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747:). Some waves reach speeds of over 60 km/h; personal watercraft enable surfers to catch up to the speed of the wave, thereby making them rideable. Personal watercraft also allow surfers to survive wipeouts. In many instances surfers would not otherwise survive the battering of the "sets" (groups of waves together). This spectacular activity is extremely popular with television crews, but because such waves rarely occur in heavily populated regions, and usually only a very long way out to sea on outer reefs, few spectators see such events directly.
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women held in the 1950s and 1960s but these were amateur events. The 1970s and 1980s saw a shift in this state of affairs as women entered into the world of professional surf competitions. This caused a positive change in the style with which women surfed at the time by focusing more on their power and speed as athletes rather than being aesthetically pleasing to the viewer. Today, professional female surfers continue to have a difficult time being recognized as athletes, and must deal with continued objectification and sexualization by the surf media.
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disputes are two issues, disposal of sewage and toxic waste into near shore waters and the formation of harbors, breakwaters and jetties. Sewage and toxic waste almost always affects mammals in a negative way. Coastal construction and engineering projects can have either good or bad effects on surf breaks. While some sources suspect the effectiveness of surfing environmentalist groups, notable victories have been achieved by surfers championing their issues. Some examples of these victories include:
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arises. Regular surfers who live around a desirable surf break may often guard it jealously, hence the expression "locals only". The expression is common in beach towns, especially those that attract seasonal vacationers who live outside the area. Localism is expressed when surfers are involved in verbal or physical threats or abuse to deter people from surfing at certain spots. It is based in part on the belief that fewer people mean more waves per surfer.
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193:(taboos) that determined all aspects of the islander's lives—political, social, and religious. It dictated everything from which foods to eat to the manner of making a surfboard. Consequently, society was divided into two social classes, the royal class and the commoner class. The best surfing spots were reserved for royalty, while commoners were relegated to locations with smaller, less well-formed breaks. The code of
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themselves have long labeled the stoke, in its most heightened form the plenitude when time stands still and intense physical presentness means out of body otherness." Another widely used term for surfers is "YEW!", which is an indicator that a large wave has been spotted, however mostly shouted while a surfer is catching or has recently finished riding a wave. Surfers have often been associated with being
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1624:. For many years women did not have the option to not wear the bikini as there were not other pieces of surf wear being tailored to their need. This changed as the style of surf clothes was adopted by those who were not part of the culture. Companies began to create board shorts specifically for women's bodies, thus giving them an option besides the bikini to wear while surfing in competitions.
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reason, these groups were resentful of outsiders, particularly those who were well-to-do and came to their beaches to surf recreationally rather than as a way of life. Australia has its own history of surfers being openly treated with hostility from local governments in the sport's early days, and the tension never truly vanished, despite the sport's enormous increase in popularity.
172:; literally, wave sliding) history places its origins in the South Pacific, where the practice became ritualized over the course of centuries. The consensus among anthropologists and historians is that surfing was practiced throughout Polynesia and elsewhere in the Pacific in premodern times, and that surfing has been culturally significant in Hawaiʻi for at least 1,500 years.
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greater access to traveling accommodations, surf tourism has created large impacts on local communities and environments in developing countries as well as in established areas around the world. Tourism is not always the main reason for fast expansion in developing countries, but under those circumstances groups of activists and non-profits such as
1223:. President Silva "acknowledged the significance of preserving the surfing coastline ... for the vitality of Portugal's economy, the health of the coastal and marine environment, and maintaining a high quality of life for the residents." The preservation of this pristine surf spot was accomplished by the Save the Waves Coalition and its
1040:, a documentary about the bonds and struggles of the many gang members. The "Bra Boys" name originates both from the slang word for brother, and as a reference to the gang's home suburb, Maroubra. Gang members tattoo "My Brothers Keeper" across the front of their chests and the Maroubra area code across their back.
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Although competitive surfing has become an extremely popular and lucrative activity, both for its participants and its sponsors, the sport does not have its origins as a competitive pursuit. It is common to hear debate rage between purists of the sport, who still maintain the ideal of "soul surfing",
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The surf industry is a billion dollar industry whose popularity as a recreational sport has gained momentum in many coastal areas around the world over the past decades. With the publicizing of new surf destinations through television, movies, magazines, and the
Internet, and other media, as well as
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surfing has long been a significant part of global surf culture, but surfing in the rest of Africa has been primarily seen as a tourist attraction, rather than a local culture, until now; "these places are adopting surfing as their own and then injecting their culture into it," according to
Masekela.
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Professional female surfers have also noted that they face pay inequality when compared to their male counterparts—women do not win prize monies equal to those won by men in contests. These women have also indicated that the issue of pay equality arises when it comes to corporate sponsorships by surf
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created its own surf terms as well that include "groovy", "hella", and "tight". One of the primary terms used by surfers around the world is the word "stoked". This refers to a feeling of enthusiasm or exhilaration towards the waves breaking, or as John Engle wrote, "This is, of course, what surfers
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The
Wolfpak's territorial enforcement has drawn attention because of its violent means. In an incident where a tourist cut off a friend of Alexander's in a typical 2 metres (6.6 ft) swell, the Wolfpak leader assaulted the tourist. Comments from anonymous locals show that the presence of Wolfpak
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whom they dub "vallies" or "valley kooks". The expression "surf nazi" arose in the 1960s to describe territorial, aggressive, and obsessive surfers, often involved in surf gangs or surf clubs. The term "surf nazi" was originally used simply to denote the strict territorialism, violence, hostility to
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Along with the rarity of what surfers consider truly perfect surf conditions (due to changing weather and surf condition) and the inevitable hunt for great waves, surfers often become dedicated to their sport in a way that precludes a more traditional life. Surfing, instead, becomes their lifestyle.
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board and catch the large waves that break at
Castles on a south swell and ride them. Until the 1830s women were still actively engaged in Hawaiian surfing, but this changed after American missionaries had come to the islands and taught the Hawaiians that it was improper for women to surf. Women did
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The worldwide diffusion of surfing from Hawaiʻi also began in the early 20th century, when Freeth and
Kahanamoku gave demonstrations in the United States, Australia, and New Zealand. Freeth and Kahanamoku were the original ambassadors of surfing; Freeth moved to southern California in 1907, where he
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is an iconic piece of swim clothing. It was popularized in Europe initially but then was popularized in the United States after it was seen being worn by famous
Hollywood stars. Based on this popularity, films used the bikini to market their movies. The bikini created a connection between sexuality
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for surfing. Several have been built in recent years (one is at Cables in
Western Australia), and there is widespread enthusiasm in the global surfing community for additional projects. However, environmental opposition and rigorous coastal permitting regulations is dampening prospects for building
284:) passed down since the 15th century. Many chiefs had a personal surf chant that celebrated their surfing prowess; this could be performed only by a professional chanter, one of which every chief maintained in his retinue. Despite claims by some historians that surfing was reserved strictly for the
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Surfing, as a sport, is heavily dependent on a healthy environment. As a result, interest groups have blossomed to influence the utilization of coastal properties relevant to surfing. There is conflict between surfers and other user groups over the allocation of coastal resources. Common to most
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Localism often exists due to socioeconomic factors as well. Until relatively recently, surfers were looked down upon as lazy people on the fringe of society (hence the term "beach bum"). Many who surfed were locals who lived in a beach town year-round and were from a lower economic class. For that
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around their necks or with loose flowers (sometimes held between their teeth). The participants then get into a circular formation, hold hands, and silently pray. Sometimes they will raise their clasped hands skyward before tossing their flowers or leis into the center of the ring. Afterward, they
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make them dependent on conditions that may change rapidly, given the unpredictable nature of weather events and their effect on the surface of the ocean. Because surfing was limited by the geographical necessity of an ocean coastline with beaches, the culture of beach life often influenced surfers
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The goals of those who practice the sport vary, but throughout its history, many have seen surfing as more than a sport, as an opportunity to harness the waves and to relax and forget about their daily routines. Surfers have veered from even this beaten path, and foregone the traditional goals of
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are dedicated to bringing the sport of surfing to underserved youth of black and Latino backgrounds. Jeff
Williams, who is the co-president of the Los Angeles Black Surfer's Collective (a similar organization to CSP), summarized the need for these programs by stating that "anytime you try to talk
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Due to the negative reactions women received because of their involvement in surfing, being labeled as 'masculine' or 'tomboys', women began to take ownership of their participation. This is seen in their working together to organize surfing competitions for women. There had been competitions for
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Even though waves break everywhere along a coast, good surf spots are rare. A surf break that forms great surfable waves may easily become a coveted commodity, especially if the wave breaks there only rarely. If this break is near a large population center with many surfers, territorialism often
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For specific surf spots, the state of the ocean tide can play a significant role in the quality of waves or hazards of surfing there. Tidal variations vary greatly among the various global surfing regions, and the effect the tide has on specific areas can vary greatly among the individual spots
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Competitive surfing is a comparison sport. Riders, competing in pairs or small groups, are allocated a certain amount of time to ride waves and display their prowess and mastery of the craft. Competitors are then judged according to how competently the wave is ridden, including the level of
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not begin surfing around the
Hawaiian islands again until the late 1800s. By the end of World War II surfing would have a major revival that increased its popularity and participating membership. Women were encouraged to take up surfing by early water sports innovators Duke Kahanamoku and
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The waves at
Pipeline can reach over 6 meters and its powerful disposition has taken the lives of professional surfers. If a visiting surfer collided with another surfer, this could result in serious harm or death. These observations led to the Wolfpak's proactive enforcement on the
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have begun working with locals and their governments to minimize the negative impacts of tourism upon host communities' environments and maximize and equitably distribute the positive impacts of tourism. Some of the negative impacts of tourism relevant to surf dominant communities are:
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popular culture term for a young woman who spends her free time at the beach. In surf culture it may also refer to a female surfer. Beach bunnies are known for the amount of time they spend sun tanning and are usually represented wearing bikinis. Examples in film and television include
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near San Clemente, California. This decision was a victory for surf environmentalists who led a grassroots campaign to "Save Trestles, Stop the Toll Road." At the time federal officials received 35,000 written statements on the issue, most in support of upholding the decision of the
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had been charged by his uncle Kamehameha I with responsibility for defending the gods, their temples, and their worship. Kekuaokalani challenged the overthrow of the old order, and assumed leadership of the priests, courtiers, and territorial chiefs who opposed the abolition of the
330:. He met Liholiho on the field of battle at Kuamo'o on the island of Hawaiʻi, where the king's forces, led by Kalanimoku, defeated the last upholders of the ancient religion. Belief in the power of the gods was undermined when those who opposed them suffered no divine punishment.
113:. The staff used to say that if they were hard at work and someone yelled "Surf's up!" the office would suddenly empty. Localism or territorialism is a part of the development of surf culture in which individuals or groups of surfers claim certain key surfing spots as their own.
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outsiders, and absolute obsession with surfing that was characteristic in the so-called "surf nazis". However, some surfers reclaimed and accepted the term, and a few actually embraced Nazism or Nazi symbolism. Some surf clubs in the 1960s, particularly at
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is home to one of the oldest and biggest surf gangs, called "Longos". Many surf gangs have been known to claim land territory and specific surfing waves as territory. Surf gangs have gained notoriety over the years, especially with the production of
954:. Kauai, according to a Wolfpak member, is a place where one is raised to honor the value of respect. This value is what led to the group's effort to manage the chaos associated with North Shore surfing. Some notable members have been pro surfers
558:. This was especially documented in the waters around Hawaii, where children, women, and men surfed. Queen Kaʻahumanu, the most powerful wife of Kamehameha, favored a surf break known today as Castles, an outer reef at Waikiki on the south shore of
530:, the service can take place near the end of the pier so that any non-surfers, such as elderly relatives, can watch and participate. Often the participants on the pier will throw down bouquets of flowers into the center of the ring.
