45:
1091:
caliphs are also well-documented, but largely downplayed in Sunni sources, in line with their tendency to neutralize the conflicts among companions. These conflicts were epitomized during the proceedings of the electoral council in 644, when Ali refused to be bound by the precedence of the first two caliphs. Ali was also critical of Uthman, and in this he was joined by most of the senior companions. In early Sunni sources, Ali is portrayed as a restraining influence on Uthman without directly opposing him. By contrast, Shia Islam views Ali as the rightful successor of
Muhammad and views Ali's predecessors as usurpers of his rights.
1098:, that is, those Muslim rulers who are thought to have fulfilled the moral, religious, and judicial qualifications for a just rule. Legal decisions of Ali are thus considered binding in Sunni Islam, and sayings attributed to Ali are often cited by Sunni scholars to counter Shia positions. This acceptance of Ali, however, appears to be a late development in Sunni Islam, probably dating to the ninth century. Indeed, as far as the Umayyads were concerned, their rule began with Uthman, and Ali was a mere pretender. Similarly, many proto-Sunnis considered Uthman as the last of the Rashidun caliphs. By contrast, the
1129:), who created a hierarchy of companions in which Abu Bakr, Umar, and Uthman are placed immediately above Ali, each of the four being the most meritorious person of their time. Through this hierarchy, Ali was eventually accommodated in Sunni Islam, alongside those companions who fought against him, about whom Sunnis are expected to defer judgment, lest they stoke further unrest and division in the Muslim community. The Sunni hierarchy of companions is challenged by those prophetic sayings that elevate Ali above others, including, "I am from Ali and Ali is from me," and "Whoever counts me as his patron (
872:
745:
260:
1058:), a foremost early Muslim exegete, credited all his interpretations to him. Ali is also the transmitter of hundreds of prophetic hadiths in canonical Sunni sources. Sunni Islam celebrates Ali for his dedication to the cause of Islam, for his piety, wisdom, eloquence, courage on battlefield, and magnanimity in victory. Ali is moreover the common source of mystical and spiritual currents within both Sunni and
327:
1226:), founder of another Sunni school, writes that Ali was the only companion who made this claim, thus suggesting that Ali was the only companion who was qualified to make such a claim. Ibn Hanbal also commented about the caliphate of Ali, "Do you think the caliphate adorned Ali? No, rather it was Ali who adorned the caliphate."
848:
is likely to be credited. His hierarchy of companions places Ali below his predecessors but above those companions who fought against him, thus accommodating into Sunni doctrine the opposite sides of a moral conflict that has split the Muslim community ever since. Those prophetic sayings that elevate
1090:
unity, Ali eventually accepted the temporal rule of the first three caliphs, but without giving up his claims as the designated successor of
Muhammad. In particular, even though Ali may have advised Abu Bakr and Umar on government and religious matters, the conflicts between him and the first two
832:
unity. During this period, Ali is portrayed in Sunni sources as a trusted advisor of the first three caliphs, while their conflicts with Ali are neutralized or downplayed. Ali himself succeeded to the caliphate in 656 but his rule was immediately challenged by
1215:), founder of one of the four schools of Sunni jurisprudence, commended Ali as "the best imam, the best guide," and composed a poem in his praise. In reference to the statement attributed to Ali, "Ask me about anything till I am among you,"
1147:
to the financial dependence of Ali on
Muhammad, who raised the former in his household as a child. Yet other Sunni authors acknowledge the religious prominence of Ali but do not consider that a basis for political succession.
1179:
that Ali corrected a ruling by Umar for a woman accused of adultery, after which the second caliph said, "Were it not for Ali, Umar would indeed have been destroyed." Similar sentiments are attributed to Umar in the Sunni
1009:), who seceded from Ali's army. A member of the Kharijites is thought to be responsible for the assassination of Ali in 661, which paved the way for Mu'awiya, who took over the caliphate in 661 and found the dynastic
844:, Ali is held in a particularly high status in Sunni Islam, although this doctrinal reverence for Ali in Sunni Islam is a recent development for which the prominent traditionist
1118:) deferred judgment about the early caliphs in the interest of Muslim unity. Their position was incorporated into Sunni thought by the prominent traditionist
1086:. Ali thus opposed the caliphate of Abu Bakr, who was hastily elected in the absence of Ali and the rest of Muhammad's kin. Perhaps in the interest of the
1082:
When
Muhammad died in 632, Ali had his own claims to leadership, apparently in reference to Muhammad's announcement shortly before his death at the
853:
views Ali as the rightful religious and temporal successor of
Muhammad and views the predecessors of Ali as usurpers of his rights.
