1073:. The speed limit of rail transport had been pushed so hard to enable it to effectively compete with road and air transport. But this achievement was not done for different rail operating companies to compete among themselves. This phenomenon also reduces the airline desirability of SSTs, because, for very long-distance transportation (a couple of thousand kilometers), competition between different modes of transport is rather like a single-horse race: air transport does not have a significant competitor. The only competition is between the airline companies, and they would rather pay moderately to reduce cost and increase service quality than pay much more for a speed increase. Also, for-profit companies generally prefer low risk business plans with high probabilities of appreciable profit, but an expensive leading-edge technological research and development program is a high-risk enterprise, as it is possible that the program will fail for unforeseeable technical reasons or will meet cost overruns so great as to force the company, due to financial resource limits, to abandon the effort before it yields any marketable SST technology, causing potentially all investment to be lost.
1039:
1057:
competitive advantage, even to the extent that many customers will willingly pay higher fares for the benefit of saving time and/or arriving sooner. However, Concorde's high noise levels around airports, time zone issues, and insufficient speed meant that only a single return trip could be made per day, so the extra speed was not an advantage to the airline other than as a selling feature to its customers. The proposed
American SSTs were intended to fly at Mach 3, partly for this reason. However, allowing for acceleration and deceleration time, a trans-Atlantic trip on a Mach 3 SST would be less than three times as fast as a Mach 1 trip.
1274:
526:
1259:
1224:
1839:
1177:
593:
67:
1299:
191:
4252:
650:. The efficiency curve of the fan design means that the amount of bypass that maximizes overall engine efficiency is a function of forward speed, which decreases from propellers, to fans, to no bypass at all as speed increases. Additionally, the large frontal area taken up by the low-pressure fan at the front of the engine increases drag, especially at supersonic speeds, and means the bypass ratios are much more limited than on subsonic aircraft.
4496:
785:, where the specific thrust (and therefore jet velocity and noise) is low at take-off, but is forced high during supersonic cruise. Transition between the two modes would occur at some point during the climb and back again during the descent (to minimize jet noise upon approach). The difficulty is devising a variable cycle engine configuration that meets the requirement for a low cross-sectional area during supersonic cruise.
982:
1982:
250:, stated to various magazines that an SST constructed of steel weighing 250,000 pounds (110,000 kg) could be developed for $ 160 million and in production lots of 200 or more sold for around $ 9 million. But it was the Anglo-French development of the Concorde that set off panic in the US industry, where it was thought that Concorde would soon replace all other long range designs, especially after
25:
522:), to the square of the airspeed and to the air density. Since drag rises rapidly with speed, a key priority of supersonic aircraft design is to minimize this force by lowering the coefficient of drag. This gives rise to the highly streamlined shapes of SSTs. To some extent, supersonic aircraft also manage drag by flying at higher altitudes than subsonic aircraft, where the air density is lower.
2913:
90:
545:). Around Mach 1, the peak coefficient of drag is four times that of subsonic drag. Above the transonic range, the coefficient drops drastically again, although remains 20% higher by Mach 2.5 than at subsonic speeds. Supersonic aircraft must have considerably more power than subsonic aircraft require to overcome this wave drag, and although cruising performance above
2921:
638:, it would have been much more competitive, though the 707 and DC-8 still carried more passengers. When these high bypass jet engines reached commercial service in the 1960s, subsonic jet engines immediately became much more efficient, closer to the efficiency of turbojets at supersonic speeds. One major advantage of the SST disappeared.
367:, and others, suggest that the drop in ozone would be at most, "no more" than 1 to 2% if a fleet of 500 supersonic aircraft operated. Fahey expressed that this would not be a fatal obstacle for an advanced SST development – while "a big caution flag... should not be a showstopper for advanced SST development" because "removing the
2890:
1198:(registration N9604Z) exceeded Mach 1 in a controlled dive during a test flight at Edwards Air Force Base. The crew were William Magruder (pilot), Paul Patten (copilot), Joseph Tomich (flight engineer), and Richard H. Edwards (flight test engineer). This is the first supersonic flight by a civilian airliner.
1687:
Design goals are a 4,200–5,300 nmi (7,800–9,800 km) range and a 9,500–10,500 ft (2,900–3,200 m) takeoff field length, a 75-80 PLdB sonic boom and a cruise of Mach 1.6–1.7 over land and Mach 1.7-1.8 over water. Twin tail-mounted nonafterburning 40,000 lbf (180 kN) engines
1430:
in Moscow a scale model of its
Supersonic Business Jet / Commercial Jet which should produce a low sonic boom permitting supersonic flight over land, optimised for 2,100 km/h (1,300 mph) cruise and 7,400–8,600 km (4,600–5,300 mi) range. The scientific research aims to optimise for
1201:
In total, 20 Concordes were built: two prototypes, two development aircraft and 16 production aircraft. Of the sixteen production aircraft, two did not enter commercial service and eight remained in service as of April 2003. All but two of these aircraft are preserved; the two that are not are F-BVFD
1064:
Supersonic aircraft have higher per-passenger fuel consumption than subsonic aircraft; this makes the ticket price necessarily higher, all other factors being equal, as well as making that price more sensitive to the price of oil. (It also makes supersonic flights less friendly to the environment and
826:
If the intensity of the boom can be reduced, then this may make even very large designs of supersonic aircraft acceptable for overland flight. Research suggests that changes to the nose cone and tail can reduce the intensity of the sonic boom below that needed to cause complaints. During the original
653:
For example, the early Tu-144S was fitted with a low bypass turbofan engine which was much less efficient than
Concorde's turbojets in supersonic flight. The later TU-144D featured turbojet engines with comparable efficiency. These limitations meant that SST designs were not able to take advantage of
1767:
transports using wings), would use a very large amount of propellant and operate best at speeds between about Mach 8 and orbital speeds. Rockets compete best with air-breathing jet engines on cost at very long range; however, even for antipodal travel, costs would be only somewhat lower than orbital
1474:
is a self-funded twinjet design aiming to cruise at Mach 1.6 over water for 6,200 nmi (11,500 km; 7,100 mi) with 22 passengers in a windowless cabin, with unspecified 20,000 lbf (89 kN) engines. A SX-1.2-scale model should have made its maiden flight in
September 2017 before
1388:
revealed that it is in the development phases of building a 40-passenger supersonic jet capable of flying Mach 1.7, claiming that the design simulation shows that it will be quieter and 30% more efficient than the
Concorde and will be able to fly Los Angeles to Sydney in 6 hours. It is planned to go
431:
Concorde only sold to
British Airways and Air France, with subsidized purchases that were to return 80% of the profits to the government. In practice for almost all of the length of the arrangement, there was no profit to be shared. After Concorde was privatized, cost reduction measures (notably the
186:
rates of the aircraft, at least on medium and long-range flights where the aircraft spends a considerable amount of time in cruise. SST designs flying at least three times as fast as existing subsonic transports were possible, and would thus be able to replace as many as three planes in service, and
1707:
was founded with the goal of developing a 70-passenger supersonic jet capable of flying Mach 1.8 and with a range of 5,000 nmi (9,300 km; 5,800 mi). The company aims to introduce the jet commercially in the 2030s. In April 2021, Exosonic was awarded a contract to develop a supersonic
1060:
Since SSTs produce sonic booms at supersonic speeds they are rarely permitted to fly supersonic over land, and must fly supersonic over sea instead. Since they are inefficient at subsonic speeds compared to subsonic aircraft, range is deteriorated and the number of routes that the aircraft can fly
1056:
Airlines potentially value very fast aircraft, because it enables the aircraft to make more flights per day, providing a higher return on investment. Also, passengers generally prefer faster, shorter-duration trips to slower, longer-duration trips, so operating faster aircraft can give an airline a
764:
Nevertheless, fuel costs are not the bulk of the price for most subsonic aircraft passenger tickets. For the transatlantic business market that SST aircraft were utilized for, Concorde was actually very successful, and was able to sustain a higher ticket price. Now that commercial SST aircraft have
399:
Along with shifting political considerations, the flying public continued to show interest in high-speed ocean crossings. This started additional design studies in the US, under the name "AST" (Advanced
Supersonic Transport). Lockheed's SCV was a new design for this category, while Boeing continued
362:
of explosive energy being released in 1962, so therefore the equivalent amount of NOx from "1047" Concordes flying "10 hours a day", would likewise, not be unprecedented. In 1981 models and observations were still irreconcilable. More recent computer models in 1995 by David W. Fahey, an atmospheric
1349:
was proposed as a 12-seat trijet, with a range of 4,750 nmi (8,800 km; 5,470 mi) at Mach 1.4 over water or 5,300 nmi (9,800 km; 6,100 mi) at Mach 0.95 over land, although "boomless" Mach 1.1 flight was claimed to be possible. Backed by Airbus and with 20 launch orders
1068:
Investing in research and development work to design a new SST can be considered as an effort to push the speed limit of air transport. Generally, other than an urge for new technological achievement, the major driving force for such an effort is competitive pressure from other modes of transport.