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and Dakota Abberton came from an especially difficult upbringing. To them the Bra Boys were much more than a gang, they were a group of friends, and a family of their own that loved to surf and always stood up for one another. The
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about diversity in surfing, it all boils down to access", meaning that the financial and cultural hurdles of getting in the water are what keep some individuals from minority communities from being able to participate in the sport.
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Business research on the evolution of multiple boardsports shows that multiple boardsport practices developed their own identity separate from surfing, and became distinct markets with their brands, consumers, and regulations.
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was one of the first novels to written about surf culture in a realistic way. Considered the pioneering work of the "surf noir" subgenre, it won silver in the California Book Award for First Fiction and earned Nunn a
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in La Jolla, embraced the term by using the swastika symbol on their boards and identified with Nazism as a counterculture (though this may have just been an effort to keep out or scare non-locals and may have been a
1449:. While the category surf music helped popularize surfing, most surfers at the time, such as Miki Dora, preferred R&B and blues. A newer wave of surf music has started in the acoustic riffs of artists such as
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has emphasized the demise of surf culture in Hawaiʻi that began with the arrival in 1820 of American missionaries, who disapproved of the customary nudity, gambling, and casual sexuality associated with surfing,
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There is currently a push from some surfing groups to include women of color more prominently in the overall culture of surfing. One of these organizations is "Textured Waves", a surfing collective dedicated to
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movie trilogy and TV series based on the book of the same title. In spite of this new popularity, the underlying theme of these works was that women should be viewers of surfing rather than participants in it.
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that surf in a certain break or beach and fiercely protect their "territory" from outsiders. These surfers are often referred to as "surf punks" or "surf nazis". The local surfer gangs in Southern California
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are Hawaiian places of worship where sacrifices were offered, they include actual temples as well as natural objects or features of the landscape. Every activity in Hawaiian culture was associated with a
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resulted in the creation of the Humboldt Area Recreation Enhancement and Water Quality Fund and $ 50 million was spent by the mills to reduce ocean discharges at their facilities near Eureka, California.
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within a given area. Locations such as Bali, Panama, and Ireland experience 2-3 meter tide fluctuations, whereas in Hawaii the difference between high and low tide is typically less than one meter.
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79:. That initial culture directly influenced modern surfing, which began to flourish and evolve in the early 20th century, with its popularity peaking during the 1950s and 1960s (principally in
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scholars are reassessing their own history and assert that contrary to the prevailing narrative, Native Hawaiians have exercised agency and resisted colonial encroachment in the realm of the
2695:, meaning to "ride head-first", was coined by Hawaiian surfers in Waikiki around 1900 in reference to bodysurfing or surfing with a small wooden bodyboard. The word was often shortened to
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is different, since the underwater topography of one place is unlike any other. At beach breaks, the sandbanks can change shape from week to week, so it takes commitment to get good waves.
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Warren, A. (2006) "Ripping waves: exploring the surf as a natural domain for young men", Honours Thesis: School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia.
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In recent years, diversity in surfing has come to the fore as a new issue for the surfing community to handle. With the professional surfing world being led by Brazilian surfers like
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and other Hawaiians had taught Ford and London how to surf, they went on to found the segregated Outrigger Canoe Club (chartered in 1911), and proclaimed it "an organization for the
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694:), surfing's professional realm may seem to be moving in the direction of inclusiveness. However, the same is not necessarily true for the world's casual surfers in places like the
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embrace of the "surf nazi" label as a form of rebellion). The "locals only" attitude and protectionism of the Santa Monica surf spots in the early 1970s was depicted in the movie
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The non-competitive adventure activity of riding the biggest waves possible (known as "rhino hunting") is popular with some surfers. A practice popularized in the 1990s has seen
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A global example can be found in the case of the newly formed World Surfing Reserve at Ericeira, Portugal that was dedicated in October 2011 and endorsed by Portuguese President
864:) have been known to threaten visitors with physical violence for invading their territory. In Southern California, local surfers are especially hostile to the surfers from the
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assigned the proper length of boards to be used, according to the status of the rider. Commoners rode boards 12 to 14 feet long, while royalty rode boards 16 to 24 feet long.
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there stands a fairly well-preserved surfing heiau called Kuʻemanu Heiau, a large structure built of black lava rock. Here the local ancient Hawaiians prayed for good surf.
629:. Their goal is to improve the accessibility of the sport and the acceptance of individuals who do not necessarily fit the "traditional" image of what a surfer looks like.
981:. Alexander found it necessary to dictate who would surf Pipeline to both preserve the value, and also protect surfers from the reef's potentially life-threatening waves.
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2550:"The Search: Issues of Play, Identification, Agency, and Deviance in the Absence of Mainstream Sports: Towards a Discovery of the Social Meaning of the Sport of Surfing"
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Various surfing communities organize and take part in "paddle outs", i.e., memorial services for fallen surfers, sometimes on the anniversary of passing such as the
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to assert control of their status in the surf zone and preserve the ocean as a Hawaiian realm, defending it from the Western colonization that had taken their land.
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There would be another rise in the popularity of women's surfing just a decade later as women increasingly played roles in surfing films. Examples of this were the
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a mix of surfing and more conventional water sports in which the participant is towed behind the boat. Pineboarding and sandboarding are recreational boardsports.
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program whose goal is to, "proactively identifies, designates and preserves outstanding waves, surf zones and their surrounding environments, around the world...."
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260:. Beginning in the 1960s, surfing was spread further by devoted surfers, mostly from California and Australia, searching for new wave breaks in far-flung places.
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difficulty, as well as frequency of maneuvers. There is a professional surfing world surfing championship series held annually at surf breaks around the world.
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is aided by advances in information technology, whereby mathematical modeling graphically depicts the size and direction of swells moving around the globe.
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Meanwhile, the surfing world is witnessing surf culture in places that most surfers have been unaware of up to this point. One example of this come's from
1356:"Surf graphics" is the art style associated with the surfing subculture in posters, flyers, T-shirts and logos. It is heavily influenced by skate art,
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4709:"Surfers Force Pulp Mills to Halt Ocean Pollution: Suit brings about precedent-setting accord. Firms to spend $ 56 million in fines, improvements"
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are also qualities that surfers may bring to what some observers have traditionally regarded as a commitment to a lifestyle as well as a sport.
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ventured into the island realm. Hawaiian royalty had ruled the ocean domain for hundreds of years, although the islands were not unified until
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Buckley, RC. (2002), "Surf tourism and sustainable development in Indo-Pacific islands: II. Recreational Capacity Management and Case Study",
313:). As a consequence of this action, temples and the resident images of the gods were destroyed; although many idols were hidden away when the
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339:(priest) laid an offering of fish, said prayers, and performed other religious rites by a tree before it was felled to make a surfboard. The
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Diaz Ruiz, Carlos; Makkar, Marian (January 2021). "Market bifurcations in board sports: How consumers shape markets through boundary work".
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Canniford, R. & Ormrod, J., "Surf Soundtracks", European Association for Consumer Research Conference, University of Bocconi Milan 2007.
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is well perceived, if not intimidating. Some locals who hold similar values of cultural respect support what the members are trying to do.
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has chosen not to accept surf label sponsorship, since an association of that sort could detract from the sentiment they wish to promote.
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Many people have incorporated the free spirited and hippie nature of many surfing lifestyles into their paintings and murals such as the
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actively tried to marginalize Native Hawaiians in their own cultural sphere and exploit surfing as a means to attract tourists. Although
1911:(2011), is a film about a California rich girl who travels to South Africa to find out more about her mother and herself. The 1991 film
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1060:, written and directed by the gang members themselves, showed the raw gritty side of a surf life previously glamorized by Hollywood.
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paddle back toward the beach to begin their surf session. Often these services take place at sunrise or sunset. In locations with a
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Fall in Line: How Surfers' Perceptions of Localism, Territoriality and Waves as Limited Resources Influence Surf-related Aggression
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Waitt, G and Warren, A. (2008), "Talking shit over a brew after a good session with your mates: surfing, space and masculinity",
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819:" are a vibrant and long-standing sub-group. Competitive surf culture, centered around surf contests and endorsement deals, and
570:). Standing 6 feet tall and weighing over three hundred pounds, Ka'ahumanu had the physical strength and the skill to paddle an
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1990:
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The saying "You should have been here yesterday" became a commonly used phrase to refer to bad conditions. Nowadays, however,
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to tow them out to a position where they can catch waves previously unrideable because of the speed at which they travel (see
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Brohman, J. 1996 "New Directions in Tourism for Third World Development", Annals of Tourism Research, Vol 23, No 1: pp 48-70
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3256:"Surfing in Early Twentieth-Century Hawaiʻi: The Appropriation of a Transcendent Experience to Competitive American Sport"
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Buckley, RC. (2002), "Surf tourism and sustainable development in Indo-Pacific islands: I. The industry and the islands".
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brands. Brands prioritize hiring women surfers who appear more conventionally attractive rather than those more talented.
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devoted to a deity or the activity itself, such as surfing. When the ocean was calm and there were no waves to surf, the
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and surfers who engage in the competitive and, consequently, commercial side of the activity. An organisation called the
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in search of job opportunities, and found disorganization and lack of respect in the surf lineup at the surf reef break,
754:/ surf bum stereotype comes from the exuberant enthusiasm for their sport that surfers often demonstrate. Dedication and
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2483:, College of Arts and Sciences, Economics Program, California State University, San Marcos, California, 92096-0001, U.S.
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3050:"Hui Nalu, Beachboys, and the Surfing Boarder-lands of Hawai Nalu, Beachboys, and the Surfing Boarder-lands of Hawaiʻi"
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Canniford, R. & Shankar, A., "Marketing the Savage", Book Chapter in Cova, B., Shankar, A. and Kozinets, R. (2007)
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glorified surfing in a round-the-world search for the perfect wave. John Milius's homage to the Malibu of his youth in
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was founded in the 1960s when surfing had gained popularity and was the initial voice for surf culture which included
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Robin Canniford (2006), "Civilising Surfers: Exploring Subculture Through Historical Consumer Research", PhD Thesis.
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2207:, a librarian, in an article called "Surfing the INTERNET", published in the Wilson Library Bulletin in June 1992.
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The quest for perfect surf has given rise to a field of tourism based on the surfing adventure. Yacht charters and
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4812:"Global Surfing Market to Reach $ 13.2 Billion by 2017, According to New Report by Global Industry Analysts, Inc"
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A pie graph showing the proportion of surfers' country of origin in the World Surf League Men's Championship Tour
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during the 50s. The author drew inspiration for his novel on the similar real-life experiences of his daughter,
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serve as mainstream introductions to teenage, light-hearted, superficial surf life. Beach movies such as the
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1000:. They attempt to preserve their way of life and realize the implications that a lack of respect can have on
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in popular culture. The number of surfers throughout the world continues to increase as the culture spreads.
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Wheaton, B (2007). "Identity, Politics, and the Beach: Environmental Activism in Surfers Against Sewage".
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remains a metaphor for the similarities between the changing surf and life. The 1980s cult classics
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Many surfers today combine their love of the sport with their own religious or spiritual beliefs. In
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Surfing was of profound religious importance to the ancient Hawaiians. The study of waves was called
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or Hawaiian hereditary rulers, Hawaiians of all classes and sexes, young or old, practiced the art.
