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1 in a controlled dive during a test flight at
Edwards Air Force Base. The crew were William Magruder (pilot), Paul Patten (copilot), Joseph Tomich (flight engineer), and Richard H. Edwards (flight test engineer). This was the first intentional supersonic flight by a civilian airliner, and the only
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Aviation research during World War II led to the creation of the first rocket- and jet-powered aircraft. Several claims of breaking the sound barrier during the war subsequently emerged. However, the first recognized flight exceeding the speed of sound by a manned aircraft in controlled level flight
707:
Sonic booms due to large supersonic aircraft can be particularly loud and startling, tend to awaken people, and may cause minor damage to some structures. They led to prohibition of routine supersonic flight over land. Although they cannot be completely prevented, research suggests that with careful
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The sound source has now broken through the sound speed barrier, and is traveling at 1.4 times the speed of sound, c (Mach 1.4). Because the source is moving faster than the sound waves it creates, it actually leads the advancing wavefront. The sound source will pass by a stationary observer before
427:
operated in 2 ways, taking off and landing as turbojets with no bypass, but bypassing some of the compressor air to the afterburner at higher speeds. This allowed the
Blackbird to fly at over Mach 3, faster than any other production aircraft. The heating effect of air friction at these speeds meant
808:
A key feature of these designs is the ability to maintain supersonic cruise for long periods, so low drag is essential to limit fuel consumption to a practical and economic level. As a consequence, these airframes are highly streamlined and the wings have a very short span. The requirement for low
614:
Airflow can speed up or slow down locally at different points over an aircraft. In the region around Mach 1, some areas may experience supersonic flow while others are subsonic. This regime is called transonic flight. As the aircraft speed changes, pressure waves will form or move around. This can
305:
To optimize drag, wingspan must be limited, which also reduces aerodynamic efficiency during subsonic flight, including takeoff and landing. Minimizing wave drag is a crucial aspect of wing design. Since a supersonic aircraft must also take off and land at a relatively slow speed, its aerodynamic
522:
Another area of concern for sustained high-speed flight is engine operation. Jet engines create thrust by increasing the temperature of the air they ingest, and as the aircraft speeds up, the compression process in the intake causes a temperature rise before it reaches the engines. The maximum
539:, oblique/plane, for the aircraft design speed to compress and slow the air to subsonic speed before it reaches the engine. The shock waves are positioned using a ramp or cone which may need to be adjustable depending on trade-offs between complexity and the required aircraft performance.
527:
at the rear of the engine, so as the aircraft speeds up, the difference in intake and exhaust temperature that the engine can create, by burning fuel, decreases, as does the thrust. The higher thrust needed for supersonic speeds had to be regained by burning extra fuel in the exhaust.
237:
prototype captured in
Germany by the Soviets, after being released from a B-29 at 32800 ft (10000 m), reached 683 mph (1100 km/h) late in 1951, which would have exceeded Mach 1 at that height. The pilot in these flights was the German Wolfgang Ziese.
629:
Flight at speeds above about Mach 5 is often referred to as hypersonic. In this region the problems of drag and heating are even more acute. It is difficult to make materials which can stand the forces and temperatures generated by air resistance at these speeds.
1000:
must carry a large bomb load over long distances. Consequently, it is a large aircraft typically with an empty weight exceeding 25,000 kg. Some have also been designed for related roles such as strategic reconnaissance and anti-shipping strike.
615:
affect the trim, stability and controllability of the aircraft, and the aircraft will experience higher drag than subsonic or fully supersonic speeds. The designer needs to ensure that these effects are taken into account at all speeds.
277:
Supersonic flight brings with it substantial technical challenges, as the aerodynamics of supersonic flight are dramatically different from those of subsonic flight (i.e., flight at speeds slower than that of sound). In particular,
546:
has a potential range advantage over a similar design operating subsonically. Most of the drag an aircraft sees while speeding up to supersonic speeds occurs just below the speed of sound, due to an aerodynamic effect known as
447:
is simpler than subsonic aerodynamics because the airsheets at different points along the plane often cannot affect each other. Supersonic jets and rocket vehicles require several times greater thrust to push through the extra
507:, a material traditionally used in aircraft manufacturing, starts to lose strength and deform at relatively low temperatures, and is unsuitable for continuous use at speeds above Mach 2.2 to 2.4. Materials such as
370:
reconnaissance aircraft and the
Concorde supersonic airliner, have been designed to cruise continuously at speeds above the speed of sound, and with these designs the problems of supersonic flight are more severe.
387:
were more fuel-efficient but did not have enough thrust and some experimental aircraft were fitted with both a turbojet for low-speed flight and a rocket engine for supersonic flight. The invention of the
551:. An aircraft that can accelerate past this speed sees a significant drag decrease, and can fly supersonically with improved fuel economy. However, due to the way lift is generated supersonically, the
656:
A sonic boom produced by an aircraft moving at M=2.92, calculated from the cone angle of 20 degrees. An observer hears nothing until the shock wave, on the edges of the cone, crosses their location.