856:
The aerodynamic design of a supersonic aircraft needs to change with its speed for optimal performance. Thus, an SST would ideally change shape during flight to maintain optimal performance at both subsonic and supersonic speeds. Such a design would introduce complexity which increases maintenance
760:
Higher fuel costs and lower passenger capacities due to the aerodynamic requirement for a narrow fuselage make SSTs an expensive form of commercial civil transportation compared with subsonic aircraft. For example, the Boeing 747 can carry more than three times as many passengers as
Concorde while
1466:
third-scale testbed should fly in 2018 as the powerplant is selected for a 45/55-seat trijet airliner reaching Mach 2.2 over water for 9,000 nmi (17,000 km; 10,000 mi) with one stop for a business-class fare. Aiming for 2023 deliveries, it received 10 commitments from Virgin and 15
177:
of subsonic aircraft. This implies that for any given required amount of lift, the aircraft will have to supply about twice the thrust, leading to considerably greater fuel use. This effect is pronounced at speeds close to the speed of sound, as the aircraft is using twice the thrust to travel at
910:
Subsonic aircraft are usually made of aluminium. However aluminium, while being light and strong, is not able to withstand temperatures much over 127 °C; above 127 °C the aluminium gradually loses its properties that were brought about by age hardening. For aircraft that fly at Mach 3,
1743:
While conventional turbo and ramjet engines are able to remain reasonably efficient up to Mach 5.5, some ideas for very high-speed flight above Mach 6 are also sometimes discussed, with the aim of reducing travel times down to one or two hours anywhere in the world. These vehicle proposals very
967:
The high per-passenger takeoff weight makes it difficult to obtain a good fuel fraction. This issue, along with the challenge presented by supersonic lift/drag ratios, greatly limits the range of supersonic transports. Because long-distance routes were not a viable option, airlines had little
811:
The annoyance of a sonic boom can be avoided by waiting until the aircraft is at high altitude over water before reaching supersonic speeds; this was the technique used by
Concorde. However, it precludes supersonic flight over populated areas. Supersonic aircraft have poor lift/drag ratios at
773:
Extreme jet velocities used during take-off caused
Concorde and Tu-144s to produce significant take-off noise. Communities near the airport were affected by high engine noise levels, which prompted some regulators to disfavor the practice. SST engines need a fairly high specific thrust (net
694:
are much stronger for their weight (important to deal with stresses) as well as being more rigid. As per-seat weight of the structure is much higher in an SST design, structural improvements would have led to a greater proportional improvement than the same changes in a subsonic aircraft.
423:, the fan concept is difficult to use at supersonic speeds where the "proper" bypass is about 0.45, as opposed to 2.0 or higher for subsonic designs. For both of these reasons the SST designs were doomed by higher operational costs, and the AST programs vanished by the early 1980s.
1069:
Competition between different service providers within a mode of transport does not typically lead to such technological investments to increase the speed. Instead, the service providers prefer to compete in service quality and cost. An example of this phenomenon is
435:
Since Concorde stopped flying, it has been revealed that over the life of Concorde, the plane did prove profitable, at least to British Airways. Concorde operating costs over nearly 28 years of operation were approximately £1 billion, with revenues of £1.75 billion.
847:
When it comes to public policy, for example, the FAA prohibits commercial airplanes from flying at supersonic speeds above sovereign land governed by the United States because of the negative impact the sonic boom brings to humans and animal populations below.
155:
during flight), high development costs, expensive construction materials, high fuel consumption, extremely high emissions, and an increased cost per seat over subsonic airliners. However, despite these challenges, Concorde claimed it operated profitably.
299:
warned that a fleet of 500 SSTs flying at 65,000 ft (20 km) for a period of years could raise stratospheric water content by as much as 50% to 100%. According to Train, this could lead to greater ground-level heat and hamper the formation of
839:
aircraft was flown which proved the soundness of the design and demonstrated the capability of reducing the boom by about half. Even lengthening the vehicle (without significantly increasing the weight) would seem to reduce the boom intensity (see
674:
to a greater differential than subsonic aircraft, which do not operate at the high altitudes necessary for supersonic flight. These factors together meant that the empty weight per seat of Concorde is more than three times that of a Boeing 747.
641:
Turbofan engines improve efficiency by increasing the amount of cold low-pressure air they accelerate, using some of the energy normally used to accelerate hot air in the classic non-bypass turbojet. The ultimate expression of this design is the
262:
designs, to produce an even more advanced, larger, faster and longer ranged design. The Boeing 2707 design was eventually selected for continued work, with design goals of ferrying around 300 passengers and having a cruising speed near to
869:
of about 4) at slow speed, but it travelled at high speed for most of the flight. Designers of Concorde spent 5000 hours optimizing the vehicle shape in wind tunnel tests to maximize the overall performance over the entire flightplan.
1789:
are jet engines with a heat exchanger at the inlet that cools the air at very high speeds. These engines may be practical and efficient at up to about Mach 5.5, and this is an area of research in Europe and Japan. The British company
1853:
2018 conference a Mach 6 (6,500 km/h; 3,500 kn) passenger airliner. Crossing the Atlantic in 2 hours or the Pacific in 3 at 100,000 ft (30 km) would enable same-day return flights, increasing airlines' asset
414:
Another problem was that the wide range of speeds over which an SST operates makes it difficult to improve engines. While subsonic engines had made great strides in increased efficiency through the 1960s with the introduction of the
1209:
A total of sixteen airworthy Tupolev Tu-144s were built; a seventeenth Tu-144 (reg. 77116) was never completed. There was also at least one ground test airframe for static testing in parallel with the prototype 68001 development.
556:(L/D ratio) of the wings. At supersonic speeds, airfoils generate lift in an entirely different manner than at subsonic speeds, and are invariably less efficient. For this reason, considerable research has been put into designing
245:
In the early 1960s, various executives of US aerospace companies were telling the US public and Congress that there were no technical reasons an SST could not be produced. In April 1960, Burt C Monesmith, a vice president with
568:
has an L/D ratio of 17). Because an aircraft's design must provide enough lift to overcome its own weight, a reduction of its L/D ratio at supersonic speeds requires additional thrust to maintain its airspeed and altitude.
97:
was the first SST to enter service and the first to leave it. Only 55 passenger flights were carried out before service ended due to safety concerns. A small number of cargo and test flights were also carried out after its
379:
Despite the model-observation discrepancy surrounding the ozone concern, in the mid-1970s, six years after its first supersonic test flight, Concorde was now ready for service. The US political outcry was so high that
588:
is greater at higher speeds. Because their speed over the ground is greater, this decrease in efficiency is less than proportional to speed until well above Mach 2, and the consumption per unit distance is lower.
860:
In practice all supersonic transports have used essentially the same shape for subsonic and supersonic flight, and a compromise in performance is chosen, often to the detriment of low speed flight. For example,
827:
SST efforts in the 1960s, it was suggested that careful shaping of the fuselage of the aircraft could reduce the intensity of the sonic boom's shock waves that reach the ground. One design caused the
403:
By this time, the economics of past SST concepts were no longer reasonable. When first designed, the SSTs were envisioned to compete with long-range aircraft seating 80 to 100 passengers such as the
304:. In relation to stratospheric water and its potential to increase ground temperatures, although not mentioning Concorde as the source of the "recent decline in water vapor is unknown", in 2010 the
1458:
convention in Las Vegas, with NASA supporting only research, various companies faced engineering challenges to propose aircraft with no engine available, variable top speeds and operating models:
230:
that included Mach 1.6 double-ogee wing and Mach 1.2 delta-wing with separate tail and four under-wing engine configurations. Avro's team moved to the UK where its design formed the basis of
3933:
1290:, the market for supersonic airliners costing $ 200 million could be 1,300 over a 10-year period, worth $ 260 billion. Development and certification is probably a $ 4 billion operation.
3642:
1281:
The desire for a second-generation supersonic aircraft has remained within some elements of the aviation industry, and several concepts have emerged since the retirement of Concorde.
432:
closing of the metallurgical wing testing site which had done enough temperature cycles to validate the aircraft through to 2010) and ticket price raises led to substantial profits.
3108:
2860:
2669:
1633:
by early 2019. The FAA should make a proposition for landing-and-takeoff noise before March 31, 2020, for a rule after 2022; and for overland sonic boom from the end of 2020, while
654:
the dramatic improvements in fuel economy that high bypass engines brought to the subsonic market, but they were already more efficient than their subsonic turbofan counterparts.
384:
banned the plane. This threatened the aircraft's economic prospects — it had been built with the London–New York route in mind. The plane was allowed into Washington, D.C. (at
1407:. NASA should fly a low-boom demonstrator in 2019, reduced from double bangs to soft thumps by airframe shaping, to inquire community response, in support of a prospective
1085:(ICCT) estimates a SST would burn 5 to 7 times as much fuel per passenger. The ICCT shows that a New York to London supersonic flight would consume more than twice as much
151:
Supersonic airliners have been the objects of numerous recent ongoing design studies. Drawbacks and design challenges are excessive noise generation (at takeoff and due to
3054:
2360:
2342:
1725:
In April 2024, Boom received FAA licensure for Mach 1 and beyond tests of its XB-1 to be conducted at the Black Mountain Supersonic Corridor, in Mojave, California.
3458:
1104:
If there were 2,000 SSTs in 2035, there would be 5,000 flights per day at 160 airports and the SST fleet would emit ~96 million metric tons of CO₂ per year (like
1097:, and three times as much as subsonic business for Los Angeles to Sydney. Designers can either meet existing environmental standards with advanced technology or
169:
Throughout the 1950s an SST looked possible from a technical standpoint, but it was not clear if it could be made economically viable. Because of differences in
1621:
planned noise standards for supersonic transports, giving developers a regulatory certainty for their designs, mostly their engine choice. Rules for supersonic
881:
to give higher efficiency at low speeds, but the increased space required for such a feature produced capacity problems that proved ultimately insurmountable.