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The Wetsand Wavecast Guide to Surf Forecasting: A Simple Approach to Planning the Perfect Sessions
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Ancient surfboard and hill sled dating to the 1600s discovered in Chiefess Kaneamuna's burial cave
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finalist for First Work of Fiction. Nunn would write several other surf-themed novels, including
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Evers, C. (2005), "Becoming-Man Becoming-Wave", Doctoral Thesis, University of Sydney, Australia
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Environmental damage and increasing development may continue to increase pressure on the sport.
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Many of the Bra Boys came from impoverished homes and families torn apart by drug use. Brothers
898:
in Australia became infamous for localism and other violence chronicled in the documentary film
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6058:
5963:
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1961:
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110:
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3411:
3303:
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3181:
3152:
3125:
3017:
2933:
2873:
2783:
2509:'Just the lemon next to the pie': Apocalypse, History and the Limits of Myth in Big Wednesday"
1536:
An early Australian surf fashion company was Kuta Lines, founded by Tony Brown after visiting
1220:
1085:
Surfing (particularly in Southern California) has its own sociolect, which has comingled with
912:
Surf gangs often form to preserve cultural identity through the protection of beach towns and
6319:
6156:
6033:
5901:
5454:
5058:
3599:
3512:
3438:
3384:
3330:
3284:
3228:
2987:
2960:
2846:
2601:
1736:
1697:
1548:
weaving and dyeing techniques, adapted to a heavier, fleecy fabric for cool climate surfing.
1541:
1492:
1470:
1454:
1244:
499:
488:
459:
5095:
3871:
3153:"Surfing Beyond Racial and Colonial Imperatives in Early Modern Atlantic Africa and Oceania"
904:
about the eponymous group, although the surfers in the film maintain they are not a "gang".
6329:
6181:
6171:
5840:
5805:
5775:
3797:
2327:
Surf Culture: The Art History of Surfing. Laguna Art Museum in association with Ginko Press
2050:
1923:
features surfer gangs in the wake of an earthquake that destroys the California coastline.
1887:(2002) is an avant-garde surf film that focuses solely on the fluid forms of tubing waves.
1721:
1596:
1568:
1252:
1185:
959:
54:
4996:
3289:
A Cultural History of Three Traditional Hawaiian Sites on the West Coast of Hawai'i Island
2545:
Lueras, Leonard. "Surfing, the Ultimate Pleasure". Honolulu: Emphasis International, 1984.
2139:
is a fictional first-person account of Franziska Hofer's experiences with surf culture in
1405:, with subgenres such as surf rock and surf pop. This includes works from such artists as
1333:
Generation of jobs for skilled labor as well as local managers, technicians, and personnel
8:
6324:
6098:
5993:
5860:
5481:
5285:
4516:"Polynesian Cultural Center's New Hukilau Marketplace Brings Back The Spirit of Old Laie"
4088:
3988:
3540:"'Surfing padre' Christian Mondor of Huntington Beach dies just before his 93rd birthday"
3213:
Occasional Papers of Bernice P. Bishop Museum of Polynesian Ethnology and Natural History
2167:
2043:
1925:
1919:
1877:
1592:
1305:
1106:
1080:
865:
795:
offer surfers access to the high quality surf found in remote, tropical locations, where
740:
591:
117:
916:. If known territory is trespassed by members of another surf gang, violence may occur.
710:
new book project, AfroSurf, which details the prevalence of surfing and surf culture in
303:
system that regulated the islanders' lives at the urging of Kamehameha's favorite wife,
6093:
6068:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5795:
5679:
5582:
5486:
5035:
4945:
4689:
4654:
4194:
4026:
3688:"Media representations of women in action sports; more than 'sexy bad girls' on boards"
2814:
2647:
2427:
2262:
Eddie Would Go: The Story of Eddie Aikau, Hawaiian Hero and Pioneer of Big Wave Surfing
2157:
2140:
1977:
1945:
1902:
1843:
1658:
1552:
1320:
Some of the positive impacts of tourism relevant to surf dominant communities include:
1278:
1212:
974:
886:
849:
587:
576:
547:
473:
407:
245:
187:
in 1810. Traditional Hawaiian society was organized by a system of prohibitions called
72:
4491:
6201:
6176:
6103:
5850:
5845:
5785:
5780:
5039:
4878:
4693:
4611:
4431:
4326:
4322:
Witnessing Australian Stories: History, Testimony, and Memory in Contemporary Culture
4166:
4119:
4092:
4033:
3992:
3954:
3825:
3777:
3695:
3632:
3605:
3518:
3474:
3444:
3417:
3390:
3363:
3336:
3309:
3263:
3234:
3187:
3160:
3131:
3104:
3025:
2993:
2966:
2939:
2912:
2885:
2852:
2825:
2789:
2726:"Surfer magazine, iconic touchstone of Southern California beach culture, shuts down"
2266:
2245:
2224:
2204:
2071:
2057:
1969:
1726:
1709:
1644:
997:
691:
517:. Participants in the memorial service paddle out to a suitable location with flower
479:
occasionally meets on the beach for Sunday early-morning services. After the closing
318:
317:
was broken, they were later sought ought out and burned, often at the instigation of
184:
175:
Surfing culture in Hawaiʻi is very different now to what it was in 1778 when Captain
4658:
2445:
1929:
is an animated film made in 2007 about competitive penguin surfing loosely based on
679:
5953:
5800:
5790:
5502:
5447:
5027:
4970:
4937:
4681:
4644:
3662:
3072:
3064:
2672:
2357:
2334:
2325:
Colburn, B.; Finney, B.; Stallings, T.; Stecyk, C.; Stillman, D.; Wolfe, T (2002).
2136:
2099:
1950:
1797:
1514:
1509:
is a popular style of casual clothing, inspired by surf culture. Many surf-related
1485:
1001:
880:
785:
736:
220:
39:
5031:
4966:
Making waves: Contesting the lifestyle marketing and sponsorship of female surfers
4254:
3658:
Making waves: Contesting the lifestyle marketing and sponsorship of female surfers
1953:, who lost an arm at age 13 in a 2003 shark attack in Hawaii; a 2018 documentary,
996:
Alexander does not view Wolfpak as a gang, but says they look out for every local
538:
6298:
6277:
6272:
6053:
5911:
5883:
5830:
5750:
4084:
Soul Surfer: A True Story of Faith, Family, and Fighting to Get Back on the Board
3357:
3098:
2906:
2662:
2616:
2085:
1995:
1621:
1584:
1466:
1298:
1287:
1189:
1149:
978:
931:
875:
857:
853:
707:
626:
241:
210:
105:
3291:. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Denver Service Center.
1339:
Coordination of government policies and programs for locals and foreign visitors
579:. Blake suggested that surfing would help women to keep their feminine figures.
5684:
5562:
4349:"Sydney's notorious surf gang turns tide of violence into big-screen adulation"
2387:
2196:
1580:
1410:
1390:
1357:
1294:
1102:
1044:
970:
895:
744:
727:
683:
340:
205:
67:
includes the people, language, fashion, and lifestyle surrounding the sport of
4685:
4557:
670:
659:
6313:
5968:
5921:
5891:
5730:
5725:
5557:
5537:
5507:
3207:
2149:
1939:
1849:
1824:
1801:
1785:
1753:
1564:
1473:. Well known artists included Damian Fulton, Rick Reitveld and Phil Roberts.
1275:
Loss of local skills and failure to provide skilled jobs for local population
1240:
1236:
1169:
1052:
951:
947:
820:
765:
699:
695:
642:
304:
296:
233:
5420:
5412:
4633:"Sustainable Management of Surfing Breaks: Case Studies and Recommendations"
2282:
The Illustrated Discography of Surf Music (1961–1965), Riverside, California
1917:
involves a group of bank robbers who are also surfers. The 1987 comedy film
1481:
494:
6267:
6048:
5983:
5577:
5547:
5532:
5522:
5512:
4523:
3683:
2457:
Sick, "Filthy, and Delirious: surf film and video and the documentary mode"
1907:
1793:
1781:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1757:
1673:
1600:
1572:
1434:
1426:
1414:
1406:
1394:
1369:
1361:
1336:
Equitable social, sectorial and regional distribution of costs and benefits
1048:
1034:. They gained international fame and attention in 2007 with the release of
831:
715:
518:
470:
381:, the longest and heaviest surfboards, were made from the lighter and more
364:
322:
292:
280:
and the memory of notable surfing feats was preserved in chants and songs (
180:
5916:
3897:
6259:
6234:
5745:
5572:
5567:
4974:
4080:
3666:
3068:
1965:
1913:
1883:
1871:
1773:
1518:
1430:
1365:
1173:
1086:
1057:
816:
808:
648:
506:
476:
455:
229:
141:
129:
76:
5377:
812:
6249:
6239:
5988:
5699:
5694:
5517:
4949:
3076:
2576:
2468:"Putting up your Dukes: Statues Social Memory and Duke Paoa Kahanamoku"
1889:
1560:
1510:
1446:
1402:
1381:
1118:
1073:
963:
955:
796:
778:
770:
510:
356:
309:
176:
157:
137:
133:
88:
4789:
4649:
4632:
2203:. The phrase "surfing the Internet" was first popularized in print by
1386:
1192:
lawsuit in history. A $ 5.4 million lawsuit against two paper mills,
140:
to be able to "surf" on land, as well as developing a number of other
6229:
6083:
6073:
5740:
5720:
5704:
5689:
4210:"Lunada Bay Boys Surfers Are Criminal Street Gang, Class Action Says"
3773:
The Bias-Free Word Finder: a dictionary of nondiscriminatory language
3100:
Waves of Resistance: Surfing and History in Twentieth-century Hawaiʻi
2908:
Waves of Resistance: Surfing and History in Twentieth-century Hawaiʻi
2533:, Masters Thesis, Department of Sociology, San Jose State University.
2530:
A Sociological Study of the Surfing Subculture in the Santa Cruz Area
2200:
1836:
1687:
1526:
1438:
1422:
1138:
1094:
1090:
1031:
913:
870:
555:
344:
160:, Prime Minister of the King; fabric making. In the foreground is an
99:
84:
4941:
4630:
2380:, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University.
268:
91:). It has affected music, fashion, literature, film, art, and youth
6219:
6166:
5735:
4735:"Federal officials struggle to maintain order at toll road hearing"
2631:
2192:
2162:
2092:
2026:
2014:
1841:
The surf culture is reflected in film. Bruce Brown's classic movie
1805:
1789:
1556:
1522:
1496:
1442:
1142:
1111:
1013:
923:
900:
823:'s disturbance of the peace, are often seen in opposition to this.
387:
382:
5073:
4928:
Rutsky, R. L. (1999). "Surfing the Other: Ideology on the Beach".
4388:
3470:
Sport as Symbol: Images of the Athlete in Art, Literature and Song
1211:
that would have impacted the popular and world-renowned surf site
6078:
5470:
5345:
3383:
Marcus, Ben; Morais, Juliana; Divine, Jeff; Linden, Gary (2007).
3155:. In Dexter Zavalza Hough-Snee; Alexander Sotelo Eastman (eds.).
