180:
29:
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639:, in 1953, marketed its sunscreen with a drawing of a young girl and her cocker spaniel tugging on her bathing suit bottom, revealing her bare bottom and tan line; this advertisement was modified around the turn of the 21st century and now shows a little girl wearing a one-piece bathing suit or shorts. In the latter part of the 1950s, silver metallic reflectors were common to enhance one's tan. In 1962, sunscreen commenced to be
234:) from UV radiation. Melanogenesis leads to delayed tanning, and typically becomes visible two or three days after exposure. The tan that is created by increased melanogenesis typically lasts for a few weeks or months, much longer than the tan that is caused by oxidation of existing melanin, and is also actually protective against UV skin damage and sunburn, rather than simply cosmetic. Typically, it can provide a modest
559:
84:
671:, which uses fabric perforated with thousands of micro holes that are nearly invisible to the naked eye, but which transmit enough sunlight to approach an all-over tan, especially if the fabric is stretched taut. Tan-through swimwear typically allows more than one-third of UV rays to pass through (equivalent to SPF 3 or less), and an application of sunscreen even to the covered area is recommended.
92:
470:
230:
it is already stored), but its total quantity is unchanged. Skin darkening from UVA exposure does not lead to significantly increased production of melanin or protection against sunburn. In the second process, triggered primarily by UVB, there is an increase in production of melanin (melanogenesis), which is the body's reaction to direct DNA photodamage (formation of
238:(SPF) of 3, meaning that tanned skin would tolerate up to 3 times the UV exposure as pale skin. However, in order to cause true melanogenesis-tanning by means of UV exposure, some direct DNA photodamage must first be produced, and this requires UVB exposure (as present in natural sunlight, or sunlamps that produce UVB). The
608:. When she arrived home, she arrived with a sun tan and her fans apparently liked the look and started to adopt darker skin tones themselves. Tanned skin became a trend partly because of Coco's status and the longing for her lifestyle by other members of society. In addition, Parisians fell in love with
1958:
Harris investigated the history of the parasol... everywhere ordinary people were forbidden to protect themselves with such devices "pallid skin became a marker of upper-class status". At the beginning of the 20th
Century, in the United States, lighter-skinned people avoided the sun. ... Tanned skin
620:
capitalized on the new tanning fad, launching the first sun tan oil "Huile de
Chaldee" in 1927. Just before the 1930s, sunlight therapy became a popularly subscribed cure for almost every ailment from simple fatigue to tuberculosis. In the 1940s, advertisements encouraging sunbathing began to appear
229:
There are two different mechanisms involved in the production of a tan by UV exposure: Firstly, UVA radiation creates oxidative stress, which in turn oxidizes existing melanin and leads to rapid darkening of the melanin. UVA may also cause melanin to be redistributed (released from melanocytes where
573:
In the United States and
Western Europe before the 1920s, tanned skin was associated with the lower classes because they worked outdoors and were exposed to the sunlight. Parasols and long sleeves were typically worn, even at beaches. By the 1920s, however, a cultural transformation took place, and
2069:
By the 1920s, the therapeutic effect of the sun was widely promoted, and two well-publicized French personalities gave "tanning" a fashion boost. Coco Chanel, of designer fame, returned to Paris after a cruise on the Duke of
Westminster's yacht with a tan that became all the rage. And the natural
221:
to the skin, and the body naturally combats and seeks to repair the damage and protect the skin by creating and releasing further melanin into the skin's cells. With the production of the melanin, the skin color darkens. The tanning process can be triggered by natural sunlight or by artificial UV
508:, the deadliest form of skin cancer, according to a 2010 study. The study suggests that the melanoma risk is linked more closely to total exposure than it is to the age at which an individual first uses a tanning bed. Frequent tanning also has behavioural reinforcing effects, following
1697:
Baggerly, Carole A.; Cuomo, Raphael E.; French, Christine B.; Garland, Cedric F.; Gorham, Edward D.; Grant, William B.; Heaney, Robert P.; Holick, Michael F.; Hollis, Bruce W.; McDonnell, Sharon L.; Pittaway, Mary; Seaton, Paul; Wagner, Carol L.; Wunsch, Alexander (22 June 2015).