2416:
Constructive
Critics, Ḥadīth Literature, and the Articulation of Sunnī Islam: The Legacy of the Generation of Ibn Saʻd, Ibn Maʻīn, and Ibn Ḥanbal
1070:
in the afterlife remains popular among Sunnis. However, reverence for Ali in Sunni Islam has declined in recent times with the rise of
1139:), then Ali is his patron." These hadiths have been reinterpreted accordingly. For instance, some Sunni scholars have linked the word
773:
2757:
849:
Ali above other companions have also been reinterpreted by Sunni scholars to uphold the Sunni hierarchy. By contrast,
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2127:
2075:
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2007:
616:
145:
958:
894:
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348:
82:
44:
2663:
2529:
2356:
2318:
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2150:
2101:
908:. He significantly contributed to Muhammad's cause inside and outside the battlefield. After his death in 632
884:
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820:, Ali had his own claims to leadership, perhaps in reference to Muhammad's announcement at the
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8:
2728:. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).
2703:. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).
2025:
2021:
978:
970:
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in its early years and was likely the first male to accept the teachings of
Muhammad. In
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Religious
Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini
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2003:
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949:. Uthman was widely accused, among other things, of nepotism towards his clan, the
845:
623:
211:
188:
182:
64:
816:, and the fountainhead of wisdom in Sunni spirituality. When Muhammad died in 632
2569:
Muhammad in
History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopaedia of the Prophet of God
2017:
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2210:. In Fleet, K.; Krämer, G.; Matringe, D.; Nawas, J.; Stewart, D.J. (eds.).
2138:
2043:. In Fleet, K.; Krämer, G.; Matringe, D.; Nawas, J.; Stewart, D.J. (eds.).
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Ali and his three predecessors are acknowledged in Sunni tradition as the
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Hulmes, E.D.A. (2008). "'Ali ibn Abi Talib". In Netton, I.R. (ed.).
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Justice and Remembrance: Introducing the Spirituality of Imam 'Ali
2118:
The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam
824:, but he eventually accepted the temporal rule of the first three
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God's Caliph: Religious Authority in the First Centuries of Islam
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398:
1748:
2658:. Translated by Nasr, S.H. State University of New York Press.
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Umar is said to have praised Ali as the "best of judges." The
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809:
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602:
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408:
403:
102:
2349:
Early Shī'ī Thought: The Teachings of Imam Muḥammad al-Bāqir
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1308:
2692:. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–103.
1278:
924:
813:
598:
471:
443:
418:
413:
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The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate
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The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam
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1900:
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866:
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36:
19:
2399:. Translated by Rundell, E. Princeton University Press.
1828:
1603:
1601:
1320:
1029:, and Sunni sources contain numerous prophetic sayings (
973:, who aspired to the caliphate, and by Muhammad's widow
2068:
The Princeton encyclopedia of Islamic political thought
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1912:
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1818:
1816:
1814:
1700:
1547:
1033:) in his praise. Ali had an excellent knowledge of the
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Hinds, M. (1972). "The Murder of the Caliph 'Uthman".
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The Shi'i World: Pathways in Tradition and Modernity
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Imam 'Ali: From Concise History to Timeless Mystery
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2259:
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2115:
2092:No god but God: The Origins and Evolution of Islam
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1412:
1356:
1293:
2285:Encyclopedia of Islamic Civilisation and Religion
2000:The Prophet's Heir: The Life of Ali ibn Abi Talib
1972:
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1247:
837:and he was assassinated in 661.
2749:
2721:
2696:
1568:
1287:
1074:, a fundamentalist movement within Sunni Islam.
2672:
2631:The Image of Fatima in Classical Muslim Thought
1314:
1016:
2070:. Princeton University Press. pp. 30–32.