3171:
2160:
1870:. A reusable demonstrator could be flown as early as 2023 or 2024 for a potential entry into service from the late 2030s. Aerodynamics would benefit from the
1354:
was selected in May 2017 for a joint engine study. In May 2021 the company announced that they would be ceasing operations due to inability to raise capital.
46:
1168:
would be heard in Canada, Germany, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Romania, Turkey, and parts of the United States, up to 150–200 per day or one every five minutes.
144:
Following the permanent cessation of flying by Concorde, there are no remaining SSTs in commercial service. However, several companies have each proposed a
3149:
666:
problems, which require heavier structures to minimize unwanted flexing. SSTs also require a much stronger (and therefore heavier) structure because their
3309:
2819:
1850:
392:), and the service was so popular that New Yorkers were soon complaining because they did not have it. It was not long before Concorde was flying into
792:
was not thought to be a serious issue due to the high altitudes at which the planes flew, but experiments in the mid-1960s such as the controversial
234:'s designs. By the early 1960s, the designs had progressed to the point where the go-ahead for production was given, but costs were so high that the
3079:
1322:, the Japan Aerospace eXploration Agency, undertook aerodynamic testing of a scale model of an airliner designed to carry 300 passengers at Mach 2 (
823:
of 1.94 lb/sq ft (93 Pa) (133 dBA SPL). Overpressures over 1.5 lb/sq ft (72 Pa) (131 dBA SPL) often cause complaints.
3710:
3492:
3621:
3227:
1779:
concept, cruising at Mach 4 (4,400 km/h; 2,400 kn) at 105,000 ft (32,000 m) and attracting Japanese interest. The German
935:) have been used, at considerable increase in expense, as the properties of these materials make the aircraft much more difficult to manufacture.
4288:
3290:
364:
305:
3966:
3346:
3855:
2220:
1419:
X-plane will mimic the shockwave signature of a Mach 1.6 to 1.8, 80- to 100-seat airliner for 75 PNLdB compared with 105 PNLdB for Concorde.
1082:
313:
1132:
exposed area around airports could double compared to existing subsonic aircraft of the same size, with more than 300 operations per day at
452:. Commercial service was suspended until November 2001, and Concorde aircraft were retired in 2003 after 27 years of commercial operations.
778:
drag. Unfortunately this implies a high jet velocity, which makes the engines noisy, particularly at low speeds/altitudes and at take-off.
182:
effect is reduced as the aircraft accelerates to higher speeds. Offsetting this increase in fuel use was the potential to greatly increase
3100:
2677:
1318:—announced that it was considering working with Japanese companies to develop a larger, faster replacement for Concorde. In October 2005,
3808:
3753:
2954:
2785:
662:
Supersonic vehicle speeds demand narrower wing and fuselage designs, and are subject to greater stresses and temperatures. This leads to
3541:
2800:
340:
2237:
33:
1642:
1412:
1266:
831:
to interfere with each other, greatly reducing the sonic boom. This was difficult to test at the time, but the increasing power of
3885:
2868:
3433:
3328:
3204:
2758:
385:
148:, small SSTs has less environment impact and improved with modern technologies, which may bring supersonic transport back again.
3364:
3062:
2368:
1455:
961:
343:. However, while many purely theoretical models were indicating the potential for large ozone losses from SST nitrogen oxides (
2657:
1440:
816:
are employed), and hence burn more fuel, which results in their use being economically disadvantageous on such flight paths.
393:
336:
2483:
1238:
4171:
1323:
2935:
4281:
4181:
3821:
3734:
2580:
2466:
1806:, potentially capable of flying at Mach 5+ nonstop from Brussels to Sydney in 4.6 hours. The follow-on research effort,
1776:
1331:
630:" engines) had not yet been deployed on subsonic aircraft. Had Concorde entered service against earlier designs like the
3607:
358:
to serve as a guide and means of comparison, observing that no detectable ozone loss was evident from approximately 213
3959:
3798:
2838:
1319:
585:
2699:
Yi Zeng; Dini Wang; Xiang Xiong; Xun Zhang; Philip J. Withers; Wei Sun; Matthew Smith; Mingwen Bai; Ping Xiao (2017).
2391:
1181:
1116:
combined in 2017), 1.6 to 2.4 gigatonnes of CO₂ over their 25-year lifetime: one-fifth of the international aviation
1025:
3472:
2311:
2185:
1007:
580:
design shifts significantly between supersonic and subsonic aircraft. Jet engines, as a class, can supply increased
3179:
2417:
448:
crashed shortly after take-off with all 109 occupants and four on ground killed; the only fatal incident involving
1396:
to allow supersonic flight over land. In 2016, NASA announced it had signed a contract for the design of a modern
254:
took out purchase options on the Concorde. Congress was soon funding an SST design effort, selecting the existing
4448:
1665:
1345:
supersonic business jet. In late 2010, the project continued with a testbed flight of a section of the wing. The
836:
3668:
4524:
4349:
4274:
4256:
4127:
3811:(extract from article on civil engine market, including discussion of SST). Jane's. August 2006. Archived from
1358:
992:
793:
483:
82:
2621:
1722:
NASA is working with 2 teams led by Boeing and Northrop Grumman on developing concepts for a Mach 4 airliner.
1365:
that is to cruise at Mach 1.6, and is to create a sonic boom only 1% as strong as that generated by Concorde.
560:
for sustained supersonic cruise. At about Mach 2, a typical wing design will cut its L/D ratio in half (e.g.,
4500:
3952:
1680:, featuring an almost 70 ft (21 m) long nose and a 78 ft (24 m) cabin. The sharply swept
686:. Modern, advanced materials were not to come out of development for a few decades. These materials, such as
3555:
4089:
3852:"Advanced Concept Studies for Supersonic Commercial Transports Entering Service in the 2018 to 2020 Period"
2361:"Increase in supersonic jets could be threat to ozone U-2 plane trails Concorde, studies exhaust particles"
2142:
2124:
2106:
2088:
2070:
619:
207:
411:
carrying four times that, the speed and fuel advantages of the SST concept were taken away by sheer size.
4529:
4471:
4234:
3996:
3076:
2640:
2607:
2054:
1995:
1638:
1416:
1404:
1397:
1189:
1133:
355:
288:
3775:
808:). By 1964, whether civilian supersonic aircraft would be licensed was unclear, because of the problem.
202:
were entering service. In Britain and France, government-subsidized SST programs quickly settled on the
4539:
4534:
4176:
4064:
1825:
300-passenger airliner capable to fly at about 10,000 km/h (Mach 8) above 30 km of altitude.
1038:
491:
251:
3515:
891:. By lowering the outer panels of the wings at high Mach numbers, they were able to take advantage of
1966:, being able to cross the Atlantic four or five times a day, up from a possible twice a day with the
235:
3864:
1756:
have also been proposed. There are many difficulties with such flight, both technical and economic.
1206:
outside Paris on July 25, 2000, killing 100 passengers, 9 crew members, and 4 people on the ground.
4397:
1791:
1657:
1564:
1086:
3246:
1202:(cn 211), parked as a spare-parts source in 1982 and scrapped in 1994, and F-BTSC (cn 203), which
4359:
4329:
4196:
4109:
3459:"Virgin Galactic debuts design of future Mach 3 high-speed aircraft, signs deal with Rolls-Royce"
2576:
2203:
1814:
1753:
1003:
884:
765:
stopped flying, it has become clearer that Concorde made substantial profit for British Airways.
325:
321:
317:
145:
38:
3689:
3581:
774:
thrust/airflow) during supersonic cruise, to minimize engine cross-sectional area and, thereby,
371:
of the " would essentially eliminate the hypothesized 1%–2% ozone-destruction-reaction-pathway.
316:
10%, with Susan Solomon of NOAA calculating that it is this change which is responsible for the
4428:
4132:
2971:
1911:
1673:
1603:
1334:). If pursued to commercial deployment, it would be expected to be in service around 2020–25.
1273:
1203:
557:
487:
460:
445:
3812:
1783:
is a suborbital hypersonic winged passenger spaceplane project under preliminary development.
999:
198:
Serious work on SST designs started in the mid-1950s, when the first generation of supersonic
4297:
4079:
3585:
2550:
1871:
1149:
958:
904:
832:
782:
525:
1258:
1061:
non-stop is reduced. This also reduces the desirability of such aircraft for most airlines.
907:
compresses the air in front of it. The increased temperature of the air heats the aircraft.
133:. The last passenger flight of the Tu-144 was in June 1978 and it was last flown in 1999 by
4443:
4433:
4312:
2712:
2701:"Ablation-resistant carbide Zr0.8Ti0.2C0.74B0.26 for oxidizing environments up to 3,000 °C"
2268:
1963:
1883:
1786:
1467:
from an undisclosed European airline in 2016, totalling 76 from five airlines by June 2017;
1161:
368:
295:
and all overland commercial supersonic flight was banned over the US. Presidential advisor
247:
2658:
https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/supersonic-flight-recommendations.pdf
1400:
1241:. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
349:
8:
4409:
4334:
4099:
3991:
1802:
1800:, which examined a design for a hydrogen-fueled plane carrying 300 passengers called the
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in Germany is the only location where both Concorde and the Tu-144 are displayed together
1141:
813:
512:
215:
118:
3027:
2716:
4054:
3643:"Swiss Hypersonic Startup Destinus Appears Destined For Same Path As U.S. Counterparts"
3131:
2735:
2700:
2260:
1855:
1277:
Boeing concept presented to NASA Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate in April 2010
1113:
866:
635:
553:
331:
Later, an additional threat to the ozone was hypothesized as a result of the exhaust's
174:
3622:"This hypersonic airliner would take you from Los Angeles to Tokyo in under two hours"
1838:
1475:
a manned testbed in 2019 and the prototype in 2021, with market availability for 2023.
