217:
168:
133:
149:
183:
198:
2315:
2224:
2133:
2069:
121:
3877:
3901:
872:. Non-covalent bonds between the reactants and a "template" hold the reactive sites of the reactants close together, facilitating the desired chemistry. This technique is particularly useful for situations where the desired reaction conformation is thermodynamically or kinetically unlikely, such as in the preparation of large macrocycles. This pre-organization also serves purposes such as minimizing side reactions, lowering the
3913:
3889:
54:, provided that the electronic coupling strength remains small relative to the energy parameters of the component. While traditional chemistry concentrates on the covalent bond, supramolecular chemistry examines the weaker and reversible non-covalent interactions between molecules. These forces include hydrogen bonding,
759:
In that example a macrocyclic ring with 4 protonated nitrogen atoms encapsulates a chloride anion; illustrations of ITC data and a titration curve are reproduced in Steed&Atwood. (pp 15â16) The value of the equilibrium constant and the stoichiometry of the species formed were found to be strongly
1379:
Design based on supramolecular chemistry has led to numerous applications in the creation of functional biomaterials and therapeutics. Supramolecular biomaterials afford a number of modular and generalizable platforms with tunable mechanical, chemical and biological properties. These include systems
891:
consist of molecules that are linked only as a consequence of their topology. Some non-covalent interactions may exist between the different components (often those that were used in the construction of the system), but covalent bonds do not. Supramolecular chemistry, and template-directed synthesis
809:
Molecular self-assembly is the construction of systems without guidance or management from an outside source (other than to provide a suitable environment). The molecules are directed to assemble through non-covalent interactions. Self-assembly may be subdivided into intermolecular self-assembly (to
850:
Molecular recognition is the specific binding of a guest molecule to a complementary host molecule to form a hostâguest complex. Often, the definition of which species is the "host" and which is the "guest" is arbitrary. The molecules are able to identify each other using non-covalent interactions.
952:
describes a process by which a host is constructed from small molecules using a suitable molecular species as a template. After construction, the template is removed leaving only the host. The template for host construction may be subtly different from the guest that the finished host binds to. In
267:
occurred when it was realized that there are two separate strands of nucleotides connected through hydrogen bonds. The use of non-covalent bonds is essential to replication because they allow the strands to be separated and used to template new double stranded DNA. Concomitantly, chemists began to
997:
Supramolecular systems are rarely designed from first principles. Rather, chemists have a range of well-studied structural and functional building blocks that they are able to use to build up larger functional architectures. Many of these exist as whole families of similar units, from which the
1210:
The understanding of intermolecular interactions in solids has undergone a major renaissance via inputs from different experimental and computational methods in the last decade. This includes high-pressure studies in solids and "in situ" crystallization of compounds which are liquids at room
307:
for
Chemistry which was awarded to Donald J. Cram, Jean-Marie Lehn, and Charles J. Pedersen in recognition of their work in this area. The development of selective "hostâguest" complexes in particular, in which a host molecule recognizes and selectively binds a certain guest, was cited as an
880:. After the reaction has taken place, the template may remain in place, be forcibly removed, or may be "automatically" decomplexed on account of the different recognition properties of the reaction product. The template may be as simple as a single metal ion or may be extremely complex.
1211:
temperature along with the use of electron density analysis, crystal structure prediction and DFT calculations in solid state to enable a quantitative understanding of the nature, energetics and topological properties associated with such interactions in crystals.
1402:
Supramolecular chemistry has been used to demonstrate computation functions on a molecular scale. In many cases, photonic or chemical signals have been used in these components, but electrical interfacing of these units has also been shown by supramolecular
772:
have strong hydrogen bonding, electrostatic, and charge-transfer capabilities, and are therefore able to become involved in complex equilibria with the system, even breaking complexes completely. For this reason, the choice of solvent can be critical.
1842:
Janeta, Mateusz; John, Ćukasz; Ejfler, Jolanta; Lis, Tadeusz; Szafert, SĆawomir (2016-08-02). "Multifunctional imine-POSS as uncommon 3D nanobuilding blocks for supramolecular hybrid materials: synthesis, structural characterization, and properties".
1123:
Supramolecular metallocycles are macrocyclic aggregates with metal ions in the ring, often formed from angular and linear modules. Common metallocycle shapes in these types of applications include triangles, squares, and pentagons, each bearing
335:
motifs became integrated into supramolecular systems in order to increase functionality, research into synthetic self-replicating system began, and work on molecular information processing devices began. The emerging science of
867:
Molecular recognition and self-assembly may be used with reactive species in order to pre-organize a system for a chemical reaction (to form one or more covalent bonds). It may be considered a special case of supramolecular
920:
covalent bonds are broken and formed in a reversible reaction under thermodynamic control. While covalent bonds are key to the process, the system is directed by non-covalent forces to form the lowest energy structures.
2832:
RodrĂguez-VĂĄzquez, Nuria; Fuertes, Alberto; AmorĂn, Manuel; Granja, Juan R. (2016). "Chapter 14. Bioinspired
Artificial Sodium and Potassium Ion Channels". In Sigel, Astrid; Sigel, Helmut; Sigel, Roland K.O. (eds.).
299:
became active in synthesizing shape- and ion-selective receptors, and throughout the 1980s research in the area gathered a rapid pace with concepts such as mechanically interlocked molecular architectures emerging.
1324:
Supramolecular chemistry has found many applications, in particular molecular self-assembly processes have been applied to the development of new materials. Large structures can be readily accessed using
968:
are molecules or molecular assemblies that can perform functions such as linear or rotational movement, switching, and entrapment. These devices exist at the boundary between supramolecular chemistry and
365:
Supramolecular complexes are formed by non-covalent interactions between two chemical moieties, which can be described as an host and a guest. Most commonly, the interacting species are held together by
216:
1390:
has also made critical advances as a result of supramolecular chemistry providing encapsulation and targeted release mechanisms. In addition, supramolecular systems have been designed to disrupt
1329:
synthesis as they are composed of small molecules requiring fewer steps to synthesize. Thus most of the bottom-up approaches to nanotechnology are based on supramolecular chemistry. Many
680:
782:
1098:
are very useful in supramolecular chemistry, as they provide whole cavities that can completely surround guest molecules and may be chemically modified to fine-tune their properties.