213:
experimental plane which was powered by a 6,000-pound (2,700 kg) thrust rocket powered by liquid oxygen and ethyl alcohol. Most supersonic aircraft have been military or experimental aircraft.
366:, are designed to spend most of their flight at subsonic speeds, and only to exceed the speed of sound for short periods such as when intercepting an enemy aircraft. A smaller number, such as the
535:
in the supersonic compression process in the intake. At supersonic speeds the intake has to make sure that the air slows down without excessive pressure loss. It has to use the correct type of
139:
aircraft were developed in the second half of the twentieth century. Supersonic aircraft have been used for research and military purposes, but only two supersonic aircraft, the
648:
The sound source is travelling at 1.4 times the speed of sound (Mach 1.4). Since the source is moving faster than the sound waves it creates, it leads the advancing wavefront.
313:, commonly known as the "swing-wing," which spreads wide for low-speed flight and then sweeps sharply, usually backwards, for supersonic flight. However, swinging affects the
2346:
337:
at transonic and supersonic speeds. However, it is, of course, inefficient at lower speeds due to the requirement of a high angle of attack, and therefore need the use of
566:. This has led to almost every supersonic cruising aircraft looking very similar to every other, with a very long and slender fuselage and large delta wings, cf.
496:
However, in practical applications, a supersonic aircraft must operate stably in both subsonic and supersonic profiles, hence aerodynamic design is more complex.
585:(1969). However political, environmental and economic obstacles and one fatal Concorde crash prevented them from being used to their full commercial potential.
269:(1969). However political, environmental and economic obstacles and one fatal Concorde crash prevented them from being used to their full commercial potential.
729:
flight of a supersonic aircraft with a useful cargo, passenger, or weapons load performed efficiently, which typically precludes the use of highly inefficient
2416:
1093:
Supersonic fighters and related aircraft are sometimes called fast jets. They make up the overwhelming majority of supersonic aircraft and some, such as the
752:. Due to its long service as a commercial airliner, Concorde holds the record for the most time spent in supercruise; more than all other aircraft combined.
2507:
329:
which energises the flow on the upper surface of the wing at high speeds and attack angles, delaying flow separation, and giving the aircraft a very high
2458:
1004:
Typically the aircraft will cruise subsonically for most of its flight to conserve fuel, before accelerating to supersonic speed for its bombing run.
817:
of the wing. The sharply swept leading edge causes the air to twist as it flows over the wing, speeding up the airflow locally and maintaining lift.
519:
jet could fly continuously at Mach 3.1 which could lead to temperatures on some parts of the aircraft reaching above 315 °C (600 °F).
2575:
2107:(1988) (USA), heavily modified F-15 used in several NASA test programs including, STOL/MTD, ACTIVE, IFCS, Quiet Spike, SBRDC/ECANS, and HISTEC.
531:
Intake design was also a major issue. As much of the available energy in the incoming air has to be recovered, known as intake recovery, using
2532:
708:
shaping of the vehicle the nuisance due to them may be reduced to the point that overland supersonic flight may become a practical option.
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558:
The key to having low supersonic drag is to properly shape the overall aircraft to be long and thin, and close to a "perfect" shape, the
355:
Another problem is the heat generated by friction as the air flows over the aircraft. Most subsonic designs use aluminium alloys such as
1120:
generations are under development in several countries, including Russia, China, Japan, South Korea, India, Iran and the United States.
805:, which first flew in 1969 and remained in service until 2003. Since 2003, there have been no supersonic civilian aircraft in service.
359:, which are cheap and easy to work but lose their strength quickly at high temperatures. This limits maximum speed to around Mach 2.2.
577:
In the 1960s and 1970s, many design studies for supersonic airliners were done and eventually two types entered service, the Soviet
261:
In the 1960s and 1970s, many design studies for supersonic airliners were done and eventually two types entered service, the Soviet
2354:
428:
that a special fuel had to be developed which did not break down in the heat and clog the fuel pipes on its way to the burner.
282:
rises sharply as the aircraft passes the transonic regime, requiring much greater engine power and more streamlined airframes.
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Typically intended to transport about ten passengers, SSBJs are about the same size as traditional subsonic business jets.
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2014:
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National
Archives and Records Administration: The Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum, and Boyhood Home.
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1843:(1955, 1957) (France), Griffon 1 flew in 1955, Griffon 2 flew in 1957, experimental mixed turbojet-ramjet fighter.
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power to provide the necessary thrust, although rockets burn a lot of fuel and so flight times were short. Early
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1938:
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468:, but any change in cross area farther down the vehicle leads to shock waves along the body. Designers use the
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Supersonic business jets (SSBJ) are a proposed class of small supersonic aircraft. None have yet flown.
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1918:
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1015:, in 1983. Although this and a few other types are still in service today, none remains in production.
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of the aircraft as a whole drops, leading to lower range, offsetting or overturning this advantage.
392:, in which extra fuel is burned in the jet exhaust, made these mixed powerplant types obsolete. The
2415:
Haering, Edward A. Jr.; Smolka, James W.; Murray, James E.; Plotkin, Kenneth J. (January 1, 2005).