536:. Production of vitamin D is essential for human health. Moderate exposure (avoiding sunburn) to UV radiation provides benefits such as increased vitamin D, as well as other possible benefits that are still being studied. Several tanning activators have used different forms of
662:
including bronzers, intensifiers, and accelerators. Since then, the indoor tanning industry has become more constrained by health regulations. In China, darker skin is still considered by many to be the mark of the lower classes. As recently as 2012, in some parts of China,
2298:
The tanning industry has grown about 25 percent over the past six years, according to the Indoor
Tanning Association. In the United States, about 25,000 free-standing tanning salons employ 160,000 people and generate more than $ 5 billion in annual revenue, the association
2125:
In 1920s France, the caramel-skinned entertainer
Josephine Baker became a Parisian idol. Concurrently, fashion designer Coco Chanel was "bronzed" while cruising on a yacht. A winter tan became a symbol of the leisure class and showed you could afford to travel to exotic
310:
A person's natural skin color affects their reaction to exposure to sunlight. An individual's natural skin color can vary from a dark brown to a nearly colorless pigmentation, which may appear white. In 1975, Harvard dermatologist
701:
To avoid exposure to UVB and UVA rays, or in seasons without strong sunshine, some people take alternative steps to appear with darkened skin. They may use sunless tanning (also known as self-tanners); stainers that are based on
730:, and tanning businesses. Spray tanning does not involve a color being sprayed on the body, instead it uses a colorless chemical that reacts with proteins in the top layer of the skin, resulting in a brown color.
593:
was found to be a cause of rickets, and exposure to sunlight would allow vitamin D to be produced in a person. Therefore, sunlight exposure was a remedy to curing several diseases, especially rickets.
277:
is more likely to cause a sunburn than UVA as a result of overexposure. The mechanism for sunburn and increased melanogenesis is identical. Both are caused by the direct DNA damage (formation of CPDs).
600:
to test the wider health benefits of "heliotherapy", and by 1913 "sunbathing" was referred to as a desirable activity for the leisured class. Shortly thereafter, in the 1920s, fashion-designer
1796:
M. J. Ashwood-Smith; G. A. Poulton; M. Barker; M. Mildenberger E. (1980). "5-Methoxypsoralen, an ingredient in several sun tan preparations, has lethal, mutagenic and clastogenic properties".
1587:
870:
658:
first appeared. In 2007, there were an estimated 50,000 outlets for indoor tanning; it was a five-billion-dollar industry in the United States, and had spawned an auxiliary industry for
616:, and idolized her darker skin. These two women were leading figures of the transformation that tan skin underwent, in which it became perceived as fashionable, healthy, and luxurious.
1191:
1474:
Baadsgaard O (January 1991). "In vivo ultraviolet irradiation of human skin results in profound perturbation of the immune system. Relevance to ultraviolet-induced skin cancer".
455:
Dark skin does provide some protection against the sun’s ultraviolet rays, but it is a myth that people with dark skin tones are immune to the harmful effects of UV radiation.
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2449:
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258:
Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation is in the wavelength range 280 to 320 nm. Much of this band is blocked by the Earth's ozone layer, but some penetrates. UVB:
1847:
Zajdela F, Bisagni E (1981). "5-Methoxypsoralen, the melanogenic additive in sun-tan preparations, is tumorigenic in mice exposed to 365 nm UV radiation".
1644:
492:, the speed and severity of which vary among individuals. This can be alleviated at least to some extent by the prior application of a suitable-strength
2060:
1579:
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859:
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524:, which are opioid agonists. An opioid blockade also then causes withdrawal signs after habitual UV exposure leading to many tanners meeting the
1675:
1512:
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were becoming popular items to wear at the beach in order to protect the wearer's face from the effects of sunlight. A 1969 innovation is
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1990:
1930:
213:(very dark brown). Melanin protects the body by absorbing ultraviolet radiation. Excessive UV radiation causes sunburn along with other
3288:
2277:
2504:
1975:: 1: An advertisement for a 'German Bath In Scotland' offers 'For Health and Pleasure...Pure Air and Sun Baths...'. 25 August 1900.
532:
and the US Surgeon
General have issued guidelines warning about sun tanning and UV radiation exposure, either from the sun or from
969:
496:, which also hinders the tanning process due to the blocking of UV light. Overexposure to ultraviolet radiation is known to cause
222:
radiation, which can be delivered in frequencies of UVA, UVB, or a combination of both. The intensity is commonly measured by the
2976:
2339:
1282:
2954:
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2196:
1580:"Side effects of naltrexone observed in frequent tanners: Could frequent tanners have ultraviolet-induced high opioid levels?"
2260:
2233:
2206:
2111:
1944:
1620:
1326:
1235:
John A. Parrish; Kurt F. Jaenicke; R. Rox
Anderson (1982). "Erythema And Melanogenesis Action Spectra Of Normal Human Skin".
2439:
569:. At that time in the West, the upper social class used parasols, long sleeves and hats to avoid sunlight's tanning effects.