2931:
2844:
2642:
1692:
1620:
and the exoticism that was seen in the people and culture of the
1256:
68:
50:
3984:
The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English
3581:"Paddle Outs Are Surfing's Most Hallowed (And Beautiful) Ritual"
1804:
all now competitive sports. Another fast growing boardsport is
612:
5357:
4028:
Soul surfing: tune in your power to live the movie of your life
2486:
Rutsky, RL (1999), "Surfing the Other: Ideology on the Beach",
2127:
2106:
1898:
1894:
1866:
1616:
1588:
1576:
1264:
1126:
1027:
711:
654:
600:
514:
480:
335:
164:
board, the largest of the Hawaiian wooden surfboards. (c. 1819)
125:
98:
Surfers' desire for the best possible waves to ride with their
92:
80:
5135:
4905:. National Museum of Australia. March 29, 2011. Archived from
4550:"How Four Small-Town Oahu Natives Went on to Change the World"
4541:"Everything You Wanted to Know About the History of the Shaka"
3624:
1544:
for his surfwear. From the 1980s, Kuta Lines used traditional
333:
Since ancient times among the Native Hawaiians, the appointed
3022:
Deep Blue: Critical Reflections on Nature, Religion and Water
2300:
Cowabunga: The Complete Book of Surfing. Avon Books, New York
2241:
Australian Beach Cultures: The History of Sun, Sand, and Surf
1530:
1500:
1316:
Short-term focus undermining long-term goals for development
1286:
Fast, unstable development of infrastructure which can cause
1283:
Inequitable distribution of the costs and benefits of tourism
1114:
or 'beach bums' (with women being known as 'beach bunnies').
1068:
373:
4588:
3716:"Female pro surfers pushing for end to 'sexualised' culture"
3661:(Griffith thesis), Griffith University, pp. 66–67, 71,
3413:
Kingship and Sacrifice: Ritual and Society in Ancient Hawaii
3260:
Sport in the Pacific: Colonial and Postcolonial Consequences
3206:
2324:
5159:"The Real-Life Gidget Looks Back From 80: "I Lived It All""
4607:
The surfin'ary: a dictionary of surfing terms and surfspeak
4566:
from the original on December 12, 2021 – via YouTube.
3742:"Textured Waves: A Conversation About Diversity in Surfing"
3628:
The World in the Curl: An Unconventional History of Surfing
1604:
1545:
1537:
1122:
844:
815:', harmony with life, their surfing, and the ocean. These "
559:
523:
5439:
4969:(Griffith thesis), Griffith University, pp. 151–152,
3440:
The Ancient Hawaiian State: Origins of a Political Society
3179:
3018:"12 Sea spirituality, surfing and aquatic nature religion"
2618:
West of Jesus: Surfing, Science, and the Origins of Belief
1272:
Failure to create adequate levels of employment and income
946:
The Wolfpak was originally composed of a few surfers from
4989:"Billion Dollar Breakers: The Professional Surfing World"
4631:
Scarfe, B.E.; T.R. Healy; H.G. Rennie; S.T. Mead (2009).
3690:. In Clarissa Smith; Feona Attwood; Brian McNair (eds.).
3015:
2985:
2446:"Good to the last drop! Understanding surfer motivations"
2318:
Stoked! A History of Surf Culture. Gibbs Smith, Publisher
1153:
such reefs in some countries, such as the United States.
244:
started the multiracial Hui Nalu Club (Club of Waves) at
3923:"Exploring African Surf Culture in New Book, 'AfroSurf'"
3382:
3096:
3047:
2904:
2816:
Skateboarding: Instruction, Programming, and Park Design
2480:
Hangin' ten: The common-pool resource problem of surfing
938:) became the subject of a class action lawsuit in 2016.
5220:"Surf Noir: A Salt-Streaked Lens On The American Dream"
4760:"Ericeira, Portugal Dedicated as World Surfing Reserve"
3950:
Surfing Newport Beach: The Glory Days of Corona Del Mar
3510:
3305:
Hawaiian Dictionary: Hawaiian-English, English-Hawaiian
2935:
Hawaiian Dictionary: Hawaiian-English, English-Hawaiian
2848:
Hawaiian Dictionary: Hawaiian-English, English-Hawaiian
2362:, Scripps Institution of Oceanography Technical Report.
4860:
4858:
4081:
Bethany Hamilton; Sheryl Berk; Rick Bundschuh (2004).
3328:
3016:
Sylvie Shaw; Andrew Francis, eds. (December 5, 2014).
1983:
1148:
Some of these stresses may be overcome by building of
438:
The powerful, curling waves, arise with the pohuehue,
3821:
Speaking of Animals: A Dictionary of Animal Metaphors
3597:
3144:
2758:(internet video). X17online.com. 2008. Archived from
2371:, Faculty of Information Technology, Bond University.
3559:"Surfing with spirituality at blessing of the waves"
2377:
A numerical study of breaking waves in the surf zone
1330:
Fostering of genuine appropriate technology transfer
4899:"National Museum of Australia - Gallery highlights"
4855:
4444:
4190:"The Long, Strange Tale of California's Surf Nazis"
3872:"Why Surf Culture Desperately Needs More Diversity"
3692:
The Routledge Companion to Media, Sex and Sexuality
3678:
3676:
3618:
2291:
A Pictorial History of Surfing. Paul Hamlyn, Sydney
2195:; having multiple, related meanings. "Surfing" the
406:lashed the surface of the sea with long strands of
4455:"Wherever it came from, shaka sign part of Hawaii"
4347:
4025:
3625:Peter J. Westwick; Peter Neushul (July 23, 2013).
3416:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 173, 179.
3295:
3011:
3009:
2813:
2461:Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies
2439:To the Extreme: Alternative Sports, Inside and Out
295:'s death in 1819, his son, crown prince Liholiho (
252:demonstrated the sport at many beaches, including
5974:Duke Kahanamoku Invitational Surfing Championship
4476:"Honoring the Founder of the Shaka Hamana Kalili"
4318:
3487:
3220:
2925:
2691:According to John R. Kukeakalani Clark, the word
2418:"Waves of Semiosis: Surfing's Iconic Progression"
2411:Ocean Surface Waves: Their Physics and Prediction
1203:In 2008 the U.S. Department of Commerce upheld a
1188:and the EPA won, at the time, the second largest
414:) vines and chanted, in unison with the surfers:
6311:
5250:"The California Book Awards Winners 1931 - 2012"
4841:"Managing the Mentawai Surfing Tourism Industry"
3673:
3230:Surfing: A History of the Ancient Hawaiian Sport
2979:
2865:
2724:Freeman, Mike; Robbins, Gary (October 6, 2020).
2220:Surfing: A History of the Ancient Hawaiian Sport
1881:are less reverential depictions of the culture.
1207:decision to deny the $ 1.3 Billion extension of
1018:The Bra Boys are a popular surf gang founded in
750:Though surfers come from all walks of life, the
32:"Beach bum" redirects here. For other uses, see
5017:
4956:
4835:
4833:
3650:
3648:
3591:
3006:
2703:, was coined by Hawaiian surfer Wally Froiseth.
2560:Consumer Tribes: Theory, Practice and Prospects
2432:International Review for the Sociology of Sport
2359:The Science of Surfing Waves and Surfing Breaks
1635:celebrates the sport and lifestyle on June 20.
1243:showing the beach bar setup ready for the 2010
1156:
4508:"The history of the famous surfing shaka sign"
3946:
3766:
3302:Pukui, Mary Kawena; Elbert, Samuel H. (1986).
3180:Robert Edelman; Wayne Wilson (April 6, 2017).
3117:
2986:Gregory Borne; Jess Ponting (March 16, 2017).
2838:
2723:
2258:
1324:The extent of linkages to the domestic economy
156:Alphonse Pellion, Sandwich Islands: houses of
120:, where it was first popularized, include the
5455:
4603:
4589:"Hamana Kalili, Originator of the Shaka Sign"
4571:Shawn Young (November 2008). "Shaka, Brah!".
3980:
3846:"This Is How You Create Diversity In Surfing"
3493:
3462:
3460:
3226:
3043:
3041:
2871:
2472:International Journal of the History of Sport
2466:Osmond, G. Phillips, MG. O'Neill, M. (2006),
1968:, Sydney, Australia. the Surf Film Festival,
1933:and parodying surfing documentaries, such as
1742:
698:. Organizations such as City Surf Project in
391:, and were used exclusively by the nobility.
4830:
4814:. Prweb.com. August 25, 2011. Archived from
4538:
4111:
4023:
3947:Burnett, Claudine E.; Burnett, Paul (2013).
3813:
3811:
3645:
3322:
3150:
3123:
2932:Mary Kawena Pukui; Samuel H. Elbert (1986).
2845:Mary Kawena Pukui; Samuel H. Elbert (1986).
2781:
2428:"The Aesthetics of Risk: A Study of Surfing"
2288:
1457:, who are both former professional surfers.
228:In the early 1900s, Alexander Hume Ford and
6064:Smirnoff World Pro-Am Surfing Championships
4733:Rosenblatt, Susannah (September 23, 2008).
4570:
4295:
4293:
4291:
3708:
3574:
3572:
3308:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 363.
3301:
3159:. Duke University Press. pp. 149–150.
3090:
2938:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 132.
2911:. University of Hawaiʻi Press. p. 16.
2807:
2805:
1132:
962:, as well as the reality show 808 star and
429:Ku mai! Ku mai! Ka nalu nui mai Kahiki mai,
5462:
5448:
5217:
4788:. Save the Waves Coalition. Archived from
4762:. Save the Waves Coalition. Archived from
4732:
4547:
4312:
3824:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 17.
3818:Palmatier, Robert Allen (April 30, 1995).
3760:
3694:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 384–385.
3517:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 32.
3494:Finney, Ben R.; Houston, James D. (1966).
3457:
3430:
3403:
3389:. MBI Publishing Company. pp. 17–19.
3359:Hawaiian Surfing: Traditions from the Past
3285:"5, Changes After the Death of Kamehameha"
3276:
3227:Finney, Ben R.; Houston, James D. (1996).
3200:
3130:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 278.
3103:. University of Hawaiʻi Press. p. 2.
3063:(1). University of Hawaiʻi Press: 89, 96.
3038:
2958:
2952:
2851:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 63.
2788:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 552.
2775:
1437:. The music inspired dance crazes such as
1129:, is a common greeting in surfer culture.
843:Some locals have been known to form loose
5156:
5118:"INTERNATIONAL SURF FILM FESTIVAL FRANCE"
4648:
4427:Surfing in the Movies: A Critical History
4417:
4252:
4132:
3974:
3817:
3808:
3349:
2898:
2181:
1756:to be able to "surf" on land. Later came
1310:Lack of resources both human and economic
436:Arise, arise you great surfs from Kahiki,
321:American missionaries. Liholiho's cousin
27:Culture associated with the sport surfing
4962:
4452:
4299:
4288:
4275:
4273:
4271:
3654:
3578:
3569:
3556:
3550:
3247:
3186:. Oxford University Press. p. 225.
2884:. Oxford University Press. p. 225.
2802:
2333:
2309:The History of Surfing. Palm Beach Press
2025:
1949:is a 2011 biopic about real-life surfer
1819:
1815:
1715:
1491:
1480:
1385:
1259:, IJourneyGreen, Surf Resource Network,
1235:
1160:
1067:
830:
764:
726:
669:
611:
581:
537:
493:
377:surfboards were made from koa; however,
343:believed that the trees they made their
267:
219:
151:
49:
38:
6142:National Scholastic Surfing Association
5309:
5218:Sternbergh, Adam (September 20, 2020).
4707:Paddock, Richard (September 10, 1991).
4706:
4671:
4578:
4226:
4019:
4017:
4015:
3940:
3504:
2748:
2746:
2315:
2297:
2259:Holmes Coleman, S. (February 7, 2004).
