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1720:, with extremely small variances, which completely ignores the quantum mechanical predictions of Planck-scale length dimensional warping. Also, these surfaces can be mapped as branes. These branes can be viewed as objects with a morphism between them. In this case, the morphism will be the state of a string that stretches between brane A and brane B.
1716:(a fundamental small unit of length) lengths, general relativity predicts a smooth, flowing surface, while quantum mechanics predicts a random, warped surface, which are nowhere near compatible. Superstring theory resolves this issue, replacing the classical idea of point particles with strings. These strings have an average diameter of the
2274:
2317:
2105:
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are seen as compactified membranes from 11D M-theory. Theories of higher dimensions such as 12D F-theory and beyond produce other effects, such as gauge terms higher than U(1). The components of the extra vector fields (A) in the D-brane actions can be thought of as extra coordinates (X) in disguise.
2306:
has popularised the concept of a theory in 11 dimensions, called M-theory, involving membranes interpolating from the known symmetries of superstring theory. It may turn out that there exist membrane models or other non-membrane models in higher dimensionsâwhich may become acceptable when we find new
1282:
from the perspective of the 3 remaining large space dimensions. Thus the original KaluzaâKlein theory is a prototype for the unification of gauge and gravity interactions, at least at the classical level, however it is known to be insufficient to describe nature for a variety of reasons (missing weak
2711:
having maximum orthogonal subgroups SO(10), SO(12) and SO(16) may be related to theories in 10, 12 and 16 dimensions; 10 dimensions corresponding to string theory and the 12 and 16 dimensional theories being yet undiscovered but would be theories based on 3-branes and 7-branes respectively. However,
1839:
open string theory, the ends of open strings are always attached to D-brane surfaces. A string theory with more gauge fields such as SU(2) gauge fields would then correspond to the compactification of some higher-dimensional theory above 11 dimensions, which is not thought to be possible to date.
1658:
Even though there are only five superstring theories, making detailed predictions for real experiments requires information about exactly what physical configuration the theory is in. This considerably complicates efforts to test string theory because there is an astronomically high numberâ10 or
1709:, or the maximum amount of matter possible in a space, and very small area, the two must be used in synchrony to predict conditions in such places. Yet, when used together, the equations fall apart, spitting out impossible answers, such as imaginary distances and less than one dimension.
2116:
1186:
of the top quark up to a few TeV. Ben
Allanach at the University of Cambridge states that if we do not discover any new particles in the next trial at the LHC, then we can say it is unlikely to discover supersymmetry at CERN in the foreseeable future.
2900:
Buchmueller, O.; Cavanaugh, R.; Colling, D.; De Roeck, A.; Dolan, M. J.; Ellis, J. R.; FlÀcher, H.; Heinemeyer, S.; Isidori, G.; Olive, K.; Rogerson, S.; Ronga, F.; Weiglein, G. (May 2011). "Implications of initial LHC searches for supersymmetry".
2655:{\displaystyle \int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\exp({ax^{4}+bx^{3}+cx^{2}+dx+f})\,dx=e^{f}\sum _{n,m,p=0}^{\infty }{\frac {b^{4n}}{(4n)!}}{\frac {c^{2m}}{(2m)!}}{\frac {d^{4p}}{(4p)!}}{\frac {\Gamma (3n+m+p+{\frac {1}{4}})}{a^{3n+m+p+{\frac {1}{4}}}}}}
2307:
unknown symmetries of nature, such as noncommutative geometry. It is thought, however, that 16 is probably the maximum since SO(16) is a maximal subgroup of E8, the largest exceptional Lie group, and also is more than large enough to contain the
1956:
1967:
1730:" never reach zero size. In fact, should the universe begin a "big crunch" sort of process, string theory dictates that the universe could never be smaller than the size of one string, at which point it would actually begin expanding.
1830:
1659:
moreâof configurations that meet some of the basic requirements to be consistent with our world. Along with the extreme remoteness of the Planck scale, this is the other major reason it is hard to test superstring theory.
1287:, etc.) A more complex compact geometry is needed to reproduce the known gauge forces. Also, to obtain a consistent, fundamental, quantum theory requires the upgrade to string theory, not just the extra dimensions.
1591:
theories have two supersymmetries in the ten-dimensional sense (32 supercharges). There are actually two kinds of type II strings called type IIA and type IIB. They differ mainly in the fact that the IIA theory is
2673:
Investigating theories of higher dimensions often involves looking at the 10 dimensional superstring theory and interpreting some of the more obscure results in terms of compactified dimensions. For example,
2297:
It is conceivable that the five superstring theories are approximated to a theory in higher dimensions possibly involving membranes. Because the action for this involves quartic terms and higher so is not
2740:
respectively. From the above discussion, it can be seen that physicists have many ideas for extending superstring theory beyond the current 10 dimensional theory, but so far all have been unsuccessful.
1048:, is currently the most successful theory to describe fundamental forces, but while computing physical quantities of interest, naĂŻvely one obtains infinite values. Physicists developed the technique of
1840:
Furthermore, the tachyons attached to the D-branes show the instability of those D-branes with respect to the annihilation. The tachyon total energy is (or reflects) the total energy of the D-branes.
2311:. Quartic integrals of the non-functional kind are easier to solve so there is hope for the future. This is the series solution, which is always convergent when a is non-zero and negative:
1120:
Since its beginnings in the seventies and through the combined efforts of many different researchers, superstring theory has developed into a broad and varied subject with connections to
1701:
is generally reserved for scenarios at the atomic scale (small spacetime regions). The two are very rarely used together, and the most common case that combines them is in the study of
2269:{\displaystyle \partial _{z}X^{\mu }-i{\overline {\theta _{L}^{1}}}\Gamma ^{\mu }\partial _{z}\theta _{L}^{1}-i{\overline {\theta _{L}^{2}}}\Gamma ^{\mu }\partial _{z}\theta _{L}^{2}}
1295:
Theoretical physicists were troubled by the existence of five separate superstring theories. A possible solution for this dilemma was suggested at the beginning of what is called the
1682:. In 1990 physicists R. Foot and G.C. Joshi in Australia stated that "the seven classical superstring theories are in one-to-one correspondence to the seven composition algebras".