2016:
1619:
989:, ended in stalemate and the formation of the
767:
284:
2309:Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam
2231:International Journal of Middle East Studies
2608:
2585:
2571:. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 182–187.
2567:. In Fitzpatrick, C.; Walker, A.H. (eds.).
2560:
2538:
2036:
1942:
1906:
1694:
1556:
1490:
1442:
1430:
1326:
1103:
994:
2524:. Vol. 1. Praeger. pp. 185–216.
2136:
1834:
774:
760:
291:
277:
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2503:
1930:
1631:
965:. His rule was immediately challenged by
2432:
2330:'Uthman ibn 'Affan: Legend or Liability?
1754:
1655:
1350:
977:. Their rebellion was suppressed in the
870:
2586:Shah-Kazemi, R. (2015). "Imam Ali". In
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2189:. State University of New York Press.
2181:
1730:
1607:
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876:The Investiture of Ali at Ghadir Khumm
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2397:Sunnis and Shi'a: A Political History
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2301:
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2110:
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1978:
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1918:
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904:was likely the first male to profess
789:was the cousin and son-in-law of the
2634:(PhD thesis). Princeton University.
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1870:
1858:
1793:
1406:
893:As the cousin and son-in-law of the
796:. Ali contributed significantly to
13:
2165:Medieval Islamic Political Thought
1077:
1062:sects of Islam. Pilgrimage to the
14:
2774:
2064:"'Ali b. Abi Talib (ca. 599-661)"
146:Ghurar al-Hikam wa Durar al-Kalim
2590:; Sajoo, A.B.; Jiwa, S. (eds.).
1037:, the central religious text of
743:
325:
258:
43:
2594:. I.B. Tauris. pp. 33–55.
940:
929:
918:
804:, Ali is recognized as a close
2688:The Cambridge History of Islam
2487:An Introduction to Shi'i Islam
2444:. Cambridge University Press.
2167:. Edinburgh University Press.
2145:. Cambridge University Press.
2066:. In Bowering, Gerhard (ed.).
1171:) writes in his commentary on
808:, a foremost authority on the
1:
2722:Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012b).
2697:Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012a).
2380:. Routledge. pp. 28–32.
2287:. Routledge. pp. 43–45.
1051:
885:Chronology of Ancient Nations
856:
1658:, pp. 42, 52–54, 213–4.
1241:
1221:
1210:
1166:
1124:
1047:
1017:Status of Ali in Sunni Islam
957:in 656, after which Ali was
912:, Muhammad was succeeded by
7:
2509:"'Alī b. Abī Ṭāleb I. Life"
2378:The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia
1229:
1196:
1188:
1182:
1173:
1142:
1132:
889:illustrated by Ibn al-Kutbi
10:
2779:
1987:
1620:Afsaruddin & Nasr 2023
878:in the fourteenth-century
860:
17:
2758:Sunni belief and doctrine
2489:. Yale University Press.
2332:. Oneworld Publications.
2243:10.1017/S0020743800025216
2122:. Oneworld Publications.
2037:Amir-Moezzi, M.A (2014).
2002:. Yale University Press.
551:Sunni schools of theology
2609:Shah-Kazemi, R. (2019).
2561:Shah-Kazemi, R. (2014).
1757:, pp. 108–109, 113.
985:with another pretender,
840:As the fourth and final
174:The Fourteen Infallibles
2030:Encyclopedia Britannica
987:Mu'awiya ibn Abu Sufyan
981:in 656. Still, the 657
349:Prophets and Messengers
2730:Encyclopaedia of Islam
2705:Encyclopaedia of Islam
2266:Encyclopaedia of Islam
2212:Encyclopaedia of Islam
2062:Anthony, S.W. (2013).
2045:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1835:Crone & Hinds 2003
953:. He was subsequently
890:
863:Succession to Muhammad
617:Contemporary movements
432:Rightly-Guided Caliphs
359:Succession to Muhammad
235:Succession to Muhammad
164:Military career of Ali
98:Timeline of Ali's life
2513:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2366:Lalani, A.R. (2006).
2347:Lalani, A.R. (2000).
2328:Keaney, H.N. (2021).
2204:Gleave, R.M. (2008).