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2600:
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71:. Some people use chemical products that can produce a tanning effect without exposure to ultraviolet radiation, known as
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884:
464:
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2149:
1051:
1534:"Induction of withdrawal-like symptoms in a small randomized, controlled trial of opioid blockade in frequent tanners"
553:
3219:
2926:
2028:
1532:
Kaur, Mandeep; Liguori, Anthony; Lang, Wei; Rapp, Stephen R.; Fleischer, Alan B.; Feldman, Steven R. (1 April 2006).
581:
was awarded the Nobel Prize in
Medicine for his “Finsen Light Therapy”. The therapy was a cure for diseases such as
2991:
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stimulates the production of new melanin, which leads to an increase in the dark-colored pigment within a few days.
139:. The term "tanning" has a cultural origin, arising from the color tan. Its origin lies in the Western culture of
2681:
131:. Some people tan or sunburn more easily than others. This may be the result of different skin types and natural
67:
beds. People who deliberately tan their skin by exposure to the sun engage in a passive recreational activity of
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was considered lower class...But by the 1920s, a cultural transformation in favor of sun tanning took place.
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263:
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718:, and sprays that are self-applied on the skin. There is also a professional spray-on tanning option or “
2070:
caramel skin color of singer
Josephine Baker made women all over the world try to emulate her skin tone.
3072:
3057:
1149:
Nita Agar; Antony R. Young (2005). "Review: Melanogenesis: a photoprotective response to DNA damage?".
1069:"The deceptive nature of UVA tanning versus the modest protective effects of UVB tanning on human skin"
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By the early 20th century, therapeutic benefits of sunlight were advertised to the public. In 1903,
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rated, although SPF labeling in the US was not standardized by the FDA until 1978. In the 1970s,
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criteria for addiction. Several organizations, such as the World Health Organization (WHO), the
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such as bronzers. Many sunless tanning products are available in the form of darkening creams,
1986:
1533:
912:"Ultraviolet Radiation, Aging and the Skin: Prevention of Damage by Topical cAMP Manipulation"
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8:
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Best in Beauty: An Ultimate Guide to Makeup and Skincare Techniques, Tools, and Products
1809:
504:, and impair the immune system. Frequent tanning bed use triples the risk of developing
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2067:. The Chemical Heritage Foundation. 2001. Archived from the original on 20 June 2010.
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radically changing swimsuit style after it made its appearance in 1946. In the 1950s,
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80 per cent of UV rays... a stretchy yarn described as 'a chicken wire mesh material'
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Cross-sectional view showing skin tone becoming darker due to the production of more
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on a woman whose skin has been darkened by ultraviolet exposure, except where covered
20:
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A UVB-induced tan provides minimal sun protection, equivalent to an SPF of about 3.
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frequencies responsible for tanning are often divided into the UVA and UVB ranges.
231:
48:
1749:"Possible cancer hazard associated with 5-methoxypsoralen in sun tan preparations"
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28:
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1884:"Should subjects who used psoralen sun tan activators be screened for melanoma?"
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1936:
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Sinha RP, Häder DP (April 2002). "UV-induced DNA damage and repair: a review".
1321:(4th ed.). Malden, Massachusetts, USA: Blackwell Publishing. p. 268.
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Excessive exposure to ultraviolet rays has negative health effects, including
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2166:"Sunscreen Lotion, Spray & Sun Care Products - Coppertone® - Coppertone®"
1860:
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1398:
Fisher GJ, Wang ZQ, Datta SC, Varani J, Kang S, Voorhees JJ (November 1997).
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937:
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484:
Disappearing sun tan, revealing the individual's naturally light-colored skin
250:
Ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation is in the wavelength range 320 to 400 nm.
319:
to describe the common tanning behavior of various skin types, as follows:
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651:, which had tanned skin and further popularized sun tanning among women.
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132:
116:
95:
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Killer Commodities: Public Health and the Corporate Production of Harm
1400:"Pathophysiology of premature skin aging induced by ultraviolet light"
107:
Moderate exposure to direct sunlight contributes to the production of
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2803:
2753:
2731:
2528:
1817:
1452:
1151:
Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis
910:
Amaro-Ortiz, Alexandra; Yan, Betty; D’Orazio, John A. (15 May 2014).
707:
493:
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210:
112:
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2411:. 1 September 1969. Archived from the original on 12 October 2013.
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537:
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136:
56:
33:
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1190:. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2014. p. 20.
994:
Garone, Michael; Howard, John; Fabrikant, Jordan (February 2015).
19:"Sunbather" redirects here. For the 2013 album by Deafheaven, see
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is reduced by virtually all sunscreens in accordance with their
51:
is darkened or tanned. It is most often a result of exposure to
2581:
2545:
2340:"Beach Essentials in China: Flip-Flops, a Towel and a Ski Mask"
1212:"ISO 21348 Definitions of Solar Irradiance Spectral Categories"
1067:
Miyamura Y; Coelho SG; Schlenz K; et al. (February 2011).