1079:(about 10 cm). An appealing feature of string theory is that fundamental particles can be viewed as excitations of the string. The tension in a string is on the order of the
1871:
1331:
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2100:{\displaystyle \partial _{z}X^{\mu }-i{\overline {\theta _{L}}}\Gamma ^{\mu }\partial _{z}\theta _{L}-i{\overline {\theta _{R}}}\Gamma ^{\mu }\partial _{z}\theta _{R}}
1848:
For a 10 dimensional supersymmetric theory we are allowed a 32-component
Majorana spinor. This can be decomposed into a pair of 16-component Majorana-Weyl (chiral)
1603:
theories are based on a peculiar hybrid of a type I superstring and a bosonic string. There are two kinds of heterotic strings differing in their ten-dimensional
1117:) in 1971, a mathematical transformation between bosons and fermions. String theories that include fermionic vibrations are now known as "superstring theories".
1052:
to 'eliminate these infinities' to obtain finite values which can be experimentally tested. This technique works for three of the four fundamental forces:
5189:
2969:
Cassel, S.; Ghilencea, D. M.; Kraml, S.; Lessa, A.; Ross, G. G. (2011). "Fine-tuning implications for complementary dark matter and LHC SUSY searches".
1757:
1075:
According to superstring theory, or more generally string theory, the fundamental constituents of reality are strings with radius on the order of the
1148:
Superstring theory is based on supersymmetry. No supersymmetric particles have been discovered and initial investigation, carried out in 2011 at the
3031:
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Since strings can have an infinite number of modes, the symmetry used to describe string theory is based on infinite dimensional Lie algebras. Some
1299:
in the 1990s, which suggests that the five string theories might be different limits of a single underlying theory, called M-theory. This remains a
4392:
3557:
1278:, which proposed a 4+1 dimensional (5D) theory of gravity. When compactified on a circle, the gravity in the extra dimension precisely describes
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and sends compact dimensions of radius R to radius 1/R), has led to the discovery of equivalences between different CalabiâYau manifolds called
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worked on the two-dimensional case in which they use the concept of "supergauge," taken from Ramond, Neveu, and
Schwarz's work on dual models:
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Some particle physicists became disappointed by the lack of experimental verification of supersymmetry, and some have already discarded it.
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has been delivered from LHC. There have been no principles so far to limit the number of vacua in the concept of a landscape of vacua.
1852:. There are then various ways to construct an invariant depending on whether these two spinors have the same or opposite chiralities:
5575:
3658:
5318:
3075:
Chatrchyan, S.; et al. (2011-11-21). "Search for
Supersymmetry at the LHC in Events with Jets and Missing Transverse Energy".
2665:
In the case of membranes the series would correspond to sums of various membrane interactions that are not seen in string theory.
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104:
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to 32-componentsâwhich limits the number of dimensions to 11 (or 12 if you include two time dimensions.) Some physicists (e.g.,
76:
1236:). The fact that we see only 3 dimensions of space can be explained by one of two mechanisms: either the extra dimensions are
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compactification of 11D M-theory that contains membranes. Because compactification of a geometric theory produces extra
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Foot, R.; Joshi, G. C. (1990). "Nonstandard signature of spacetime, superstrings, and the split composition algebras".
3144:
Shifman, M. (2012). "Frontiers Beyond the
Standard Model: Reflections and Impressionistic Portrait of the Conference".
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123:
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Superstring theory is not the first theory to propose extra spatial dimensions. It can be seen as building upon the
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2302:, the functional integrals are very difficult to solve and so this has confounded the top theoretical physicists.
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D-branes are membrane-like objects in 10D string theory. They can be thought of as occurring as a result of a
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1951:{\displaystyle \partial _{z}X^{\mu }-i{\overline {\theta _{L}}}\Gamma ^{\mu }\partial _{z}\theta _{L}}
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the D-branes can be included in the action by adding an extra U(1) vector field to the string action.
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cause a quantum mechanical breakdown of the gauge symmetry. The anomalies were canceled out via the
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50:
24:
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Gervais, J.-L.; Sakita, B. (1971). "Field theory interpretation of supergauges in dual models".
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of the gravitational force) is predicted by the theory to be a string with wave amplitude zero.
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If the extra dimensions are compactified, then the extra 6 dimensions must be in the form of a
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Investigating how a string theory may include fermions in its spectrum led to the invention of
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1224:. However, nothing prevents a theory from including more than 4 dimensions. In the case of
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typically deals with situations involving large mass objects in fairly large regions of
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said that we had no sign of supersymmetry, even in higher energy region, excluding the
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796:
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in
Schwarz, J. H. (1972). "Physical states and pomeron poles in the dual pion model".
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1255:. Within the more complete framework of M-theory, they would have to take form of a
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octonified, the 12 and 16 dimensional theories, if they did exist, may involve the
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string. (The name heterotic SO(32) is slightly inaccurate since among the SO(32)
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1825:{\displaystyle \partial _{z}\rightarrow \partial _{z}+iA_{z}(z,{\overline {z}})}
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19:"Superstring" redirects here. For the converse relation of "substring", see
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has excluded some of the ranges. For instance, the mass constraint of the
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requires spacetime to have 10 dimensions (3D regular space + 1 time + 6D
1229:
1072:
therefore requires different means than those used for the other forces.
1029:, which describes gravitation and applies to large-scale structures, and
1005:) are regarded as different limits of a single theory tentatively called
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147:
1596:(parity conserving) while the IIB theory is chiral (parity violating).
1576:). This theory is special in the sense that it is based on unoriented
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4796:
4736:
4382:
4256:
4177:
4172:
4167:
3901:
3805:
3694:
3184:"One year on from the Higgs boson find, has physics hit the buffers?"