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1977:(1963) (USA), Modified F-104 Starfighter used for training astronauts for North American X-15 and
574:, etc. Although not ideal for passenger aircraft, this shaping is quite adaptable for bomber use.
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One problem with sustained supersonic flight is the generation of heat in flight. At high speeds
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can occur, so an aircraft must be designed to operate and function under very high temperatures.
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103:
The interaction of shock waves from two supersonic aircraft, photographed for the first time by
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1978:
1968:
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2584:
2378:"Theory of aerodynamic design for swept-winged aircraft at transonic and supersonic speeds"
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1956:
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8:
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are also capable of the reconnaissance role (although the Sukhoi remained a prototype).
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design must be a compromise between the requirements for both ends of the speed range.
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as they have acceptable efficiency below the speed of sound as well as above; or if
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1974:
1944:
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813:: as the aircraft slows, lift must be restored by raising the nose to increase the
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563:
449:
400:, and supersonic aircraft today are powered by turbofans fitted with afterburners.
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279:
152:
136:
2417:"Flight Demonstration Of Low Overpressure N-Wave Sonic Booms And Evanescent Waves"
1807:(1951) (USSR), It was the first Soviet aircraft able to maintain supersonic speed.
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engine passes additional cold air around the engine core, further increasing its
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2508:"Boom Technology's Supersonic jet with 1,700mph top speed ready for test flight"
793:. The only supersonic civilian aircraft to see service were the Soviet produced
225:. The first aircraft to break the sound barrier with a female pilot was an F-86
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2122:
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1783:(1946) (USA), first to break the sound barrier in level flight. Rocket powered.
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2197:(2006) (USA), modified F-18, wing warping demonstrator. Was also used as the
1007:
Few supersonic strategic bombers have entered service. The earliest type, the
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2008:
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1+ flight in short bursts, typically with afterburners. Aircraft such as the
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created whenever an object traveling through the air travels faster than the
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was specifically designed for the role, and was a larger development of the
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allowable temperature of the exhaust is determined by the materials in the
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of the aircraft and the swinging mechanism adds weight and cost. Use of a
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2818:
2653:
2170:
1962:
1950:
1849:(1956) (France), experimental French built delta wing supersonic fighter.
1578:
1461:
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1280:
988:
913:
857:
810:
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One of the best known examples of an aircraft capable of supercruise was
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543:
536:
532:
492:
Conical shockwave with its hyperbola-shaped ground contact zone in yellow
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132:
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1990:
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which first flew in 1968 and last transported passengers in 1978, with
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175:
171:
1837:(1954) (France), French built delta wing supersonic research aircraft.
760:
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are designed to cruise at supersonic speed with afterburners enabled.
209:
The first aircraft to fly supersonic in level flight was the
American
99:
2838:
2483:"Defence & Security Intelligence & Analysis - IHS Jane's 360"
2188:
1996:
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504:
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356:
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120:
2533:"NASA's experimental supersonic aircraft now known as X-59 QueSST"
801:
retiring it from any use in 1997; and the Franco-British produced
435:. This needs to be flying fairly fast before it will work at all.
2795:
1825:(1953) (France), French supersonic twin engine research aircraft.
1769:
693:
604:
524:
234:
31:
2143:(1992) (USA), modified F-16, thrust vector control demonstrator.
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933:
697:
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allow operations at much higher temperatures. For example, the
432:
380:
379:
Some early supersonic aircraft, including the first, relied on
326:
255:
2302:"Jacqueline Cochran and the Women's Airforce Service Pilots."
685:
652:
660:
2424:
2223:
908:(see lower) passenger supersonic and hypersonic airliners (
798:
217:
was performed on
October 14, 1947 by the experimental
104:
2414:
309:
One approach to resolving this compromise is the use of a
2433:
2071:(1982) (USA), modified F-16, delta wing test demonstrator
668:
290:
250:
one ever performed by a civilian airliner other than the
30:"Fast jet" redirects here. For the low-cost airline, see
1065:
1712:
948:, etc.) were proposed and now are under development.
178:" created by any object traveling faster than sound.
147:(first flown on March 2, 1969), ever entered service
2450:
2233:
1819:(1953) (USA), only seaplane to exceed speed of sound
155:
are the most common example of supersonic aircraft.
27:
Aircraft that travels faster than the speed of sound
809:speeds when taking off and landing is met by using
2185:(2003) (USA), first privately designed space plane
1965:(1962) (UK), British supersonic research aircraft.
1909:(1957) (UK), experimental mixed power jet fighter.
1831:(1954) (UK), first to exceed 1,000 miles per hour.
1085:reconnaissance aircraft which first flew in 1962.
362:Most supersonic aircraft, including many military
181:Aircraft flying at speeds above Mach 5 are called
2271:Faster than Sound: The Story of Supersonic Flight
1088:
544:operate for extended periods at supersonic speeds
484:the observer actually hears the sound it creates.
233:at the controls. According to David Masters, the
2877:
2375:
1764:
1699:
1070:Some supersonic strategic bombers, such as the
951:
764:The fuselage of Concorde had an extremely high
456:region (around Mach 0.85–1.2). At these speeds
2340:
2338:
1795:(1948) (USA), First delta-wing supersonic jet.
