747:
694:
692:Sunless tanning
688:
686:Sunless tanning
621:Josephine Baker
567:
561:
478:
472:
319:
267:
259:
188:
186:Tanning process
172:
136:
116:
92:
84:sunless tanning
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3515:
3505:
3504:
3487:
3486:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3442:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3268:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3243:
3242:
3235:
3228:
3220:
3211:
3210:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3096:Nudity in film
3093:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3060:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3036:Heinrich Pudor
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3007:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2952:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2903:
2897:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2839:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2789:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2730:
2724:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2658:
2656:Public bathing
2653:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2589:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2535:
2534:External links
2532:
2530:
2529:
2503:
2477:
2442:
2405:
2390:. p. 55.
2372:
2341:
2314:
2279:
2272:
2252:
2245:
2225:
2218:
2198:
2168:
2162:978-1847885630
2161:
2141:
2123:
2099:
2063:
2030:
2015:
1989:
1974:
1956:
1948:AltaMira Press
1926:
1905:(5): 435–437.
1885:
1860:Carcinogenesis
1850:
1815:(5): 407–409.
1799:
1770:(6198): 1144.
1750:
1721:(4): 359–365.
1700:
1669:
1652:www.cancer.org
1639:
1632:
1612:
1582:
1555:(4): 709–711.
1535:
1533:, 27 May 2010.
1512:
1477:
1442:
1401:
1371:
1345:
1338:
1320:
1316:Soleil et peau
1307:
1281:
1254:(2): 187–191.
1238:
1214:
1187:
1149:
1119:
1090:(1): 136–147.
1070:
1064:978-1615353293
1063:
1046:
997:
972:
913:
887:
880:. 8 May 2018.
861:
830:
780:
778:
775:
774:
773:
771:Skin whitening
768:
763:
761:Indoor tanning
758:
753:
746:
743:
690:Main article:
687:
684:
617:French Riviera
594:lupus vulgaris
560:
557:
545:indoor tanning
474:Main article:
471:
470:Health aspects
468:
462:
461:
458:
455:
452:
447:Very dark or "
445:
441:
440:
437:
434:
431:
424:
420:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
403:
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
386:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
369:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
352:
351:
346:
343:
340:
337:
318:
315:
314:
313:
310:
303:
296:
295:in human skin.
289:
286:
266:
263:
258:
255:
187:
184:
171:
168:
135:
132:
115:
112:
91:
88:
76:indoor tanning
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3514:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3464:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3432:Sulisobenzone
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3267:A: 400–315 nm
3266:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3253:
3248:
3241:
3236:
3234:
3229:
3227:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3198:
3197:
3186:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3169:Nudity clause
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3154:Nude calendar
3152:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3091:Body painting
3089:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3016:Lee Baxandall
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2993:South America
2991:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2976:San Francisco
2974:
2973:
2972:
2971:North America
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2906:Nude swimming
2904:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2803:Pornification
2801:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2793:Sexualization
2791:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2733:Exhibitionism
2731:
2729:
2728:Intimate part
2726:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2693:United States
2691:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2666:Finnish sauna
2664:
2663:
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2023:"The Times".
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1982:"The Times".
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1648:"Skin Cancer"
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1487:Arch Dermatol
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3407:Dioxybenzone
3273:
3204:
3194:
3026:Ilsley Boone
3021:Paul Bindrim
3011:Kurt Barthel
2933:Nude beaches
2928:Nude wedding
2858:Gay naturism
2825:Strip search
2520:. Retrieved
2506:
2494:. Retrieved
2480:
2472:
2467:17 September
2465:. Retrieved
2454:
2445:
2423:
2417:
2408:
2396:. Retrieved
2385:
2375:
2363:. Retrieved
2354:
2344:
2332:. Retrieved
2317:
2308:
2303:11 September
2301:. Retrieved
2297:the original
2292:
2282:
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2235:
2228:
2208:
2201:
2189:. Retrieved
2185:the original
2180:
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2151:
2144:
2135:
2130:11 September
2128:. Retrieved
2109:
2102:
2079:
2075:
2066:
2043:
2040:"About Face"
2033:
2024:
2018:
2006:. Retrieved
1992:
1983:
1977:
1968:
1963:11 September
1961:. Retrieved
1942:
1902:
1898:
1888:
1866:(2): 121–7.
1863:
1859:
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1802:
1767:
1763:
1753:
1718:
1714:
1703:
1691:. Retrieved
1682:
1672:
1660:. Retrieved
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1642:
1622:
1615:
1603:. Retrieved
1594:
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1392:. Retrieved
1388:the original
1383:
1374:
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1357:
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1329:
1323:
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1310:
1298:. Retrieved
1284:
1251:
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1217:
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1190:
1165:
1161:
1140:. Retrieved
1136:the original
1087:
1083:
1073:
1054:
1049:
1017:(2): 43–47.