1313:Central and local government corruption
690:(the first black African surfer on the
686:, and the presence of athletes such as
14:
6312:
5052:
4927:
4138:
3682:
3557:Connelly, Laylan (September 6, 2013).
3466:
3436:
3409:
3282:
3253:
3216:. Bishop Museum Press. pp. 20–22.
2216:
2186:
2133:Gidget, The Little Girl with Big Ideas
1830:
1101:", "dude", "tubular", "radical", and "
5443:
5409:"History of surfing and surf culture"
5266:from the original on October 19, 2023
5199:from the original on February 5, 2024
4423:
4345:
4279:
4268:
4187:
4181:
4159:
3579:Herreria, Carla (December 14, 2014).
3355:
3262:. Taylor & Francis. p. 124.
3183:The Oxford Handbook of Sports History
2882:The Oxford Handbook of Sports History
2811:
2511:, Manchester Metropolitan University.
2306:
2279:
2237:
2147:. It was later adapted into the film
2120:
1037:Bra Boys: Blood Is Thicker than Water
884:, which was based on the documentary
811:culture in the hunt for a continual '
751:
224:Duke Kahanamoku and the Hui Nalu Club
168:The prevailing narrative of surfing (
5429:"The origins and history of surfing"
5312:"Kem Nunn: Surf Fiction's Dark Lord"
5053:Jinman, Richard (October 30, 2003).
4591:. hamanakalili.info. March 24, 2013.
4188:Duane, Daniel (September 28, 2019).
4160:Weiss, Kenneth (December 24, 1996).
4012:
3981:Victor, Terry; Dalzell, Tom (2015).
3537:
3531:
3497:Surfing, the sport of Hawaiian kings
3437:Hommon, Robert J. (April 25, 2013).
2992:. Taylor & Francis. p. 63.
2743:
2441:, State University of New York Press
2036:
2017:: Blood is Thicker than Water (2007)
5157:Liebenson, Donald (March 4, 2021).
5076:. Surfilmfestibal.com. June 5, 2014
4411:"Bra Boys breaks box office record"
4319:Kelly Jean Butler (July 28, 2017).
4212:. December 20, 2016. Archived from
4057:"I should have been here yesterday"
1984:TV documentary series about surfing
1638:
1551:Some other clothing brands include
1364:. Popular artists in the genre are
1145:can also threaten surfing regions.
1063:
722:
533:
307:, who had declared herself regent (
24:
6122:International Professional Surfers
5322:from the original on July 15, 2022
5230:from the original on July 11, 2021
5169:from the original on April 1, 2023
4597:
4478:. This Week Hawaii. June 16, 2017.
4413:. ABC News Online. March 26, 2007.
4227:Higgins, Matt (January 22, 2009).
4024:Dawnea Adams (December 29, 1997).
3790:
3538:Vega, Priscella (April 28, 2018).
3335:. Arcadia Publishing. p. 10.
2965:. Voyageur Press. pp. 17–19.
2586:Evers, C. (2004), "Men who Surf",
2570:Journal of Sport and Social Issues
2499:MC: a journal of media and culture
2346:
1957:, explores Hamilton's adult life.
1460:
969:Wolfpak began in 2001 when leader
554:Like men, women surfed in ancient
509:memorial service held annually at
491:paddle out for a morning session.
25:
6346:
6127:International Surfing Association
5338:
4877:. Korero Press. 2012. p. 7.
4453:Watanabe, June (March 31, 2002).
4360:from the original on May 25, 2022
4255:"Kai Garcia-The Surfer Interview"
3631:. Crown Publishers. p. 263.
3410:Valeri, Valerio (June 15, 1985).
3097:Isaiah Helekunihi Walker (2011).
3048:Isaiah Helekunihi Walker (2008).
2905:Isaiah Helekunihi Walker (2011).
2874:"15 Surfing: A Global Phenomenon"
2437:Rinehart, RE. Sydnor, S. (2003),
2422:The American Journal of Semiotics
2131:(originally published in 1957 as
1304:Lack of political will to pursue
498:A surfer memorial service at the
451:, after the morning glory vines.
431:Alo po ʻi pu! Ku mai ka pohuehue,
116:Aspects of 1960s surf culture in
5979:East Coast Surfing Championships
5189:"Interview with author Kem Nunn"
4995:. April 13, 1997. Archived from
4304:. Outside Online. Archived from
4300:Melekian, Brad (November 2008).
3953:. History Press. p. PT120.
3598:Ann Rayson; Helen Bauer (1997).
3511:Kona Historical Society (1998).
3467:Womack, Mari (January 1, 2003).
3386:The Surfboard: Art, Style, Stoke
3157:The Critical Surf Studies Reader
3151:Kevin Dawson (August 17, 2017).
2962:The Surfboard: Art, Style, Stoke
2609:
2568:Evers, C. (2006), How to Surf",
1351:
936:Palos Verdes Estates, California
731:Surf in southern California 2008
632:
5421:"History of the term surf nazi"
5303:
5278:
5242:
5211:
5181:
5150:
5128:
5110:
5088:
5066:
5046:
5011:
4981:
4963:Franklin, Roslyn (April 2012),
4921:
4891:
4867:
4804:
4778:
4752:
4726:
4700:
4665:
4624:
4403:
4381:
4372:
4346:Marks, Kathy (March 19, 2007).
4339:
4246:
4220:
4202:
4153:
4105:
4074:
4049:
3915:
3890:
3864:
3838:
3734:
3655:Franklin, Roslyn (April 2012),
3376:
3362:. University of Hawaiʻi Press.
3329:Timothy Tovar DeLaVega (2011).
3173:
3024:. Routledge. pp. 217–219.
2872:Douglas Booth (April 6, 2017).
2685:
2289:Finney, B.; Margan, F. (1970).
2010:"I'm a Big Wave Surfer" (2004)
1542:Indonesian textiles and designs
1517:, supplying local surfers with
1372:, Bill Ogden and Jim Phillips.
1231:
1121:, credited to Hamana Kalili of
739:revolutionized, as surfers use
263:
5358:"International Surfing Museum"
4581:"The Origin of the Shaka Sign"
4539:Dylan Heyden (June 15, 2016).
4229:"Rough Waves, Tougher Beaches"
4162:"Territorial Surfer Wipes Out"
3500:. C. E. Tuttle Co. p. 55.
2766:
2755:Malibu Surfers Fight Paparazzi
2717:
2625:
2522:Journal of Sustainable Tourism
2516:Journal of Sustainable Tourism
2339:Barbarian Days: A Surfing Life
2021:
1978:New York Surfing Film Festival
1747:
1346:
1342:Infrastructure and incentives
1290:and safety and health problems
566:) to everyone except royalty (
128:and other beach wear, such as
43:2010 Mavericks competition at
13:
1:
5944:Australian Boardriders Battle
5346:"Surfing Heritage Foundation"
5310:Sievers, Drew (May 4, 2011).
5032:10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.08.039
4843:. Mentawai.org. July 11, 2012
4552:. Polynesian Cultural Center.
4118:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
3332:Surfing in Hawaiʻi: 1778-1930
3258:. In King, C. Richard (ed.).
2710:
1960:Some film events include the
1955:Bethany Hamilton: Unstoppable
1732:Pleasure Point Night Fighters
1533:, as well as other hardware.
1401:Surf culture is reflected in
1375:
1205:California Coastal Commission
1194:Louisiana-Pacific Corporation
907:
6137:International Surfing Museum
6029:Pipeline Bodysurfing Classic
6019:O'Neill World Cup of Surfing
5362:Huntington Beach, California
5020:Journal of Business Research
4786:"Inspire. Activate. Empower"
4548:Joe Kukura (July 30, 2015).
4280:Borow, Zev (July 10, 2012).
4139:Comley, Cassie (June 2011).
3776:. Beacon Press. p. 46.
3254:Nendel, Jim (July 5, 2017).
3208:Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum
1974:Wavescape Surf Film Festival
1862:Fast Times at Ridgemont High
1209:California State Highway 241
1157:Surfing and environmentalism
1105:" are associated with both.
1022:, a beachside suburb in the
799:ensure offshore conditions.
665:
526:, such as Huntington Beach,
467:Huntington Beach, California
447:The chant itself was called
417:
7:
6147:New York Surf Film Festival
6014:O'Neill Sebastian Inlet Pro
5999:Lion Foundation Surf League
5469:
5370:"Santa Cruz Surfing Museum"
4637:Journal of Coastal Research
4253:Surfermag (July 22, 2010).
4115:The Encyclopedia of Surfing
3233:. Pomegranate. p. 40.
3127:The Encyclopedia of Surfing
2959:Ben Marcus (May 15, 2007).
2785:The Encyclopedia of Surfing
2699:. The spelling used today,
2636:
2527:Stephen Wayne Hull (1976),
2368:Mathematics and bodysurfing
1007:
950:who believed in respecting
826:
546:surfing after a drawing by
440:Well up, long raging surf.
240:". In response, Freeth and
10:
6351:
5959:Billabong Pipeline Masters
5949:Australian Open of Surfing
4559:A Tribute to Hamana Kalili
4520:Polynesian Cultural Center
4488:Polynesian Cultural Center
4325:. Routledge. p. 218.
3604:. Bess Press. p. 33.
3601:Hawaiʻi, the Pacific State
3473:. McFarland. p. 182.
3356:Clark, John R. K. (2011).
2820:. Human Kinetics. p.
2629:
2210:
2007:"Surfing 50 States" (2006)
1834:
1743:Spin-offs & influences
1642:
1476:
1379:
1327:The creation of employment
1261:World Tourism Organization
1078:
1011:
941:
355:), and used the trunks of
147:
34:Beach bum (disambiguation)
31:
6291:
6258:
6210:
6152:Santa Cruz Surfing Museum
6132:International Surfing Day
6112:
6039:Quiksilver Pro Gold Coast
6009:Noosa Festival of Surfing
6004:MEO Rip Curl Pro Portugal
5934:
5876:
5766:
5759:
5713:
5672:
5591:
5495:
5477:
5136:"Surfing in South Africa"
4686:10.1080/02614360601053533
3283:Greene, Linda W. (1993).
2581:Everyday Multiculturalism
2079:Wave Action Surf Magazine
1976:in South Africa, and the
1633:International Surfing Day
1627:
1610:
658:. The male equivalent is
528:Orange County, California
45:Half Moon Bay, California
6335:Australian youth culture
6197:Welsh Surfing Federation
6187:The Moonshine Conspiracy
6044:Red Bull Big Wave Africa
5350:San Clemente, California
5290:National Book Foundation
5055:"Baiting Bondi's fringe"
4145:(Thesis). Archived from
3057:The Contemporary Pacific
2880:; Wilson, Wayne (eds.).
2678:
2605:39(3), pp. 353–365.
2579:Conference Proceedings,
2244:. Taylor & Francis.
2199:is the act of following
2065:Australia's Surfing Life
1683:Red Bull Big Wave Africa
1133:Issues affecting surfers
136:. Surfers developed the
6192:Uruguayan Surfing Union
6089:Triple Crown of Surfing
3443:. OUP USA. p. 92.
2668:List of surfing records
2588:Cultural Studies Review
2583:, Macquarie University.
2539:Waves of Transformation
1893:(2002) is a film about
1540:in 1973. Brown adapted
966:actor, Kala Alexander.
586:Hawaiian surfer on the
75:began with the ancient
60:, used by early surfers
6162:Surfers Against Sewage
6059:Shark Island Challenge
5964:Billabong Pro Teahupoo
5553:Standup paddleboarding
5403:on September 15, 2008.