1011:, first flew in 1956 and the most recent, the
684:. Sonic booms generate significant amounts of
676:A sonic boom is the sound associated with the
2569:
737:not capable of supercruise can only maintain
2347:"I Was There: When the DC-8 Went Supersonic"
2344:
696:to the human ear. The crack of a supersonic
2335:
2207:(2010) (USA), scramjet powered demonstrator
2191:(2004) (USA), scramjet powered demonstrator
704:are examples of a sonic boom in miniature.
415:engines may be desirable as they give less
143:(first flown on December 31, 1968) and the
2576:
2562:
2485:. janes.com. July 25, 2000. Archived from
879:
787:aircraft designed to transport passengers
333:angle. It also solves the issue of fluid
87:Learn how and when to remove this message
2583:
1768:
1686:
987:
979:
971:
963:
955:
883:
759:
755:
733:or "reheat". Many well known supersonic
667:
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651:
643:
598:
487:
478:
289:
198:
98:
50:This article includes a list of general
2316:
2268:
1105:, have been produced in large numbers.
14:
2878:
1262:
464:of the aircraft without producing new
2557:
2530:
2512:The Indian Hawk | Indian Defence News
1971:(1962) (USSR), Jet fighter prototype.
1903:(1957) (USSR), Jet fighter prototype.
1897:(1957) (USSR), Jet fighter prototype.
1873:(1956) (USSR), Jet fighter prototype.
1226:General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon
431:Another high-speed powerplant is the
2781:Next Generation Supersonic Transport
2475:
2376:Lock, R.C.; Bridgewater, J. (1967).
2201:and more recent sonic boom research.
1238:McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle
922:Next Generation Supersonic Transport
618:
476:to minimize sudden changes in size.
438:
272:
36:
2791:Zero Emission Hyper Sonic Transport
2456:
2273:. Somerset, UK: Haynes Publishing.
2195:Boeing X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing
1066:Supersonic strategic reconnaissance
942:Zero Emission Hyper Sonic Transport
700:passing overhead or the crack of a
672:NASA data showing N-wave signature.
607:showing flow patterns at and above
588:
24:
2345:Wasserzieher, Bill (August 2011).
1713:Germany/Italy/Spain/United Kingdom
904:Projects for both large-scale and
820:Other SST projects have included:
127:, that is, flying faster than the
56:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
2897:
1673:
1256:Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II
221:research rocket plane piloted by
2860:
2859:
2236:
1190:McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II
1136:North American F-100 Super Sabre
1123:
460:can gently guide air around the
403:Supersonic aircraft usually use
41:
2177:Shaped Sonic Boom Demonstration
2105:McDonnell Douglas F-15 STOL/MTD
2015:General Dynamics–Grumman F-111B
1738:
1517:Dassault-Breguet Super Étendard
1232:McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet
1208:General Dynamics–Grumman F-111B
1196:Northrop F-5A/B Freedom Fighter
1041:General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark
688:energy, sounding similar to an
245:(registration N9604Z) exceeded
162:of supersonic flight is called
2737:SAI Quiet Supersonic Transport
2524:
2500:
2408:
2382:Progress in Aerospace Sciences
2369:
2310:
2295:
2222:(2018) (USA), commissioned by
1939:Mikoyan-Gurevich Ye-150 family
1654:
1089:Supersonic fighter/attack jets
870:SAI Quiet Supersonic Transport
711:
603:Transonic flow patterns on an
13:
1:
2257:
2035:(1970) (USA), rocket powered.
2029:(1969) (USA), rocket powered.
2023:(1966) (USA), rocket powered.
2003:North American XB-70 Valkyrie
1813:(1952) (USA), Rocket powered.
1789:(1948) (USA), Rocket powered.
1244:Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet
1018:Types to have flown include:
633:
2699:Sud Aviation Super-Caravelle
2394:10.1016/0376-0421(67)90004-8
1799:Republic XF-91 Thunderceptor
1765:Supersonic research aircraft
1700:Germany/Italy/United Kingdom
1220:McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle
1184:North American A-5 Vigilante
952:Supersonic strategic bombers
826:Sud Aviation Super-Caravelle
321:, such as those used on the
7:
2844:Lockheed Martin X-59 QueSST
2531:Banke, Jim (28 June 2018).
2459:"Crackin' Good Mathematics"
2229:
2199:High Alpha Research Vehicle
2141:General Dynamics F-16 VISTA
1859:Grumman F11F-1F Super Tiger
1725:
1250:Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor
1166:Republic F-105 Thunderchief
789:at speeds greater than the
10:
2902:
2786:Reaction Engines LAPCAT A2
2674:High Speed Civil Transport
1941:(1959, 1960, 1961) (USSR).