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2692:
2289:
as indicated above and the type I superstrings include open strings.
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1662:
Another approach to the number of superstring theories refers to the
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1240:
on a very small scale, or else our world may live on a 3-dimensional
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1209:
1133:
721:
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451:
237:
232:
227:
1248:, on which all known particles besides gravity would be restricted.
39:
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that have been considered as symmetries for M-theory have been E
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of nature in one theory by modeling them as vibrations of tiny
2838:
A Brief
History of String Theory: From Dual Models to M-Theory
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3790:
1245:
172:
2712:
this is a minority view within the string community. Since E
3340:
1213:
2968:
2281:
The heterotic superstrings come in two types SO(32) and E
2956:"Implications of Initial LHC Searches for Supersymmetry"
1259:. A particular exact symmetry of string/M-theory called
3177:
3175:
1572:
has one supersymmetry in the ten-dimensional sense (16
1712:
The major problem with their incongruence is that, at
1584:, while the rest are based on oriented closed strings.
2320:
2119:
1970:
1874:
1760:
3172:
2768:
1686:
Integrating general relativity and quantum mechanics
3363:
String Theory Vol. 2: Superstring Theory and Beyond
1674:there are just seven composition algebras over the
64:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2654:
2268:
2099:
1950:
1824:
1726:are avoided because the observed consequences of "
1843:
1631:, string theory singles out a quotient Spin(32)/Z
1290:
5589:
1068:, which is non-renormalizable. Development of a
1025:. Such a theory incorporates both the theory of
1143:
5334:Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model
3192:. photograph: Harold Cunningham/Getty Images.
3022:Falkowski, Adam (Jester) (February 16, 2011).
3015:
1564:The five consistent superstring theories are:
5183:
3988:
3399:
2864:
2695:et al.) have speculated that the exceptional
914:
2292:
1167:up to 500 GeV. No report on suggesting
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3267:
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5190:
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3074:
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921:
907:
146:
3291:
3088:
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2982:
2914:
2413:
124:Learn how and when to remove this message
1044:Quantum field theory, in particular the
958:'Superstring theory' is a shorthand for
3143:
5590:
3052:
23:. For the bundle of firecrackers, see
5171:
3976:
3387:
2761:and their supersymmetric extensions.
2744:
1647:. This happens when certain one-loop
1197:String theory § Extra dimensions
1158:Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model
5570:
4393:Bogomol'nyiâPrasadâSommerfield bound
2953:
1263:(which exchanges momentum modes for
1017:One of the deepest open problems in
364:= 4 supersymmetric YangâMills theory
62:adding citations to reliable sources
33:
16:Theory of strings with supersymmetry
5608:Supersymmetric quantum field theory
3220:from the original on March 22, 2014
3181:
3034:from the original on March 22, 2014
2668:
1190:
27:. For the album by Ron Carter, see
13:
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2571:
2461:
2334:
2329:
2242:
2232:
2179:
2169:
2121:
2078:
2068:
2025:
2015:
1972:
1929:
1919:
1876:
1775:
1762:
1635:that is not equivalent to SO(32).)
1037:, which describes the other three
295:Geometric Langlands correspondence
14:
5624:
5613:Physics beyond the Standard Model
4002:
3413:
3083:(22). CMS Collaboration: 221804.
2954:Woit, Peter (February 22, 2011).
989:, the five superstring theories (
5569:
5558:
5557:
5302:
3439:Supersymmetric quantum mechanics
3331:
3055:"Early SUSY searches at the LHC"
2771:
38:
4590:Eleven-dimensional supergravity
3294:Letters in Mathematical Physics
3285:
3273:
3261:
3232:
3137:
2903:The European Physical Journal C
1216:, is a boundless 4-dimensional
49:needs additional citations for
5485:Causal dynamical triangulation
3107:10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.221804
3068:
3053:Tapper, Alex (24 March 2010).
3046:
2971:Journal of High Energy Physics
2962:
2947:
2933:10.1140/epjc/s10052-011-1634-1
2850:
2830:
2818:
2608:
2574:
2559:
2550:
2525:
2516:
2491:
2482:
2410:
2345:
1844:Why five superstring theories?
1819:
1800:
1771:
1733:
1291:Number of superstring theories
1041:that act on the atomic scale.
21:Superstring (formal languages)
1:
5324:Spontaneous symmetry breaking
4038:Second superstring revolution
3246:was originally discovered by
2812:
1297:second superstring revolution
1064:force, but does not work for
1012:
987:second superstring revolution
4532:Generalized complex manifold
4033:First superstring revolution
3361:Polchinski, Joseph (1998b).
3338:Polchinski, Joseph (1998a).
3182:Jha, Alok (August 6, 2013).
