1203:
against the German occupation or set a moral example, perhaps because they felt they were not in a position to do so. This was demonstrated in a so-called "Test sentence", (Supreme Court, 12 January 1942, NJ 1942/271), in which the
Supreme Court ruled that a Dutch judge could not contest the decrees of the occupying force on the basis of international law, in particular the 1907 regulation prescribed for a country at war. In this, the Supreme Court followed the advice of the barrister-general A. Rombach. The judgment concerned a case in which a man was sentenced by the economic judge for an "economic offence" (the purchase of pork without valid coupons). The counsel for the accused, P. Groeneboom, argued in his defense before the Supreme Court on 27 October 1941 that the judge had the authority to challenge the regulations of the occupying force on the basis of the regulation prescribed for a country at war, the decree of the Führer and the first regulation of the government commissioner. When the Supreme Court (in a judgment of 12 January 1942) denied the possibility of contesting rules issued by the German government, the Netherlands followed what was the rule in Germany and Italy too. On the basis of two emergency measures Hitler had the authority to issue incontestable rules, and the legal establishment acknowledged not it was not allowed to challenge "political" measures. "Political" in this case was what the political authorities considered to be political. In Italy the Court of Appeal recognized the free authority of Mussolini and the judge's lack of authority to control it. Meihuizen says about the Dutch test sentence: "A sentence with far-reaching consequences because with this, barristers were not given the chance to bring before the judge the question of the validity of legislation which had been issued by or on behalf of the occupier." The Supreme Court defended this sentence in retrospect with the conjecture that the Germans would never accept their decrees being contested and might have intervened in a negative way with the legal establishment, resulting in a further diminishing of citizens' legal protection.
320:
1180:
60:
48:
1136:
545:
514:
3005:
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1214:. With the liberation of Nijmegen in September 1944, this led to a situation in which, although the seat was on liberated ground, most of the Justices found themselves still in occupied territory. After the war, there was not much done to clear matters; lawyers who had collaborated with the Germans generally kept their jobs or got important other positions. A crucial role in this affair was played by J. Donner, who became President of the Supreme Court in 1946.
950:
793:
1202:
After the liberation, people reproached the Court for its weak and legalistic attitude. The Court justified its stance because it wished to guarantee the continuity of its jurisdiction under the Nazi occupation and purportedly avoid involvement in politics. They did not take a stand on principle
1331:, appointed for life, until they retire at their own will or after reaching the age of 70. Upon reaching the age of 60, a justice may change status to extraordinary, with the effect that the justice no longer plays a full role at the Court.
1079:
or affirm rulings of lower courts, but no competence to re-examine or question the facts. It only considers whether the lower courts applied the law correctly and the rulings have sufficient reasoning. In so doing it establishes
548:
2326:
1087:
As the government of the
Netherlands is characterised by parliamentary sovereignty, the Supreme Court cannot overturn primary legislation made by the States-General. This is laid out in Article 120 of the
553:
771:
2467:
2820:
560:
2933:
517:
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893:
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1199:. Visser "repeatedly warned the Dutch authorities not to relinquish jurisdiction over Jewish citizens and residents, and not to allow their legal protection to be lifted."
776:
2524:
Joggli
Meihuizen, "Narrow Margins. The Dutch Bar during World War II." (in Dutch), Boom, Amsterdam, 2010 (an English summary was also published by Boom, Amsterdam, 2010).
2318:
1191:, to resign because he was Jewish. It was part of Nazi policy to separate Jews as a group, disrupting legal and social norms, in pursuit of their murderous policy of the
2918:
2348:
2658:
2224:
1108:
with respect to the
Constitution. However, it is possible for courts (including the Supreme Court) to overturn secondary legislation made by the executive government.
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1230:("the doghouse"). The building was fully renovated in 1938 and finally demolished in 1988. At this point, the Supreme Court moved to the Huguetan house at 34–36
384:
978:
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722:
78:
1334:
The
Supreme Court is divided into four chambers: the first or civil chamber, the second or criminal chamber, the third or tax chamber and the fourth or
2620:
3055:
2515:
Derk Venema, "Judges in war time: The Dutch judiciary's confrontation with national socialism and the occupation" (in Dutch), Boom, Amsterdam, 2007.