421:
1151:
Many supramolecular systems require their components to have suitable spacing and conformations relative to each other, and therefore easily employed structural units are required.
1917:
182:
1815:
Schmitt, J. L.; Stadler, A. M.; Kyritsakas, N.; Lehn, J. M. (2003). "Helicity-Encoded
Molecular Strands: Efficient Access by the Hydrazone Route and Structural Features".
132:
633:
2935:
933:
architectures can be used to learn about both the biological model and the synthetic implementation. Examples include photoelectrochemical systems, catalytic systems,
729:
706:
607:
584:
1371:
are also used in catalysis to create microenvironments suitable for reactions (or steps in reactions) to progress that is not possible to use on a macroscopic scale.
2146:
Daze, K. (2012). "Supramolecular hosts that recognize methyllysines and disrupt the interaction between a modified histone tail and its epigenetic reader protein".
1386:
Supramolecular chemistry is also important to the development of new pharmaceutical therapies by understanding the interactions at a drug binding site. The area of
1741:
Anderson, S.; Anderson, H. L.; Bashall, A.; McPartlin, M.; Sanders, J. K. M. (1995). "Assembly and
Crystal Structure of a Photoactive Array of Five Porphyrins".
167:
148:
749:
248:
and hostâguest chemistry. In the early twentieth century non-covalent bonds were understood in gradually more detail, with the hydrogen bond being described by
1383:
A supramolecular approach has been used extensively to create artificial ion channels for the transport of sodium and potassium ions into and out of cells.
1969:
Sessler, Jonathan L.; Gross, Dustin E.; Cho, Won-Seob; Lynch, Vincent M.; Schmidtchen, Franz P.; Bates, Gareth W.; Light, Mark E.; Gale, Philip A. (2006).
1351:
and catalysis. Non-covalent interactions are extremely important in catalysis, binding reactants into conformations suitable for reaction and lowering the
2237:
Lehn, J. M. (1990). "Perspectives in
Supramolecular ChemistryâFrom Molecular Recognition towards Molecular Information Processing and Self-Organization".
279:
Eventually, chemists were able to take these concepts and apply them to synthetic systems. The breakthrough came in the 1960s with the synthesis of the
1679:
Day, A. I.; Blanch, R. J.; Arnold, A. P.; Lorenzo, S.; Lewis, G. R.; Dance, I. (2002). "A Cucurbituril-Based
Gyroscane: A New Supramolecular Form".
296:
197:
2675:
1714:
Bravo, J. A.; Raymo, F. I. M.; Stoddart, J. F.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. (1998). "High
Yielding Template-Directed Syntheses of Rotaxanes".
888:
154:
94:
2754:
Choudhury, R. (2012). "Deep-Cavity
Cavitand Octa Acid as a Hydrogen Donor: Photofunctionalization with Nitrenes Generated from Azidoadamantanes".
2972:
1139:
2626:
1727:
1109:, cucurbiturils and crown ethers are readily synthesized in large quantities, and are therefore convenient for use in supramolecular systems.
957:
interactions, but more complex systems also incorporate hydrogen bonding and other interactions to improve binding strength and specificity.
3073:
3078:
892:
in particular, is key to the efficient synthesis of the compounds. Examples of mechanically interlocked molecular architectures include
2545:
Functional
Metallosupramolecular Materials, Editors: John George Hardy, Felix H Schacher, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge 2015,
1380:
based on supramolecular assembly of peptides, hostâguest macrocycles, high-affinity hydrogen bonding, and metalâligand interactions.
2689:
120:
3056:
2401:
1692:
3100:
431:
2708:
2651:
1953:
1918:"Chemistry and Physics Nobels Hail Discoveries on Life and Superconductors; Three Share Prize for Synthesis of Vital Enzymes"
1524:
1015:
with dioxyarenes or diaminoarenes have been used extensively for the construction of mechanically interlocked systems and in
3112:
3051:
768:
The molecular environment around a supramolecular system is also of prime importance to its operation and stability. Many
2965:
1652:
Hasenknopf, B.; Lehn, J. M.; Kneisel, B. O.; Baum, G.; Fenske, D. (1996). "Self-Assembly of a
Circular Double Helicate".
2688:
Schneider, H.-J. ( Ed.) (2012) Applications of Supramolecular Chemistry, CRC Press Taylor & Francis Boca Raton etc,
2884:
1304:
has been used as a route to produce modified enzymes, electrically contacted enzymes, and even photoswitchable enzymes.
1195:
can be used as scaffolds for the construction of complex systems and also for interfacing electrochemical systems with
3939:
2789:
Webber, Matthew J.; Appel, Eric A.; Meijer, E. W.; Langer, Robert (18 December 2015). "Supramolecular biomaterials".
2602:
752:
3917:
1391:
641:
1435:
have been demonstrated on a conceptual level. Even full-scale computations have been achieved by semi-synthetic
3796:
2958:
233:
391:
3239:
2993:
1326:
259:
and other biological processes. For instance, the important breakthrough that allowed the elucidation of the
2883:
Bertrand, N.; Gauthier, M. A.; Bouvet, C. L.; Moreau, P.; Petitjean, A.; Leroux, J. C.; Leblond, J. (2011).
760:
solvent-dependent. With nitromethane solutions values of ÎH = 8.55 kJmol and ÎS = -9.1 JKmol were obtained.
105:
is crucial to understanding many biological processes that rely on these forces for structure and function.
1228:
have highly tunable photochemical and electrochemical activity as well as the potential to form complexes.
3516:
3003:
385:, will be in equilibrium with each other. In the simplest case, p=q=1, the equilibrium can be written as
3893:
3442:
3413:
3393:
3346:
2944:
917:
98:
2940:
3031:
1575:
Biedermann, F.; Schneider, H.J. (2016). "Experimental Binding Energies in Supramolecular Complexes".
905:
822:
and polypeptides). Molecular self-assembly also allows the construction of larger structures such as
260:
2520:
2314:
2223:
2132:
2068:
1238:
groups can change their shapes and properties, including binding properties, upon exposure to light.