2887:10.1016/0550-3213(71)90351-8
2802:List of string theory topics
2226:
2163:
2062:
2009:
1913:
1814:
1163:has been up to 1.1 TeV, and
1144:Absence of physical evidence
960:supersymmetric string theory
7:
3434:Supersymmetric gauge theory
3024:"What LHC tells about SUSY"
2764:
1738:
1643:can be inconsistent due to
1283:and strong forces, lack of
1021:is formulating a theory of
10:
5629:
4130:Non-critical string theory
3733:Pure 4D N = 1 supergravity
3367:Cambridge University Press
3344:Cambridge University Press
1332:heterotic compactification
1194:
1102:
1098:
18:
5553:
5512:
5490:Canonical quantum gravity
5460:
5427:
5396:
5353:
5342:
5311:
5300:
5205:
4674:
4651:
4628:
4575:
4460:
4368:
4310:
4242:
4191:
4158:
4053:
4010:
3864:
3781:
3723:
3667:
3641:
3633:Electricâmagnetic duality
3530:
3467:
3421:
3166:10.1142/S0217732312300431
2293:Beyond superstring theory
1623:string and the heterotic
1308:
1180:University College London
1152:(LHC) and in 2006 at the
1070:quantum theory of gravity
5495:Superfluid vacuum theory
4666:Introduction to M-theory
4360:WessâZuminoâWitten model
4302:HananyâWitten transition
4028:History of string theory
3654:HaagâĆopuszaĆskiâSohnius
3628:Little hierarchy problem
3146:Modern Physics Letters A
3028:resonaances.blogspot.com
2797:Grand unification theory
1130:condensed matter physics
1105:History of string theory
220:Non-perturbative results
5277:Quantum electrodynamics
5267:Electroweak interaction
4345:Vertex operator algebra
4045:String theory landscape
3710:6D (2,0) superconformal
3077:Physical Review Letters
3062:Imperial College London
3001:10.1007/JHEP05(2011)120
2730:noncommutative geometry
2687:currently restrict the
1653:GreenâSchwarz mechanism
970:that accounts for both
966:, it is the version of
25:Superstring (fireworks)
5255:Quantum chromodynamics
4643:AdS/CFT correspondence
4398:Exceptional Lie groups
4340:Superconformal algebra
4312:Conformal field theory
4183:MontonenâOlive duality
4135:Non-linear sigma model
3690:N = 4 super YangâMills
3680:N = 1 super YangâMills
3588:Supersymmetry breaking
3492:Superconformal algebra
3487:Super-Poincaré algebra
2836:Rickles, Dean (2014).
2787:AdS/CFT correspondence
2656:
2465:
2270:
2101:
1952:
1826:
1664:mathematical structure
1169:large extra dimensions
938:attempt to explain all
336:Conformal field theory
253:AdS/CFT correspondence
5371:Cosmological constant
4638:Holographic principle
4605:Type IIB supergravity
4600:Type IIA supergravity
4452:-form electrodynamics
4071:Bosonic string theory
3768:Type IIB supergravity
3763:Type IIA supergravity
3738:4D N = 1 supergravity
3603:SeibergâWitten theory
3517:Super Minkowski space
3497:Supersymmetry algebra
2792:dS/CFT correspondence
2683:symmetries including
2657:
2433:
2271:
2102:
1953:
1827:
1670:. In the findings of
1150:Large Hadron Collider
1033:or more specifically
964:bosonic string theory
379:Holographic principle
356:Twistor string theory
5480:Loop quantum gravity
5419:Theory of everything
5414:Grand Unified Theory
5388:Neutrino oscillation
5235:Quantum field theory
4557:HoĆavaâWitten theory
4504:HyperkÀhler manifold
4192:Particles and fields
4140:Tachyon condensation
4125:Matrix string theory
3553:Short supermultiplet
2840:. Springer, p. 104.
2318:
2117:
1968:
1872:
1758:
1318:Spacetime dimensions
1205:is observed to have
1035:quantum field theory
331:Theory of everything
73:"Superstring theory"
58:improve this article
5447:Split supersymmetry
5409:KaluzaâKlein theory
5282:Fermi's interaction
4595:Type I supergravity
4499:CalabiâYau manifold
4494:Ricci-flat manifold
4473:KaluzaâKlein theory
4214:RamondâRamond field
4120:String field theory
3773:Gauged supergravity
3758:Type I supergravity
3715:ABJM superconformal
3512:Harmonic superspace
3306:1990LMaPh..19...65F
3158:2012MPLA...2730043S
3099:2011PhRvL.107v1804C
2993:2011JHEP...05..120C
2925:2011EPJC...71.1634B
2879:1971NuPhB..34..632G
2807:String field theory
2338:
2265:
2225:
2202:
2162:
1668:composition algebra
1276:KaluzaâKlein theory
1253:CalabiâYau manifold
1244:corresponding to a
1207:three large spatial
1019:theoretical physics
369:KaluzaâKlein theory
305:Monstrous moonshine
186:Perturbative theory
155:Fundamental objects
5475:Superstring theory
5245:Strong interaction
4562:K-theory (physics)
4439:ADE classification
4076:Superstring theory
3748:Higher dimensional
3743:N = 8 supergravity
3659:Nonrenormalization
3454:Super vector space
3449:Superstring theory
3314:10.1007/BF00402262
3244:critical dimension
2751:KacâMoody algebras
2745:KacâMoody algebras
2720:quaternified and E
2716:is in some sense F
2652:
2321:
2266:
2251:
2211:
2188:
2148:
2097:
1948:
1822:
1691:General relativity
1093:messenger particle
1039:fundamental forces
1027:general relativity
982:to model gravity.