648:
644:
626:
140:
87:
A sun tanned arm showing browner skin where it has been exposed
83:
2649:
2252:
Living Color: The Biological and Social Meaning of Skin Color
1668:"The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Prevent Skin Cancer"
1185:"The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Prevent Skin Cancer"
613:
488:
The most common risk of exposure to ultraviolet radiation is
163:
Excessive exposure may in the long-term increase the risk of
144:
91:
1066:
305:
2222:
Heckman, Carolyn J.; Manne, Sharon L. (15 September 2011).
711:
544:. Health authorities have banned psoralen since July 1996.
469:
3289:
Diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate (Uvinul A Plus)
2035:. FaceMaster. Archived from the original on 23 April 2012.
1696:
860:"Scientists find why some people tan and some people burn"
554:
Human skin color § Social status, colorism and racism
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2540:
1519:
723:
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In 1978, both sunscreen with an SPF 15 rating as well as
501:
1148:
2529:
Information on tanning from The Skin Cancer Foundation
1510:
Study: Frequent tanning-bed use triples melanoma risk.
909:
780:"Benefits of sunlight: a bright spot for human health"
596:
In 1910 a scientific expedition went to the island of
294:
is thought, but not proven, to cause the formation of
2228:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 20.
1700:"Sunlight and Vitamin D: Necessary for Public Health"
1397:
993:
2033:
The Effects of Aging, Health and Stress on Your Face
2501:"Sunless tanning: A safe alternative to sunbathing"
1531:
858:
167:, as well as depressed immune system function and
16:Darkening of skin in response to ultraviolet light
1746:
1000:The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology
3482:
2440:"Tan-tastic bikini that lets rays shine through"
1391:
2255:. University of California Press. p. 185.
2137:
1987:"All Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine"
1925:
3360:Phenylbenzimidazole sulfonic acid (Ensulizole)
1979:
1882:Autier P.; Dore J.-F.; Cesarini J.-P. (1997).
1846:
1538:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
1432:
1307:. Journal de Médecine Esthétique 1975; 2:33-34
970:"Melanin - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
197:is a natural pigment produced by cells called
3220:
2566:
1317:Weller, R; J Hunter; J Savin; M Dahl (2008).
604:accidentally got sunburnt while visiting the
512:radiation epidermal keratinocytes synthesize
2221:
1704:Journal of the American College of Nutrition
1473:
1467:
1316:
205:. Melanocytes produce two types of melanin:
2089:
1840:
1789:
1740:
1228:
1144:
1142:
1118:
625:' skin coverage began decreasing, with the
500:, make skin age and wrinkle faster, mutate
3227:
3213:
2573:
2559:
1921:
1919:
1875:
1438:
1114:
1112:
1046:. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009.
2413:permits 40% of the sun's ultraviolet rays
2248:
1899:
1772:
1723:
1415:
1347:Columbia University Irving Medical Center
1092:
1019:
945:
927:
829:"Gene behind tanning comes out of hiding"
803:
306:Tanning behavior of different skin colors
3340:4-Methylbenzylidene camphor (Enzacamene)
3284:Bisdisulizole disodium (Neo Heliopan AP)
2284:. Harrisonburg, Virginia. Archived from
2249:Jablonski, Nina G. (27 September 2012).
1690:
1502:
1139:
777:
684:
621:in women's magazines. At the same time,
557:
479:
468:
178:
90:
82:
78:
27:
2541:Research on the benefits of UV exposure
2095:
1916:
1197:from the original on 26 November 2014.
1109:
633:was commonly used to increase tanning.
3483:
3429:Bisoctrizole (Tinosorb M / Eversorb M)
3263:Chemical agents unless otherwise noted
2371:"Tan-Through Fabric Lets Sun Shine In"
2368:
2275:
2026:
270:), which in turn induces an increased
59:or from artificial sources, such as a
3401:Drometrizole trisiloxane (Mexoryl XL)
3208:
2554:
2507:from the original on 16 February 2010
2337:
2310:
2194:
1224:from the original on 29 October 2013.
891:from the original on 6 September 2015
839:from the original on 25 November 2020
152:
143:when it became fashionable for young
122:
2601:Prehistory of nakedness and clothing
2452:from the original on 17 October 2014
2383:from the original on 12 October 2013
2319:from the original on 10 October 2016
2065:Magic Bullets - Chemistry vs. Cancer
2061:"Sun and Clouds: The Sun in History"
1678:from the original on 9 February 2017
1647:from the original on 17 January 2017
1488:10.1001/archderm.1991.01680010109019
1073:Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research
1044:Encyclopædia Britannica almanac 2010
996:"A Review of Common Tanning Methods"
826:
102:
3345:Octyl methoxycinnamate (Octinoxate)
2201:. Simon and Schuster. p. 185.