1065:
sustainability, two growing concerns of the general public, including air travelers.)
3898:
3794:
3101:"Aerion Supersonic shuts down, ending plans to build silent high speed business jets"
2740:
1738:
1157:
1145:
1121:
1105:
464:
678:
Concorde and the TU-144 were both constructed of conventional aluminum: Concorde of
173:
generation, aircraft operating at supersonic speeds have approximately one-half the
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1955:
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211:
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between 2,000 and 7,000 miles (3,200 and 11,300 km), including 72 million in
592:
137:. Concorde's last commercial flight was in October 2003, with a November 26, 2003
4204:
4074:
3892:. The trials and tribulations of trying to resurrect supersonic passenger travel.
3788:
3083:
2914:"Partnership gears up for Concorde sequel; British, French firms sign plane pact"
2487:
1987:
1907:
1712:
1614:
1392:
For its economic viability, NASA research since 2006 has focused on reducing the
1385:
1373:
1362:
1302:
1/10-scale model of a McDonnell Douglas Mach 2.2 transport in 1992, part of NASA
1262:
1137:
1109:
1070:
912:
841:
805:
596:
581:
309:
255:
231:
2418:
A Technique for Integrating Engine Cycle and Aircraft Configuration Optimization
1676:(XVS). The 225 ft (69 m) long design is significantly longer than the
615:
4466:
4384:
4339:
4137:
4094:
4019:
3986:
2445:
2020:
1947:
1939:
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801:
671:
663:
508:
479:
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332:
130:
122:
115:
94:
3832:
3077:"More details emerge on the $ 80 million Aerion Supersonic Business Jet."
2586:
1688:
are located between V-tails. Integrated low-noise propulsion include advanced
812:
subsonic speeds as compared to subsonic aircraft (unless technologies such as
549:
speed is more efficient, it is still less efficient than flying subsonically.
4518:
4166:
4084:
2839:"Noise and climate impacts of an unconstrained commercial supersonic network"
2524:
1764:
1693:
1494:
1427:
1286:
1117:
1094:
945:
coating material was discovered which could resist temperatures occurring at
646:, where almost all of the jet thrust is used to power a very large fan – the
468:
66:
2510:
2319:
2294:
2238:"Nitrogen Oxides, Nuclear Weapon Testing, Concorde and Stratospheric Ozone.
1350:
from Flexjet, first deliveries were pushed back from 2023 by two years when
895:
on the underside of the aircraft. This improved the L/D ratio by about 30%.
4392:
4059:
3715:
3711:"A passenger aircraft that flies around the world at Mach 9? Sure, why not"
3145:
3055:"Orders for Aerion's Concorde executive jet are more than $ 3 billion"
2744:
1919:
1879:
1867:
1669:
1444:
1195:
1153:
820:
687:
467:, and a third which had taken off from Heathrow on a loop flight over the
420:
239:
170:
138:
3690:"Venus Aerospace unveils its new dart-like Mach 9 hypersonic plane design"
4239:
4209:
4044:
3001:
2000:
1931:
1895:
1689:
1649:
1622:
1607:
1471:
1436:
1351:
946:
874:
828:
623:
542:
284:
264:
259:
223:
4266:
3493:"Is a Mach 4 Passenger Jet Possible? NASA, Industry Explore Idea – NASA"
3473:"Virgin Galactic unveils Mach 3 design for supersonic passenger flights"
2725:
1958:
a higher risk. Mach 6 was chosen as the limit achievable with available
1684:
has a 73 ft (22 m) span, slightly narrower than the Concorde.
190:
4369:
4344:
4122:
4117:
3944:
3876:
3407:
3150:"This Aerospace Company Wants to Bring Supersonic Civilian Travel Back"
1959:
1863:
1780:
1716:
1681:
1668:
design; integrated low-noise propulsion; swept-wing supersonic natural
1661:
1448:
1393:
1346:
1342:
1165:
932:
878:
789:
718:
679:
631:
577:
565:
408:
404:
280:
203:
152:
78:
3923:
3865:"Supersonic jets can fly from New York to L.A. in 2.5 hours (or less)"
3754:"Hypersonic airliner "may not be as hard as people think": Boeing CTO"
3264:
1610:
projects 13 million would be interested in supersonic transport then.
4414:
4229:
3851:
3694:
3477:
2836:
2786:"Environmental performance of emerging supersonic transport aircraft"
2784:
Kharina, Anastasia; MacDonald, Tim; Rutherford, Dan (July 17, 2018).
2299:. AAAS Sy~posium, Toronto, January 1981 – via escholarship.org.
2256:
2113:. (Spokane, Washington). Associated Press. March 26, 1971. p. 1.
1875:
1794:, with 50% EU money, has been engaged in a research programme called
1697:
1595:
1591:
1432:
683:
647:
643:
610:, England shows the slender fuselage necessary for supersonic flight.
546:
538:
534:
359:
312:
levels in the 1980s and 1990s were higher than that in the 2000s, by
2698:
1890:
at slower speeds, and avoiding afterburners on takeoff would reduce
1835:, and Venus Aerospace are developing hypersonic passenger aircraft.
1656:, a Mach 1.8, transpacific airliner concept for 40 passenger. Lower
1435:
and Mach 1.5–2.0 supersonic speeds, a similar design is tested in a
1298:
1010:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
533:
As speeds approach the speed of sound, the additional phenomenon of
4458:
4418:
4364:
4354:
4321:
4014:
3669:"Why a Mach 5 passenger plane is a crazy idea that might just work"
3626:
3516:"Boom's XB-1 test plane gets FAA green light for supersonic flight"
2801:"NBAA: Supersonic flight may be feasible – but can Earth stand it?"
2470:
2107:"Boeing will lay off 7,000 workers with disbandment of SST program"
1967:
1951:
1899:
1859:
1828:
1749:
1704:
1677:
1648:
In June 2019, inspired by the NASA quiet supersonic initiative and
1539:
1098:
1042:
924:
862:
667:
627:
599:
561:
449:
416:
389:
287:. Both problems impacted the thinking of lawmakers, and eventually
126:
71:
3934:"U.S. and Europe clash over global supersonic jet noise standards"
1715:
with Rolls-Royce unveiled the concept of a Mach 3 capable twinjet
4186:
2891:"French transport chief speculates about new-generation Concorde"
1935:
1915:
1832:
942:
939:
775:
607:
3382:
2343:"24 Will commercial supersonic aircraft damage the ozone layer?"
1759:
Rocket-engined vehicles, while technically practical (either as
529:
Qualitative variation in Cd factor with Mach number for aircraft
24:
4423:
4069:
3831:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from
1954:. Cruising at 90,000–100,000 feet (27,000–30,000 m) makes
1930:, and a bypass duct around the turbine engine to a combination
1927:
1923:
1903:
1846:
1796:
1745:
1338:
1315:
920:
691:
268:
219:
183:
3434:"Exclusive look at designs for US supersonic presidential jet"
3205:"NASA Begins Work to Build a Quieter Supersonic Passenger Jet"
2837:
Dan Rutherford; Brandon Graver; Chen Chen (January 30, 2019).
2186:""Environment: SST: Boon or Boom-Doggie?", Time, June 1, 1970"
1906:
at Mach 6 would avoid the need for a scramjet, similar to the
1818:
1423:
928:
301:
242:
eventually merged their efforts in 1962 to produce Concorde.
75:
2972:
https://www.nasa.gov/langley/100/designing-a-plane-for-speed
2936:"Potential Mach 2.2 Airliner Market Pegged At $ 260 Billion"
121:
designed to transport passengers at speeds greater than the
1634:
1501:
1341:
Corporation had $ 3 billion of pre-order sales on its
1311:
957:
The range of supersonic aircraft can be estimated with the
797:
134:
3329:"Noise Standards One Key To Comeback Of Supersonic Flight"
2783:
267:. The Soviet Union set out to produce its own design, the
187:
thereby lower costs in terms of manpower and maintenance.
125:. To date, the only SSTs to see regular service have been
3786:
3673:
2204:"Stratospheric Water Vapor is a Global Warming Wild Card"
1630:
1618:
1408:
537:
appears. This is a powerful form of drag that begins at
344:
227:
89:
2131:. (Oregon). Associated Press. March 25, 1971. p. 1.
2095:. (Oregon). Associated Press. March 24, 1971. p. 1.
2043:
Cold War Tech War: The Politics of America's Air Defense
335:, a threat that was, in 1974, seemingly validated by an
3899:"Review and prospect of supersonic business jet design"
3822:"Fundamental Aeronautics Program – Supersonics Project"
3542:"Paris: EADS details near-hypersonic transport concept"
1894:. The Boeing hypersonic airliner would be powered by a
283:
and the potential for its engine exhaust to damage the
3310:"FAA Rulemakings Will Pave Way for New Supersonic Era"
2820:"Supersonic Future Remains Uncertain, Says New Report"
2242:
244, 545 – 551 (31 August 1973); doi:10.1038/244545a0"
279:
The SST was seen as particularly offensive due to its
271:, which the western press nicknamed the "Concordski".
3347:"Lockheed Martin adds momentum for supersonic travel"
507:
For all vehicles traveling through air, the force of
3365:"Lockheed Martin Floats Supersonic Airliner Concept"
2584:
1977:
835:
has since made this considerably easier. In 2003, a
3886:"11 Outlandish Attempts To Build The Next Concorde"
2125:"SST supporters see little chance of reviving plan"
3728:
3726:
3358:
3356:
3291:"Spike: Supersonic Market To Draw 13M Pax by 2025"
2955:"The dream of resuming supersonic flight ramps up"
1101:policymakers to establish new standards for SSTs.