1569:Veccia Vaglieri 2012b
1288:Veccia Vaglieri 2012a
1190:al-Bidaya wa'l-nihaya
1021:Ali is recognized in
967:Talha ibn Ubayd Allah
945:) in the capacity of
874:
108:Event of Ghadir Khumm
2628:Soufi, D.L. (1997).
2564:"'Ali ibn Abi Talib"
2414:Lucas, S.C. (2004).
2369:"'Ali ibn Abi Talib"
1849:, pp. 134, 139.
1315:Veccia Vaglieri 1970
1152:Sunni praise for Ali
1066:and praying for his
1041:, to the point that
399:Declaration of Faith
240:Great Mosque of Kufa
2732:(Second ed.).
2707:(Second ed.).
2700:"'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib"
2680:; Lambton, A.K.S.;
2674:Veccia Vaglieri, L.
2459:Mavani, H. (2013).
2258:Huart, Cl. (2012).
2207:"'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib"
1873:, pp. 200–201.
1206:Muhammad al-Shafi'i
979:Battle of the Camel
975:Aisha bint Abu Bakr
971:Zubayr ibn al-Awwam
835:multiple pretenders
828:in the interest of
31:Part of a series on
2725:"G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm"
2613:. Matheson Trust.
2515:(Online ed.).
2395:Louër, L. (2020).
2268:(First ed.).
2214:(Third ed.).
2047:(Third ed.).
1921:, pp. 61, 77.
891:
656:Neo-traditionalism
2648:Tabatabai, S.M.H.
1709:, p. 255-84.
1544:, pp. 19–20.
1433:, pp. 18–21.
1377:, pp. 24–25.
1011:Umayyad caliphate
902:Ali ibn Abi Talib
787:Ali ibn Abi Talib
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783:
629:Deobandi movement
301:
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60:Sunni view of Ali
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1943:Shah-Kazemi 2019
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1236:Shia view of Ali
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1183:Kitab al-Isti'ab
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212:Hazrat Ali Mazar
189:Ali in the Quran
183:The Twelve Imams
65:Shia view of Ali
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1857:
1853:
1845:
1841:
1833:
1829:
1821:
1812:
1804:
1800:
1792:
1785:
1777:
1773:
1765:
1761:
1753:
1749:
1741:
1737:
1729:
1725:
1717:
1713:
1705:
1701:
1693:
1686:
1678:
1674:
1666:
1662:
1654:
1650:
1642:
1638:
1630:
1626:
1618:
1614:
1606:
1599:
1591:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1567:
1563:
1555:
1548:
1540:
1533:
1525:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1501:
1497:
1489:
1485:
1477:
1473:
1465:
1461:
1453:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1417:
1413:
1405:
1396:
1388:
1381:
1373:
1369:
1361:
1357:
1349:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1325:
1321:
1313:
1309:
1301:
1294:
1286:
1279:
1271:
1248:
1244:
1232:
1220:
1209:
1175:Nahj al-balagha
1165:
1154:
1123:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1080:
1078:Political views
1054:
1046:
1019:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
939:
928:
917:
895:Islamic prophet
869:
859:
842:Rashidun caliph
791:Islamic prophet
780:
744:
742:
737:
736:
715:Kutub al-Sittah
704:
696:
695:
676:
666:
665:
619:
609:
608:
583:
582:
553:
543:
542:
500:
499:
474:
459:
458:
434:
424:
423:
394:
384:
383:
339:
316:
315:
307:
306:
297:
259:
257:
245:
244:
230:Rashidun Caliph
225:
217:
216:
207:Imam Ali Shrine
202:
194:
193:
159:
151:
150:
141:Imam Ali Mosque
126:Nahj al-Balagha
121:
113:
112:
78:
70:
69:
55:
26:
18:Main articles:
12:
11:
5:
2776:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2745:
2744:
2738:
2719:
2713:
2694:
2670:
2664:
2644:
2625:
2619:
2606:
2600:
2583:
2577:
2558:
2552:
2536:
2530:
2517:
2501:
2495:
2479:
2473:
2456:
2450:
2430:
2424:
2411:
2405:
2392:
2386:
2363:
2357:
2344:
2338:
2325:
2319:
2299:
2293:
2280:
2274:
2255:
2226:
2220:
2201:
2195:
2179:
2173:
2157:
2151:
2134:
2128:
2108:
2102:
2082:
2076:
2059:
2053:
2040:"Ghadīr Khumm"
2034:
2018:Afsaruddin, A.