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814:
529:
389:
214:
2273:
402:
3045:
1183:
Lodewijk Ernst Visser, President of the Dutch
Supreme Court from 1939 to 1941, forced to resign by the Nazi occupying forces.
1104:(which rules on constitutionality with regards to the Sint Maarten constitution only) courts thus have little competence for
824:
503:
1187:
During the Nazi occupation, the
Supreme Court kept functioning. In November 1940 the German occupiers forced its president,
1043:
cases it has final jurisdiction as well, while in other cases this jurisdiction rests with the adjudicative division of the
2880:
2860:
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1101:
964:
883:
842:
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585:
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2668:
1262:
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2382:
2356:
1093:
491:
434:
397:
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1127:). All judges are appointed for life, until they retire at their own request or mandatorily on their 70th birthday.
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2404:
1235:
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888:
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1089:
683:
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352:
333:
228:
2960:
1044:
757:
710:
705:
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695:
2663:
911:
478:
2506:
Corjo Jansen en Derk Venema, "The
Supreme Court and the Second World War" (in Dutch), Boom, Amsterdam, 2011.
1195:. Visser's colleagues did not protest. The members who remained also signed a compulsory declaration about
3035:
2738:
2683:
2219:
2214:
1238:(Royal Library of the Netherlands). In March 2016 the court moved into a new building at Korte Voorhout 8.
1111:
The
Supreme Court currently consists of 36 judges: a president, six vice presidents, twenty-five justices (
615:
573:
157:
2810:
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2728:
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654:
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634:
629:
372:
365:
310:
1179:
2983:
2923:
2785:
1068:
796:
595:
427:
2955:
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at the end of the 18th century. The establishment of the
Supreme Court on 1838 brought an end to the
819:
2970:
2900:
2890:
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2723:
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2713:
2703:
936:
346:
59:
2429:
2870:
2855:
2488:
Romijn, Peter. "The Experience of the Jews in the Netherlands during the German Occupation" in
921:
590:
916:
873:
498:
8:
1160:
507:
319:
47:
3009:
1092:, which states that courts may not rule on the constitutionality of laws passed by the
1072:
1040:
600:
2534:
302:
2748:
1207:
1135:
1290:
1105:
1076:
954:
855:
282:
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1231:
1226:
complex from 1838 until 1864, before moving to a building in the Plein, dubbed
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1004:
996:
878:
466:
461:
37:
3019:
2629:
1156:
179:
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93:
80:
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1281:
In the Netherlands a case is first heard by one of the ten district courts (
2598:
1025:
538:
471:
130:
1328:
829:
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242:
150:
121:
2397:
1250:
1210:, the seat of the Supreme Court was temporarily moved from The Hague to
949:
2997:
2965:
1196:
1016:, is the final court of appeal in civil, criminal and tax cases in the
2381:, judges will not rule on the constitutionality of laws passed by the
1021:
125:
2185:
1335:
1303:
1223:
1119:, literally "Lords of the Council") and four justices extraordinary (
1033:
146:
2992:
1356:
As of April 2024, the first three chambers are composed as follows:
1211:
1081:
2274:
Central Government 13-3-20 Appointment new president Supreme Court
1039:
The Supreme Court rules on civil and criminal matters. In certain
1067:) as well as judicial institutions in the Caribbean part of the
1032:. The Court was established on 1 October 1838 and is located in
1342:
1316:
1097:
218:
894:
Visa policy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the Caribbean
1324:
1029:
135:
2398:"The Dutch Supreme Court: A Reluctant Positive Legislator?"