781:Therefore, a future SST might well benefit from a
474:By the end of the 20th century, projects like the
3165:
3163:
2446:"Did Concorde make a profit for British Airways?"
2149:. (Bend, Oregon). UPI. March 25, 1971. p. 1.
2077:. (Bend, Oregon). UPI. March 24, 1971. p. 1.
887:had an unusual approach to this problem with the
4516:
3932:Lampert, Allison; Freed, Jamie (July 12, 2018).
2788:. International Council on Clean Transportation.
2071:"Senators reject more funds for transport plane"
1821:and universities) with the goal of developing a
3745:
3723:
3539:
3353:
2854:
2852:
2389:
1918:at higher speeds. It would be integrated in an
1862:airframe, its capacity would be smaller than a
365:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
306:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
3320:
3238:
3160:
3132:"Supersonic jet promises to fly nearly silent"
857:needs, operations costs, and safety concerns.
564:managed a ratio of 7.14, whereas the subsonic
4282:
3960:
3897:Sun, Yicheng; Smith, Howard (December 2016).
3856:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
3052:
3002:"Japan, France working on new supersonic jet"
2830:
2676:. April 23, 1964. p. 649. Archived from
2045:, pp. 226–9. Burlington: Apogee Books, 2008.
1719:aircraft that can carry up to 19 passengers.
1083:International Council on Clean Transportation
761:using approximately the same amount of fuel.
455:The last regular passenger flights landed at
218:proposed a more radical design, the Mach 1.2
3931:
3735:"Boeing Unveils Hypersonic Airliner Concept"
3257:
3228:"TsAGI Plans ICAO Chapter 14-compliant SSBJ"
3219:
2861:"I Was There: When the DC-8 Went Supersonic"
2858:
2849:
1934:/ramjet at the rear. It would need advanced
1439:while the engines are conceptualised at the
354:" turned to historical ozone monitoring and
2484:"Aerodynamic Database: Lift-to-Drag Ratios"
1641:low-boom flight demonstrator from 2021 for
949:or above, perhaps as high as 3000 °C.
4495:
4289:
4275:
3967:
3953:
3862:
3819:
3556:"LAPCAT aims at supersonic civil aviation"
3431:
3362:
3092:
2517:
2415:
2055:"Here's A Peek At Tomorrow's Huge Planes."
1810:began in 2008 and was to last four years.
1708:jet which could be used as Air Force One.
971:
552:Another issue in supersonic flight is the
341:United States Department of Transportation
291:dropped funding for the US SST program in
4296:
3922:
3513:
3089:, July 26, 2010. Retrieved July 28, 2010.
2734:
2724:
2613:
2440:
2438:
2416:Geiselhart, Karl A. (February 21, 1994).
1813:STRATOFLY MR3 is an EU research program (
1026:Learn how and when to remove this message
324:by about 25 percent when compared to the
274:
81:, a slender fuselage and four underslung
3974:
3896:
3540:Kaminski-Morrow, David (June 19, 2011).
3225:
3129:
2798:
2503:NASA SP-472 Supersonic Cruise Technology
2292:
1837:
1581:200–270 kN (45,000–60,000 lbf)
1297:
1272:
1267:Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate
1257:
1237:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1175:
1037:
591:
584:at supersonic speeds, even though their
524:
189:
88:
65:
49:of all important aspects of the article.
3863:Hargreaves, Steve (November 26, 2014).
3751:
3326:
3244:
3172:"Problems Aerospace Still Has To Solve"
3169:
2952:
2340:
2312:"SST Emissions Cut Stratospheric Ozone"
2293:Johnston, Harold S. (January 2, 1981).
2117:
1728:
1076:
350:Nitrogen Oxides, Nuclear Weapon Testing
16:Airliner faster than the speed of sound
4517:
3883:
3732:
3708:
3666:
3199:
3197:
3098:
2817:
2641:"NASA Dryden Fact Sheet – Sonic Booms"
2500:
2435:
2390:O'Ceallaigh, John (January 21, 2016).
2309:
2165:Electronic Code of Federal Regulations
2161:"FAR 91.817 Civil aircraft sonic boom"
2099:
2081:
1629:certification will be proposed by the
407:, but with newer aircraft such as the
45:Please consider expanding the lead to
4270:
3948:
3307:
3288:
3144:
2638:
2610:globalsecurity.org, November 12, 2008
2585:Wendover Productions (May 10, 2016),
2494:
2135:
2063:
1441:Central Institute for Aviation Motors
1213:
1171:
400:studies with the 2707 as a baseline.
4172:Next Generation Supersonic Transport
3752:Trimble, Stephen (August 10, 2018).
3739:Aviation Week & Space Technology
3687:
3667:Prisco, Jacopo (December 29, 2021).
3369:Aviation Week & Space Technology
3333:Aviation Week & Space Technology
3226:Karnazov, Vladimir (July 25, 2017).
3176:Aviation Week & Space Technology
3130:Hagerman, Eric (February 16, 2007).
2911:
2221:"Environment: Pre-Mortem on the SST"
2143:"Boeing workers hardest hit by vote"
1874:experience, riding the leading edge
1654:Quiet Supersonic Technology Airliner
1324:Next Generation Supersonic Transport
1293:
1217:
975:
614:When Concorde was being designed by
141:being its last airborne operation.
18:
4182:Zero Emission Hyper Sonic Transport
3884:Clarke, Chris (November 24, 2015).
3790:U.S. Supersonic Commercial Aircraft
3327:Warwick, Graham (October 4, 2018).
3194:
3053:O'Connell, Dominic (May 18, 2008).
2893:. Associated Press. August 17, 2000
2619:
2310:Lipkin, Richard (October 7, 1995).
1842:Boeing hypersonic transport concept
1332:Zero Emission Hyper Sonic Transport
898:
13:
3787:National Research Council (1997).
3776:"The United States SST Contenders"
3640:
3265:"Boom Overture – official website"
3028:"Japan tests supersonic jet model"
2984:"Firm considers 'son of Concorde'"
2859:Wasserzieher, Bill (August 2011).
2799:Thisdell, Dan (October 15, 2018).
1337:In May 2008, it was reported that
1182:Sinsheim Auto & Technik Museum
851:
768:
352:, Concorde and Stratospheric Ozone
347:), other scientists in the paper "
14:
4551:
3768:
3432:O'Hare, Maureen (April 2, 2021).
3245:Jackson, Paul (October 8, 2017).
3111:from the original on May 21, 2021
2953:Trimble, Stephen (May 16, 2017).
2639:Gibbs, Yvonne (August 15, 2017).
2367:. October 8, 1995. Archived from
1696:concepts and distortion-tolerant
1415:ban lift in the early 2020s. The
903:At supersonic speeds an aircraft
4494:
4251:
4250:
3877:"The Rise & Fall of The SST"
3820:Peter Coen (March 15–17, 2011).
3247:"Emerging Aircraft: Supersonics"
3099:Sheetz, Michael (May 21, 2021).
2467:2003: End of an era for Concorde
2392:"Concorde: 40 fascinating facts"
1980:
1606:, reaching 128 million by 2025;
1222:
980:
726:Passenger miles/imperial gallon
439:
426:
23:
4449:Vehicular communication systems
3702:
3681:
3660:
3634:
3614:
3600:
3582:"LAPCAT II – Facts and figures"
3574:
3548:
3533:
3507:
3485:
3465:
3451:
3425:
3400:
3375:
3339:
3301:
3282:
3170:Warwick, Graham (May 6, 2016).
3138:
3123:
3069:
3046:
3020:
2994:
2976:
2965:
2946:
2928:
2905:
2883:
2811:
2792:
2777:
2751:
2692:
2662:
2651:
2632:
2601:
2569:
2543:
2476:
2460:
2409:
2383:
2353:
2334:
2303:
2296:The Nitrogen Oxides Controversy
2286:
2230:
2214:
2196:
2178:
1652:, Lockheed Martin unveiled the
1594:in 2017, over 650 million flew
1531:960 kN (216,000 lbf)
1403:. The designing team is led by
1379:
837:Shaped Sonic Boom Demonstration
502:
206:in most studies, including the
37:may be too short to adequately
4128:SAI Quiet Supersonic Transport
3915:10.1016/j.paerosci.2016.12.003
3903:Progress in Aerospace Sciences
3709:Berger, Eric (April 3, 2023).
2818:Phelps, Mark (July 18, 2018).
2153:
2048:
2035:
2013:
1625:authorization in the U.S. and
1575:4,250 nmi (7,870 km)
1556:676 kN (152,000 lbf)
1550:3,900 nmi (7,200 km)
1361:is a 12-passenger design from
1359:SAI Quiet Supersonic Transport
794:Oklahoma City sonic boom tests
494:, etc. had not been realized.
484:SAI Quiet Supersonic Transport
83:Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus 593
47:provide an accessible overview
1:
3879:. AirVectors. August 1, 2015.
3733:Norris, Guy (June 26, 2018).
3308:Lynch, Kerry (May 17, 2018).
3289:Lynch, Kerry (May 18, 2018).
2912:Cody, Edward (May 10, 1990).
2006:
1922:annular layout with a single
1866:but larger than a long-range
1578:77.1 t (170,000 lb)
968:interest in buying the jets.
748:Litres/passenger 100 km
320:in surface temperatures from
4090:Sud Aviation Super-Caravelle
3793:. National Academies Press.