2014:
2008:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1971:
1959:
1947:
1935:
1931:Tabatabai 1975
1923:
1911:
1899:
1887:
1885:, p. 224.
1875:
1863:
1861:, p. 192.
1851:
1839:
1827:
1825:, p. 135.
1810:
1808:, p. 180.
1798:
1796:, p. 202.
1783:
1781:, p. 467.
1771:
1759:
1747:
1735:
1733:, p. 117.
1723:
1721:, p. 120.
1711:
1699:
1684:
1672:
1660:
1648:
1646:, p. 122.
1636:
1632:Poonawala 1982
1624:
1612:
1610:, p. 136.
1597:
1585:
1583:, pp. 19.
1573:
1561:
1546:
1531:
1529:, p. 182.
1519:
1517:, p. 198.
1507:
1495:
1493:, p. 134.
1483:
1471:
1459:
1447:
1435:
1423:
1411:
1409:, p. 201.
1394:
1379:
1367:
1355:
1343:
1331:
1319:
1307:
1292:
1277:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1231:
1228:
1198:Bihar al-anwar
1153:
1150:
1079:
1076:
1018:
1015:
943: 644–656
932: 634–644
921: 632–634
858:
855:
782:
781:
779:
778:
771:
764:
756:
753:
752:
739:
738:
735:
734:
733:
732:
721:
720:
719:
718:
705:
702:
701:
698:
697:
694:
693:
688:
683:
677:
672:
671:
668:
667:
664:
663:
658:
653:
648:
647:
646:
641:
631:
626:
620:
615:
614:
611:
610:
607:
606:
580:
579:
569:
554:
549:
548:
545:
544:
541:
540:
533:
526:
519:
512:
497:
496:
491:
486:
481:
475:
465:
464:
461:
460:
457:
456:
451:
446:
441:
435:
430:
429:
426:
425:
422:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
395:
390:
389:
386:
385:
382:
381:
376:
374:Predestination
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
340:
335:
334:
331:
330:
322:
321:
299:
298:
296:
295:
288:
281:
273:
270:
269:
268:
267:
255:
247:
246:
243:
242:
237:
232:
226:
223:
222:
219:
218:
215:
214:
209:
203:
200:
199:
196:
195:
192:
191:
186:
176:
171:
166:
160:
157:
156:
153:
152:
149:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
122:
119:
118:
115:
114:
111:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
79:
76:
75:
72:
71:
68:
67:
62:
56:
53:
52:
49:
48:
40:
39:
33:
32:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2775:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2741:
2739:9789004161214
2735:
2731:
2726:
2720:
2716:
2714:9789004161214
2710:
2706:
2701:
2695:
2690:
2689:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2656:
2655:
2654:Shi'ite Islam
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2626:
2622:
2620:9781908092182
2616:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2601:9781784534776
2597:
2593:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2578:9781610691772
2574:
2570:
2565:
2559:
2555:
2553:9781845115265
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2496:9780300035315
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2474:9780203694282
2470:
2467:. Routledge.
2465:
2464:
2457:
2453:
2451:9780521561815
2447:
2442:
2441:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2425:9789004133198
2421:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2406:9780691186610
2402:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2387:9780415326391
2383:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2339:9781786076977
2335:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2311:
2310:
2304:
2303:Jafri, S.H.M.
2300:
2296:
2294:9780700715886
2290:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2275:9789004082656
2271:
2267:
2262:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2237:(4): 450–69.
2236:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2221:9789004171374
2217:
2213:
2208:
2202:
2198:
2196:9780791470336
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2129:9781780746746
2125:
2120:
2119:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2094:
2093:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2077:9780691134840
2073:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2054:9789004269613
2050:
2046:
2041:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2009:9780300252057
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1980:
1975:
1969:, p. 10.
1968:
1963:
1957:, p. 58.
1956:
1951:
1945:, p. 62.
1944:
1939:
1933:, p. 58.