5374:Santa Cruz, California
4604:Trevor Cralle (2001).
4460:Honolulu Star-Bulletin
4308:on September 20, 2010.
2658:List of surfing topics
2653:World surfing champion
2615:Kotler, Steven (2008)
2474:, Taylor & Francis
2182:Surfing in non-fiction
2145:Kathy Kohner-Zuckerman
2033:
1962:Sydney Fringe Festival
1827:
1752:Surfers developed the
1563:, Town & Country,
1503:
1489:
1398:
1247:
1225:World Surfing Reserves
1176:
1166:Surfers Against Sewage
1076:
836:
774:
732:
675:
617:
595:
551:
502:
273:
225:
165:
111:environmental activism
61:
47:
6157:SurfAid International
6034:Quiksilver Pro France
5098:. Surfilmfestibal.com
5059:Sydney Morning Herald
4216:on December 20, 2016.
4112:Matt Harshaw (2005).
3124:Matt Warshaw (2005).
2782:Matt Warshaw (2005).
2602:Australian Geographer
2029:
1823:
1816:Surfing in multimedia
1737:SurfAid International
1716:Surfing organizations
1698:Boardmasters Festival
1495:
1484:
1455:Donavon Frankenreiter
1389:
1245:Boardmasters Festival
1239:
1198:Simpson Paper Company
1164:
1071:
834:
768:
730:
673:
615:
585:
541:
500:Huntington Beach Pier
497:
469:for example, a local
359:to build them. Their
271:
223:
155:
53:
42:
6182:Surfing South Africa
6172:Surfrider Foundation
5380:on December 25, 2003
5286:"Tapping the Source"
5074:"Surfilmfestibal 12"
4818:on September 8, 2011
4573:The Surfer's Journal
4424:Engle, John (2015).
4149:on November 3, 2023.
4089:Simon & Schuster
3989:Taylor & Francis
3069:10.1353/cp.2008.0026
2455:Beattie, K. (2001),
2452:, physed.otago.ac.nz
2395:Science Study Series
2374:Pengzhi, L. et al.,
2365:Neville de Mestre,
2316:Kampion, D. (2003).
2298:Wardlaw, L. (1991).
1972:Surf Film Festival,
1722:Surfrider Foundation
1253:Surfrider Foundation
1186:Surfrider Foundation
562:that was forbidden (
6283:Surfer's myelopathy
6099:World Surfing Games
5994:Ku Ikaika Challenge
5193:The Soul Of A Clown
4999:on December 3, 2007
4903:Australian Journeys
4766:on November 4, 2011
4378:Butler 2017, p. 230
4032:. Delacorte Press.
3898:"afrosurf-the-book"
3748:. February 14, 2020
3514:A Guide to Old Kona
2989:Sustainable Surfing
2812:Wixon, Ben (2009).
2504:Ormrod, J. (1978),
2444:Butts, SE. (2001),
2426:M Stranger (1999),
2217:Finney, B. (1996).
2191:The word "surf" is
2187:Conceptual metaphor
2168:National Book Award
1920:Surf Nazis Must Die
1878:Beach Blanket Bingo
1831:Films about surfing
1306:sustainable tourism
1221:Aníbal Cavaco Silva
1107:Northern California
1097:). Words such as "
1081:Glossary of surfing
1074:Shaka greeting sign
866:San Fernando Valley
741:personal watercraft
408:beach morning glory
118:Southern California
6094:US Open of Surfing
5690:Ocean surface wave
5397:City of Santa Cruz
5393:"museum panoramas"
5063:Nude Night Surfing
4975:10.25904/1912/2170
4233:The New York Times
4195:The New York Times
3686:(August 9, 2017).
3667:10.25904/1912/2170
2648:History of surfing
2575:Evers, C. (2006),
2562:, Oxford: Elsevier
2450:Sociology of Sport
2416:Flynn, PJ (1987),
2307:Young, N. (1983).
2280:Blair, J. (1983).
2238:Booth, D. (2001).
2158:Tapping the Source
2121:Surfing in fiction
2034:
1935:The Endless Summer
1844:The Endless Summer
1828:
1504:
1490:
1399:
1279:Labor exploitation
1248:
1177:
1143:toxic algae growth
1077:
887:Dogtown and Z-Boys
850:Malibu Locals Only
837:
775:
733:
676:
618:
596:
552:
548:Charles de Varigny
503:
474:non-denominational
433:Hu! Kai koʻo loa.
351:) from had souls (
274:
226:
185:Kingdom of Hawaiʻi
166:
73:history of surfing
62:
48:
6307:
6306:
6225:Fictional surfers
6202:World Surf League
6177:Surfing Australia
6104:World Surf League
5930:
5929:
5435:on March 2, 2012.
5415:on July 16, 2008.
5257:Commonwealth Club
5195:. June 20, 2020.
4909:on March 15, 2011
4739:Los Angeles Times
4713:Los Angeles Times
4650:10.2112/08-0999.1
4562:. July 28, 2001.
4526:on 27 August 2017
4437:978-0-7864-9521-4
4391:. SurfingGangs.TK
4332:978-1-351-47148-0
4167:Los Angeles Times
4061:SoulSurfing.co.uk
3783:978-0-8070-6003-2
3701:978-1-351-68555-9
3638:978-0-307-71948-5
3611:978-1-57306-062-2
3524:978-0-8248-2010-7
3480:978-0-7864-1579-3
3450:978-0-19-991612-2
3423:978-0-226-84560-9
3396:978-0-7603-2753-1
3369:978-0-8248-3414-2
3342:978-0-7385-7488-2
3315:978-0-8248-0703-0
3269:978-1-351-54793-2
3240:978-0-87654-594-2
3193:978-0-19-985892-7
3166:978-0-8223-7282-0
3110:978-0-8248-3547-7
3031:978-1-317-48818-7
2999:978-1-317-39656-7
2972:978-1-61673-117-5
2945:978-0-8248-0703-0
2918:978-0-8248-3547-7
2891:978-0-19-985892-7
2858:978-0-8248-0703-0
2831:978-0-7360-7426-1
2762:on July 14, 2008.
2730:Los Angeles Times
2542:, Masters thesis.
2524:, Vol. 10, No. 5.
2493:Scott, P.(2003),
2490:, Vol. 52, No. 4.
2463:, Vol. 15, No. 3.
2434:, irs.sagepub.com
2384:Waves and Beaches
2335:Finnegan, William
2205:Jean Armour Polly
2072:Pitpilot magazine
2051:The Surfer's Path
2037:Surfing magazines
1991:This Is Your Life
1970:Saint Jean de Luz
1727:World Surf League
1710:Spirit of Surfing
1705:
1704:
1645:World Surf League
1368:, Damian Fulton,
708:Selema Masekela's
692:Championship Tour
444:
443:
341:ancient Hawaiians
319:Congregationalist
299:), abolished the
16:(Redirected from
6342:
5954:Beachley Classic
5907:Puerto Escondido
5764:
5763:
5543:Shoulder surfing
5464:
5457:
5450:
5441:
5440:
5436:
5431:. Archived from
5424:
5416:
5411:. Archived from
5404:
5399:. Archived from
5389:
5387:
5385:
5376:. Archived from
5365:
5353:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5327:
5307:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5296:
5282:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5271:
5265:
5254:
5246:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5235:
5215:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5204:
5185:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5174:
5154:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5143:
5132:
5126:
5125:
5124:on June 4, 2011.
5120:. Archived from
5114:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5103:
5092:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5081:
5070:
5064:
5062:
5050:
5044:
5043:
5015:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5004:
4985:
4979:
4977:
4960:
4954:
4953:
4925:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4914:
4895:
4889:
4888:
4871:
4865:
4862:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4848:
4837:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4823:
4808:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4782:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4771:
4756:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4730:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4704:
4698:
4697:
4669:
4663:
4662:
4652:
4628:
4622:
4621:
4601:
4595:
4592:
4584:
4576:
4567:
4553:
4544:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4522:. Archived from
4511:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4494:on June 22, 2011
4490:. Archived from
4479:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4448:
4442:
4441:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4407:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4385:
4379:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4351:
4343:
4337:
4336:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4297:
4286:
4285:
4277:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4185:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4109:
4103:
4102:
4078:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4031:
4021:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4005:
3991:. p. 2194.
3978:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3919:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3815:
3806:
3805:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3722:. April 15, 2016
3712:
3706:
3705:
3680:
3671:
3669:
3652:
3643:
3642:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3576:
3567:
3566:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3464:
3455:
3454:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3054:
3045:
3036:
3035:
3013:
3004:
3003:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2819:
2809:
2800:
2799:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2750:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2721:
2704:
2689:
2673:Surf forecasting
2508:
2391:Anchor Doubleday
2342:
2341:. Penguin Books.
2330:
2321:
2312:
2303:
2294:
2285:
2276:
2255:
2234:
2137:Frederick Kohner
2100:Surfing Magazine
2044:Surfer's Journal
2031:Surfing Magazine
1951:Bethany Hamilton
1798:mountainboarding
1653:
1652:
1639:Surfing contests
1515:cottage industry
1488:wearing surfwear
1486:Bethany Hamilton
1150:artificial reefs
1064:Surf terminology
1002:Hawaiian culture
881:Lords of Dogtown
786:surf forecasting
769:Mick Corbett at
737:big wave surfing
723:Big wave culture
688:Michael February
534:Women in surfing
418:
200:Although white (
183:established the
132:or baggies, and
103:and vice versa.
21:
6350:
6349:
6345:
6344:
6343:
6341:
6340:
6339:
6310:
6309:
6308:
6303:
6299:Surf lifesaving
6287:
6254:
6245:Surfwear brands
6206:
6108:
6054:Roxy Pro France
5926:
5912:Shipstern Bluff
5884:Banzai Pipeline
5872:
5755:
5751:Surfboard leash
5709:
5668:
5587:
5583:Women's surfing
5491:
5473:
5468:
5427:
5419:
5407:
5391:
5383:
5381:
5368:
5356:
5344:
5341:
5336:
5335:
5325:
5323:
5308:
5304:
5294:
5292:
5284:
5283:
5279:
5269:
5267:
5263:
5252:
5248:
5247:
5243:
5233:
5231:
5216:
5212:
5202:
5200:
5187:
5186:
5182:
5172:
5170:
5155:
5151:
5141:
5139:
5134:
5133:
5129:
5116:
5115:
5111:
5101:
5099:
5094:
5093:
5089:
5079:
5077:
5072:
5071:
5067:
5051:
5047:
5016:
5012:
5002:
5000:
4987:
4986:
4982:
4961:
4957:
4942:10.2307/1213771
4926:
4922:
4912:
4910:
4897:
4896:
4892:
4885:
4873:
4872:
4868:
4863:
4856:
4846:
4844:
4839:
4838:
4831:
4821:
4819:
4810:
4809:
4805:
4795:
4793:
4792:on June 1, 2009
4784:
4783:
4779:
4769:
4767:
4758:
4757:
4753:
4743:
4741:
4731:
4727:
4717:
4715:
4705:
4701:
4674:Leisure Studies
4670:
4666:
4629:
4625:
4618:
4602:
4598:
4587:
4556:
4529:
4527:
4514:
4506:
4497:
4495:
4482:
4474:
4465:
4463:
4449:
4445:
4438:
4422:
4418:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4394:
4392:
4389:"Surfing Gangs"
4387:
4386:
4382:
4377:
4373:
4363:
4361:
4354:The Independent
4344:
4340:
4333:
4317:
4313:
4302:"Rough Justice"
4298:
4289:
4278:
4269:
4259:
4257:
4251:
4247:
4237:
4235:
4225:
4221:
4208:
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4203:
4186:
4182:
4172:
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4158:
4154:
4137:
4133:
4126:
4110:
4106:
4099:
4079:
4075:
4065:
4063:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4040:
4022:
4013:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3979:
3975:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3945:
3941:
3931:
3929:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3906:
3904:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3881:
3879:
3876:SURFER Magazine
3870:
3869:
3865:
3855:
3853:
3852:. July 28, 2020
3844:
3843:
3839:
3832:
3816:
3809:
3802:Merriam-Webster
3796:
3795:
3791:
3784:
3770:(August 1992).