3688:Spry, Jeff (June 28, 2022).
3514:Jeff Spry (April 17, 2024).
3363:Guy Norris (June 19, 2019).
1553:185 t (408,000 lb)
1124:to stay under a 1.5 °C
657:
419:engine with ever-increasing
226:proposed several designs to
208:Sud Aviation Super-Caravelle
74:supersonic transport had an
7:
4472:Automated vacuum collection
4235:Lockheed Martin X-59 QueSST
3232:Aviation International News
1996:List of supersonic aircraft
1973:
1639:Lockheed Martin X-59 QueSST
1443:and designs are studied by
1417:Lockheed Martin X-59 QueSST
1405:Lockheed Martin Aeronautics
1190:Concorde aircraft histories
1093:, six times as much as for
1006:the claims made and adding
707:fuel efficiency comparison
374:
356:atmospheric nuclear testing
164:
10:
4556:
4177:Reaction Engines LAPCAT A2
4065:High Speed Civil Transport
2588:Why Flying is So Expensive
2551:"Technical Specifications"
2501:McLean, F. Edward (1985).
1732:
1525:3,500 nmi (6,500 km)
1265:concept presented to NASA
1187:
1120:if aviation maintains its
737:Passenger miles/US gallon
572:
492:High Speed Civil Transport
459:on October 24, 2003, from
178:about the same speed. The
159:
4490:
4457:
4383:
4320:
4311:
4304:
4248:
4222:
4195:
4159:
4150:
4108:
4037:
4028:
4015:Aérospatiale/BAC Concorde
4007:
3982:
3809:"Overview: Civil Engines"
3207:. NASA. February 29, 2016
2990:. BBC. November 23, 2003.
2486:. Aerodyn. Archived from
1376:have also been proposed.
1231:This section needs to be
586:specific fuel consumption
497:
339:team commissioned by the
326:warming rate in the 1990s
310:Stratospheric Water Vapor
236:Bristol Aeroplane Company
4398:Alternative fuel vehicle
3061:. London. Archived from
2865:Air & Space Magazine
2624:. For Your Information.
2622:"Anyone Else for Space?"
2620:Ley, Willy (June 1964).
1792:Reaction Engines Limited
1754:pulse detonation engines
1590:Of the four billion air
1565:Boom Technology Overture
1528:207 t (456,000 lb)
952:
4360:Pulse detonation engine
4330:Adaptive compliant wing
3034:. BBC. October 10, 2005
1962:. It would have a high
1914:, but shutting off the
1912:Pratt & Whitney J58
1815:German Aerospace Center
1314:—the parent company of
972:Commercial practicality
885:North American Aviation
698:
511:is proportional to the
463:, a second flight from
146:supersonic business jet
4429:Personal rapid transit
4350:High-altitude platform
4133:Sukhoi-Gulfstream S-21
3082:March 5, 2012, at the
2626:Galaxy Science Fiction
1902:that transitions to a
1843:
1674:external vision system
1426:exhibited at the 2017
1389:into service in 2029.
1307:
1278:
1270:
1194:On August 21, 1961, a
1185:
1053:
865:had very high drag (a
842:Sonic boom § Abatement
806:Sonic boom § Abatement
804:proved otherwise (see
611:
530:
488:Sukhoi-Gulfstream S-21
446:Air France Flight 4590
275:Environmental concerns
195:
99:
86:
4525:Supersonic transports
4298:Emerging technologies
4223:Experimental programs
4080:North American NAC-60
3586:European Space Agency
3251:Aviation Week Network
2705:Nature Communications
2670:"Design for Mach 2.2"
2608:Concord Airport Noise
2490:on February 20, 2008.
2129:Eugene Register-Guard
2093:Eugene Register-Guard
1872:Boeing X-51 Waverider
1841:
1787:Precooled jet engines
1744:typically either use
1613:In October 2018, the
1301:
1276:
1261:
1179:
1041:
833:computer-aided design
783:variable cycle engine
595:
528:
318:slow down in the rise
193:
92:
69:
4444:Transit Elevated Bus
4375:Supersonic transport
3976:Supersonic transport
3782:. February 13, 1964.
3780:Flight International
3544:. Flight Daily News.
2805:Flight International
2674:Flight International
2371:on September 1, 2016
2060:, April 1960, p. 86.
1964:capacity utilization
1938:technology like the
1775:, EADS unveiled its
1729:Hypersonic transport
1454:At the October 2017
1077:Environmental impact
814:variable-sweep wings
104:supersonic transport
4467:Pneumatic transport
4410:Ground-effect train
4335:Backpack helicopter
4100:HyperMach SonicStar
3992:Supersonic aircraft
3838:on January 21, 2022
3815:on August 21, 2006.
3588:. November 17, 2009
3065:on January 7, 2009.
2942:. October 12, 2016.
2924:on January 3, 2014.
2918:The Washington Post
2726:10.1038/ncomms15836
2717:2017NatCo...815836Z
2628:. pp. 110–128.
2448:(FAQ). Concorde SST
2274:on December 8, 2016
2227:, September 9, 1974
2041:Whitcomb, Randall.
1645:standards in 2025.
1464:Boom XB-1 Baby Boom
1304:High-Speed Research
796:and studies of the
708:
513:coefficient of drag
216:Armstrong-Whitworth
119:supersonic aircraft
112:supersonic airliner
4530:British inventions
4055:Convair Model 58-9
4008:Historic airliners
3630:. August 23, 2019.
3182:on January 2, 2018
3154:Bloomberg Business
3148:(March 21, 2016).
2680:on January 3, 2017
2322:on January 7, 2023
2089:"SST funds denied"
1844:
1672:; and the cockpit
1431:both Mach 0.8–0.9
1310:In November 2003,
1308:
1279:
1271:
1214:Future development
1186:
1172:Completed projects
1140:, and over 100 in
1126:climate trajectory
1087:fuel per passenger
1054:
991:possibly contains
911:materials such as
867:lift to drag ratio
800:'s North American
703:
636:de Havilland Comet
612:
554:lift to drag ratio
531:
369:sulfur in the fuel
196:
175:lift-to-drag ratio
100:
87:
4540:French inventions
4535:Soviet inventions
4510:
4509:
4486:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4264:
4263:
4218:
4217:
4146:
4145:
3890:Popular Mechanics
3562:. August 30, 2007
3495:. August 22, 2023
3481:. August 3, 2020.
3461:. August 3, 2020.
2365:The Baltimore Sun
2058:Popular Mechanics
1771:At the June 2011
1763:transports or as
1739:Hypersonic flight
1637:plans to fly the
1588:
1587:
1294:Previous concepts
1256:
1255:
1089:than in subsonic
1036:
1035:
1028:
993:original research
758:
757:
444:On 25 July 2000,
363:scientist at the
64:
63:
4547:
4498:
4497:
4439:Self-driving car
4403:Hydrogen vehicle
4318:
4317:
4309:
4308:
4291:
4284:
4277:
4268:
4267:
4254:
4253:
4157:
4156:
4050:Bristol Type 223
4035:
4034:
3969:
3962:
3955:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3928:
3926:
3893:
3880:
3872:
3859:
3858:. February 2013.
3847:
3845:
3843:
3837:
3829:Project Overview
3826:
3816:
3804:
3783:
3762:
3761:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3730:
3721:
3720:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3610:. July 19, 2018.