3786:
3341:
1342:
1200:
986:
249:
174:
102:
90:
1772:-xylylenediammonium chloride and calcium hydrogensulfate adducts of the cavitand 'cucurbituril', C
929:
Many synthetic supramolecular systems are designed to copy functions of biological systems. These
3724:
3635:
3598:
3482:
3408:
3229:
3212:
3155:
2723:
1356:
1301:
811:
204:
78:
1310:
has been used both as a structural and as a functional unit in synthetic supramolecular systems.
311:
In the 1990s, supramolecular chemistry became even more sophisticated, with researchers such as
38:. The strength of the forces responsible for spatial organization of the system range from weak
3642:
3630:
3521:
3386:
3160:
3026:
2558:
Lee, S. J.; Lin, W. (2008). "Chiral Metallocycles: Rational Synthesis and Novel Applications".
1355:
energy of reaction. Template-directed synthesis is a special case of supramolecular catalysis.
1086:
properties in addition to the complexation itself. These units are used a great deal by nature.
612:
1611:
1067:
is of great utility in the construction of complex architectures of many individual molecules.
711:
688:
589:
566:
3791:
3688:
3673:
3603:
3526:
3358:
3308:
3217:
3142:
3041:
327:
developing sensors and methods of electronic and biological interfacing. During this period,
312:
245:
86:
67:
370:. The definition excludes compounds formed by electrostatic interactions, which are called
3781:
3736:
3511:
3331:
3261:
3018:
2998:
2798:
2381:
2341:
2277:
2186:
2095:
2031:
1481:
1432:
1044:
1008:
949:
427:
237:
55:
39:
2546:
434:
by any of the techniques described below. Some examples are shown in the following table.
240:
developed supramolecular chemistry's philosophical roots. In 1894, Fischer suggested that
8:
3804:
3758:
3683:
3656:
3554:
3536:
3489:
3427:
3323:
3303:
3172:
3167:
3068:
1971:"Calix[4]pyrrole as a Chloride Anion Receptor: Solvent and Countercation Effects"
1408:
1404:
1016:
974:
839:
815:
316:
284:
82:
63:
2802:
2345:
2281:
2190:
2099:
2035:
1485:
3944:
3881:
3847:
3709:
3678:
3559:
3501:
3199:
3182:
3177:
3132:
3095:
3085:
3046:
2915:
2669:
2643:
Understanding intermolecular interactions in the solid state: approaches and techniques
2620:
2448:
2423:
Zhang, S. (2003). "Fabrication of novel biomaterials through molecular self-assembly".
2298:
2289:
2265:
2207:
2198:
2174:
2116:
2107:
2083:
2052:
2043:
2019:
1995:
1970:
1420:
1241:
1235:
982:
790:
734:
59:
2479:
3900:
3862:
3827:
3810:
3748:
3666:
3661:
3589:
3574:
3544:
3465:
3432:
3403:
3398:
3373:
3363:
3283:
3271:
3150:
3063:
2907:
2871:
2846:
2814:
2771:
2704:
2657:
2647:
2608:
2598:
2575:
2440:
2405:
2359:
2303:
2212:
2121:
2057:
2000:
1949:
1868:
1860:
1696:
1634:
1592:
1557:
1520:
1497:
1448:
1192:
1182:
1037:
965:
873:
831:
560:
268:
recognize and study synthetic structures based on non-covalent interactions, such as
256:
2919:
2452:
3905:
3822:
3477:
3336:
3313:
3266:
3207:
2899:
2838:
2806:
2763:
2567:
2502:
2475:
2432:
2397:
2349:
2293:
2285:
2246:
2202:
2194:
2155:
2111:
2103:
2047:
2039:
1990:
1982:
1941:
1899:
1852:
1824:
1797:
1750:
1723:
1688:
1661:
1626:
1584:
1549:
1489:
1412:
1352:
1347:
A major application of supramolecular chemistry is the design and understanding of
1125:
938:
852:
798:
794:
328:
241:
27:
2903:
3763:
3719:
3714:
3608:
3584:
3418:
3381:
3234:
3224:
3107:
2842:
2385:
1249:
1083:
1034:
978:
877:
835:
292:
106:
1728:
10.1002/(SICI)1099-0690(199811)1998:11<2565::AID-EJOC2565>3.0.CO;2-8
1588:
1171:. The chemistry for creating and connecting these units is very well understood.
3647:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3570:
3566:
3549:
3506:
3437:
3298:
3293:
3278:
3090:
3008:
2018:
Ariga, K.; Hill, J. P.; Lee, M. V.; Vinu, A.; Charvet, R.; Acharya, S. (2008).
1453:
1424:
1330:
1290:
1225:
1075:
970:
934:
901:
337:
332:
324:
288:
43:
2661:
1801:
3933:
3852:
3741:
3697:
3422:
3256:
3251:
3244:
3122:
2612:
1903:
1864:
1387:
1231:
1174:
1135:
1079:
827:
367:
320:
273:
71:
51:
47:
2493:
Balzani, V.; GĂłmez-LĂłpez, M.; Stoddart, J. F. (1998). "Molecular Machines".
2328:
Li, F.; Clegg, J. K.; Lindoy, L. F.; MacQuart, R. B.; Meehan, G. V. (2011).
1493:
1293:, and has been used as the recognition motif to construct synthetic systems.
3729:
3579:
3494:
3470:
3460:
3452:
3353:
3288:
3187:
3036:
2947:â Thematic Series in the Open Access Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry
2911:
2850:
2818:
2775:
2742:
2641:
2579:
2444:
2409:
2377:
2363:
2307:
2250:
2216:
2125:
2061:
2004:
1872:
1828:
1754:
1700:
1665:
1638:
1630:
1596:
1561:
1553:
1436:
1416:
1131:
1102:
345:
189:
139:
1945:
1501:
3127:
2837:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 16. Springer. pp. 485â556.
2735:
Chemoresponsive Materials /Stimulation by Chemical and Biological Signals
1168:
1095:
1052:
1023:
468:
340:
also had a strong influence on the subject, with building blocks such as
304:
280:
2950:
1540:
Schneider, H. (2009). "Binding Mechanisms in Supramolecular Complexes".
