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Perhaps one may describe the
Supermarine-Napier S.4 as having the appearance of having been designed in an inspired moment, but having all that is considered best in British construction incorporated in its details. That the design is bold, no one will deny, and we think the greatest credit is due to
167:
in the US, the venue of the 1925 contest, the S.4's rear end was damaged by a falling pole during a gale before the event. During navigation trials on 23 October the repaired aircraft was observed to be performing well, but then, for reasons that have not been fully explained, it went out of control,
528:
and more streamlined floats, modifications designed to produce increases in speed over its predecessor. The greatest speed increase—considered to be approximately 24 miles per hour (39 km/h)—was produced by the introduction of surface radiators to cool the engine, as they significantly reduced
414:
began to oscillate violently and Biard lost control of the machine at high speed. The S.4 was seen to stall, before falling flat into the sea from 100 feet (30 m). Biard, who initially had lost consciousness when he was still strapped into the aeroplane, was able to resurface from the sea bed,
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notes that the aircraft "represented
Mitchell's willingness to incorporate new technology within the framework of a tried and tested intellectual methodology for conceptual design", and was "a revolution in airplane design" that "influenced all subsequent Schneider racers". The winning aircraft of
493:
The
Supermarine S.4 was a revolutionary aircraft that was years ahead of its time, and which "set the pattern in specific aircraft design that persisted through the ". It was designed with new technology, with floats that were the most advanced of their time, and a wing, with its lack of external
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at an average speed of 232.573 mph (374.443 km/h), which was faster than the S.4's world record of a month before. It was evident to the other national teams that the
American approach towards the contest—which involved training for the pilots and development testing of the aircraft—was
340:
wings and the cockpit position, which was well back behind the wings. The location of the cockpit was potentially hazardous, as it restricted the pilot's view ahead, particularly during take-off and landing. On its maiden flight, the S.4 came close to colliding with an
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sent out to him broke down with engine trouble, and he had to be rescued by a second launch. Mitchell, who was on board the boat that rescued Biard, jokingly asked the injured man: "Is the water warm?" Biard was later found to have broken two ribs.
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engine developed to produce 700 horsepower (520 kW) over a short period. Less than a month after its maiden flight on 24 August 1925, it raised the world's seaplane speed record to 226.752 miles per hour (364.922 km/h).
228:
series) as S.1, S.2, and S.3. The S.4 was the first
Schneider Trophy entrant to be supported by the British government, who agreed to buy the aircraft if Supermarine and Napier covered the initial costs of development and construction. The
523:
The S.5's design included features intended to reduce the wing flutter considered at the time to have contributed to the loss of the S.4; the monoplane wings were braced with wires. The S.5 was given a smaller fuselage
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and
Supermarine on 18 March 1925. Following the success of the Americans during the previous contest, Mitchell was fully aware of the need to reduce drag to increase speed. Supermarine's new design was for a mid-wing
398:
Bad weather meant that those
Schneider Trophy competitors that had already arrived for the competition had little opportunity to practise the course. The aircraft were forced to remain in their crates while canvas
352:, the S.4 raised the world's seaplane speed record (and the British speed record) to 226.752 miles per hour (364.922 km/h), which created a sensation in the press when it was announced a month later.
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The engine of the
Supermarine Napier S4 was dragged ashore this morning by a contingent of bluejackets from H.M.S. Valerian, which is officially representing Great Britain at the Schneider Cup race.
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During 1925, R. J. Mitchell was working on a new aircraft to compete in that year's
Schneider Trophy competition. The decision to begin the design process was made jointly by
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Mr. R. J. Mitchell, chief designer of the
Supermarine Aviation Works, for his courage in breaking away from stereotyped methods and striking out on entirely novel lines.
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which were done after the crash revealed that the Lamblin radiators accounted for a third of the aircraft's drag and that without them the S.4 would have been the "
251:, developed to produce 700 horsepower (520 kW) over a short period. The aircraft was primarily constructed from wood: the single-piece unbraced wing had two
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Drawings and archival footage of the plane's construction, and five minutes of film that show the aircraft's first takeoff and flight, are preserved in
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Surrounded by a guard of bluejackets from the British sloop, H.M.S. Valerian, the Gloucester-Napier III, its engines tuned up to concert pitch,...
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503:, was distinctly similar to the S.4. Mitchell used the practical experience gained when he designed its successor, the
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Mitchell had designed for previous Schneider Trophy races, which had won in 1922 and come third behind the American
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1509:. Washington, DC: Scientific and Technical Information Branch, National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
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bracing wires, that had never before been incorporated into a Supermarine aircraft. The aviation historian
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provided the British teams with greater freedom than was given by the US government to their designers.