3604:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3408:"Supersonic Jet"
3404:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3360:
3351:
3350:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3201:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3178:. Archived from
3167:
3158:
3157:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3096:
3090:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3013:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2980:
2974:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2920:. Archived from
2909:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2867:. Archived from
2856:
2847:
2846:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2738:
2728:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2666:
2660:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2547:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2511:2060/19850020600
2498:
2492:
2491:
2480:
2474:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2442:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2422:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2318:. Archived from
2307:
2301:
2300:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2273:
2267:. Archived from
2257:10.1038/244545a0
2246:
2234:
2228:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2111:Spokesman-Review
2103:
2097:
2096:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2067:
2061:
2052:
2046:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2021:"Retirement FAQ"
2017:
1990:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1956:depressurization
1944:Reaction Engines
1849:unveiled at the
1735:Hypersonic speed
1711:In August 2020,
1498:
1479:
1478:
1251:
1248:
1242:
1226:
1225:
1218:
1031:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1011:
1008:inline citations
984:
983:
976:
899:Skin temperature
893:compression lift
819:Concorde had an
709:
702:
604:Filton Aerodrome
294:
212:Bristol Type 223
200:fighter aircraft
194:Concorde landing
59:
56:
50:
27:
19:
4555:
4554:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4515:
4514:
4511:
4506:
4478:
4453:
4379:
4300:
4295:
4265:
4260:
4244:
4214:
4205:Gulfstream X-54
4191:
4187:Hermeus Halcyon
4152:
4142:
4104:
4075:Lockheed L-2000
4030:
4024:
4003:
3978:
3973:
3875:
3850:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3824:
3807:
3801:
3774:
3771:
3766:
3765:
3750:
3746:
3731:
3724:
3707:
3703:
3686:
3682:
3665:
3661:
3651:
3649:
3639:
3635:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3591:
3589:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3565:
3563:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3538:
3534:
3524:
3522:
3512:
3508:
3498:
3496:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3442:
3440:
3430:
3426:
3416:
3414:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3391:
3389:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3361:
3354:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3325:
3321:
3306:
3302:
3287:
3283:
3273:
3271:
3269:Boom Supersonic
3263:
3262:
3258:
3243:
3239:
3224:
3220:
3210:
3208:
3203:
3202:
3195:
3185:
3183:
3168:
3161:
3143:
3139:
3128:
3124:
3114:
3112:
3097:
3093:
3084:Wayback Machine
3074:
3070:
3051:
3047:
3037:
3035:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3011:
3009:
3008:. June 15, 2005
3000:
2999:
2995:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2970:
2966:
2951:
2947:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2910:
2906:
2896:
2894:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2874:
2872:
2871:on May 11, 2014
2857:
2850:
2835:
2831:
2816:
2812:
2797:
2793:
2782:
2778:
2768:
2766:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2697:
2693:
2683:
2681:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2656:
2652:
2637:
2633:
2618:
2614:
2606:
2602:
2593:
2591:
2581:Wayback Machine
2574:
2570:
2560:
2558:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2533:
2531:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2499:
2495:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2465:
2461:
2451:
2449:
2444:
2443:
2436:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2410:
2400:
2398:
2396:telegraph.co.uk
2388:
2384:
2374:
2372:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2339:
2335:
2325:
2323:
2308:
2304:
2291:
2287:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2244:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2219:
2215:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2169:
2167:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2053:
2049:
2040:
2036:
2026:
2024:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2009:
1988:Aviation portal
1986:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1908:SR-71 Blackbird
1741:
1731:
1713:Virgin Galactic
1694:noise shielding
1664:are allowed by
1615:reauthorization
1492:
1386:Boom Technology
1384:In March 2016,
1382:
1374:Gulfstream X-54
1368:The supersonic
1363:Lockheed Martin
1296:
1263:Lockheed Martin
1252:
1246:
1243:
1236:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1196:Douglas DC-8-43
1192:
1174:
1138:London Heathrow
1122:emissions share
1079:
1071:high-speed rail
1032:
1021:
1015:
1012:
997:
985:
981:
974:
955:
913:stainless steel
901:
854:
852:Variable speeds
771:
769:Noise pollution
701:
660:
597:British Airways
582:fuel efficiency
575:
541:speeds (around
520:
505:
500:
457:London Heathrow
442:
429:
377:
333:nitrogen oxides
292:
277:
256:Lockheed L-2000
232:Hawker Siddeley
167:
162:
60:
54:
51:
44:
32:This article's
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4553:
4543:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4504:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4474:
4463:
4461:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4412:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4395:
4389:
4387:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4340:Delivery drone
4337:
4332:
4326:
4324:
4315:
4306:
4302:
4301:
4294:
4293:
4286:
4279:
4271:
4262:
4261:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4226:
4224:
4220:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4212:
4207:
4201:
4199:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4163:
4161:
4154:
4148:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4138:Tupolev Tu-444
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4114:
4112:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4095:Tupolev Tu-244
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4041:
4039:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4020:Tupolev Tu-144
4017:
4011:
4009:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3989:
3987:Civil aviation
3983:
3980:
3979:
3972:
3971:
3964:
3957:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3929:
3894:
3881:
3873:
3860:
3848:
3817:
3805:
3800:978-0309058780
3799:
3784:
3770:
3769:External links
3767:
3764:
3763:
3744:
3722:
3701:
3680:
3659:
3641:Tegler, Eric.
3633:
3613:
3599:
3573:
3547:
3532:
3506:
3484:
3464:
3450:
3424:
3399:
3374:
3352:
3338:
3319:
3300:
3281:
3256:
3237:
3218:
3193:
3159:
3137:
3122:
3091:
3068:
3045:
3019:
2993:
2975:
2964:
2945:
2927:
2904:
2882:
2848:
2829:
2810:
2791:
2776:
2750:
2691:
2661:
2650:
2631:
2612:
2600:
2568:
2555:Boeing 747-400
2542:
2516:
2493:
2475:
2459:
2434:
2423:(Report). NASA
2408:
2382:
2352:
2333:
2302:
2285:
2229:
2213:
2195:
2177:
2152:
2134:
2116:
2098:
2080:
2062:
2047:
2034:
2023:. Concorde SST
2011:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1975:
1972:
1948:liquid methane
1946:, maybe using
1940:heat exchanger
1886:would enhance
1823:cryogenic fuel
1773:Paris Air Show
1768:launch costs.
1730:
1727:
1623:flight-testing
1586:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1515:Tupolev Tu-144
1511:
1510:
1509:Thrust/weight
1507:
1504:
1499:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1468:
1381:
1378:
1370:Tupolev Tu-444
1295:
1292:
1254:
1253:
1230:
1228:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1173:
1170:
1091:business-class
1078:
1075:
1050:Paris Air Show
1046:Tupolev Tu-144
1034:
1033:
988:
986:
979:
973:
970:
954:
951:
938:In 2017 a new
917:XB-70 Valkyrie
900:
897:
889:XB-70 Valkyrie
853:
850:
802:XB-70 Valkyrie
770:
767:
756:
755:
752:
749:
745:
744:
741:
738:
734:
733:
730:
727:
723:
722:
716:
713:
700:
697:
682:and TU-144 of
664:aeroelasticity
659:
656:
626:jet engines ("
574:
571:
558:wing planforms
518:
504:
501:
499:
496:
480:Tupolev Tu-344
476:Tupolev Tu-244
441:
438:
428:
425:
376:
373:
322:global warming
276:
273:
166:
163:
161:
158:
131:Tupolev Tu-144
123:speed of sound
95:Tupolev Tu-144
62:
61:
41:the key points
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4552:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4513:
4503:
4502:
4493:
4492:
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4473:
4470:
4469:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4460:
4456:
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4437:
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4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4382:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4310:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4292:
4287:
4285:
4280:
4278:
4273:
4272:
4269:
4259:
4258:
4247:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4197:Business jets
4194:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4167:Boom Overture
4165:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4155:
4149:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4110:Business jets
4107:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4085:Rockwell X-30
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4027:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4006:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3977:
3970:
3965:
3963:
3958:
3956:
3951:
3950:
3947:
3939:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3834:
3830:
3823:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3796:
3792:
3791:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3772:
3759:
3755:
3748:
3740:
3736:
3729:
3727:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3705:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3684:
3676:
3675:
3670:
3663:
3648:
3644:
3637:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3617:
3609:
3603:
3587:
3583:
3577:
3561:
3557:
3551:
3543:
3536:
3521:
3517:
3510:
3494:
3488:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3468:
3460:
3454:
3439:
3435:
3428:
3413:
3409:
3403:
3388:
3384:
3378:
3370:
3366:
3359:
3357:
3348:
3342:
3334:
3330:
3323:
3315:
3311:
3304:
3296:
3292:
3285:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3252:
3248:
3241:
3233:
3229:
3222:
3206:
3200:
3198:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3166:
3164:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3146:Vance, Ashlee
3141:
3133:
3126:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3095:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3072:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3049:
3033:
3029:
3023:
3007:
3003:
2997:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2968:
2960:
2956:
2949:
2941:
2940:Aviation Week
2937:
2931:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2908:
2892:
2886:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2855:
2853:
2844:
2840:
2833:
2825:
2821:
2814:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2787:
2780:
2764:
2760:
2759:"In Pictures"
2754:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2695:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2659:
2654:
2646:
2642:
2635:
2627:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2604:
2590:
2589:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2530:
2526:
2520:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2447:
2441:
2439:
2419:
2412:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2348:
2344:
2341:Stas Bekman.