946:fundamental forces
934:Superstring theory
5585:
5584:
5508:
5507:
5383:Strong CP problem
5361:Hierarchy problem
5165:
5164:
4947:van Nieuwenhuizen
4483:Why 10 dimensions
4388:ChernâSimons form
4355:KacâMoody algebra
4335:Conformal algebra
4330:Conformal anomaly
4224:Magnetic monopole
4219:KalbâRamond field
4061:NambuâGoto action
3970:
3969:
3613:WessâZumino gauge
3376:978-0-521-63304-8
3353:978-0-521-63303-1
2867:Nuclear Physics B
2846:978-3-642-45128-7
2650:
2646:
2606:
2566:
2532:
2498:
2279:
2278:
2229:
2166:
2065:
2012:
1916:
1858:Superstring model
1817:
1699:quantum mechanics
1607:: the heterotic
1562:
1561:
1348:Bosonic (closed)
1031:quantum mechanics
978:and incorporates
931:
930:
662:van Nieuwenhuizen
134:
133:
126:
108:
5620:
5573:
5572:
5561:
5560:
5351:
5350:
5306:
5305:
5287:Weak hypercharge
5272:Weak interaction
5213:Particle physics
5192:
5185:
5178:
5169:
5168:
4675:String theorists
4615:Lie superalgebra
4567:Twisted K-theory
4525:Spin(7)-manifold
4478:Compactification
4320:Virasoro algebra
4103:Heterotic string
3997:
3990:
3983:
3974:
3973:
3753:11D supergravity
3482:Lie superalgebra
3469:Supermathematics
3408:
3401:
3394:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3357:
3326:
3325:
3289:
3283:
3280:Polchinski 1998b
3277:
3271:
3268:Polchinski 1998a
3265:
3259:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3179:
3170:
3169:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3092:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3059:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3019:
3013:
3012:
2986:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2918:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2854:
2848:
2834:
2828:
2825:Polchinski 1998a
2822:
2781:
2776:
2775:
2669:Compactification
2661:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2639:
2611:
2607:
2599:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2548:
2547:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2514:
2513:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2480:
2479:
2467:
2464:
2459:
2432:
2431:
2409:
2393:
2392:
2377:
2376:
2361:
2360:
2337:
2332:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2264:
2259:
2250:
2249:
2240:
2239:
2230:
2224:
2219:
2210:
2201:
2196:
2187:
2186:
2177:
2176:
2167:
2161:
2156:
2147:
2139:
2138:
2129:
2128:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2086:
2085:
2076:
2075:
2066:
2061:
2060:
2051:
2043:
2042:
2033:
2032:
2023:
2022:
2013:
2008:
2007:
1998:
1990:
1989:
1980:
1979:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1937:
1936:
1927:
1926:
1917:
1912:
1911:
1902:
1894:
1893:
1884:
1883:
1855:
1854:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1810:
1799:
1798:
1783:
1782:
1770:
1769:
1672:abstract algebra
1649:Feynman diagrams
1601:heterotic string
1322:SUSY generators
1309:String theories
1306:
1305:
1285:parity violation
1280:electromagnetism
1212:and, along with
1191:Extra dimensions
1138:pure mathematics
1054:Electromagnetism
923:
916:
909:
325:Related concepts
150:
136:
135:
129:
122:
118:
115:
109:
107:
66:
42:
34:
5628:
5627:
5623:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5618:
5617:
5588:
5587:
5586:
5581:
5549:
5504:
5462:Quantum gravity
5456:
5423:
5392:
5345:
5338:
5329:Higgs mechanism
5307:
5303:
5298:
5201:
5196:
5166:
5161:
4670:
4647:
4624:
4571:
4519:
4489:KĂ€hler manifold
4456:
4433:
4426:
4419:
4412:
4405:
4364:
4325:Mirror symmetry
4306:
4292:Brane cosmology
4238:
4187:
4154:
4110:N=2 superstring
4096:Type IIB string
4091:Type IIA string
4066:Polyakov action
4049:
4006:
4001:
3971:
3966:
3860:
3777:
3719:
3663:
3649:ColemanâMandula
3637:
3598:Seiberg duality
3593:Konishi anomaly
3526:
3463:
3417:
3412:
3377:
3354:
3334:
3329:
3290:
3286:
3278:
3274:
3266:
3262:
3252:Nuclear Physics
3248:John H. Schwarz
3237:
3233:
3223:
3221:
3180:
3173:
3152:(40): 1230043.
3142:
3138:
3073:
3069:
3057:
3051:
3047:
3037:
3035:
3020:
3016:
2967:
2963:
2952:
2948:
2898:
2894:
2855:
2851:
2835:
2831:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2777:
2770:
2767:
2760:
2756:
2747:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2671:
2638:
2616:
2612:
2598:
2570:
2568:
2549:
2540:
2536:
2534:
2515:
2506:
2502:
2500:
2481:
2472:
2468:
2466:
2460:
2437:
2427:
2423:
2388:
2384:
2372:
2368:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2333:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2295:
2288:
2284:
2260:
2255:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2231:
2220:
2215:
2209:
2197:
2192:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2168:
2157:
2152:
2146:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2067:
2056:
2052:
2050:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2014:
2003:
1999:
1997:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1918:
1907:
1903:
1901:
1889:
1885:
1879:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1846:
1809:
1794:
1790:
1778:
1774:
1765:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1741:
1736:
1688:
1634:
1621:
1614:
1529:
1525:
1374:Bosonic (open)
1293:
1269:mirror symmetry
1199:
1193:
1176:Jon Butterworth
1146:
1122:quantum gravity
1107:
1101:
1050:renormalization
1023:quantum gravity
1015:
962:because unlike
927:
882:
881:
392:
384:
383:
341:Quantum gravity
326:
300:Mirror symmetry
130:
119:
113:
110:
67:
65:
55:
43:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5626:
5616:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5579:
5567:
5554:
5551:
5550:
5548:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5516:
5514:
5510:
5509:
5506:
5505:
5503:
5502:
5500:Twistor theory
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5466:
5464:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5433:
5431:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5400:
5398:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5379:
5378:
5368:
5363:
5357:
5355:
5348:
5346:Standard Model
5340:
5339:
5337:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5315:
5313:
5309:
5308:
5301:
5299:
5297:
5296:
5295:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5264:
5263:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5231:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5209:
5207:
5203:
5202:
5199:Standard Model
5195:
5194:
5187:
5180:
5172:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4997:Randjbar-Daemi
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4678:
4676:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4668:
4663:
4657:
4655:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4640:
4634:
4632:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4622:
4620:Lie supergroup
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4581:
4579:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4528:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4513:
4512:
4511:
4501:
4491:
4486:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4464:
4462:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4424:
4417:
4410:
4403:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4374:
4372:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4316:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4299:
4297:Quiver diagram
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4248:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4164:
4162:
4160:String duality
4156:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4086:Type II string
4083:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4057:
4055:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4035:
4025:
4023:Cosmic strings
4020:
4014:
4012:
4008:
4007:
4000:
3999:
3992:
3985:
3977:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3787:
3785:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3729:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3671:
3669:
3668:Field theories
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3563:Superpotential
3560:
3555:
3550:
3548:Supermultiplet
3545:
3540:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3473:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3425:
3423:
3422:General topics
3419:
3418:
3411:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3375:
3358:
3352:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3284:
3272:
3260:
3231:
3171:
3136:
3067:
3045:
3014:
2961:
2946:
2892:
2873:(2): 632â639.