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N197, the S.4 first flew on 24 August 1925, witnessed by Mitchell, who went out in a motorboat with
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Mitchell's design is considered by historians as revolutionary. Built of wood with an unbraced
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and was destroyed when it dived into the sea from 100 feet (30 m), injuring the pilot,
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During the trials, the S.4 initially performed well but, upon its return to shore, the
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to support the British team. Most sources have suggested the accident was due to
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the drag forces acting on the aircraft. Tests made on a model of the S.4 at the
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Anderson, John D. (2018). "Design for Speed: R. J. Mitchell and the Spitfire".
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391:, free of charge. During the voyage, Supermarine's pilot Biard slipped playing
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275:, at that time still unavailable, but it was aerodynamic and also judged to be
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962:"The Schneider Cup Seaplane Race: British Representatives Leave on Saturday"
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tests to analyse the performance of the high-speed aircraft they produced.
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W-12 liquid-cooled piston engine, 680 hp (510 kW) at 2,000 rpm
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in 1927. From 1925 onwards, the Air Ministry developed a policy of using
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On 13 September 1925, on a 1.864-mile (3.0 km) straight course over
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1341:
The Grand Designers: The Evolution of the Airplane in the 20th Century
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required. Mitchell was to say as much when he gave a lecture to the
364:
The Supermarine S.4 (left of centre) prior to the start of the 1925
970:. Vol. 17, no. 874. 24 September 1925. pp. 609–614.
244:
1118:. Vol. 17, no. 881. 12 November 1925. pp. 747–752.
403:
were being erected on the beach to accommodate them. Biard caught
1616:
790:
Green, William (July 1967). "Supermarine's Schneider Seaplanes".
507:. The S.4 has been described as "his first outstanding success".
436:
400:
326:
268:
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489:(1942), which included footage of the Supermarine S.4 taking off
224:. He regarded the three previous Schneider Trophy entrants (the
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in December 1924. The new design was in marked contrast to the
140:. Designed by a team led by the company's chief designer,
1087:"U.S. SEAPLANE TRIUMPH: Supermarine's Engine Dragged Ashore".
879:. Vol. 17, no. 874. 24 September 1925. p. 613.
722:
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Allocated the civil registration G-EBLP and the Air Ministry
1288:
1197:
1149:. Vol. 17, no. 879. 29 October 1925. p. 703.
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1315:
Britain Can Take it: British Cinema in the Second World War
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Aviation accidents and incidents caused by loss of control
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1506:
Quest for Performance: The Evolution of Modern Aircraft
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336:was reportedly unhappy with the S.4, disliking the
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431:, which had been dispatched to Baltimore from the
247:, powered by a specially developed version of the
236:The S.4 was a monoplane seaplane with an unbraced
35:Official photograph of the S.4, from the magazine
1311:Aldgate, Anthony & Richards, Jeffrey (1994).
3189:
1091:. Belfast, Ireland. 27 October 1925. p. 7.
1073:. Belfast, Ireland. 27 October 1925. p. 7.
1310:
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415:and cling to some floating wreckage. The first
144:, it was designed to compete in the 1925
132: was a 1920s British single-engined
1648:
1371:Andrews, C. F. & Morgan, Eric B. (1981).
1370:
1344:. Cambridge Centennial of Flight. Cambridge:
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1206:
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726:
263:webs, and was covered with plywood braced by
1559:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1486:British Racing and Record-Breaking Aircraft
1392:Eves, Edward & Coombs, L. F. E (2001).
1135:
1133:
1069:"U.S. SEAPLANE TRIUMPH: Bluejacket Guard".
685:, which was at the time at the entrance to
384:biplanes, was shipped to the US aboard the
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643:239 mph (385 km/h, 208 kn)
155: wing, the S.4 was powered by a
794:. Vol. 10, no. 11. p. 744.
446:
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499:the 1926 Schneider contest, the Italian
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220:was given by Mitchell, "S" standing for
1556:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1546:
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1218:
1167:
902:
594:11 ft 8.75 in (3.5751 m)
3190:
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297:
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1528:R.J. Mitchell: Schooldays to Spitfire
1483:
1460:
914:
857:
821:
804:
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649:23 lb/sq ft (110 kg/m)
588:30 ft 7.5 in (9.335 m)
514:'s biographical film about Mitchell,
1612:Britain's Fine Bid for Schneider Cup
483:Screencapture from the British film
356:Schneider Trophy competition of 1925
193:floatplane which resembled a French
1465:Schneider Trophy Aircraft 1913–1931
1419:Spitfire: The Illustrated Biography
1224:
451:The race was won two days later by
423:Parts of the wrecked aircraft were
13:
755:
14:
3239:
1598:
1442:British Civil Aircraft, 1919–1972
1106:"The 1925 Schneider Trophy Race:
871:"The Schneider Cup Seaplane Race"
771:. 18 December 1924. p. 796.