2394:
For a discussion of judicial review in the Netherlands see
2225:
List of presidents of the Supreme Court of the Netherlands
2197:
2178:
2153:
2134:
2112:
2107:
2088:
2083:
2064:
2039:
2020:
2015:
1996:
1991:
1969:
1964:
1942:
1937:
1895:
1816:
1794:
1686:
1681:
1662:
1657:
1638:
1633:
1614:
1609:
1590:
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1542:
1537:
1515:
1510:
1491:
1486:
1464:
1442:
1423:
1418:
1396:
1391:
1289:). Afterwards, either side may appeal to one of the four
262:
1693:
1338:
chamber. The members of the fourth division are chosen
2395:
2341:
1863:
1621:
1430:
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1949:
1739:
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2313:
2311:
1883:
1452:
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1976:
1759:
1716:
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2095:
2003:
1925:
1843:
1573:
1522:
1498:
2308:
1905:
1779:
1645:
1597:
1549:
1403:
1155:in the Netherlands was heavily influenced by the
3017:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2447:
2355:. De Rechtspraak. 10 August 2009. Archived from
2119:
2071:
2049:
1823:
1376:
217:on advice of the Supreme Court and appointed by
204:Where judicial decisions fail, Violence begins.
2325:(in Dutch). De Rechtspraak. 18 September 2004.
2163:
1474:
1348:, but will include the President of the Court.
1315:Justices of the Supreme Court are appointed by
16:Highest court of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
2371:
2027:
1319:, chosen from a list of three, advised by the
1171:, which both served as high appellate courts.
2614:
2495:
2396:Uzman, J.; Barkhuysen, T.; van Emmerik, M.L.
2388:
1801:
972:
2628:
2490:Dutch Jewry: Its History and Secular Culture
1149:
1075:, which means that it has the competence to
1059:), the Trade and Industry Appeals Tribunal (
52:Logo of the Supreme Court of the Netherlands
1340:
1295:
1283:
1121:
1113:
1061:
1053:
65:Supreme Court of the Netherlands, The Hague
29:
2621:
2607:
2292:(in Dutch). De Rechtspraak. 27 July 2007.
979:
965:
245:with mandatory retirement at the age of 70
46:
2518:
1222:The court was located at a corner of the
233:Statute of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
3056:Courts and tribunals established in 1838
1178:
1134:
1063:College van Beroep van het bedrijfsleven
1323:on the advice of the Court itself. The
3041:Government of the Netherlands Antilles
3026:1838 establishments in the Netherlands
3018:
2509:
1143:, Supreme Court seat from 1988 to 2016
1005:[ˈɦoːɣəˈraːdɛrˈneːdərlɑndə(n)]
2602:
2248:
1003:
2470:from the original on 29 January 2016
2296:from the original on 19 October 2009
1301:). Finally, either party may file a
1245:
1102:Constitutional Court of Sint Maarten
200:Ubi iudicia deficiunt incipit bellum
2329:from the original on 6 October 2019
1351:
1327:are, like every other judge in the
1174:
13:
2188:Alexander van der Voort Maarschalk
14:
3067:
2640:List of supreme courts by country
2583:
2410:from the original on 25 July 2014
1051:), the Central Appeals Tribunal (
3003:
2991:
2561:"Contact en bezoekersinformatie"
2377:According to article 120 of the
1249:
1169:Hoge Raad van Holland en Zeeland
993:Supreme Court of the Netherlands
948:
932:Republicanism in the Netherlands
889:Visa policy of the Schengen Area
792:
791:
544:
543:
513:
512:
318:
58:
24:Supreme Court of the Netherlands
2553:
2527:
2482:
2379:Constitution of the Netherlands
2319:"Geschiedenis van de Hoge Raad"
2286:"Nederlandse Antillen en Aruba"
1014:High Council of the Netherlands
229:Constitution of the Netherlands
2961:European Court of Human Rights
2422:
2267:
2237:
1310:
274:President of the Supreme Court
1:
2541:(in Dutch). 12 September 2020
2535:"Het gebouw van de Hoge Raad"
2260:
1307:appeal to the Supreme Court.
912:Corruption in the Netherlands
3046:Judiciary of the Netherlands
2466:(in Dutch). De Rechtspraak.