1919:Vought XF8U-3 Crusader III
1680:English Electric Lightning
1160:Lockheed F-104 Starfighter
1142:Convair F-102 Delta Dagger
1099:Lockheed F-104 Starfighter
938:Reaction Engines LAPCAT A2
891:
874:High Speed Civil Transport
780:supersonic transport (SST)
771:
715:
637:
622:
592:
419:at supersonic speeds. The
374:
348:
344:
192:
188:
149:for civil use as airliners
29:
2857:
2831:
2804:
2768:
2759:
2717:
2646:
2637:
2624:AĂ©rospatiale/BAC Concorde
2616:
2591:
2307:Retrieved: July 10, 2013.
2213:Gyrfalcon (2012) (China).
1801:(1949) (USA), mixed power
1787:Douglas D-558-2 Skyrocket
1751:
1635:
1535:
1493:Dassault Super Mystère B1
1486:
1108:Many military supersonic
323:Aerospatiale-BAC Concorde
2351:Air & Space Magazine
2075:Northrop F-20 Tigershark
1913:Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow
1616:
1591:
1413:
1178:Convair F-106 Delta Dart
1112:and similar aircraft of
1079:Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird
581:(1968) and Anglo-French
517:Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird
425:Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird
368:Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird
296:Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird
285:
265:(1968) and Anglo-French
2321:. Jane's. p. 142.
2317:Masters, David (1982).
2069:General Dynamics F-16XL
1566:
1341:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23
1323:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25
1275:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21
1269:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19
1095:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21
894:Supersonic business jet
880:Supersonic business jet
830:Russia-United States –
452:experienced within the
421:Pratt & Whitney J58
300:reconnaissance aircraft
71:more precise citations.
2742:Sukhoi-Gulfstream S-21
2421:NASA Technical Reports
2269:Gunston, Bill (2008).
1847:SNCASE SE.212 Durandal
1805:Mikoyan-Gurevich I-350
1776:
1452:Vigorous Dragon (1998)
1154:McDonnell F-101 Voodoo
993:
985:
977:
969:
961:
889:
832:Sukhoi-Gulfstream S-21
769:
673:
665:
657:
649:
611:
493:
485:
311:variable-geometry wing
302:
241:On August 21, 1961, a
206:
112:
2832:Experimental programs
2689:North American NAC-60
2539:. Space Media Network
2205:Boeing X-51 Waverider
2087:British Aerospace EAP
2027:Martin Marietta X-24A
1979:Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar
1969:Mikoyan-Gurevich Ye-8
1957:Dassault Mirage III V
1901:Mikoyan-Gurevich I-75
1853:Douglas F5D Skylancer
1772:
1758:AIDC F-CK-1 Ching-kuo
1687:France/United Kingdom
1661:KAI T-50 Golden Eagle
991:
983:
975:
967:
960:Convair B-58A Hustler
959:
887:
763:
756:Supersonic transports
671:
663:
655:
647:
602:
491:
482:
293:
202:
102:
2585:Supersonic transport
2471:on January 22, 2016.
2438:on February 13, 2015
2165:Lockheed Martin X-35
2159:Mikoyan Project 1.44
2063:Dassault Mirage 4000
1927:(1959) (USA), first
1895:Mikoyan-Gurevich I-7
1871:Mikoyan-Gurevich I-3
1865:North American F-107
1817:Convair F2Y Sea Dart
1523:Dassault Mirage 2000
1462:Nanchang/Hongdu L-15
1023:Convair B-58 Hustler
1013:Rockwell B-1B Lancer
1009:Convair B-58 Hustler
774:Supersonic transport
609:critical Mach number
542:An aircraft able to
470:Supersonic area rule
405:low bypass turbofans
170:associated with the
2886:Supersonic aircraft
2709:HyperMach SonicStar
2601:Supersonic aircraft
1929:hypersonic aircraft
1925:North American X-15
1774:North American X-15
1719:Eurofighter Typhoon
1499:Dassault Mirage III
1470:Flying Shark (2009)
1263:Soviet Union/Russia
1214:Grumman F-14 Tomcat
1202:Northrop T-38 Talon
1172:Vought F-8 Crusader
1103:Dassault Mirage III
1053:Rockwell B-1 Lancer
918:HyperMach SonicStar
501:aerodynamic heating
458:aerospace engineers
351:Aerodynamic heating
183:hypersonic aircraft
117:supersonic aircraft
2664:Convair Model 58-9
2617:Historic airliners
2464:American Scientist
2457:May, Mike (2002).
2319:German Jet Genesis
2211:Shenyang J-21/J-31
1907:Saunders-Roe SR.53
1777:
1560:Saab JAS 39 Gripen
1505:Dassault Mirage F1
1148:Grumman F-11 Tiger
1130:Douglas F4D Skyray
1029:Dassault Mirage IV
994:
986:
978:
970:
962:
890:
854:Convair Model 58-9
770:
674:
666:
658:
650:
612:
553:lift-to-drag ratio
494:
486:
474:Whitcomb area rule
303:
231:Jacqueline Cochran
207:
113:
2873:
2872:
2827:
2826:
2755:
2754:
2489:on August 6, 2010
2280:978-1-84425-564-1
2129:Rockwell-MBB X-31
2045:Dassault Mirage G
1993:(1963) (Germany).
1935:. Rocket powered.