658:0.21 hp/lb (0.35 kW/kg)
600:139 sq ft (12.9 m)
540:
1141:"The 1925 Schneider Trophy Race"
1110:Correspondent's Special Account"
282:In September 1925, the magazine
136: built by the company
29:
3218:Single-engined tractor aircraft
1446:. Vol. 3. London: Putnam.
1374:Supermarine Aircraft since 1914
1098:
1080:
1062:
954:
863:
669:
548:Supermarine Aircraft since 1914
332:Supermarine's chief test pilot
783:
628:2-bladed fixed-pitch propeller
1:
1532:. London: Tempus Publishing.
696:
612:3,191 lb (1,447 kg)
606:2,600 lb (1,179 kg)
380:, the S.4, together with two
3213:Aircraft first flown in 1925
3203:1920s British sport aircraft
2921:Type 312 & 313 (F.37/35)
1615:(film footage of the S.4 at
1588:UK public library membership
1503:Loftin, Laurence K. (1985).
1400:. St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI.
7:
1550:"Mitchell, Reginald Joseph"
1547:Ritchie, Sebastian (2004).
1319:(2nd ed.). Edinburgh:
1259:Aldgate & Richards 1994
792:Flying Review International
531:National Physics Laboratory
10:
3244:
1423:. London: Atlantic Books.
1415:Glancey, Jonathan (2008).
1396:The Schneider Trophy Story
1346:Cambridge University Press
1321:Edinburgh University Press
1304:
763:"The World's Speed Record"
537:" monoplane in the world.
465:Royal Aeronautical Society
3150:
3129:
3122:
3096:
3046:
2961:Reconnaissance and patrol
2960:
2939:
2858:
2805:
2798:
1671:
1629:, a history from Bluebird
1524:Mitchell, Gordon (2002).
1354:10.1017/9780511977565.006
1295:Andrews & Morgan 1981
1207:Andrews & Morgan 1981
1180:Andrews & Morgan 1981
1028:Andrews & Morgan 1981
1011:Andrews & Morgan 1981
949:Andrews & Morgan 1981
846:Andrews & Morgan 1981
834:Andrews & Morgan 1981
727:Andrews & Morgan 1981
474:
395:, and injured his wrist.
115:
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98:Destroyed 23 October 1925
94:
82:
70:
62:
51:
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28:
23:
16:British floatplane (1925)
1461:James, Derek N. (1981).
662:
325:. Testing took place at
1438:Jackson, A. J. (1973).
1235:(Catalogue description)
1232:"Papers of RJ Mitchell"
675:The liner involved was
582: in (8.122 m)
553:General characteristics
201:, which had broken the
1627:Schneider Trophy Races
1565:10.1093/ref:odnb/35046
1283:Eves & Coombs 2001
1057:Eves & Coombs 2001
994:Eves & Coombs 2001
750:Eves & Coombs 2001
710:Eves & Coombs 2001
490:
447:Aftermath of the crash
369:
314:
295:
277:aesthetically pleasing
203:flight airspeed record
180:Design and development
3173:Joseph "Mutt" Summers
1484:Lewis, Peter (1970).
1239:The National Archives
482:
363:
305:
290:
163:At Bay Shore Park in
3208:Supermarine aircraft
3079:Sparrow (I & II)
3064:Commercial Amphibian
1606:Will England Win it?
1348:. pp. 116–155.
517:The First of the Few
486:The First of the Few
226:Supermarine Sea Lion
1194:, pp. 126–128.
1089:Belfast News-Letter
1071:Belfast News-Letter
848:, pp. 175–178.
807:, pp. 197–198.
313:in front of the S.4
298:Operational history
213:seaplanes in 1923.
47:General information
3163:Basil Deacon Hobbs
3003:Seagull ASR-1
1488:. London: Putnam.
1469:. London: Putnam.
1377:. London: Putnam.
1182:, pp. 6, 175.
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1586:(Subscription or
1539:978-0-7524-3727-9
1516:978-0-16-002221-0
1495:978-0-370-00067-1
1476:978-0-370-30328-4
1453:978-0-85177-818-1
1430:978-1-84354-799-0
1407:978-0-7603-1118-9
1384:978-0-370-10018-0
1363:978-1-108-34056-4
1330:978-0-7486-0508-8
687:Southampton Water
433:Imperial fortress
350:Southampton Water
345:because of this.
273:surface radiators
126:
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366:Schneider Trophy
323:Lord Mountbatten
216:The designation
199:Bernard SIMB V.2
146:Schneider Trophy
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620:Napier Lion VII
578:
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505:Supermarine S.5
477:
456:James Doolittle
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182:
174:Supermarine S.5
130:Supermarine S.4
90:
63:National origin
42:
41:in October 1925
17:
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3137:R. J. Mitchell
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1599:External links
1597:
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1297:, p. 203.