1665:
547:
465:Health effects of sunlight exposure
13:
3330:Ethylhexyl triazone (Uvinul T 150)
2403:"Scorecard: No nudes is good news"
2369:Taylor, Angela (17 October 1969).
2350:from the original on 5 August 2012
1285:from the original on 4 August 2012
1249:10.1111/j.1751-1097.1982.tb04362.x
674:
174:
14:
3502:
2522:
2481:from the original on 28 July 2010
2311:Clark, Patrick (5 October 2016).
2027:Hanson, Peter G. (22 June 2009).
1590:from the original on 7 March 2022
873:from the original on 25 May 2022.
458:
187:to overcome DNA damage caused by
3188:
3179:
3178:
2313:"Twilight of the Tanning Salons"
2225:Shedding Light on Indoor Tanning
1993:from the original on 12 May 2015
1666:General, Office of the Surgeon.
1608:
1343:"Skin Cancer in People of Color"
1279:"The known health effects of UV"
1123:. Lookingfit.com. Archived from
1085:10.1111/j.1755-148X.2010.00764.x
612:, a "caramel-skinned" singer in
2493:
2467:
2432:
2395:
2362:
2331:
2304:
2269:
2242:
2215:
2188:
2158:
2131:
2096:Koskoff, Sharon (28 May 2007).
2053:
2020:
2005:
1964:
1659:
1629:
1602:
1572:
1525:
1361:
1335:
1310:
1297:
1271:
1237:Photochemistry and Photobiology
1204:
1177:
1119:Amy Thorlin (5 February 2006).
135:, and these may be a result of
2276:Wright, Dan (16 August 2007).
2195:Campo, Riku (31 August 2010).
1060:
1036:
987:
962:
903:
877:
851:
820:
771:
298:and some types of skin cancer.
1:
3350:Octyl salicylate (Octisalate)
3090:Nudity in American television
2141:The Berg Companion to Fashion
2138:Steele, Valerie, ed. (2010).
1716:10.1080/07315724.2015.1039866
765:
169:accelerated aging of the skin
3365:Polysilicone-15 (Parsol SLX)
2338:Levin, Dan (3 August 2012).
2099:Art Deco of the Palm Beaches
1929:; Hans Baer (28 July 2008).
1163:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2004.11.016
885:"Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation"
158:
7:
3426:Hybrid (chemical/physical):
3138:Imagery of nude celebrities
2862:Social nudity organizations
1550:10.1016/j.jaad.2005.11.1059
1417:10.1056/NEJM199711133372003
733:
574:tan skin became the ideal.
516:inducing the production of
10:
3507:
3456:
3406:Iscotrizinol (Uvasorb HEB)
3320:4-Aminobenzoic acid (PABA)
3073:Nudity in live performance
2580:
2546:Melanoma Research Alliance
1747:Ashwood-Smith MJ. (1979).
678:
551:
462:
446:Naturally black-brown skin
262:triggers the formation of
53:ultraviolet (UV) radiation
18:
3454:
3416:Oxybenzone (Eusolex 4360)
3386:Bemotrizinol (Tinosorb S)
3378:
3307:
3271:
3249:
3176:
3130:
3043:
2990:
2935:
2880:
2872:Timeline of social nudity
2822:
2772:
2707:
2606:Nakedness and colonialism
2588:
2424:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2081:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2045:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1765:10.1136/bmj.2.6198.1144-b
1441:Photochem. Photobiol. Sci
929:10.3390/molecules19056202
3355:Padimate O (Escalol 507)
3279:Avobenzone (Parsol 1789)
2927:Clothing-optional events
2699:Clothing laws by country
1281:. WHO. 1 December 2010.
540:, which are known to be
3463:Sun protective clothing
2992:Social nudity advocates
2774:Issues in social nudity
2640:Breastfeeding in public
2534:7 December 2011 at the
1901:10.1023/A:1008205513771
784:Environ Health Perspect
778:Mead, MN (April 2008).
530:American Cancer Society
47:is the process whereby
3095:Nudity in music videos
3068:Nude photography (art)
2787:Sexual objectification
2589:Nakedness and clothing
1861:10.1093/carcin/2.2.121
1672:www.surgeongeneral.gov
698:
660:indoor tanning lotions
570:
485:
477:
364:Light or light-skinned
253:
245:
191:
99:
88:
37:
3294:Ecamsule (Mexoryl SX)
3105:Nudity in advertising
3100:Nudity in print media
2900:Nude swimming classes
2282:The Daily News-Record
2144:. Berg. p. 554.