2849:
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2779:Physics portal
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2309:Standard Model
2294:
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2277:
2276:
2263:
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2238:
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1687:
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1641:gauge theories
1637:
1636:
1632:
1619:
1612:
1597:
1589:type II string
1585:
1582:closed strings
1560:
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1556:
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1547:
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1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1292:
1289:
1265:winding number
1203:physical space
1192:
1189:
1145:
1142:
1103:Main article:
1100:
1097:
1091:(the proposed
1046:Standard model
1014:
1011:
950:supersymmetric
929:
928:
926:
925:
918:
911:
903:
900:
899:
898:
897:
892:
884:
883:
880:
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869:
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859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
712:Randjbar-Daemi
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
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594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
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549:
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539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
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469:
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459:
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429:
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419:
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409:
404:
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393:
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389:
386:
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382:
381:
376:
371:
366:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
327:
324:
323:
320:
319:
318:
317:
312:
310:Vertex algebra
307:
302:
297:
289:
288:
284:
283:
282:
281:
276:
271:
263:
262:
258:
257:
256:
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230:
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221:
217:
216:
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214:
196:
188:
187:
183:
182:
181:
180:
175:
170:
165:
157:
156:
152:
151:
143:
142:
132:
131:
46:
44:
37:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5625:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5603:Supersymmetry
5601:
5599:
5598:String theory
5596:
5595:
5593:
5578:
5577:
5568:
5566:
5565:
5556:
5555:
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5523:
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5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5470:String theory
5468:
5467:
5465:
5463:
5459:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5430:
5429:Supersymmetry
5426:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5395:
5389:
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5381:
5377:
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5373:
5372:
5369:
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5364:
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5325:
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5280:
5278:
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5268:
5265:
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5251:
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5233:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5215:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5193:
5188:
5186:
5181:
5179:
5174:
5173:
5170:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5142:Zamolodchikov
5140:
5138:
5137:Zamolodchikov
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
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4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4673:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4661:Matrix theory
4659:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4650:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4627:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4578:
4577:Supersymmetry
4574:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4514:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4459:
4453:
4451:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4434:
4427:
4420:
4413:
4406:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4371:
4367:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4313:
4309:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4241:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4229:Dual graviton
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4190:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4145:RNS formalism
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4104:
4101:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4081:Type I string
4079:
4078:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4052:
4046:
4043:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4004:String theory
3998:
3993:
3991:
3986:
3984:
3979:
3978:
3975:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3783:Superpartners
3780:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3523:
3522:Supermanifold
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3460:
3459:Supergeometry
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3429:Supersymmetry
3427:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3415:Supersymmetry
3409:
3404:
3402:
3397:
3395:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3378:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3336:
3335:
3332:Cited sources
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3288:
3282:, p. 198
3281:
3276:
3270:, p. 247
3269:
3264:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3235:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3178:
3176:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3140:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3071:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3018:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2965:
2957:
2950:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2896:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2862:
2858:
2857:J. L. Gervais
2853:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2826:
2821:
2817:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2769:
2762:
2752:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2732:based on the
2731:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2685:supersymmetry
2682:
2679:However, the
2677:
2666:
2643:
2640:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2603:
2600:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2562:
2556:
2553:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2494:
2488:
2485:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2339:
2326:
2322:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2305:
2304:Edward Witten
2301:
2290:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2236:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2173:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2072:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2019:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1923:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1860:
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1749:vector fields
1746:
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1724:Singularities
1721:
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1718:Planck length
1715:
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1226:string theory
1223:
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1184:superpartners
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1111:supersymmetry
1106:
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1086:
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1078:
1077:Planck length
1073:
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988:
983:
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980:supersymmetry
977:
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968:string theory
965:
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862:Zamolodchikov
860:
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857:Zamolodchikov
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349:
347:
346:Supersymmetry
344:
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328:
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275:
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269:Phenomenology
267:
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261:Phenomenology
260:
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169:
168:Cosmic string
166:
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161:
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159:
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154:
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149:
145:
144:
141:
140:String theory
138:
137:
128:
125:
117:
114:November 2012
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82:
78:
75: â
74:
70:
69:Find sources:
63:
59:
53:
52:
47:This article
45:
41:
36:
35:
30:
29:Super Strings
26:
22:
5574:
5562:
5474:
5452:Supergravity
5312:Constituents
5292:Weak isospin
5250:Color charge
5240:Gauge theory
4687:Arkani-Hamed
4585:Supergravity
4552:Moduli space
4449:
4444:Dirac string
4370:Gauge theory
4350:Loop algebra
4287:Black string
4150:GS formalism
4075:
3725:Supergravity
3618:Localization
3608:Witten index
3583:Moduli space
3477:Superalgebra
3448:
3444:Supergravity
3362:
3339:
3300:(1): 65â71.
3297:
3293:
3287:
3275:
3263:
3255:
3251:
3239:
3234:
3222:. Retrieved
3189:The Guardian
3187:
3149:
3145:
3139:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3048:
3036:. Retrieved
3027:
3017:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2949:
2906:
2902:
2895:
2870:
2866:
2852:
2837:
2832:
2820:
2748:
2680:
2672:
2664:
2296:
2280:
1847:
1836:
1834:
1745:KaluzaâKlein
1742:
1728:Big Crunches
1722:
1714:Planck scale
1711:
1707:peak density
1706:
1689:
1680:real numbers
1661:
1657:
1638:
1616:
1609:
1605:gauge groups
1574:supercharges
1563:
1294:
1273:
1250:
1238:compactified
1200:
1173:
1147:
1119:
1108:
1081:Planck force
1074:
1058:strong force
1043:
1016:
984:
959:
957:
933:
932:
402:Arkani-Hamed
361:
351:Supergravity
198:
120:
111:
101:
94:
87:
80:
68:
56:Please help
51:verification
48:
5513:Experiments
5404:Technicolor
5366:Dark matter
5260:Quark model
5228:Higgs boson
5223:Gauge boson
5047:Silverstein
4547:Orientifold
4282:Black holes
4277:Black brane
4234:Dual photon
3865:Researchers
3851:Stop squark
3816:Graviscalar
3811:Graviphoton
3675:WessâZumino
3538:Supercharge
3258:(1), 61â74.