1287:
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641:Maximum speed:
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541:Specifications
539:
476:
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448:
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427:by the doomed
412:control column
374:Bay Shore Park
357:
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311:R. J. Mitchell
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240:wing and semi-
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142:R. J. Mitchell
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1621:British Pathé
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1279:
1273:, p. 75.
1272:
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1261:, p. 53.
1260:
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1227:
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1215:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1193:
1192:Anderson 2018
1188:
1181:
1176:
1170:, p. 27.
1169:
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1094:
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1083:
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1072:
1065:
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1053:
1047:, p. 68.
1046:
1045:Mitchell 2002
1041:
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945:
943:
941:
934:, p. 66.
933:
932:Mitchell 2002
928:
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712:, p. 96.
711:
706:
702:
688:
684:
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657:
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648:
647:Wing loading:
645:
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526:cross section
521:
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512:Leslie Howard
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319:serial number
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32:
27:
22:
19:
3114:AD Navyplane
2845:Sea Lion III
2812:
2769:
1611:
1605:
1576:. Retrieved
1554:
1527:
1505:
1485:
1464:
1441:
1418:
1395:
1373:
1340:
1314:
1290:
1278:
1266:
1254:
1244:15 September
1242:. Retrieved
1226:
1219:Ritchie 2004
1214:
1187:
1175:
1168:Glancey 2008
1163:
1144:
1113:
1107:
1100:
1092:
1088:
1082:
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1052:
965:
956:
910:
903:Jackson 1973
874:
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116:First flight
103:Number built
72:Manufacturer
36:
18:
3228:Floatplanes
3158:Henry Biard
3028:Southampton
2840:Sea Lion II
1664:Supermarine
1578:15 December
1271:Loftin 1985
634:Performance
626:Propellers:
616:Powerplant:
568:26 ft
501:Macchi M.39
469:wind tunnel
460:Curtiss R3C
458:, flying a
382:Gloster III
368:competition
343:ocean liner
334:Henry Biard
307:Henry Biard
249:Napier Lion
170:Henry Biard
157:Napier Lion
138:Supermarine
77:Supermarine
3192:Categories
2850:Sea Urchin
2835:Sea Lion I
1590:required.)
915:Lewis 1970
858:James 1981
822:James 1981
805:James 1981
697:References
654:Power/mass
598:Wing area:
453:Lieutenant
388:Minnewaska
288:reported:
238:cantilever
211:Curtiss CR
191:cantilever
153:cantilever
119:24 August
57:floatplane
3142:Joe Smith
3130:Designers
3123:Personnel
3074:Sea Eagle
3054:Air Yacht
3033:Stranraer
3018:Sheldrake
3013:Sea Otter
2876:Nighthawk
1155:0015-3710
1124:0015-3710
976:0015-3710
885:0015-3710
777:0015-3710
586:Wingspan:
546:Data from
405:influenza
378:Baltimore
265:stringers
242:monocoque
222:Schneider
195:monoplane
165:Baltimore
148:contest.
134:monoplane
128:The
2931:Type 559
2926:Type 545
2906:Spitfire
2901:Spiteful
2896:Sea King
2881:Scimitar
2866:Attacker
2859:Fighters
1666:aircraft
1573:56568095
682:Majestic
535:cleanest
520:(1942).
425:salvaged
338:unbraced
269:A-frames
245:fuselage
83:Designer
3059:Channel
2993:Seal II
2968:Channel
2952:B.12/36
2940:Bombers
2891:Seafire
2886:Seafang
2799:By role
1674:numbers
1619:, from
1617:Calshot
1305:Sources
592:Height:
577:⁄
566:Length:
441:flutter
437:Bermuda
401:hangars
327:Calshot
261:plywood
111:History
55:Racing
3151:Pilots
3038:Walrus
3023:Solent
3008:Seamew
2988:Scylla
2983:Scarab
2806:Racers
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876:Flight
775:
768:Flight
475:Legacy
417:launch
393:tennis
285:Flight
257:spruce
197:, the
186:Napier
95:Status
38:Flight
3069:Giant
3047:Civil
2978:Scapa
2973:Nanok
2911:Swift
663:Notes
560:Crew:
255:with
253:spars
3109:Baby
3084:Swan
2871:Baby
2828:S.6B
2790:S.6B
2785:S.6A
1672:Type
1609:and
1580:2020
1569:OCLC
1534:ISBN
1511:ISBN
1490:ISBN
1471:ISBN
1448:ISBN
1425:ISBN
1402:ISBN
1379:ISBN
1358:ISBN
1325:ISBN
1246:2022
1151:ISSN
1120:ISSN
972:ISSN
881:ISSN
773:ISSN
618:1 Ă—
309:and
121:1925
52:Type
2823:S.6
2818:S.5
2813:S.4
2780:S.6
2775:S.5
2770:S.4
2765:S.3
2760:S.2
2755:S.1
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