1369:"Reviewed Substances"
1121:"The Tanning Process"
974:www.sciencedirect.com
722:” that is offered by
688:
561:
483:
472:
313:Thomas B. Fitzpatrick
236:Sun Protection Factor
182:
94:
86:
79:Impact on skin health
31:
3370:Trolamine salicylate
3299:Menthyl anthranilate
3168:Softcore pornography
3045:Depictions of nudity
2809:Wardrobe malfunction
2709:Nudity and sexuality
2016:: 12. 12 March 1910.
1319:Clinical Dermatology
796:10.1289/ehp.116-a160
669:tan-through swimwear
591:Vitamin D deficiency
201:in a process called
147:to seek a less pale
3236:Sunscreening agents
3115:Glamour photography
3063:Nude modeling (art)
3020:Henry S. Huntington
1810:1980Natur.285..407A
1515:30 May 2010 at the
1379:on 16 December 2016
827:Marshall, Jessica.
219:indirect DNA damage
3391:Benzophenones 1–12
3163:Nude psychotherapy
3120:Erotic photography
3035:Richard Ungewitter
3030:Elton Raymond Shaw
2867:Anarchist naturism
2857:Naturist magazines
2837:Christian naturism
2689:Nudity and protest
2628:Nudity in religion
2475:"Dihydroxyacetone"
2408:Sports Illustrated
2376:The New York Times
2344:The New York Times
2315:. Bloomberg News.
2176:on 26 October 2016
2170:www.coppertone.com
2104:Arcadia Publishing
1888:Annals of Oncology
699:
647:introduced Malibu
571:
486:
478:
381:Light intermediate
347:Very light or pale
192:
123:Excessive exposure
100:
89:
38:
3478:
3477:
3243:or other agencies
3202:
3201:
2799:Indecent exposure
2747:Feminist stripper
2278:"Working The Tan"
2262:978-0-520-25153-3
2235:978-94-007-2048-0
2208:978-1-4391-5585-1
2113:978-0-7385-4415-1
1946:978-0-7591-0979-7
1622:978-92-832-3005-2
1373:ntp.niehs.nih.gov
1328:978-1-4051-4663-0
542:photocarcinogenic
453:
452:
425:Sometimes darkens
398:Dark intermediate
338:von Luschan scale
317:Fitzpatrick scale
268:direct DNA damage
232:pyrimidine dimers
103:Moderate exposure
21:Sunbather (album)
3498:
3439:Titanium dioxide
3244:
3239:approved by the
3229:
3222:
3215:
3206:
3205:
3192:
3182:
3181:
3153:Nudity in combat
3110:Nude photography
2842:Freikörperkultur
2613:Childhood nudity
2575:
2568:
2561:
2552:
2551:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2457:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2423:
2415:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2295:
2293:
2288:on 20 April 2010
2273:
2267:
2266:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2172:. Archived from
2162:
2156:
2155:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2122:
2120:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2080:
2072:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2044:
2036:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1955:
1953:
1923:
1914:
1913:
1903:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1818:10.1038/285407a0
1793:
1787:
1786:
1776:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1727:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1529:
1523:
1508:Peeples, Lynne.
1506:
1500:
1499:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1453:10.1039/B201230H
1436:
1430:
1429:
1419:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1375:. Archived from
1365:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1314:
1308:
1303:Fitzpatrick TB:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1216:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1189:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1157:(1–2): 121–132.
1146:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1116:
1107:
1106:
1096:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1023:
991:
985:
984:
982:
980:
966:
960:
959:
949:
931:
922:(5): 6202–6219.
907:
901:
900:
898:
896:
881:
875:
874:
862:
855:
849:
848:
846:
844:
824:
818:
817:
807:
775:
755:Perineum sunning
704:dihydroxyacetone
548:Cultural history
334:Tanning behavior
322:
321:
153:Cultural history
3506:
3505:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3473:
3459:Photoprotection
3450:
3379:UVA+UVB filters
3374:
3303:
3267:
3259:UVB: 315–290 nm
3245:
3238:
3233:
3203:
3198:
3172:
3126:
3039:
2986:
2931:
2882:Nude recreation
2876:
2832:Naturist resort
2818:
2768:
2703:
2618:Sex segregation
2584:
2579:
2536:Wayback Machine
2525:
2520:
2510:
2508:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2484:
2482:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2455:
2453:
2448:. 30 May 2009.
2438:
2437:
2433:
2417:
2416:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2386:
2384:
2367:
2363:
2353:
2351:
2336:
2332:
2322:
2320:
2309:
2305:
2291:
2289:
2274:
2270:
2263:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2193:
2189:
2179:
2177:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2136:
2132:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2094:
2090:
2074:
2073:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2038:
2037:
2025:
2021:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1994:
1989:. Nobel Media.