3765:
3761:
3751:
3749:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3725:
3723:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3702:
3681:
3674:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3623:
3619:
3612:
3596:
3592:
3585:Huffington Post
3577:
3570:
3555:
3551:
3536:
3532:
3525:
3509:
3505:
3492:
3488:
3481:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3435:
3431:
3424:
3408:
3404:
3397:
3381:
3377:
3370:
3354:
3350:
3343:
3327:
3323:
3316:
3300:
3296:
3281:
3277:
3270:
3252:
3248:
3241:
3225:
3221:
3205:
3201:
3194:
3178:
3174:
3167:
3149:
3145:
3138:
3122:
3118:
3111:
3095:
3091:
3081:
3079:
3052:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3014:
3007:
3000:
2984:
2980:
2973:
2957:
2953:
2946:
2930:
2926:
2919:
2903:
2899:
2892:
2878:Edelman, Robert
2870:
2866:
2859:
2843:
2839:
2832:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2780:
2776:
2772:Harshaw, p. 708
2771:
2767:
2752:
2751:
2744:
2734:
2732:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2707:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2663:List of surfers
2639:
2634:
2628:
2612:
2506:
2501:, Vol. 6, No.1.
2388:Bascom, Willard
2349:
2347:Natural science
2273:
2252:
2231:
2223:. Pomegranate.
2213:
2189:
2184:
2176:Tijuana Straits
2123:
2086:Surfer Magazine
2039:
2024:
1996:Duke Kahanamoku
1986:
1839:
1833:
1818:
1760:(also known as
1750:
1745:
1718:
1647:
1641:
1630:
1622:Pacific Islands
1613:
1479:
1467:Surfing Madonna
1463:
1461:Surf visual art
1384:
1378:
1354:
1349:
1234:
1190:Clean Water Act
1159:
1135:
1083:
1066:
1024:Eastern Suburbs
1016:
1010:
944:
932:Lunada Bay Boys
910:
876:tongue-in-cheek
856:) and those on
854:Lunada Bay Boys
829:
725:
668:
635:
536:
445:
439:
437:
432:
430:
266:
242:Duke Kahanamoku
211:Native Hawaiian
150:
106:Surfer Magazine
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6348:
6338:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6305:
6304:
6302:
6301:
6295:
6293:
6292:Related topics
6289:
6288:
6286:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6264:
6262:
6256:
6255:
6253:
6252:
6247:
6242:
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6232:
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6208:
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6199:
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6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
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6134:
6129:
6124:
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6110:
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6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
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6081:
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6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
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6001:
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5927:
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5909:
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5894:
5889:
5886:
5880:
5878:
5874:
5873:
5871:
5870:
5865:
5864:
5863:
5856:United Kingdom
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5772:
5770:
5761:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5717:
5715:
5711:
5710:
5708:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5685:Hawaiian scale
5682:
5676:
5674:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5595:
5593:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5499:
5497:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5489:
5484:
5478:
5475:
5474:
5467:
5466:
5459:
5452:
5444:
5438:
5437:
5425:
5417:
5405:
5366:
5354:
5340:
5339:External links
5337:
5334:
5333:
5302:
5277:
5241:
5210:
5180:
5149:
5127:
5109:
5087:
5065:
5045:
5010:
4980:
4955:
4930:Film Quarterly
4920:
4890:
4883:
4866:
4854:
4829:
4803:
4777:
4751:
4725:
4699:
4680:(3): 279–302.
4664:
4643:(3): 684–703.
4623:
4616:
4610:. Quiksilver.
4596:
4594:
4593:
4585:
4575:. p. 135.
4568:
4554:
4545:
4543:. The Inertia.
4536:
4512:
4510:. SurferToday.
4504:
4480:
4472:
4443:
4436:
4416:
4402:
4380:
4371:
4338:
4331:
4311:
4287:
4282:"Surf N' Turf"
4267:
4245:
4219:
4201:
4180:
4152:
4131:
4124:
4104:
4097:
4073:
4048:
4038:
4011:
3997:
3973:
3959:
3939:
3914:
3902:Mami Wata - UK
3889:
3878:. June 2, 2018
3863:
3837:
3831:978-0313294907
3830:
3807:
3789:
3782:
3768:Rosalie Maggio
3759:
3733:
3707:
3700:
3672:
3644:
3637:
3617:
3610:
3590:
3568:
3549:
3530:
3523:
3503:
3486:
3479:
3456:
3449:
3429:
3422:
3402:
3395:
3375:
3368:
3348:
3341:
3321:
3314:
3294:
3275:
3268:
3246:
3239:
3219:
3199:
3192:
3172:
3165:
3143:
3136:
3116:
3109:
3089:
3037:
3030:
3005:
2998:
2978:
2971:
2951:
2944:
2924:
2917:
2897:
2890:
2864:
2857:
2837:
2830:
2801:
2794:
2774:
2765:
2742:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2638:
2635:
2630:Main article:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2584:
2573:
2566:
2563:
2556:
2553:
2546:
2543:
2534:
2525:
2518:
2512:
2502:
2491:
2488:Film Quarterly
2484:
2475:
2464:
2453:
2442:
2435:
2424:
2414:
2406:
2398:
2381:
2372:
2363:
2348:
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2344:
2343:
2331:
2322:
2313:
2304:
2295:
2286:
2277:
2271:
2256:
2250:
2235:
2229:
2212:
2209:
2197:World Wide Web
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2172:Dogs of Winter
2122:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2038:
2035:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2011:
2008:
2005:
1999:
1985:
1982:
1905:. The sequel,
1875:films such as
1835:Main article:
1832:
1829:
1817:
1814:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1717:
1714:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1643:Main article:
1640:
1637:
1629:
1626:
1612:
1609:
1599:, Von Zipper,
1513:originated as
1478:
1475:
1462:
1459:
1411:The Beach Boys
1391:The Beach Boys
1380:Main article:
1377:
1374:
1358:Kustom Kulture
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1302:
1295:waste disposal
1291:
1284:
1281:
1276:
1273:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1217:
1201:
1158:
1155:
1134:
1131:
1079:Main article:
1065:
1062:
1012:Main article:
1009:
1006:
971:Kala Alexander
943:
940:
909:
906:
896:Maroubra Beach
828:
825:
745:tow-in surfing
724:
721:
684:Gabriel Medina
680:Italo Ferreira
667:
664:
643:North American
634:
631:
627:women of color
535:
532:
442:
441:
434:
426:
425:
422:
416:
349:papa heʻe nalu
265:
262:
206:historiography
149:
146:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6347:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6317:
6315:
6300:
6297:
6296:
6294:
6290:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6265:
6263:
6261:
6257:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6217:
6215:
6213:
6209:
6203:
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6198:
6195:
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6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
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6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6119:
6117:
6115:
6114:Organizations
6111:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5969:Copa Movistar
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5941:
5939:
5937:
5933:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5881:
5879:
5875:
5869:
5868:United States
5866:
5862:
5859:
5858:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5773:
5771:
5769:
5765:
5762:
5758:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5712:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5677:
5675:
5671:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5659:South African
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5596:
5594:
5590:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5558:Surf kayaking
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5538:River surfing
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5508:Bellyboarding
5506:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5494:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5479:
5476:
5472:
5465:
5460:
5458:
5453:
5451:
5446:
5445:
5442:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5384:September 19,
5379:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5342:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5306:
5291:
5287:
5281:
5262:
5258:
5251:
5245:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5214:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5184:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5153:
5137:
5131:
5123:
5119:
5113:
5097:
5091:
5075:
5069:
5060:
5056:
5049:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5014:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4984:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4967:
4959:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4924:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4894:
4886:
4884:9781907621086
4880:
4876:
4875:Surf Graphics
4870:
4861:
4859:
4842:
4836:
4834:
4817:
4813:
4807:
4791:
4787:
4781:
4765:
4761:
4755:
4740:
4736:
4729:
4714:
4710:
4703:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4668:
4660:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4627:
4619:
4617:9781580081931
4613:
4609:
4608:
4600:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4579:Shawn Young.
4574:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4560:
4555:
4551:
4546:
4542:
4537:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4462:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4450:
4447:
4439:
4433:
4430:. McFarland.
4429:
4428:
4420:
4412:
4406:
4390:
4384:
4375:
4359:
4355:
4350:
4342:
4334:
4328:
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4315:
4307:
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4296:
4294:
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4283:
4276:
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4256:
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4234:
4230:
4223:
4215:
4211:
4205:
4197:
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4191:
4184:
4169:
4168:
4163:
4156:
4148:
4144:
4143:
4135:
4127:
4121:
4117:
4116:
4108:
4100:
4098:9780743499224
4094:
4090:
4086:
4085:
4077:
4062:
4058:
4052:
4045:
4044:Soul surfing.
4041:
4039:9780385319331
4035:
4030:
4029:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4000:
3998:9781317372523
3994:
3990:
3986:
3985:
3977:
3962:
3960:9781614239567
3956:
3952:
3951:
3943:
3932:September 24,
3928:
3924:
3918:
3907:September 24,
3903:
3899:
3893:
3882:September 24,
3877:
3873:
3867:
3856:September 24,
3851:
3850:Stab Magazine
3847:
3841:
3833:
3827:
3823:
3822:
3814:
3812:
3803:
3799:
3798:"beach bunny"
3793:
3785:
3779:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3763:
3752:September 24,
3747:
3743:
3737:
3721:
3717:
3711:
3703:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3684:Thorpe, Holly
3679:
3677:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3659:
3651:
3649:
3640:
3634:
3630:
3629:
3621:
3613:
3607:
3603:
3602:
3594:
3586:
3582:
3575:
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3564:
3560:
3553:
3545:
3541:
3534:
3526:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3507:
3499:
3498:
3490:
3482:
3476:
3472:
3471:
3463:
3461:
3452:
3446:
3442:
3441:
3433:
3425:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3406:
3398:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3379:
3371:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3352:
3344:
3338:
3334:
3333:
3325:
3317:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3298:
3290:
3286:
3279:
3271:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3250:
3242:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3223:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3203:
3195:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3176:
3168:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3147:
3139:
3137:0-15-603251-1
3133:
3129:
3128:
3120:
3112:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3093:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3042:
3033:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3012:
3010:
3001:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2982:
2974:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2955:
2947:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2928:
2920:
2914:
2910:
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2901:
2893:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2868:
2860:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2841:
2833:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2817:
2808:
2806:
2797:
2795:0-15-603251-1
2791:
2787:
2786:
2778:
2769:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2749:
2747:
2731:
2727:
2720:
2716:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2684:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2633:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2613:
2610:Philosophical
2604:
2603:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:Ehrlich, JN,
2547:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2536:Crawford, C.