1932:
1927:
1920:
1915:
1909:, p. 40.
1908:
1903:
1897:, p. 26.
1896:
1891:
1884:
1879:
1872:
1867:
1860:
1855:
1848:
1843:
1837:, p. 32.
1836:
1831:
1824:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1807:
1802:
1795:
1790:
1788:
1780:
1775:
1769:, p. 21.
1768:
1763:
1756:
1755:Madelung 1997
1751:
1744:
1739:
1732:
1727:
1720:
1715:
1708:
1703:
1697:, p. 78.
1696:
1691:
1689:
1682:, p. 45.
1681:
1676:
1670:, p. 94.
1669:
1664:
1657:
1656:Madelung 1997
1652:
1645:
1640:
1633:
1628:
1621:
1616:
1609:
1604:
1602:
1595:, p. 24.
1594:
1589:
1582:
1577:
1570:
1565:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1528:
1523:
1516:
1511:
1505:, p. 30.
1504:
1499:
1492:
1487:
1480:
1475:
1468:
1463:
1457:, p. 28.
1456:
1451:
1445:, p. 22.
1444:
1439:
1432:
1427:
1420:
1415:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1392:, p. 25.
1391:
1386:
1384:
1376:
1371:
1365:, p. 24.
1364:
1359:
1353:, p. 87.
1352:
1351:Madelung 1997
1347:
1341:, p. 52.
1340:
1335:
1329:, p. 84.
1328:
1323:
1317:, p. 67.
1316:
1311:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1289:
1284:
1282:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1246:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1227:
1218:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1194:and the Shia
1192:
1191:
1184:
1177:
1176:
1163:
1159:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1121:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1064:shrine of Ali
1061:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1014:
1012:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
937:
926:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
896:
888:
886:
881:
877:
873:
868:
864:
854:
852:
847:
843:
838:
836:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
792:
788:
777:
772:
770:
765:
763:
758:
757:
755:
754:
751:
741:
740:
731:
728:
727:
726:
723:
722:
717:
716:
712:
711:
710:
707:
706:
700:
699:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
678:
675:
670:
669:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
645:
642:
640:
637:
636:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
621:
618:
613:
612:
604:
600:
596:
593:
592:
591:
587:
577:
576:Ahl al-Hadith
573:
570:
567:
563:
559:
556:
555:
552:
547:
546:
539:
538:
534:
532:
531:
527:
525:
524:
520:
518:
517:
513:
511:
510:
506:
505:
504:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
476:
473:
469:
463:
462:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
436:
433:
428:
427:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
396:
393:
388:
387:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
369:Judgement Day
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
341:
338:
333:
332:
328:
324:
323:
319:
311:
305:
304:
294:
289:
287:
282:
280:
275:
274:
272:
271:
266:
256:
254:
251:
250:
249:
248:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
227:
221:
220:
213:
210:
208:
205:
204:
201:Burial places
198:
197:
190:
187:
184:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
169:Ali as Caliph
167:
165:
162:
161:
155:
154:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
123:
117:
116:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
93:Assassination
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
80:
74:
73:
66:
63:
61:
58:
57:
51:
50:
46:
42:
41:
38:
35:
34:
30:
29:
25:
21:
16:
2729:
2704:
2687:
2653:
2630:
2610:
2591:
2568:
2543:
2521:
2512:
2486:
2462:
2439:
2434:Madelung, W.
2415:
2396:
2377:
2348:
2329:
2308:
2284:
2265:
2234:
2230:
2211:
2186:
2183:Dakake, M.M.
2164:
2142:
2117:
2091:
2067:
2044:
2029:
1999:
1974:
1962:
1950:
1938:
1926:
1914:
1902:
1890:
1878:
1866:
1854:
1842:
1830:
1801:
1774:
1762:
1750:
1743:Anthony 2013
1738:
1726:
1714:
1702:
1675:
1663:
1651:
1639:
1627:
1615:
1588:
1576:
1564:
1522:
1510:
1498:
1486:
1474:
1462:
1450:
1438:
1426:
1421:, p. 9.
1414:
1370:
1358:
1346:
1334:
1322:
1310:
1305:, p. 4.