1985:
1984:
1980:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1939:. p. 151.
1927:Singer, Merrill
1924:
1917:
1880:
1876:
1845:
1841:
1794:
1790:
1745:
1741:
1695:
1691:
1681:
1679:
1664:
1660:
1650:
1648:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1591:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1530:
1526:
1517:Wayback Machine
1507:
1503:
1472:
1468:
1437:
1433:
1410:(20): 1419–28.
1404:N. Engl. J. Med
1396:
1392:
1382:
1380:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1352:
1350:
1349:. 29 April 2022
1341:
1340:
1336:
1329:
1315:
1311:
1302:
1298:
1288:
1286:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1233:
1229:
1221:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1194:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1147:
1140:
1130:
1128:
1127:on 22 July 2009
1117:
1110:
1065:
1061:
1054:
1042:
1041:
1037:
992:
988:
978:
976:
968:
967:
963:
908:
904:
894:
892:
883:
882:
878:
866:The Independent
857:
856:
852:
842:
840:
825:
821:
776:
772:
768:
736:
683:
681:Sunless tanning
677:
675:Sunless tanning
610:Josephine Baker
556:
550:
467:
461:
308:
256:
248:
177:
175:Tanning process
161:
125:
105:
81:
73:sunless tanning
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3504:
3494:
3493:
3476:
3475:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3431:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3260:
3257:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3232:
3231:
3224:
3217:
3209:
3200:
3199:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3085:Nudity in film
3082:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3049:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3025:Heinrich Pudor
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2941:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2892:
2886:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2828:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2778:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2719:
2713:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2647:
2645:Public bathing
2642:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2578:
2577:
2570:
2563:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2524:
2523:External links
2521:
2519:
2518:
2492:
2466:
2431:
2394:
2379:. p. 55.
2361:
2330:
2303:
2268:
2261:
2241:
2234:
2214:
2207:
2187:
2157:
2151:978-1847885630
2150:
2130:
2112:
2088:
2052:
2019:
2004:
1978:
1963:
1945:
1937:AltaMira Press
1915:
1894:(5): 435–437.
1874:
1849:Carcinogenesis
1839:
1804:(5): 407–409.
1788:
1759:(6198): 1144.
1739:
1710:(4): 359–365.
1689:
1658:
1641:www.cancer.org
1628:
1621:
1601:
1571:
1544:(4): 709–711.
1524:
1522:, 27 May 2010.
1501:
1466:
1431:
1390:
1360:
1334:
1327:
1309:
1305:Soleil et peau
1296:
1270:
1243:(2): 187–191.
1227:
1203:
1176:
1138:
1108:
1079:(1): 136–147.
1059:
1053:978-1615353293
1052:
1035:
986:
961:
902:
876:
869:. 8 May 2018.
850:
819:
769:
767:
764:
763:
762:
760:Skin whitening
757:
752:
750:Indoor tanning
747:
742:
735:
732:
679:Main article:
676:
673:
606:French Riviera
583:lupus vulgaris
549:
546:
534:indoor tanning
463:Main article:
460:
459:Health aspects
457:
451:
450:
447:
444:
441:
436:Very dark or "
434:
430:
429:
426:
423:
420:
413:
409:
408:
405:
402:
399:
396:
392:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
375:
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371:
368:
365:
362:
358:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
341:
340:
335:
332:
329:
326:
307:
304:
303:
302:
299:
292:
285:
284:in human skin.
278:
275:
255:
252:
247:
244:
176:
173:
160:
157:
124:
121:
104:
101:
80:
77:
65:indoor tanning
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3503:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3453:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3421:Sulisobenzone
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3256:A: 400–315 nm
3255:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3242:
3237:
3230:
3225:
3223:
3218:
3216:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3175:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3158:Nudity clause
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3143:Nude calendar
3141:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3080:Body painting
3078:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3005:Lee Baxandall
3003:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2982:South America
2980:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2965:San Francisco
2963:
2962:
2961:
2960:North America
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2895:Nude swimming
2893:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2792:Pornification
2790:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2782:Sexualization
2780:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2722:Exhibitionism
2720:
2718:
2717:Intimate part
2715:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2683:
2682:United States
2680:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2655:Finnish sauna
2653:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2634:
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3396:Dioxybenzone
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3015:Ilsley Boone
3010:Paul Bindrim
3000:Kurt Barthel
2922:Nude beaches
2917:Nude wedding
2847:Gay naturism
2814:Strip search
2509:. Retrieved
2495:
2483:. Retrieved
2469:
2461:
2456:17 September
2454:. Retrieved
2443:
2434:
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2364:
2352:. Retrieved
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2297:
2292:11 September
2290:. Retrieved
2286:the original
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2174:the original
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2124:
2119:11 September
2117:. Retrieved
2098:
2091:
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2064:
2055:
2032:
2029:"About Face"
2022:
2013:
2007:
1995:. Retrieved
1981:
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1952:11 September
1950:. Retrieved
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1855:(2): 121–7.