3753:
2402:
10.1002/1521-3773(20020315)41:6<898::AID-ANIE898>3.0.CO;2-E
2354:
2329:
2159:
1856:
1693:
10.1002/1521-3773(20020118)41:2<275::AID-ANIE275>3.0.CO;2-M
1364:
1215:
1204:
1196:
1186:
1113:
1106:
1064:
1048:
1012:
973:, and prototypes have been demonstrated using supramolecular concepts.
930:
303:
The importance of supramolecular chemistry was established by the 1987
2767:
2571:
2506:
1986:
781:
3815:
3117:
2982:
2810:
1268:
1260:
1221:
1164:
1156:
1071:
1056:
869:
856:
819:
512:
444:
values for complexes of medicinal interest in methanol at 25 °C
349:
341:
222:
3D interpenetrated network in the crystal structure of silsesquioxane
23:
2831:
2175:"Chemistry and application of flexible porous coordination polymers"
2084:"Metallo-supramolecular modules as a paradigm for materials science"
1887:
3837:
2593:
Atwood, J. L.; Gokel, George W.; Barbour, Leonard J. (2017-06-22).
2436:
2266:"Electrochromic materials using mechanically interlocked molecules"
1368:
1360:
1348:
1264:
1178:
1160:
1120:
can be synthesised to provide more tailored recognition properties.
1117:
1027:
897:
893:
883:
823:
786:
769:
534:
490:
371:
208:
158:
35:
2020:"Challenges and breakthroughs in recent research on self-assembly"
255:
The use of these principles led to an increasing understanding of
3857:
1297:
1245:
269:
244:
take the form of a "lock and key", the fundamental principles of
31:
2466:
Dickert, F. (1999). "Molecular imprinting in chemical sensing".
1740:
77:
Important concepts advanced by supramolecular chemistry include
1286:
1282:
1060:
954:
232:
The existence of intermolecular forces was first postulated by
2724:
http://pubs.rsc.org/bookshop/collections/series?issn=2046-0066
188:
Hostâguest complex with a p-xylylenediammonium bound within a
1428:
1253:
2885:"New pharmaceutical applications for macromolecular binders"
2882:
2330:"Metallosupramolecular self-assembly of a universal 3-ravel"
1814:
3832:
2376:
1431:-switchable units, and even by molecular motion. Synthetic
2492:
2172:
3842:
2701:
Supramolecular Chemistry: From Molecules to Nanomaterials
1651:
1307:
845:
264:
2936:
2D and 3D Models of Dodecahedrane and Cuneane Assemblies
1609:
1189:
offer nanometer-sized structure and encapsulation units.
998:
analog with the exact desired properties can be chosen.
2788:
2547:
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/ebook/978-1-78262-267-3
1888:"Einfluss der Configuration auf die Wirkung der Enzyme"
1713:
1610:
Oshovsky, G. V.; Reinhoudt, D. N.; Verboom, W. (2007).
1271:, are useful in supramolecular electrochemical devices.
1199:. Regular surfaces can be used for the construction of
851:
Key applications of this field are the construction of
109:
are often the inspiration for supramolecular research.
1678:
989:
for the 'design and synthesis of molecular machines'.
2327:
737:
714:
691:
644:
615:
592:
569:
394:
1968:
1216:
Photo-chemically and electro-chemically active units
1155:
Commonly used spacers and connecting groups include
586:, for this reaction is the sum of an enthalpy term,
2640:Chopra, Deepak, Royal Society of Chemistry (2019).
2173:Bureekaew, S.; Shimomura, S.; Kitagawa, S. (2008).
1841:
1574:
2872:http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/ebook/9781849735520
2592:
2239:Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English
1743:Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English
1654:Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English
743:
723:
700:
674:
627:
601:
578:
415:
2646:. London; Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry.
731:values can be determined at a given temperature,
377:In solution, the host H, guest G, and complexes H
287:. Following this work, other researchers such as
3931:
2017:
889:Mechanically interlocked molecular architectures
884:Mechanically interlocked molecular architectures
95:mechanically-interlocked molecular architectures
1134:are metallomacrocycles generated via a similar
1040:and other simple hydrogen bonding interactions.
1001:
1892:Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft
1397:
862:
2966:
2263:
1936:Steed, Jonathan W.; Atwood, Jerry L. (2009).
1472:Lehn, J. (1993). "Supramolecular Chemistry".
1275:
1078:around metal ions gives access to catalytic,
911:
430:, K, for this reaction can, in principle, be
2674:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2270:Science and Technology of Advanced Materials
2179:Science and Technology of Advanced Materials
2088:Science and Technology of Advanced Materials
2024:Science and Technology of Advanced Materials
1128:that connect the pieces via "self-assembly."
1935:
675:{\displaystyle \Delta G=\Delta H-T\Delta S}
126:Self-assembly of a circular double helicate
2973:
2959:
2625:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1916:Schmeck, Harold M. Jr. (October 15, 1987)
1768:Freeman, W. A. (1984). "Structures of the
1281:The extremely strong complexation between
1030:is ubiquitous in supramolecular chemistry.
804:
2980:
2835:The Alkali Metal Ions: Their Role in Life
2753:
2699:Gale, P.A. and Steed, J.W. (eds.) (2012)
2595:Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry II
2353:
2297:
2206:
2115:
2051:
1994:
1539:
1394:that are important to cellular function.
2743:https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781782622420
2633:
1931:
1929:
953:its simplest form, imprinting uses only
814:), and intramolecular self-assembly (or
780:
416:{\displaystyle H+G\leftrightharpoons HG}
352:becoming involved in synthetic systems.
138:Hostâguest complex within another host (
2465:
2390:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
1885:
1767:
1681:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
1619:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
1319:
876:of the reaction, and producing desired
3932:
2737:, Schneider, H.-J. ; Ed:, (2015)
2639:
2597:. Amsterdam, Netherlands. p. 46.
2557:
2388:(2002). "Dynamic Covalent Chemistry".