1841:Nord 1500 Griffon
1732:PAC JF-17 Thunder
1667:KAI KF-21 Boramae
1511:Dassault Mirage 5
846:United Kingdom –
735:military aircraft
625:Hypersonic flight
619:Hypersonic flight
439:Supersonic flight
315:longitudinal trim
273:Design principles
164:compressible flow
125:supersonic flight
97:
96:
89:
18:Supersonic flight
16:(Redirected from
2893:
2863:
2862:
2766:
2765:
2659:Bristol Type 223
2644:
2643:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2555:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2467:. Archived from
2454:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2437:
2427:. Archived from
2412:
2406:
2405:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2353:. Archived from
2342:
2333:
2332:
2314:
2308:
2299:
2284:
2246:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2161:(2000) (Russia).
2155:(1997) (Russia).
2149:(1996) (Russia).
2137:(1991) (Israel).
2099:Yakovlev Yak-141
2095:(1986) (Israel).
2065:(1979) (France).
2047:(1971) (France).
1975:Lockheed NF-104A
1959:(1961) (France).
1945:Myasishchev M-50
1915:(1958) (Canada).
1885:(1957) (France).
998:strategic bomber
888:Aerion SBJ model
852:United States –
848:Bristol Type 223
595:Transonic flight
589:Transonic flight
564:Sears-Haack body
560:von Karman ogive
450:aerodynamic drag
364:fighter aircraft
280:aerodynamic drag
109:Schlieren method
92:
85:
81:
78:
72:
67:this article by
58:inline citations
45:
44:
37:
21:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2853:
2823:
2814:Gulfstream X-54
2800:
2796:Hermeus Halcyon
2761:
2751:
2713:
2684:Lockheed L-2000
2639:
2633:
2612:
2587:
2582:
2552:
2551:
2542:
2540:
2529:
2525:
2516:
2514:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2492:
2490:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2455:
2451:
2441:
2439:
2431:
2413:
2409:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2358:
2343:
2336:
2329:
2315:
2311:
2300:
2296:
2281:
2260:
2244:Aviation portal
2242:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2217:Lockheed Martin
2041:(1970) (China).
2011:(1964) (Egypt).
1767:
1754:
1741:
1728:
1715:
1706:Panavia Tornado
1702:
1689:
1676:
1657:
1638:
1623:HAL HF-24 Marut
1619:
1594:
1569:
1538:
1529:Dassault Rafale
1489:
1446:Flounder (1988)
1416:
1353:Yakovlev Yak-38
1305:Yakovlev Yak-27
1299:Yakovlev Yak-28
1265:
1126:
1091:
1068:
1031:(1959) (France)
976:Tupolev Tu-22M3
954:
930:Gulfstream X-54
896:
882:
862:Lockheed L-2000
836:Soviet Union –
815:angle of attack
776:
758:
743:SR-71 Blackbird
720:
714:
664:Mach cone angle
642:
636:
627:
621:
597:
591:
513:stainless steel
441:
423:engines of the
398:fuel efficiency
377:
353:
347:
335:compressibility
288:
275:
243:Douglas DC-8-43
197:
191:
166:because of the
93:
82:
76:
73:
63:Please help to
62:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2899:
2889:
2888:
2871:
2870:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2810:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2772:
2770:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2747:Tupolev Tu-444
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2723:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2704:Tupolev Tu-244
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2650:
2648:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2629:Tupolev Tu-144
2626:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2598:
2596:Civil aviation
2592:
2589:
2588:
2581:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2558:
2550:
2549:
2523:
2499:
2474:
2449:
2407:
2368:
2334:
2328:978-0867206227
2327:
2309:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2279:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2123:Northrop YF-23
2120:
2117:Lockheed YF-22
2114:
2108:
2102:
2101:(1987) (USSR).
2096:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2057:Northrop YF-17
2054:
2053:(1972) (USSR).
2048:
2042:
2036:
2033:Northrop M2-F3
2030:
2024:
2021:Northrop HL-10
2018:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1985:Lockheed YF-12
1982:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1953:(1960) (USSR).
1948:
1947:(1959) (USSR).
1942:
1936:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1891:(1957) (USSR).
1886:
1880:
1879:(1956) (USSR).