1202:
1155:
1140:
1130:
1093:
1084:Ghadir Khumm
1081:
1068:intercession
1020:
1004:the seceders
955:assassinated
892:
883:
875:
839:
822:Ghadir Khumm
785:
713:
644:Ahl-i Hadith
584:In terms of
581:
535:
528:
521:
514:
507:
498:
392:Five Pillars
158:Perspectives
59:
15:
2588:Daftary, F.
2313:. Longman.
2137:Crone, P.;
2112:Ayoub, M.M.
1731:Mavani 2013
1608:Keaney 2021
1467:Hulmes 2008
1455:Lalani 2006
1339:Dakake 2007
1303:Lalani 2000
1273:Gleave 2008
1169: 1258
1158:Mu'tazilite
1025:as a close
1023:Sunni Islam
814:Islamic law
802:Sunni Islam
730:Persecution
566:Ahl al-Ra'y
318:Sunni Islam
88:First Fitna
24:Sunni Islam
2752:Categories
2678:Holt, P.M.
2665:0873953908
2531:0275987337
2374:Leaman, O.
2358:1850435928
2320:0582780802
2174:0748621946
2152:0521541115
2103:1588364453
2022:Nasr, S.H.
1979:Abbas 2021
1967:Abbas 2021
1955:Abbas 2021
1919:Jafri 1979
1895:Momen 1985
1883:Crone 2005
1847:Crone 2005
1823:Crone 2005
1806:Abbas 2021
1779:Hinds 1972
1767:Momen 1985
1719:Soufi 1997
1707:Lucas 2004
1680:Jafri 1979
1668:Abbas 2021
1644:Aslan 2005
1593:Ayoub 2014
1581:Momen 1985
1542:Momen 1985
1527:Abbas 2021
1515:Abbas 2021
1503:Louër 2020
1479:Huart 2012
1419:Abbas 2021
1390:Momen 1985
1375:Momen 1985
1363:Momen 1985
1224: 855
1213: 820
1127: 855
1055: 687
991:Kharijites
961:caliph in
861:See also:
857:Background
851:Shia Islam
709:Literature
674:Holy sites
562:Maturidism
419:Pilgrimage
354:Holy books
83:Birthplace
2682:Lewis, B.
2640:304390529
2483:Momen, M.
2418:. Brill.
2251:159763369
2161:Crone, P.
2139:Hinds, M.
2086:Aslan, R.
1996:Abbas, H.
1871:Rauf 2007
1859:Rauf 2007
1794:Rauf 2007
1407:Rauf 2007
1242:Footnotes
1113:deferrers
1072:Wahhabism
1043:Ibn Abbas
1027:companion
806:companion
691:Jerusalem
651:Modernism
639:Wahhabism
599:al-Wijdan
558:Ash'arism
131:Al-Ghadir
2684:(eds.).
2650:(1975).
2636:ProQuest
2542:(2007).
2507:(1982).
2485:(1985).
2436:(1997).
2305:(1979).
2185:(2007).
2163:(2005).
2141:(2003).
2114:(2014).
2088:(2005).
2024:(2023).
1998:(2021).
1230:See also
1160:scholar
951:Umayyads
914:Abu Bakr
898:Muhammad
882:copy of
880:Ilkhanid
794:Muhammad
634:Salafism
603:al-Kashf
572:Atharism
439:Abu Bakr
310:a series
308:Part of
253:Category
136:Zulfiqar
2376:(ed.).
1988:Sources
1107:
1100:Murji'a
1050:
1031:hadiths
998:
959:elected
947:caliphs
934:), and
826:caliphs
725:History
494:Hanbali
489:Shafi'i
468:schools
414:Fasting
409:Charity
337:Beliefs
2736:
2711:
2662:
2638:
2617:
2598:
2575:
2550:
2528:
2493:
2471:
2448:
2422:
2403:
2384:
2355:
2336:
2317:
2291:
2272:
2261:"'Alī"
2249:
2218:
2193:
2171:
2149:
2126:
2100:
2074:
2051:
2006:
1088:Muslim
963:Medina
936:Uthman
830:Muslim
686:Medina
661:Farahi
537:Jariri
530:Laythi
523:Thawri
516:Awza'i
509:Zahiri
501:Others
484:Maliki
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