2909:(5): 1634.
2827:, p. 4
2734:quaternions
1734:Mathematics
1703:black holes
1337:gauge group
1257:G2 manifold
1242:submanifold
1230:consistency
762:Silverstein
287:Mathematics
199:Superstring
5592:Categories
5520:Gran Sasso
5344:Beyond the
5319:CKM matrix
5206:Background
5067:Strominger
5062:Steinhardt
5057:Staudacher
4972:Polchinski
4922:Nanopoulos
4882:Mandelstam
4862:Kontsevich
4702:Berenstein
4630:Holography
4610:Superspace
4509:K3 surface
4468:Worldsheet
4383:Instantons
4011:Background
3912:Iliopoulos
3856:Superghost
3846:Sgoldstino
3831:Neutralino
3623:Mu problem
3543:R-symmetry
3507:Superspace
3502:Supergroup
2977:(5): 120.
2813:References
2697:Lie groups
1861:Invariant
1629:Lie groups
1510:N = (1,0)
1484:N = (1,0)
1458:N = (2,0)
1432:N = (1,1)
1406:N = (1,0)
1301:conjecture
1234:hyperspace
1210:dimensions
1195:See also:
1013:Background
985:Since the
782:Strominger
777:Steinhardt
772:Staudacher
687:Polchinski
637:Nanopoulos
597:Mandelstam
577:Kontsevich
417:Berenstein
374:Multiverse
84:newspapers
5102:Veneziano
4982:Rajaraman
4877:Maldacena
4767:Gopakumar
4717:Dijkgraaf
4712:Curtright
4378:Anomalies
4257:NS5-brane
4178:U-duality
4173:S-duality
4168:T-duality
3882:Batchelor
3806:Goldstino
3695:Super QCD
3573:FI D-term
3558:BPS state
3322:120143992
3224:March 22,
3206:0261-3077
3115:0031-9007
3090:1109.2352
3038:March 22,
2984:1101.4664
2916:1102.4585
2861:B. Sakita
2738:octonions
2693:John Baez
2572:Γ
2462:∞
2435:∑
2343:
2335:∞
2330:∞
2327:−
2323:∫
2253:θ
2243:∂
2237:μ
2233:Γ
2227:¯
2213:θ
2204:−
2190:θ
2180:∂
2174:μ
2170:Γ
2164:¯
2150:θ
2141:−
2136:μ
2122:∂
2089:θ
2079:∂
2073:μ
2069:Γ
2063:¯
2054:θ
2045:−
2036:θ
2026:∂
2020:μ
2016:Γ
2010:¯
2001:θ
1992:−
1987:μ
1973:∂
1940:θ
1930:∂
1924:μ
1920:Γ
1914:¯
1905:θ
1896:−
1891:μ
1877:∂
1866:Heterotic
1815:¯
1776:∂
1772:→
1763:∂
1705:. Having
1695:spacetime
1645:anomalies
1537:M-theory
1261:T-duality
1222:spacetime
1220:known as
1218:continuum
1134:cosmology
1003:HO and HE
942:particles
822:Veneziano
697:Rajaraman
592:Maldacena
482:Gopakumar
432:Dijkgraaf
427:Curtright
391:Theorists
279:Landscape
274:Cosmology
238:U-duality
233:T-duality
228:S-duality
211:Heterotic
5564:Category
5545:Tevatron
5397:Theories
5354:Evidence
5218:Fermions
5157:Zwiebach
5112:Verlinde
5107:Verlinde
5082:Townsend
5077:Susskind
5012:Sagnotti
4977:Polyakov
4932:Nekrasov
4897:Minwalla
4892:Martinec
4857:Knizhnik
4852:Klebanov
4847:Kapustin
4812:'t Hooft
4747:Fischler
4682:AganagiÄ
4653:M-theory
4542:Conifold
4537:Orbifold
4520:manifold
4461:Geometry
4267:M5-brane
4262:M2-brane
4199:Graviton
4115:F-theory
3917:Montonen
3841:Sfermion
3836:R-hadron
3821:Higgsino
3796:Chargino
3685:4D N = 1
3642:Theorems
3531:Concepts
3218:Archived
3214:60623878
3131:22498269
3123:22182023
3032:Archived
3009:53467362
2941:52026092
2765:See also
2676:D-branes
2300:Gaussian
1739:D-branes
1697:whereas
1154:Tevatron
1126:particle
1115:the West
1089:graviton
1060:and the
1007:M-theory
999:Type IIB
995:Type IIA
972:fermions
895:Glossary
877:Zwiebach
832:Verlinde
827:Verlinde
802:Townsend
797:'t Hooft
792:Susskind
727:Sagnotti
692:Polyakov
647:Nekrasov
612:Minwalla
607:Martinec
572:Knizhnik
567:Klebanov
562:Kapustin
532:Horowitz
462:Fischler
397:AganagiÄ
315:K-theory
248:F-theory
243:M-theory
5576:Commons
5540:Super-K
5376:problem
5087:Trivedi
5072:Sundrum
5037:Shenker
5027:Seiberg
5022:Schwarz
4992:Randall
4952:Novikov
4942:Nielsen
4927:NÄstase
4837:Kallosh
4822:Gibbons
4762:Gliozzi
4752:Friedan
4742:Ferrara
4727:Douglas
4722:Distler
4272:S-brane
4252:D-brane
4209:Tachyon
4204:Dilaton
4018:Strings
3932:Seiberg
3907:Golfand
3887:Berezin
3872:Affleck
3801:Gaugino
3302:Bibcode
3154:Bibcode
3095:Bibcode
2989:Bibcode
2921:Bibcode