1874:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1829:Fairey Delta 2
1826:
1823:SNCASO Trident
1820:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1693:SEPECAT Jaguar
1688:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1675:
1674:United Kingdom
1672:
1671:
1670:
1664:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1645:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1626:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1610:Mitsubishi F-2
1607:
1604:Mitsubishi F-1
1601:
1598:Mitsubishi T-2
1593:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1585:IAIO Qaher-313
1582:
1576:
1573:HESA Azarakhsh
1568:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1557:
1554:Saab 37 Viggen
1551:
1548:Saab 35 Draken
1545:
1542:Saab 32 Lansen
1537:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1477:
1476:stealth (2011)
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1434:Fishbed (1966)
1429:
1423:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1395:Mikoyan MiG-35
1392:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1371:Mikoyan MiG-29
1368:
1362:
1359:Mikoyan MiG-31
1356:
1350:
1347:Mikoyan MiG-27
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1125:
1122:
1090:
1087:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1059:Tupolev Tu-160
1056:
1050:
1047:Tupolev Tu-22M
1044:
1038:
1032:
1026:
992:Tupolev Tu-160
968:XB-70 Valkyrie
953:
950:
926:Tupolev Tu-444
892:Main article:
881:
878:
877:
876:
850:
844:
842:Tupolev Tu-444
838:Tupolev Tu-244
834:
828:
795:Tupolev Tu-144
791:speed of sound
772:Main article:
766:fineness ratio
757:
754:
716:Main article:
713:
710:
682:speed of sound
638:Main article:
635:
632:
623:Main article:
620:
617:
593:Main article:
590:
587:
579:Tupolev Tu-144
440:
437:
376:
373:
349:Main article:
346:
343:
287:
284:
274:
271:
263:Tupolev Tu-144
227:Canadair Sabre
193:Main article:
190:
187:
141:Tupolev Tu-144
129:speed of sound
95:
94:
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2898:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2868:
2867:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2806:Business jets
2803:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2776:Boom Overture
2774:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2758:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2719:Business jets
2716:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2694:Rockwell X-30
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2586:
2579:
2574:
2572:
2567:
2565:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2513:
2509:
2503:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2453:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2411:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2372:
2357:on 2014-05-08
2356:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2339:
2330:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2306:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2253:
2252:Sound barrier
2250:
2249:
2245:
2234:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2179:(2003) (USA).
2178:
2175:
2173:(2000) (USA).
2172:
2169:
2167:(2000) (USA).
2166:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2131:(1990) (USA).
2130:
2127:
2125:(1990) (USA).
2124:
2121:
2119:(1990) (USA).
2118:
2115:
2113:(1989) (USA).
2112:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2083:(1984) (USA).
2082:
2079:
2077:(1982) (USA).
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2059:(1974) (USA).
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2039:Nanchang J-12
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2017:(1965) (USA).
2016:
2013:
2010:
2009:Helwan HA-300
2007:
2005:(1964) (USA).
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1987:(1963) (USA).
1986:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1921:(1958) (USA).
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1867:(1956) (USA).
1866:
1863:
1861:(1956) (USA).
1860:
1857:
1855:(1956) (USA).
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1793:Convair XF-92
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1746:
1745:Atlas Cheetah
1743:
1742:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1481:
1480:Shenyang J-16
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1468:Shenyang J-15
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1456:Shenyang J-11
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1428:Fantan (1965)
1427:
1424:
1422:Farmer (1958)
1421:
1418:
1417:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1311:Tupolev Tu-28
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
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1083:Lockheed A-12
1080:
1075:
1073:
1061:(1981) (USSR)
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1049:(1969) (USSR)
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1037:(1959) (USSR)
1036:
1035:Tupolev Tu-22
1033:
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195:Sound barrier
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2669:Douglas 2229
2600:
2541:. Retrieved
2536:
2526:
2515:. Retrieved
2511:
2502:
2491:. Retrieved
2487:the original
2477:
2469:the original
2462:
2452:
2442:February 12,
2440:. Retrieved
2429:the original
2420:
2410:
2385:
2381:
2371:
2359:. Retrieved
2355:the original
2350:
2318:
2312:
2304:
2297:
2270:
2263:Bibliography
2183:SpaceShipOne
2153:Sukhoi Su-47
2147:Sukhoi Su-37
2111:Vought YA-7F
2089:(1986) (UK).
2081:Grumman X-29
1999:(1964) (UK).
1835:Nord Gerfaut
1739:South Africa
1474:Chengdu J-20
1450:Chengdu J-10
1438:Shenyang J-8
1426:Nanchang Q-5
1420:Shenyang J-6
1407:Sukhoi Su-57
1401:Sukhoi Su-35
1389:Sukhoi Su-34
1383:Sukhoi Su-30
1377:Sukhoi Su-33
1365:Sukhoi Su-27
1335:Sukhoi Su-24
1329:Sukhoi Su-17
1317:Sukhoi Su-15
1293:Sukhoi Su-11
1107:
1092:
1076:
1069:
1055:(1974) (USA)
1043:(1964) (USA)
1025:(1956) (USA)
1017:
1006:
1003:
995:
906:business jet
903:
900:
897:
866:Douglas 2229
819:
807:
779:
777:
747:
731:afterburners
722:
721:
706:
675:
628:
613:
576:
557:
541:
530:
521:
498:
495:
445:aerodynamics
442:
430:
417:nacelle drag
402:
378:
361:
354:
325:generates a
308:
304:
276:
260:
240:
223:Chuck Yeager
215:
208:
180:
160:aerodynamics
157:
153:Fighter jets
116:
114:
83:
74:
55:
2849:Quiet Spike
2819:Spike S-512
2654:Boeing 2707
2537:SPACE DAILY
2388:: 139–228.