2337:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2306:
2298:
2297:
2289:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2243:
2241:
2233:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2059:
2056:
2051:
2044:
2038:
2022:
2016:
2012:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1978:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1942:developed by
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1840:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1766:
1765:semiballistic
1762:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1736:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1706:
1705:Exosonic, Inc
1701:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1658:airport noise
1655:
1651:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1428:MAKS Air Show
1425:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1398:low-noise SST
1395:
1390:
1387:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1305:
1300:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1287:Aviation Week
1284:According to
1282:
1275:
1269:in April 2010
1268:
1264:
1260:
1250:
1247:December 2020
1240:
1234:
1229:
1220:
1219:
1211:
1207:
1205:
1199:
1197:
1191:
1183:
1178:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1150:San Francisco
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1118:carbon budget
1115:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1095:economy class
1092:
1088:
1084:
1074:
1072:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1030:
1027:
1019:
1016:December 2023
1009:
1005:
1001:
995:
994:
989:This section
987:
978:
977:
969:
965:
963:
960:
950:
948:
944:
941:
936:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
908:
906:
905:adiabatically
896:
894:
890:
886:
882:
880:
876:
871:
868:
864:
858:
849:
845:
843:
838:
834:
830:
824:
822:
817:
815:
809:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
786:
784:
779:
777:
766:
762:
753:
750:
747:
746:
742:
739:
736:
735:
731:
728:
725:
724:
720:
717:
714:
711:
710:
706:
696:
693:
689:
685:
681:
676:
673:
669:
665:
655:
651:
649:
645:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
609:
605:
601:
598:
594:
590:
587:
583:
579:
570:
567:
563:
559:
555:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
527:
523:
521:
514:
510:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
472:
470:
469:Bay of Biscay
466:
462:
458:
453:
451:
447:
440:Final flights
437:
433:
427:Profitability
424:
422:
421:bypass ratios
418:
412:
410:
406:
401:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
372:
370:
366:
361:
357:
353:
351:
346:
342:
338:
334:
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
314:approximately
311:
307:
303:
298:
297:Russell Train
290:
286:
282:
272:
270:
266:
261:
257:
253:
249:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
192:
188:
185:
181:
176:
172:
157:
154:
149:
147:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
117:
113:
109:
105:
96:
91:
84:
80:
77:
73:
68:
58:
55:December 2023
48:
42:
40:
35:
30:
26:
21:
20:
4512:
4499:
4424:Maglev train
4393:Airless tire
4374:
4255:
4060:Douglas 2229
3975:
3937:
3906:
3902:
3889:
3868:
3842:December 28,
3840:. Retrieved
3833:the original
3828:
3813:the original
3789:
3779:
3758:Flightglobal
3757:
3747:
3738:
3716:Ars Technica
3714:
3704:
3693:
3683:
3672:
3662:
3650:. Retrieved
3646:
3636:
3625:
3616:
3602:
3590:. Retrieved
3576:
3564:. Retrieved
3559:
3550:
3535:
3523:. Retrieved
3519:
3509:
3497:. Retrieved
3487:
3476:
3467:
3453:
3441:. Retrieved
3437:
3427:
3415:. Retrieved
3411:
3402:
3390:. Retrieved
3386:
3377:
3368:
3341:
3332:
3322:
3313:
3303:
3294:
3284:
3272:. Retrieved
3268:
3259:
3250:
3240:
3231:
3221:
3209:. Retrieved
3184:. Retrieved
3180:the original
3175:
3153:
3140:
3125:
3113:. Retrieved
3104:
3094:
3087:My duck eggs
3086:
3071:
3063:the original
3058:
3048:
3036:. Retrieved
3031:
3022:
3010:. Retrieved
3005:
2996:
2987:
2978:
2967:
2959:Flightglobal
2958:
2948:
2939:
2930:
2922:the original
2917:
2907:
2895:. Retrieved
2885:
2873:. Retrieved
2869:the original
2864:
2842:
2832:
2823:
2813:
2804:
2794:
2779:
2769:November 16,
2767:. Retrieved
2762:
2753:
2708:
2704:
2694:
2682:. Retrieved
2678:the original
2673:
2664:
2653:
2644:
2634:
2625:
2615:
2603:
2594:November 20,
2592:, retrieved
2587:
2577:Ghostarchive
2575:Archived at
2571:
2559:. Retrieved
2554:
2545:
2532:. Retrieved
2529:Concorde SST
2528:
2525:"Powerplant"
2519:
2502:
2496:
2488:the original
2478:
2469:
2462:
2452:November 16,
2450:. Retrieved
2425:. Retrieved
2411:
2399:. Retrieved
2395:
2385:
2373:. Retrieved
2369:the original
2364:
2355:
2346:
2336:
2324:. Retrieved
2320:the original
2316:Science News
2315:
2305:
2295:
2288:
2276:. Retrieved
2269:the original
2248:
2239:
2232:
2224:
2216:
2208:ScienceDaily
2207:
2198:
2192:. June 1970.
2189:
2180:
2168:. Retrieved
2164:
2155:
2147:The Bulletin
2146:
2137:
2128:
2119:
2110:
2101:
2092:
2083:
2075:The Bulletin
2074:
2065:
2057:
2050:
2042:
2037:
2027:November 16,
2025:. Retrieved
2015:
1920:axisymmetric
1884:Flow control
1880:induced drag
1868:business jet
1845:
1827:
1812:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1785:
1770:
1758:
1742:
1724:
1721:
1710:
1702:
1686:
1670:laminar flow
1653:
1647:
1612:
1589:
1506:Total Thrust
1453:
1445:Aviadvigatel
1421:
1391:
1383:
1380:2016–present
1367:
1356:
1336:
1327:
1309:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1244:
1232:
1208:
1200:
1193:
1154:New York-JFK
1103:
1080:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1022:
1013:
990:
966:
956:
937:
909:
902:
883:
872:
859:
855:
846:
825:
821:overpressure
818:
810:
787:
780:
772:
763:
759:
704:
688:carbon fibre
677:
661:
652:
640:
616:Aérospatiale
613:
576:
551:
532:
516:
506:
503:Aerodynamics
473:
454:
443:
434:
430:
413:
402:
398:
378:
348:
330:
278:
244:
240:Sud Aviation
197:
179:
168:
150:
143:
139:ferry flight
111:
107:
103:
101:
52:
36:
34:lead section
4240:Quiet Spike
4210:Spike S-512
4045:Boeing 2707
3608:"Stratofly"
3560:Gizmo Watch
3499:November 2,
2875:February 3,
2561:January 11,
2534:December 2,
2427:October 27,
2375:October 27,
2278:October 26,
2001:Supercruise
1932:afterburner
1896:turboramjet
1856:utilization
1690:plug nozzle
1666:shaped-boom
1650:X-59 QueSST
1604:first class
1472:Spike S-512
1437:wind tunnel
1352:GE Aviation
1166:sonic booms
1164:. Frequent
1142:Los Angeles
879:swing wings
875:Boeing 2707
829:shock waves
672:pressurized
624:high bypass
308:noted that
293:March 1971,
285:ozone layer
260:Boeing 2707
224:Avro Canada
214:, although
153:sonic booms
98:retirement.
4519:Categories
4370:Spaceplane
4345:Flying car
4123:Aerion SBJ
4118:Aerion AS2
3924:1826/11307
3592:August 10,
3314:AIN online
3295:AIN online
3186:January 2,
2824:AIN online
2684:January 2,
2347:stason.org
2326:January 5,
2007:References
1960:technology
1878:for lower
1864:Boeing 737
1858:. Using a
1781:SpaceLiner
1733:See also:
1717:delta wing
1698:fan blades
1682:delta wing
1662:sonic boom
1592:passengers
1584:0.26–0.35
1485:Passengers
1449:NPO Saturn
1394:sonic boom
1347:Aerion AS2
1343:Aerion SBJ
1188:See also:
1000:improve it
964:equation.
933:Sukhoi T-4
790:sonic boom
719:Boeing 747
680:Hiduminium
632:Boeing 707
578:Jet engine
566:Boeing 747
409:Boeing 747
405:Boeing 707
281:sonic boom
204:delta wing
79:delta wing
4415:Hyperloop
4313:Transport
4230:Boom XB-1
4160:Airliners
4038:Airliners
3909:: 12–38.
3869:CNN Money
3695:Space.com
3525:April 19,
3520:Space.com
3478:Space.com
3383:"Company"
3075:Nanveen.
3059:The Times
2711:: 15836.
2401:March 25,
1876:shockwave
1808:LAPCAT II
1761:ballistic
1752:engines;
1703:In 2019,
1692:designs,
1596:long-haul
1547:Mach 2.02
1522:Mach 2.0
1433:transonic
1401:prototype
1239:talk page
1158:Frankfurt
1146:Singapore
1114:Southwest
1004:verifying
877:featured
715:Concorde
712:Aircraft
684:duralumin
658:Structure
648:propeller
644:turboprop
547:transonic
543:Mach 0.88
539:transonic
535:wave drag
465:Edinburgh
39:summarize
4459:Pipeline
4419:Vactrain
4365:Scramjet
4355:Jet pack
4257:Category
4153:projects
4031:projects
4029:Historic
3627:NBC News
3412:Exosonic
3387:Exosonic
3211:March 3,
3109:Archived
3080:Archived
3038:June 30,
3012:June 30,
3006:NBC News
2897:June 30,
2745:28613275
2579:and the
2557:. Boeing
2505:. NASA.
2471:BBC News
2170:July 20,
1974:See also
1968:Concorde
1952:jet fuel
1900:turbofan
1860:titanium
1829:Destinus
1750:scramjet
1678:Concorde
1600:business
1572:Mach 1.7
1540:Concorde
1106:American
1043:Aeroflot
925:titanium
863:Concorde
705:Concorde
670:must be
668:fuselage
628:turbofan
600:Concorde
562:Concorde
461:New York
450:Concorde
417:turbofan
390:Virginia
382:New York
375:Concorde
360:megatons
289:Congress
248:Lockheed
180:relative
165:Planning
129:and the
127:Concorde
116:civilian
85:engines.
72:Concorde
4434:Platoon
4151:Current
3938:Reuters
3652:June 7,
3566:July 3,
3274:June 4,
3115:May 21,
2736:5474735
2713:Bibcode
2265:4222122
1950:and/or
1936:cooling
1916:turbine
1833:Hermeus
1617:of the
1330:, then
1306:Program
1233:updated
1204:crashed
1162:Bangkok
1052:in 1975
1048:at the
998:Please
959:Breguet
943:ceramic
940:carbide
776:nacelle
608:Bristol
573:Engines
160:History
110:) or a
4322:Aerial
4305:Fields
4070:LAPCAT
3797:
3647:Forbes
3443:May 3,
3417:May 3,
3392:May 3,
3134:. CNN.
2743:
2733:
2263:
2249:Nature
2240:Nature
1928:nozzle
1924:intake
1904:ramjet
1847:Boeing
1797:LAPCAT
1746:rocket
1491:Range
1488:Cruise
1339:Aerion
1316:Airbus
1160:, and
947:Mach 5
921:MiG-25
692:Kevlar
498:Design
386:Dulles
269:Tu-144
265:Mach 3
252:Pan Am
220:M-Wing
184:sortie
76:ogival
3836:(PDF)
3825:(PDF)
2765:. BBC
2421:(PDF)
2272:(PDF)
2261:S2CID
2245:(PDF)
1892:noise
1819:ONERA
1777:ZEHST
1627:noise
1608:Spike
1559:0.37
1534:0.44
1482:Model
1424:TsAGI
1328:NEXST
1134:Dubai
1130:Noise
1110:Delta
1099:lobby
962:range
953:Range
929:SR-71
923:) or
721:-400
302:ozone
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