2380:; Cantrill, S. J.; Cousins, G. R. L.;
960:
846:Molecular recognition and complexation
2954:
2422:
2081:
2011:
1926:
1716:European Journal of Organic Chemistry
3888:
2236:
2145:
1514:
1471:
1411:has been accomplished by the use of
1333:are based on molecular recognition.
3912:
2551:
2521:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2016"
2468:TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry
2264:Ikeda, T.; Stoddart, J. F. (2008).
1612:"Supramolecular Chemistry in Water"
1146:
13:
2722:, Royal Soc. Chem. Cambridge UK .
1009:pi-pi charge-transfer interactions
992:
715:
692:
666:
654:
645:
619:
593:
570:
155:Mechanically-interlocked molecules
14:
3956:
2929:
2864:Smart Materials for Drug Delivery
360:
236:in 1873. However, Nobel laureate
3911:
3899:
3887:
3876:
3875:
2870:) Royal Soc. Chem. Cambridge UK
2756:The Journal of Organic Chemistry
2313:
2222:
2131:
2067:
1790:Acta Crystallographica Section B
753:Isothermal titration calorimetry
215:
196:
181:
166:
147:
131:
119:
2876:
2857:
2825:
2782:
2747:
2739:The Royal Society of Chemistry,
2728:
2713:
2693:
2682:
2586:
2539:
2513:
2486:
2459:
2416:
2370:
2321:
2257:
2230:
2166:
2139:
2075:
1962:
1910:
1879:
1835:
1808:
1761:
1314:
1252:, and therefore can be used in
755:. For an example, see Sessler.
1734:
1707:
1672:
1645:
1603:
1568:
1533:
1508:
1465:
1090:
924:
763:
404:
234:Johannes Diderik van der Waals
1:
3240:Interface and colloid science
2994:Glossary of chemical formulae
2904:10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.04.027
2892:Journal of Controlled Release
2560:Accounts of Chemical Research
2495:Accounts of Chemical Research
2480:10.1016/S0165-9936(98)00123-X
1459:
944:
242:enzymeâsubstrate interactions
2843:10.1007/978-3-319-21756-7_14
2290:10.1088/1468-6996/9/1/014104
2199:10.1088/1468-6996/9/1/014108
2108:10.1088/1468-6996/9/1/014103
2044:10.1088/1468-6996/9/1/014109
1392:proteinâprotein interactions
1336:
1002:Synthetic recognition motifs
7:
3517:Bioorganometallic chemistry
3004:List of inorganic compounds
2945:Supramolecular Chemistry II
2720:Smart Materials Book Series
1589:10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00583
1442:
1398:Data storage and processing
1374:
863:Template-directed synthesis
776:
10:
3961:
3443:Dynamic covalent chemistry
3414:Enantioselective synthesis
3394:Physical organic chemistry
3347:Organolanthanide chemistry
1542:Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl
1340:
1276:Biologically-derived units
918:dynamic covalent chemistry
912:Dynamic covalent chemistry
355:
227:
112:
99:dynamic covalent chemistry
3871:
3774:
3535:
3451:
3372:
3322:
3198:
3141:
3032:Electroanalytical methods
3017:
2989:
1802:10.1107/S0108768184002354
1201:self-assembled monolayers
906:molecular Borromean rings
628:{\displaystyle T\Delta S}
103:non-covalent interactions
3940:Supramolecular chemistry
3787:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
3703:Supramolecular chemistry
3342:Organometallic chemistry
2941:Supramolecular Chemistry
1938:Supramolecular Chemistry
1904:10.1002/cber.18940270364
1517:Supramolecular Chemistry
1343:Supramolecular catalysis
987:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
724:{\displaystyle \Delta S}
701:{\displaystyle \Delta G}
602:{\displaystyle \Delta H}
579:{\displaystyle \Delta G}
308:important contribution.
261:double helical structure
22:refers to the branch of
20:Supramolecular chemistry
3725:Combinatorial chemistry
3636:Food physical chemistry
3599:Environmental chemistry
3483:Bioorthogonal chemistry
3409:Retrosynthetic analysis
3230:Chemical thermodynamics
3213:Spectroelectrochemistry
3156:Computational chemistry
1940:(2nd ed.). Wiley.
1494:10.1126/science.8511582
812:supramolecular assembly
805:Molecular self-assembly
79:molecular self-assembly
3797:of element discoveries
3643:Agricultural chemistry
3631:Carbohydrate chemistry
3522:Bioinorganic chemistry
3387:Alkane stereochemistry
3332:Coordination chemistry
3161:Mathematical chemistry
3027:Instrumental chemistry
2251:10.1002/anie.199013041
1829:10.1002/hlca.200390137
1817:Helvetica Chimica Acta
1755:10.1002/anie.199510961
1666:10.1002/anie.199618381
1631:10.1002/anie.200602815
1554:10.1002/anie.200802947
1026:binding with metal or
979:Sir J. Fraser Stoddart
838:, and is important to
801:
745:
725:
702:
676:
629:
603:
580:
417:
252:and Rodebush in 1920.
3792:Timeline of chemistry
3689:Post-mortem chemistry
3674:Clandestine chemistry
3604:Atmospheric chemistry
3527:Biophysical chemistry
3359:Solid-state chemistry
3309:Equilibrium chemistry
3218:Photoelectrochemistry
2527:. Nobel Media AB 2014
2334:Nature Communications
2082:Kurth, D. G. (2008).
1946:10.1002/9780470740880
1433:molecular logic gates
1357:Encapsulation systems
1259:Other units, such as
1256:and electrochemistry.
1248:have multiple stable
784:
746:
726:
703:
677:
630:
604:
581:
418:
313:James Fraser Stoddart
246:molecular recognition
87:molecular recognition
40:intermolecular forces
3782:History of chemistry
3737:Chemical engineering
3512:Bioorganic chemistry
3262:Structural chemistry
2999:List of biomolecules
2425:Nature Biotechnology
1886:Fischer, E. (1894).