1014:
1010:
1000:
988:. Retrieved
984:
975:
930:
926:
916:
904:. Retrieved
890:
875:
864:
852:. Retrieved
843:
833:
798:
794:
784:
711:
667:tanning beds
664:
646:
606:
590:Niels Finsen
587:
583:
578:Claude Monet
574:La promenade
573:
530:
498:
465:
364:Occasionally
326:devised the
320:
268:
260:
239:
204:
200:UV radiation
173:
137:
117:
79:
72:tanning lamp
55:
51:
50:
36:
3502:Sun tanning
3478:Sun tanning
3422:Octocrylene
3319:UVB filters
3283:UVA filters
2948:By location
2923:Naked party
2678:Toplessness
2398:30 November
1595:pdfslide.us
1394:13 December
702:tanning bed
613:Coco Chanel
509:skin cancer
339:Also called
285:production.
251:ultraviolet
218:pheomelanin
210:melanocytes
176:skin cancer
80:sun bathing
52:Sun tanning
18:Sun bathing
3468:See also:
3455:Zinc oxide
3346:Homosalate
3159:Naked News
3064:Nude (art)
2918:Naked yoga
2901:Nude beach
2863:Gymnosophy
2775:Candaulism
2748:Striptease
2705:Dress code
2683:Topfreedom
1693:9 February
1662:9 February
1623:Sunscreens
854:28 October
777:References
717:(DHA); or
708:radiation.
648:Coppertone
629:Jean Patou
576:(1875) by
563:See also:
533:Endorphins
342:Sunburning
220:(red) and
160:complexion
144:skin color
109:of a woman
107:Photoaging
60:skin color
43:A visible
3445:Physical:
3326:Amiloxate
2815:Obscenity
2765:Voyeurism
2743:Streaking
2431:cite news
2334:9 October
2137:climates.
2025:The Times
1984:The Times
1569:0190-9622
1023:1941-2789
949:1420-3049
927:Molecules
906:27 August
719:cosmetics
676:ski masks
634:swimsuits
505:sunscreen
426:Dark or "
381:Sometimes
293:Vitamin D
291:produces
222:eumelanin
170:Long-term
124:vitamin D
74:found in
3496:Category
3336:Cinoxate
3196:Category
3142:See also
2835:Naturism
2770:Anasyrma
2753:Stripper
2543:Archived
2516:Archived
2490:Archived
2461:Archived
2392:Archived
2365:5 August
2359:Archived
2328:Archived
2088:cite web
2052:cite web
2008:29 April
2002:Archived
1745:26098394
1687:Archived
1656:Archived
1599:Archived
1577:16546596
1524:Archived
1472:12661961
1364:23 April
1300:1 August
1294:Archived
1276:38940583
1230:Archived
1203:Archived
1182:15748643
1142:15 April
1114:20979596
1041:25741402
967:24838074
900:Archived
882:Archived
848:Archived
825:18414615
745:See also
642:baby oil
609:Tenerife
549:psoralen
517:melanoma
235:UV Index
166:below).
148:genetics
68:sunlight
45:tan line
3482:Sunburn
3069:History
2988:Oceania
2981:Seattle
2738:Mooning
2673:Massage
2634:Modesty
2607:History
1921:9233521
1880:7273295
1845:4345680
1837:6991953
1817:Bibcode
1785:1596980
1736:4536937
1605:7 March
1507:1824747
1437:9358139
1268:7122713
1105:3021652
1032:4345932
990:19 July
958:4344124
816:2290997
756:Sunning
751:Sunburn
727:lotions
598:rickets
501:sunburn
487:peeling
485:Sunburn
398:Usually
378:Usually
283:melanin
206:Melanin
196:melanin
140:sunburn
126:by the
120:melanin
56:tanning
3480:, and
3252:US FDA
3206:Portal
2966:Europe
2956:Africa
2688:Canada
2593:Nudity
2522:6 July
2496:6 July
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1835:
1809:Nature
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1630:
1620:IARC.
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1567:
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704:emits
660:Barbie
656:Mattel
638:bikini
537:DSM-IV
460:29–36
451:" type
439:22–28
430:" type
418:16–21
412:Rarely
401:11–15
395:Rarely
226:direct
152:Europe
2661:Sauna
2644:Awrah
2310:said.
2191:1 May
1841:S2CID
1272:S2CID
1233:(PDF)
1226:(PDF)
1206:(PDF)
1199:(PDF)
625:Paris
449:black
428:brown
415:Often
384:6–10
361:Often
307:moles
162:(see
156:women
66:from
2961:Asia
2524:2010
2498:2010
2469:2014
2437:link
2400:2014
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2336:2016
2305:2009
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2058:link
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