2220:Law firms of the Netherlands
2215:Judiciary of the Netherlands
1241:
1217:
1100:. With the exception of the
7:
2567:(in Dutch). 5 November 2020
2208:
1234:, the previous home of the
850:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
311:Politics of the Netherlands
10:
3072:
1130:
1069:Kingdom of the Netherlands
3031:Courts in the Netherlands
2956:European Court of Justice
2947:
2909:
2646:
2637:
1165:Great Council of Mechelen
1001:Hoge Raad der Nederlanden
390:Ministers Plenipotentiary
288:
278:
273:
257:
249:
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224:
209:
195:
156:
142:
117:
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57:
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31:Hoge Raad der Nederlanden
28:
23:
2971:Benelux Court of Justice
2492:. Leiden:Brill 2002, 260
2230:
1321:House of Representatives
1055:Centrale Raad van Beroep
561:Parliamentary committees
530:House of Representatives
215:House of Representatives
180:52.0834778°N 4.3116250°E
94:52.0834778°N 4.3116250°E
3051:National supreme courts
1236:Koninklijke Bibliotheek
1167:and its successor, the
937:Social Economic Council
347:Wet Algemene Bepalingen
2689:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1341:
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922:Law of the Netherlands
864:Diplomatic missions of
586:High Councils of State
452:Deputy Prime Ministers
30:
1696:Vincent van den Brink
1189:Lodewijk Ernst Visser
1182:
1139:The Huis Huguetan on
1138:
917:De Nederlandsche Bank
253:Varies (currently 36)
185:52.0834778; 4.3116250
99:52.0834778; 4.3116250
2430:"The World Factbook"
1206:In 1943, during the
554:Historic composition
523:Historic composition
385:Council of Ministers
3036:Government of Aruba
2910:States with limited
1866:Annelies Röttgering
1624:Tanja van den Broek
1433:Annemarie ter Heide
1161:Batavian Revolution
1147:The development of
1123:buitengewone dienst
955:Politics portal
815:Provincial politics
508:Jan Anthonie Bruijn
250:Number of positions
176: /
90: /
2359:on 16 October 2009
1952:Mariken van Hilten
1742:Catelijne Caminada
1672:Hester Wattendorff
1261:. You can help by
1185:
1145:
1073:court of cassation
1012:), officially the
868:in the Netherlands
825:Municipal politics
601:National Ombudsman
549:Current membership
518:Current membership
210:Composition method
2979:
2978:
2206:
2205:
1886:Nastja van Strien
1455:Pieter Frans Lock
1279:
1278:
1071:. The Court is a
989:
988:
884:Visa requirements
843:Foreign relations
787:Political parties
622:Recent elections
296:
295:
239:Judge term length
205:
3063:
3008:
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3006:
2996:
2995:
2987:
2647:Sovereign states
2623:
2616:
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2592:Official website
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2041:
2033:
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2022:
2017:
2009:
2008:
2007:
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1993:
1985:
1984:(Vice President)
1982:
1981:
1980:
1979:Arjo van Eijsden
1971:
1966:
1958:
1957:(Vice President)
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1944:
1939:
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1762:Corinne Dalebout
1745:
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1743:
1725:
1724:(Vice President)
1722:
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1720:
1719:Matthias Borgers
1702:
1701:(Vice President)
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1381:
1380:
1359:
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1352:Current justices
1346:
1299:
1291:courts of appeal
1287:
1274:
1271:
1253:
1246:
1208:Second World War
1175:Second World War
1153:
1125:
1117:
1065:
1057:
1045:Council of State
1007:
981:
974:
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809:Local government
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794:
591:Council of State
547:
546:
516:
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378:Willem-Alexander
322:
298:
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269:
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213:Selected by the
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2349:"Supreme Court"
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2186:
2165:
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2144:Faustina Peters
2143:
2142:
2121:
2120:
2098:Maarten Feteris
2097:
2096:
2073:
2072:
2051:
2050:
2029:
2028:
2006:Marjan Boerlage
2005:
2004:
1983:
1978:
1977:
1956:
1951:
1950:
1928:Maarten Feteris
1927:
1926:
1907:
1906:
1885:
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1846:Frits Posthumus
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1576:Sierd Schaafsma
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1529:
1525:Dineke de Groot
1524:
1523:
1501:Edgar du Perron
1500:
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1475:
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1432:
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1383:
1378:
1377:
1354:
1313:
1275:
1269:
1266:
1259:needs expansion
1244:
1220:
1177:
1133:
1106:judicial review
985:
947:
942:
941:
907:
899:
898:
874:Nationality law
870:
858:
856:Caspar Veldkamp
845:
835:
834:
810:
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303:Politics series
292:1 November 2020
283:Dineke de Groot
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2584:External links
2582:
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2464:Rechtspraak.nl
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2307:
2290:Rechtspraak.nl
2277:
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2250:[raːt]
2247:is pronounced
2243:In isolation,
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1193:Final Solution
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1132:
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1049:Raad van State
1041:administrative
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2052:Liesbeth Punt
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2019:
2014:
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1297:gerechtshoven
1292:
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1270:December 2009
1264:
1260:
1257:This section
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1228:het hondenhok
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765:Referendums:
764:
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592:
589:
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584:
582:
581:Supreme Court
579:
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225:Authorized by
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74:
70:
61:
56:
49:
44:
39:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2951:
2939:Transnistria
2901:Vatican City
2815:
2569:. Retrieved
2564:
2555:
2543:. Retrieved
2538:
2529:
2520:
2511:
2489:
2484:
2472:. Retrieved
2463:
2437:. Retrieved
2433:
2424:
2412:. Retrieved
2390:
2373:
2361:. Retrieved
2357:the original
2352:
2343:
2331:. Retrieved
2322:
2298:. Retrieved
2289:
2280:
2269:
2244:
2239:
2166:Jules Wortel
1477:Gijs Makkink
1355:
1339:
1333:
1317:royal decree
1314:
1302:
1294:
1282:
1280:
1267:
1263:adding to it
1258:
1227:
1221:
1205:
1201:
1186:
1148:
1146:
1120:
1112:
1110:
1090:Constitution
1086:
1060:
1052:
1048:
1038:
1026:Sint Maarten
1020:, including
1013:
1009:
992:
990:
820:Water boards
667:Provincial:
655:
580:
539:Martin Bosma
472:Mona Keijzer
353:Human rights
345:
334:Constitution
301:Part of the
219:royal decree
199:
171:4°18′41.85″E
131:Sint Maarten
118:Jurisdiction
85:4°18′41.85″E
18:
3010:Netherlands
2912:recognition
2881:Switzerland
2816:Netherlands
2030:Peter Cools
1530:(President)
1329:Netherlands
1311:Composition
1285:rechtbanken
1159:during the
1018:Netherlands
830:BES islands
797:Politicians
758:Referendums
694:Municipal:
457:Fleur Agema
445:Dick Schoof
408:St. Maarten
243:Life tenure
183: /
168:52°5′0.52″N
158:Coordinates
151:Netherlands
124:(including
122:Netherlands
110:Established
97: /
82:52°5′0.52″N
3020:Categories
2966:EFTA Court
2851:San Marino
2811:Montenegro
2791:Luxembourg
2771:Kazakhstan
2674:Azerbaijan
2474:22 January
2439:2 December
2363:2 December
2300:2 December
2261:References
1804:Ybo Buruma
1115:raadsheren
1008:or simply
854:Minister:
721:European:
479:Ministries
2786:Lithuania
2632:of Europe
2565:Hoge raad
2539:Hoge raad
2333:6 October
1914:Criminal
1892:Criminal
1872:Criminal
1852:Criminal
1832:Criminal
1810:Criminal
1788:Criminal
1768:Criminal
1748:Criminal
1728:Criminal
1705:Criminal
1368:Invested
1336:ombudsman
1304:cassation
1242:Authority
1224:Binnenhof
1218:Buildings
1151:cassation
1034:The Hague
1010:Hoge Raad
628:General:
616:Elections
574:Judiciary
504:President
279:Currently
265:.hogeraad
147:The Hague
2919:Abkhazia
2866:Slovenia
2861:Slovakia
2836:Portugal
2694:Bulgaria
2571:10 April
2545:10 April
2468:Archived
2405:Archived
2327:Archived
2294:Archived
2209:See also
1365:Chamber
1325:justices
1212:Nijmegen
1098:treaties
1082:case law
879:Passport
366:Monarchy
143:Location
2984:Portals
2891:Ukraine
2841:Romania
2801:Moldova
2759:Ireland
2754:Iceland
2749:Hungary
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