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1680:. Retrieved
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1592:. Retrieved
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1287:. Retrieved
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1129:. Retrieved
1125:the original
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1038:
1006:(2): 43–47.
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999:
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973:
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893:. Retrieved
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853:
841:. Retrieved
832:
822:
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656:tanning beds
653:
635:
595:
579:Niels Finsen
576:
572:
567:Claude Monet
563:La promenade
562:
519:
487:
454:
353:Occasionally
315:devised the
309:
257:
249:
228:
193:
189:UV radiation
162:
126:
106:
68:
61:tanning lamp
44:
40:
39:
25:
3491:Sun tanning
3467:Sun tanning
3411:Octocrylene
3308:UVB filters
3272:UVA filters
2937:By location
2912:Naked party
2667:Toplessness
2387:30 November
1584:pdfslide.us
1383:13 December
691:tanning bed
602:Coco Chanel
498:skin cancer
328:Also called
274:production.
240:ultraviolet
207:pheomelanin
199:melanocytes
165:skin cancer
69:sun bathing
41:Sun tanning
3457:See also:
3444:Zinc oxide
3335:Homosalate
3148:Naked News
3053:Nude (art)
2907:Naked yoga
2890:Nude beach
2852:Gymnosophy
2764:Candaulism
2737:Striptease
2694:Dress code
2672:Topfreedom
1682:9 February
1651:9 February
1612:Sunscreens
843:28 October
766:References
706:(DHA); or
697:radiation.
637:Coppertone
618:Jean Patou
565:(1875) by
552:See also:
522:Endorphins
331:Sunburning
209:(red) and
149:complexion
133:skin color
98:of a woman
96:Photoaging
49:skin color
32:A visible
3434:Physical:
3315:Amiloxate
2804:Obscenity
2754:Voyeurism
2732:Streaking
2420:cite news
2323:9 October
2126:climates.
2014:The Times
1973:The Times
1558:0190-9622
1012:1941-2789
938:1420-3049
916:Molecules
895:27 August
708:cosmetics
665:ski masks
623:swimsuits
494:sunscreen
415:Dark or "
370:Sometimes
282:Vitamin D
280:produces
211:eumelanin
159:Long-term
113:vitamin D
63:found in
3485:Category
3325:Cinoxate
3185:Category
3131:See also
2824:Naturism
2759:Anasyrma
2742:Stripper
2532:Archived
2505:Archived
2479:Archived
2450:Archived
2381:Archived
2354:5 August
2348:Archived
2317:Archived
2077:cite web
2041:cite web
1997:29 April
1991:Archived
1734:26098394
1676:Archived
1645:Archived
1588:Archived
1566:16546596
1513:Archived
1461:12661961
1353:23 April
1289:1 August
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1265:38940583
1219:Archived
1192:Archived
1171:15748643
1131:15 April
1103:20979596
1030:25741402
956:24838074
889:Archived
871:Archived
837:Archived
814:18414615
734:See also
631:baby oil
598:Tenerife
538:psoralen
506:melanoma
224:UV Index
155:below).
137:genetics
57:sunlight
34:tan line
3471:Sunburn
3058:History
2977:Oceania
2970:Seattle
2727:Mooning
2662:Massage
2623:Modesty
2596:History
1910:9233521
1869:7273295
1834:4345680
1826:6991953
1806:Bibcode
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1725:4536937
1594:7 March
1496:1824747
1426:9358139
1257:7122713
1094:3021652
1021:4345932
979:19 July
947:4344124
805:2290997
745:Sunning
740:Sunburn
716:lotions
587:rickets
490:sunburn
476:peeling
474:Sunburn
387:Usually
367:Usually
272:melanin
195:Melanin
185:melanin
129:sunburn
115:by the
109:melanin
45:tanning
3469:, and
3241:US FDA
3195:Portal
2955:Europe
2945:Africa
2677:Canada
2582:Nudity
2511:6 July
2485:6 July
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645:Mattel
627:bikini
526:DSM-IV
449:29–36
440:" type
428:22–28
419:" type
407:16–21
401:Rarely
390:11–15
384:Rarely
215:direct
141:Europe
2650:Sauna
2633:Awrah
2299:said.
2180:1 May
1830:S2CID
1261:S2CID
1222:(PDF)
1215:(PDF)
1195:(PDF)
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614:Paris
438:black
417:brown
404:Often
373:6–10
350:Often
296:moles
151:(see
145:women
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2950:Asia
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