1320:Materials technology
1138:approach from fused
1070:The complexation of
950:Molecular imprinting
735:
712:
689:
642:
613:
609:and an entropy term
590:
567:
428:equilibrium constant
392:
238:Hermann Emil Fischer
175:hostâguest chemistry
91:hostâguest chemistry
64:van der Waals forces
44:electrostatic charge
3805:The central science
3759:Ceramic engineering
3684:Forensic toxicology
3657:Chemistry education
3555:Radiation chemistry
3537:Interdisciplinarity
3490:Medicinal chemistry
3428:Fullerene chemistry
3304:Microwave chemistry
3173:Molecular mechanics
3168:Molecular modelling
2803:2016NatMa..15...13W
2346:2011NatCo...2..205L
2282:2008STAdM...9a4104I
2191:2008STAdM...9a4108B
2100:2008STAdM...9a4103G
2036:2008STAdM...9a4109A
1981:(37): 12281â12288.
1851:(31): 12312â12321.
1845:Dalton Transactions
1486:1993Sci...260.1762L
1405:signal transduction
1289:is instrumental in
1017:crystal engineering
975:Jean-Pierre Sauvage
961:Molecular machinery
840:crystal engineering
818:as demonstrated by
445:
319:and highly complex
317:molecular machinery
285:Charles J. Pedersen
16:Branch of chemistry
3848:Chemical substance
3710:Chemical synthesis
3679:Forensic chemistry
3560:Actinide chemistry
3502:Clinical chemistry
3183:Molecular geometry
3178:Molecular dynamics
3133:Elemental analysis
3086:Separation process
2355:10.1038/ncomms1208
2160:10.1039/C2SC20583A
1857:10.1039/C6DT02134D
1413:molecular switches
1242:Tetrathiafulvalene
983:Bernard L. Feringa
966:Molecular machines
802:
791:biological machine
741:
721:
698:
672:
625:
599:
576:
439:
413:
107:Biological systems
68:piâpi interactions
60:hydrophobic forces
56:metal coordination
3927:
3926:
3863:Quantum mechanics
3828:Chemical compound
3811:Chemical reaction
3749:Materials science
3667:General chemistry
3662:Amateur chemistry
3590:Photogeochemistry
3575:Stellar chemistry
3545:Nuclear chemistry
3466:Molecular biology
3433:Polymer chemistry
3404:Organic synthesis
3399:Organic reactions
3364:Ceramic chemistry
3354:Cluster chemistry
3284:Chemical kinetics
3272:Molecular physics
3151:Quantum chemistry
3064:Mass spectrometry
2768:10.1021/jo301499t
2709:978-0-470-74640-0
2653:978-1-78801-079-5
2572:10.1021/ar700216n
2507:10.1021/ar970340y
2382:Sanders, J. K. M.
2245:(11): 1304â1319.
1987:10.1021/ja064012h
1955:978-0-470-51234-0
1749:(10): 1096â1099.
1722:(11): 2565â2571.
1660:(16): 1838â1840.
1526:978-3-527-29311-7
1515:Lehn, J. (1995).
1480:(5115): 1762â23.
1449:Organic chemistry
1421:photoisomerizable
1236:photoisomerizable
1126:functional groups
1033:The formation of
874:activation energy
853:molecular sensors
744:{\displaystyle T}
561:Gibbs free energy
555:
554:
426:The value of the
257:protein structure
83:molecular folding
3952:
3915:
3914:
3903:
3891:
3890:
3879:
3878:
3823:Chemical element
3478:Chemical biology
3337:Magnetochemistry
3314:Mechanochemistry
3267:Chemical physics
3208:Electrochemistry
3113:Characterization
2975:
2968:
2961:
2952:
2951:
2924:
2923:
2889:
2880:
2874:
2866:: Complete Set (
2861:
2855:
2854:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2811:10.1038/nmat4474
2791:Nature Materials
2786:
2780:
2779:
2762:(5): 1824â1832.
2751:
2745:
2732:
2726:
2717:
2711:
2697:
2691:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2673:
2665:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2624:
2616:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2357:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2311:
2301:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2220:
2210:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2148:Chemical Science
2143:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2129:
2119:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2065:
2055:
2015:
2009:
2008:
1998:
1975:J. Am. Chem. Soc
1966:
1960:
1959:
1933:
1924:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1898:(3): 2985â2993.
1883:
1877:
1876:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1823:(5): 1598â1624.
1812:
1806:
1805:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1616:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1583:(9): 5216â5300.
1572:
1566:
1565:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1469:
1353:transition state
1250:oxidation states
1147:Structural units
1028:ammonium cations
985:shared the 2016
939:self-replication
795:protein dynamics
750:
748:
747:
742:
730:
728:
727:
722:
707:
705:
704:
699:
681:
679:
678:
673:
634:
632:
631:
626:
608:
606:
605:
600:
585:
583:
582:
577:
446:
438:
422:
420:
419:
414:
323:structures, and
219:
200:
185:
173:An example of a
170:
151:
135:
123:
52:covalent bonding
48:hydrogen bonding
28:chemical systems
3960:
3959:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3867:
3770:
3764:Polymer science
3720:Click chemistry
3715:Green chemistry
3609:Ocean chemistry
3585:Biogeochemistry
3531:
3447:
3419:Total synthesis
3382:Stereochemistry
3368:
3318:
3235:Surface science
3225:Thermochemistry
3194:
3137:
3108:Crystallography
3013:
2985:
2979:
2932:
2927:
2887:
2881:
2877:
2862:
2858:
2830:
2826:
2787:
2783:
2752:
2748:
2733:
2729:
2718:
2714:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2683:
2667:
2666:
2654:
2638:
2634:
2618:
2617:
2605:
2591:
2587:
2556:
2552:
2544:
2540:
2530:
2528:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2491:
2487:
2464:
2460:
2421:
2417:
2386:Stoddart, J. F.
2375:
2371:
2326:
2322:
2312:
2262:
2258:
2235:
2231:
2221:
2171:
2167:
2144:
2140:
2130:
2080:
2076:
2066:
2016:
2012:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1934:
1927:
1915:
1911:
1884:
1880:
1840:
1836:
1813:
1809:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1766:
1762:
1739:
1735:
1712:
1708:
1677:
1673:
1650:
1646:
1625:(14): 2366â93.