2875:Bibcode
2689:spinors
2285:×E
1850:spinors
1666:called
1639:Chiral
1496:SO(32)
1418:SO(32)
1342:tachyon
1325:chiral
1165:gluinos
1161:squarks
1099:History
1087:). The
1085:newtons
1066:gravity
953:strings
940:of the
890:History
807:Trivedi
787:Sundrum
752:Shenker
742:Seiberg
737:Schwarz
707:Randall
667:Novikov
657:Nielsen
642:NÄstase
552:Kallosh
537:Gibbons
477:Gliozzi
467:Friedan
457:Ferrara
442:Douglas
437:Distler
207:Type II
194:Bosonic
178:D-brane
98:scholar
5152:Zumino
5147:Zaslow
5132:Yoneya
5122:Witten
5042:Siegel
5017:Scherk
4987:Ramond
4962:Ooguri
4887:Marolf
4842:Kaluza
4827:Kachru
4817:HoĆava
4807:Harvey
4802:Hanson
4787:Gubser
4777:Greene
4707:Bousso
4692:Atiyah
4244:Branes
4054:Theory
3962:Zumino
3957:Witten
3947:Rogers
3937:Siegel
3877:Bagger
3578:F-term
3568:D-term
3373:
3350:
3320:
3212:
3204:
3194:London
3129:
3121:
3113:
3007:
2939:
2844:
1837:type I
1625:SO(32)
1594:chiral
1543:N = 1
1380:N = 0
1354:N = 0
1136:, and
1056:, the
991:Type I
976:bosons
936:is an
872:Zumino
867:Zaslow
852:Yoneya
842:Witten
757:Siegel
732:Scherk
702:Ramond
677:Ooguri
602:Marolf
557:Kaluza
542:Kachru
527:HoĆava
522:Harvey
517:Hanson
502:Gubser
492:Greene
422:Bousso
407:Atiyah
203:Type I
163:String
100:
93:
86:
79:
71:
5442:NMSSM
5092:Turok
5002:RoÄek
4967:Ovrut
4957:Olive
4937:Neveu
4917:Myers
4912:Mukhi
4902:Moore
4872:Linde
4867:Klein
4792:Gukov
4782:Gross
4772:Green
4757:Gates
4737:Dvali
4697:Banks
3942:RoÄek
3927:Salam
3922:Olive
3902:Gates
3897:Fayet
3791:Axino
3705:NMSSM
3318:S2CID
3242:= 10
3127:S2CID
3085:arXiv
3058:(PDF)
3005:S2CID
2979:arXiv
2937:S2CID
2911:arXiv
2757:and E
2707:and E
2681:known
1676:field
1555:none
1470:none
1444:U(1)
1392:U(1)
1366:none
1314:Type
1246:brane
812:Turok
717:RoÄek
682:Ovrut
672:Olive
652:Neveu
632:Myers
627:Mukhi
617:Moore
587:Linde
582:Klein
507:Gukov
497:Gross
487:Green
472:Gates
452:Dvali
412:Banks
173:Brane
105:JSTOR
91:books
5437:MSSM
5117:Wess
5097:Vafa
5007:Rohm
4907:Motl
4832:Kaku
4797:Guth
4732:Duff
3952:Wess
3892:Dine
3700:MSSM
3371:ISBN
3348:ISBN
3238:The
3226:2014
3210:OCLC
3202:ISSN
3119:PMID
3111:ISSN
3040:2014
2975:2011
2859:and
2842:ISBN
2736:and
2724:is F
1599:The
1592:non-
1587:The
1580:and
1578:open
1568:The
1519:yes
1513:yes
1493:yes
1487:yes
1461:yes
1452:IIB
1426:IIA
1412:yes
1409:yes
1395:yes
1386:yes
1369:yes
1214:time
1201:Our
1128:and
1113:(in
1083:(10
1062:weak
974:and
944:and
837:Wess
817:Vafa
722:Rohm
622:Motl
547:Kaku
512:Guth
447:Duff
77:news
5535:SNO
5530:LHC
5525:INO
5127:Yau
5052:SÆĄn
5032:Sen
3826:LSP
3310:doi
3256:B46
3198:GMG
3162:doi
3103:doi
3081:107
2997:doi
2929:doi
2883:doi
2703:, E
2340:exp
2111:IIB
1962:IIA
1835:In
1678:of
1558:no
1552:no
1549:no
1546:no
1540:11
1532:no
1526:Ă E
1516:no
1507:10
1504:HE
1499:no
1490:no
1481:10
1478:HO
1473:no
1467:no
1464:no
1455:10
1447:no
1441:no
1438:no
1435:no
1429:10
1421:no
1415:no
1403:10
1389:no
1383:no
1377:26
1363:no
1360:no
1357:no
1351:26
1178:at
847:Yau
767:SÆĄn
747:Sen
60:by
5594::
4428:,
4421:,
4414:,
4407:,
3369:.
3365:.
3346:.
3342:.
3316:.
3308:.
3298:19
3296:.
3254:,
3216:.
3208:.
3200:.
3196::
3186:.
3174:^
3160:.
3150:27
3148:.
3125:.
3117:.
3109:.
3101:.
3093:.
3079:.
3060:.
3030:.
3026:.
3003:.
2995:.
2987:.
2973:.
2935:.
2927:.
2919:.
2907:71
2905:.
2881:.
2871:34
2869:.
2759:11
2755:10
1655:.
1400:I
1303:.
1271:.
1228:,
1140:.
1132:,
1124:,
1009:.
1001:,
997:,
993:,
955:.
209:,
205:,
5191:e
5184:t
5177:v
4518:2
4516:G
4485:?
4450:p
4435:)
4432:8
4430:E
4425:7
4423:E
4418:6
4416:E
4411:4
4409:F
4404:2
4402:G
4400:(
3996:e
3989:t
3982:v
3407:e
3400:t
3393:v
3379:.
3356:.
3324:.
3312::
3304::
3240:D
3228:.
3168:.
3164::
3156::
3133:.
3105::
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