2220:X-59 QueSST
2171:Boeing X-32
1963:Bristol 188
1951:Sukhoi T-49
1655:South Korea
1579:HESA Saeqeh
1432:Chengdu J-7
1287:Sukhoi Su-9
1281:Sukhoi Su-7
984:B-1B Lancer
914:Spike S-512
858:Boeing 2707
811:vortex lift
723:Supercruise
718:Supercruise
712:Supercruise
694:thunderclap
678:shock waves
537:shock waves
533:shock waves
466:shock waves
443:Supersonic
409:supercruise
390:afterburner
298:supersonic
172:shock waves
168:compression
123:capable of
77:August 2012
69:introducing
2732:Aerion SBJ
2727:Aerion AS2
2543:2018-06-30
2517:2020-07-14
2493:2015-09-04
2361:3 February
2258:References
2135:IAI Nammer
2051:Sukhoi T-4
1991:EWR VJ 101
1933:spaceplane
1889:Sukhoi P-1
1877:Sukhoi T-3
1642:IAI Nesher
1072:Sukhoi T-4
946:SpaceLiner
910:Aerion SBJ
727:supersonic
640:Sonic boom
634:Sonic boom
411:is needed
319:delta wing
176:sonic boom
137:Supersonic
107:using the
52:references
2839:Boom XB-1
2769:Airliners
2647:Airliners
2402:0376-0421
2189:NASA X-43
1997:BAC TSR-2
1981:programs.
1883:Leduc 022
1629:HAL Tejas
1444:Xian JH-7
824:France –
690:explosion
549:wave drag
505:Duralumin
454:transonic
385:turbojets
357:Duralumin
2880:Category
2866:Category
2762:projects
2640:projects
2638:Historic
2230:See also
2093:IAI Lavi
1811:Bell X-2
1781:Bell X-1
1726:Pakistan
1648:IAI Kfir
1110:fighters
803:Concorde
750:Concorde
702:bullwhip
583:Concorde
572:Concorde
509:titanium
472:and the
462:fuselage
413:turbojet
394:turbofan
267:Concorde
252:Concorde
211:Bell X-1
204:Bell X-1
145:Concorde
121:aircraft
111:in 2019.
2760:Current
1114:fourth-
605:airfoil
525:turbine
375:Engines
345:Heating
235:DFS 346
189:History
65:improve
32:Fastjet
2679:LAPCAT
2400:
2325:
2277:
1760:(1989)
1752:Taiwan
1747:(1986)
1734:(2003)
1721:(1994)
1708:(1974)
1695:(1968)
1682:(1954)
1669:(2022)
1663:(2002)
1650:(1973)
1644:(1971)
1636:Israel
1631:(2001)
1625:(1961)
1612:(1995)
1606:(1975)
1600:(1971)
1587:(2013)
1581:(2004)
1575:(1997)
1562:(1988)
1556:(1967)
1550:(1955)
1544:(1952)
1536:Sweden
1531:(1986)
1525:(1978)
1519:(1974)
1513:(1967)
1507:(1966)
1501:(1956)
1495:(1955)
1487:France
1482:(2012)
1464:(2005)
1458:(1998)
1440:(1969)
1409:(2010)
1403:(2008)
1397:(2007)
1391:(1990)
1385:(1989)
1379:(1987)
1373:(1977)
1367:(1977)
1361:(1975)
1355:(1971)
1349:(1970)
1343:(1967)
1337:(1967)
1331:(1966)
1325:(1964)
1319:(1962)
1313:(1961)
1307:(1960)
1301:(1958)
1295:(1958)
1289:(1956)
1283:(1955)
1277:(1955)
1271:(1953)
1258:(2006)
1252:(1997)
1246:(1995)
1240:(1986)
1234:(1978)
1228:(1974)
1222:(1972)
1216:(1970)
1210:(1965)
1204:(1959)
1198:(1959)
1192:(1958)
1186:(1958)
1180:(1956)
1174:(1955)
1168:(1955)
1162:(1954)
1156:(1954)
1150:(1954)
1144:(1953)
1138:(1953)
1132:(1951)
1118:fifth-
934:LAPCAT
698:bullet
433:ramjet
381:rocket
327:vortex
256:Tu-144
119:is an
54:, but
2289:Notes
1617:India
1592:Japan
1414:China
784:civil
782:is a
692:or a
686:sound
568:SR-71
339:flaps
331:stall
286:Wings
229:with
2606:list
2444:2015
2425:NASA
2398:ISSN
2363:2017
2323:ISBN
2275:ISBN
2224:NASA
1931:and
1567:Iran
1116:and
1101:and
1077:The
799:NASA
739:Mach
511:and
247:Mach
174:or "
158:The
135:1).
133:Mach
105:NASA
2434:PDF
2390:doi
562:or
254:or
2882::
2535:.
2510:.
2461:.
2423:.
2419:.
2396:.
2384:.
2380:.
2349:.
2337:^
1097:,
996:A
944:,
940:,
936:,
932:,
928:,
924:,
920:,
916:,
912:,
872:,
868:,
864:,
860:,
856:,
840:,
778:A
570:,
341:.
294:A
258:.
185:.
151:.
115:A
2577:e
2570:t
2563:v
2546:.
2520:.
2496:.
2446:.
2436:)
2432:(
2404:.
2392::
2386:8
2365:.
2331:.
2283:.
768:.
131:(
90:)
84:(
79:)
75:(
61:.
34:.
20:)
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