1614:
1608:
1604:
1573:
1569:
1548:(22): 3924â77.
1538:
1534:
1527:
1513:
1509:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1445:
1400:
1377:
1345:
1339:
1331:smart materials
1322:
1317:
1296:The binding of
1278:
1254:redox reactions
1226:phthalocyanines
1218:
1149:
1093:
1084:electrochemical
1076:phthalocyanines
1035:carboxylic acid
1004:
995:
993:Building blocks
963:
947:
927:
914:
902:molecular knots
886:
878:stereochemistry
865:
848:
836:liquid crystals
807:
779:
766:
736:
733:
732:
713:
710:
709:
690:
687:
686:
643:
640:
639:
614:
611:
610:
591:
588:
587:
568:
565:
564:
443:
393:
390:
389:
384:
380:
363:
358:
329:electrochemical
293:Jean-Marie Lehn
230:
223:
220:
211:
203:Intramolecular
201:
192:
186:
177:
171:
162:
152:
143:
136:
127:
124:
115:
101:. The study of
32:discrete number
17:
12:
11:
5:
3958:
3948:
3947:
3942:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3909:
3897:
3885:
3872:
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3866:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
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3835:
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3825:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3808:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3789:
3784:
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3776:
3772:
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3769:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3746:
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3744:
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3727:
3722:
3717:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3694:
3693:
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3691:
3686:
3676:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3648:Soil chemistry
3640:
3639:
3638:
3633:
3626:Food chemistry
3623:
3621:Carbochemistry
3618:
3616:Clay chemistry
3613:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3577:
3571:Astrochemistry
3567:Cosmochemistry
3564:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3550:Radiochemistry
3541:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3507:Neurochemistry
3504:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3457:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3438:Petrochemistry
3435:
3430:
3425:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3378:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3339:
3334:
3328:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3299:Spin chemistry
3296:
3294:Photochemistry
3291:
3286:
3281:
3279:Femtochemistry
3276:
3275:
3274:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3204:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3153:
3147:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3091:Chromatography
3088:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3034:
3029:
3023:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3009:Periodic table
3006:
3001:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2978:
2977:
2970:
2963:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2938:
2931:
2930:External links
2928:
2926:
2925:
2875:
2856:
2824:
2781:
2746:
2727:
2712:
2692:
2681:
2652:
2632:
2603:
2585:
2550:
2538:
2525:Nobelprize.org
2512:
2501:(7): 405â414.
2485:
2474:(3): 192â199.
2458:
2437:10.1038/nbt874
2431:(10): 1171â8.
2415:
2396:(6): 898â952.
2369:
2320:
2256:
2229:
2165:
2138:
2074:
2010:
1961:
1954:
1925:
1922:New York Times
1909:
1878:
1834:
1807:
1796:(4): 382â387.
1785:
1781:
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1733:
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1567:
1532:
1525:
1507:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1454:Nanotechnology
1451:
1444:
1441:
1425:electrochromic
1399:
1396:
1376:
1373:
1341:Main article:
1338:
1335:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1305:
1294:
1291:blood clotting
1277:
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1272:
1257:
1239:
1229:
1217:
1214:
1213:
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1003:
1000:
994:
991:
971:nanotechnology
962:
959:
946:
943:
935:protein design
926:
923:
913:
910:
885:
882:
864:
861:
847:
844:
806:
803:
778:
775:
765:
762:
751:, by means of
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368:hydrogen bonds
362:
361:Thermodynamics
359:
357:
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338:nanotechnology
325:Itamar Willner
321:self-assembled
289:Donald J. Cram
274:microemulsions
229:
226:
225:
224:
221:
214:
212:
202:
195:
193:
187:
180:
178:
172:
165:
163:
153:
146:
144:
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130:
128:
125:
118:
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30:composed of a
15:
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3853:Chemical bond
3851:
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3743:
3742:Stoichiometry
3740:
3739:
3738:
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3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3712:
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3699:
3698:Nanochemistry
3696:
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3682:
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3677:
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3672:
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3423:Semisynthesis
3420:
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3407:
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3268:
3265:
3263:
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3258:
3257:Sonochemistry
3255:
3253:
3252:Cryochemistry
3250:
3246:
3245:Micromeritics
3243:
3242:
3241:
3238:
3236:
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3123:Wet chemistry
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2566:(4): 521â37.
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2029:
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2006:
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1965:
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1437:DNA computers
1434:
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1395:
1393:
1389:
1388:drug delivery
1384:
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1306:
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1266:
1263:derivatives,
1262:
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1206:
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1176:
1175:nanoparticles
1173:
1170:
1167:, and simple
1166:
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1158:
1154:
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1141:
1140:chelate-rings
1137:
1136:self-assembly
1133:
1132:Metallacrowns
1130:
1127:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1112:More complex
1111:
1108:
1104:
1103:Cyclodextrins
1101:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1085:
1081:
1080:photochemical
1077:
1073:
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388:
387:
386:
375:
373:
369:
353:
351:
347:
346:nanoparticles
343:
339:
334:
333:photochemical
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
309:
306:
301:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
277:
275:
271:
266:
262:
258:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
218:
213:
210:
206:
205:self-assembly
199:
194:
191:
184:
179:
176:
169:
164:
160:
156:
150:
145:
141:
134:
129:
122:
117:
116:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
75:
73:
72:electrostatic
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
3916:
3904:
3892:
3880:
3730:Biosynthesis
3702:
3580:Geochemistry
3495:Pharmacology
3471:Cell biology
3461:Biochemistry
3289:Spectroscopy
3188:VSEPR theory
3037:Spectroscopy
2981:Branches of
2895:
2891:
2878:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2834:
2827:
2797:(1): 13â26.
2794:
2790:
2784:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2719:
2715:
2700:
2695:
2684:
2642:
2635:
2594:
2588:
2563:
2559:
2553:
2541:
2529:. Retrieved
2524:
2515:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2471:
2467:
2461:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2393:
2389:
2378:Rowan, S. J.
2372:
2337:
2333:
2323:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2182:
2178:
2168:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2091:
2087:
2077:
2027:
2023:
2013:
1978:
1974:
1964:
1937:
1921:
1912:
1895:
1891:
1881:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1793:
1789:
1769:
1763:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1687:(2): 275â7.
1684:
1680:
1674:
1657:
1653:
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1622:
1618:
1605:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1545:
1541:
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1516:
1510:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1417:photochromic
1409:Data storage
1401:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1346:
1323:
1315:Applications
1232:Photochromic
1169:alkyl chains
1150:
1094:
1053:terpyridines
1045:complexation
1013:bipyridinium
996:
964:
948:
928:
915:
908:and ravels.
887:
866:
849:
808:
767:
756:
684:
558:
425:
376:
364:
310:
302:
297:Fritz Vögtle
281:crown ethers
278:
254:
231:
190:cucurbituril
140:cucurbituril
76:
19:
18:
3918:WikiProject
3143:Theoretical
3128:Calorimetry
2154:(9): 2695.
1300:with their
1205:multilayers
1114:cyclophanes
1107:calixarenes
1096:Macrocycles
1091:Macrocycles
1049:bipyridines
1024:crown ether
1022:The use of
925:Biomimetics
764:Environment
469:Valinomycin
315:developing
305:Nobel Prize
26:concerning
3934:Categories
3754:Metallurgy
3453:Biological
3019:Analytical
2741:Cambridge
2662:1103809341
2531:14 January
1460:References
1423:units, by
1365:dendrimers
1269:fullerenes
1244:(TTF) and
1222:Porphyrins
1197:electrodes
1187:dendrimers
1183:fullerenes
1165:triphenyls
1072:porphyrins
1065:metal ions
945:Imprinting
931:biomimetic
799:nanoscales
793:that uses
432:determined
350:dendrimers
342:fullerenes
50:to strong
3945:Chemistry
3816:Catalysis
3324:Inorganic
3118:Titration
2983:chemistry
2703:. Wiley.
2670:cite book
2621:cite book
2613:992802408
1865:1477-9234
1577:Chem. Rev
1407:devices.
1369:cavitands
1349:catalysts
1337:Catalysis
1327:bottom-up
1302:cofactors
1265:viologens
1261:benzidine
1161:biphenyls
1157:polyether
1118:cryptands
1063:or other
1057:ruthenium
898:rotaxanes
894:catenanes
870:catalysis
857:catalysis
828:membranes
820:foldamers
716:Δ
693:Δ
667:Δ
661:−
655:Δ
646:Δ
620:Δ
594:Δ
571:Δ
513:Nigericin
405:⇋
372:ion pairs
74:effects.
36:molecules
24:chemistry
3882:Category
3838:Molecule
3775:See also
3200:Physical
2920:41385952
2912:21571017
2851:26860310
2819:26681596
2776:22931185
2580:18271561
2453:54485012
2445:14520402
2410:12491278
2364:21343923
2308:27877930
2217:27877934
2126:27877929
2062:27877935
2005:16967979
1873:27438046
1701:12491407
1639:17370285
1597:27136957
1562:19415701
1443:See also
1375:Medicine
1361:micelles
1359:such as
1246:quinones
1193:Surfaces
1179:nanorods
1159:chains,
832:vesicles
824:micelles
787:ribosome
777:Concepts
770:solvents
563:change,
535:Monensin
491:Enniatin
270:micelles
209:foldamer
159:rotaxane
3894:Commons
3858:Alchemy
3374:Organic
2799:Bibcode
2342:Bibcode
2340:: 205.
2299:5099799
2278:Bibcode
2208:5099803
2187:Bibcode
2117:5099798
2096:Bibcode
2053:5099804
2032:Bibcode
1996:2572717
1502:8511582
1482:Bibcode
1474:Science
1298:enzymes
816:folding
810:form a
473:<0.7
356:Control
250:Latimer
228:History
113:Gallery
3906:Portal
3052:UV-Vis
2918:
2910:
2849:
2817:
2774:
2707:
2660:
2650:
2611:
2601:
2578:
2451:
2443:
2408:
2362:
2306:
2296:
2215:
2205:
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2114:
2060:
2050:
2003:
1993:
1952:
1871:
1863:
1699:
1637:
1595:
1560:
1523:
1500:
1367:, and
1287:biotin
1283:avidin
1267:, and
1224:, and
1116:, and
1061:silver
1038:dimers
955:steric
757:et.al.
348:, and
97:, and
3079:MALDI
3047:Raman
2916:S2CID
2888:(PDF)
2449:S2CID
1615:(PDF)
1429:redox
1415:with
1055:with
789:is a
685:Both
507:2.34
485:4.42
440:Log K
207:of a
46:, or
3833:Atom
3101:HPLC
2943:and
2908:PMID
2868:2013
2847:PMID
2815:PMID
2772:PMID
2705:ISBN
2676:link
2658:OCLC
2648:ISBN
2627:link
2609:OCLC
2599:ISBN
2576:PMID
2533:2017
2441:PMID
2406:PMID
2360:PMID
2304:PMID
2213:PMID
2122:PMID
2058:PMID
2001:PMID
1950:ISBN
1869:PMID
1861:ISSN
1720:1998
1697:PMID
1635:PMID
1593:PMID
1558:PMID
1521:ISBN
1498:PMID
1427:and
1419:and
1285:and
1234:and
1203:and
1185:and
1163:and
1082:and
1043:The
1007:The
981:and
937:and
855:and
708:and
559:The
551:3.6
504:2.24
501:2.92
498:2.42
495:1.28
482:5.26
476:0.67
331:and
295:and
272:and
70:and
3843:Ion
3074:ICP
3057:NMR
2900:doi
2896:155
2839:doi
2807:doi
2764:doi
2568:doi
2503:doi
2476:doi
2433:doi
2398:doi
2350:doi
2294:PMC
2286:doi
2247:doi
2203:PMC
2195:doi
2156:doi
2112:PMC
2104:doi
2048:PMC
2040:doi
1991:PMC
1983:doi
1979:128
1942:doi
1900:doi
1853:doi
1825:doi
1798:doi
1788:".
1751:doi
1724:doi
1689:doi
1662:doi
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