2535:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2454:
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2423:
2419:
2415:
2413:
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2407:
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2399:
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2379:
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2328:
2323:
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2310:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2272:9780312327187
2268:
2265:. Macmillan.
2264:
2263:
2257:
2253:
2251:9780714681788
2247:
2243:
2242:
2236:
2232:
2230:9780876545942
2226:
2222:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2179:
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2173:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2154:
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2146:
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2138:
2134:
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2111:
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2101:
2097:
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2076:
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2062:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2032:
2028:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1941:
1940:Riding Giants
1936:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1851:
1850:Big Wednesday
1846:
1845:
1838:
1826:
1822:
1813:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1802:carveboarding
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1786:riverboarding
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1713:
1711:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1669:Billabong Pro
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1646:
1636:
1634:
1625:
1623:
1618:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1565:Ocean Pacific
1562:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1487:
1483:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1352:Surf graphics
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1288:beach erosion
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1246:
1242:
1241:Fistral Beach
1238:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1175:
1171:
1170:beach cleanup
1167:
1163:
1154:
1151:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1082:
1075:
1070:
1061:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1015:
1005:
1003:
999:
994:
990:
988:
982:
980:
976:
973:moved to the
972:
967:
965:
961:
957:
953:
952:surf localism
949:
948:Kauai, Hawaii
939:
937:
933:
928:
926:
925:
919:
915:
905:
903:
902:
897:
891:
889:
888:
883:
882:
877:
872:
867:
863:
859:
858:Hawaii island
855:
851:
846:
841:
833:
824:
822:
818:
814:
810:
804:
800:
798:
794:
789:
787:
782:
780:
772:
767:
763:
759:
757:
756:perfectionism
753:
748:
746:
742:
738:
729:
720:
717:
716:South African
713:
709:
704:
701:
700:San Francisco
697:
696:United States
693:
689:
685:
681:
672:
663:
661:
657:
656:
651:
650:
644:
641:is a general
640:
633:Beach bunnies
630:
628:
622:
616:Beach bunnies
614:
610:
606:
603:
602:
593:
589:
584:
580:
578:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
549:
545:
542:Engraving of
540:
531:
529:
525:
520:
516:
512:
508:
501:
496:
492:
490:
486:
482:
478:
475:
472:
468:
463:
461:
457:
452:
450:
435:
428:
427:
423:
420:
419:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
396:
392:
390:
389:
384:
380:
376:
375:
370:
367:) as well as
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
337:
331:
329:
324:
320:
316:
312:
311:
306:
302:
298:
297:Kamehameha II
294:
289:
287:
283:
279:
270:
261:
259:
255:
249:
247:
246:Waikīkī Beach
243:
239:
235:
234:George Freeth
231:
222:
218:
217:(surf zone).
216:
212:
207:
203:
198:
196:
192:
191:
186:
182:
178:
173:
171:
163:
159:
154:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
114:
112:
108:
107:
101:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
59:
56:
52:
46:
41:
35:
30:
19:
18:Surf localism
6320:Surf culture
6278:Surfer's ear
6273:Surfer's eye
6268:Shark attack
6211:
6049:Rip Curl Pro
5984:Hawaiian Pro
5936:Competitions
5836:South Africa
5578:Wing foiling
5548:Skimboarding
5533:Lake surfing
5528:Kneeboarding
5523:Kiteboarding
5513:Bodyboarding
5433:the original
5413:the original
5401:the original
5396:
5382:. Retrieved
5378:the original
5324:. Retrieved
5315:
5305:
5293:. Retrieved
5289:
5280:
5268:. Retrieved
5256:
5244:
5232:. Retrieved
5223:
5213:
5201:. Retrieved
5192:
5183:
5171:. Retrieved
5162:
5152:
5140:. Retrieved
5130:
5122:the original
5112:
5100:. Retrieved
5096:"AutoViewer"
5090:
5078:. Retrieved
5068:
5048:
5023:
5019:
5013:
5001:. Retrieved
4997:the original
4992:
4983:
4965:
4958:
4936:(4): 12–23.
4933:
4929:
4923:
4911:. Retrieved
4907:the original
4902:
4893:
4874:
4869:
4845:. Retrieved
4820:. Retrieved
4816:the original
4806:
4794:. Retrieved
4790:the original
4780:
4768:. Retrieved
4764:the original
4754:
4742:. Retrieved
4738:
4728:
4716:. Retrieved
4712:
4702:
4677:
4673:
4667:
4640:
4636:
4626:
4606:
4599:
4572:
4558:
4528:. Retrieved
4524:the original
4496:. Retrieved
4492:the original
4464:. Retrieved
4458:
4446:
4426:
4419:
4405:
4393:. Retrieved
4383:
4374:
4362:. Retrieved
4353:
4341:
4321:
4314:
4306:the original
4258:. Retrieved
4248:
4236:. Retrieved
4232:
4222:
4214:the original
4204:
4193:
4183:
4171:. Retrieved
4165:
4155:
4147:the original
4141:
4134:
4114:
4107:
4083:
4076:
4064:. Retrieved
4060:
4051:
4043:
4027:
4002:. Retrieved
3983:
3976:
3964:. Retrieved
3949:
3942:
3930:. Retrieved
3926:
3917:
3905:. Retrieved
3901:
3892:
3880:. Retrieved
3875:
3866:
3854:. Retrieved
3849:
3840:
3820:
3801:
3792:
3772:
3762:
3750:. Retrieved
3745:
3736:
3724:. Retrieved
3719:
3710:
3691:
3657:
3627:
3620:
3600:
3593:
3584:
3562:
3552:
3543:
3533:
3513:
3506:
3496:
3489:
3469:
3439:
3432:
3412:
3405:
3385:
3378:
3358:
3351:
3331:
3324:
3304:
3297:
3288:
3278:
3259:
3249:
3229:
3222:
3212:
3202:
3182:
3175:
3156:
3146:
3126:
3119:
3099:
3092:
3080:. Retrieved
3060:
3056:
3021:
2988:
2981:
2961:
2954:
2934:
2927:
2907:
2900:
2881:
2867:
2847:
2840:
2815:
2784:
2777:
2768:
2760:the original
2754:
2733:. Retrieved
2729:
2719:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2617:
2600:
2590:, 10, No. 1.
2587:
2580:
2577:Locals Only!
2572:, 30, No. 3.
2569:
2559:
2538:
2529:
2521:
2515:
2498:
2487:
2479:
2471:
2460:
2449:
2438:
2431:
2421:
2410:
2408:Massel, SR,
2402:
2383:
2376:
2367:
2358:
2353:
2338:
2326:
2317:
2308:
2299:
2290:
2281:
2261:
2240:
2219:
2190:
2175:
2171:
2156:
2155:
2148:
2132:
2126:
2124:
2114:White Horses
2112:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2030:
2001:
1989:
1959:
1954:
1944:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1908:Blue Crush 2
1906:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1869:series, and
1860:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1840:
1810:
1794:sandboarding
1790:kiteboarding
1782:snowboarding
1778:skimboarding
1770:wakeboarding
1766:bodyboarding
1762:sailboarding
1761:
1751:
1706:
1674:Pipe Masters
1648:
1631:
1614:
1601:Golden Breed
1550:
1535:
1506:
1505:
1464:
1451:Jack Johnson
1435:The Ventures
1427:The Chantays
1415:The Surfaris
1407:Jan and Dean
1400:
1395:I Get Around
1393:performing "
1370:Rick Griffin
1362:tiki culture
1355:
1319:
1249:
1232:Surf tourism
1184:In 1991 the
1178:
1147:
1136:
1116:
1084:
1042:
1035:
1017:
995:
991:
983:
968:
945:
929:
922:
911:
899:
892:
885:
879:
842:
838:
817:Soul Surfers
805:
801:
790:
783:
776:
760:
749:
734:
705:
677:
653:
647:
638:
636:
623:
619:
607:
599:
597:
592:Sunset Beach
571:
567:
563:
553:
543:
504:
489:congregation
464:
456:Kahaluʻu Bay
453:
448:
446:
411:
403:
394:
393:
386:
385:wood of the
378:
372:
368:
360:
352:
348:
334:
332:
327:
323:Kekuaokalani
314:
308:
300:
290:
285:
281:
277:
275:
264:Spirituality
250:
237:
227:
215:po ʻina nalu
214:
201:
199:
194:
188:
181:Kamehameha I
174:
169:
167:
161:
115:
104:
97:
65:Surf culture
64:
63:
29:
6330:Valleyspeak
5897:La Libertad
5826:New Zealand
5746:Boardshorts
5673:Environment
5644:New Zealand
5573:Windsurfing
5568:Tube riding
5482:Terminology
5326:February 6,
5316:The Inertia
5295:February 6,
5270:February 6,
5234:February 6,
5203:February 6,
5173:February 6,
5163:Vanity Fair
5138:. Wavescape
5003:December 3,
4498:January 13,
4484:"The Shaka"
4466:January 13,
4238:January 22,
4066:January 15,
3563:OC Register
3544:Daily Pilot
3082:January 12,
3077:10125/14056
2626:Graphic art
2477:Rider, R.,
2174:(1997) and
2022:Print media
1966:Bondi Beach
1946:Soul Surfer
1931:North Shore
1914:Point Break
1903:North Shore
1884:Liquid Time
1872:Beach Party
1856:North Shore
1774:wakesurfing
1758:windsurfing
1748:Boardsports
1519:boardshorts
1511:brand names
1431:The Shadows
1366:Drew Brophy
1347:Surfing art
1263:, NEF, and
1174:Perranporth
1087:Valleyspeak
1058:documentary
987:North Shore
975:North Shore
960:Bruce Irons
835:Locals only
809:first world
649:Beach Party
639:beach bunny
588:North Shore
507:Eddie Aikau
291:After King
230:Jack London
142:boardsports
130:boardshorts
77:Polynesians
6325:Lifestyles
6314:Categories
6250:Shaka sign
5989:J-Bay Open
5768:By country
5700:Tidal bore
5695:Surf break
5654:Portuguese
5609:Australian
5518:Flowriding
5142:October 5,
5102:October 5,
5080:October 5,
4847:October 5,
4822:October 5,
4356:. London.
4125:0156032511
2735:October 7,
2711:References
2400:Cool, NT,
2201:hyperlinks
2193:polysemous
2161:(1984) by
2125:The novel
1890:Blue Crush
1754:skateboard
1561:Quiksilver
1527:surfboards
1469:mosaic in
1447:The Watusi
1403:surf music
1382:Surf music
1376:Surf music
1139:Oil spills
1119:shaka sign
964:Blue Crush
956:Andy Irons
918:Long Beach
914:shorelines
908:Surf gangs
797:tradewinds
793:surf camps
779:surf break
771:Cow Bombie
511:Waimea Bay
460:Kona coast
365:bodyboards
345:surfboards
310:Kuhina Nui
305:Kaʻahumanu
293:Kamehameha
177:James Cook
158:Kalanimoku
138:skateboard
134:surf music
100:surfboards
89:California
6084:The Eddie
6074:Surfabout
5917:Teahupoʻo
5902:Mavericks
5841:Sri Lanka
5806:Indonesia
5776:Australia
5760:Locations
5741:Foilboard
5721:Surfboard
5714:Equipment
5705:Wave pool
5664:Uruguayan
5639:Maldivian
5614:Brazilian
5604:Argentine
5224:Mr Porter
5040:224993317
5026:: 38–50.
4993:ABC Radio
4913:March 15,
4694:143049614
4530:27 August
4364:March 19,
4173:March 30,
3726:April 19,
1994:presents
1926:Surf's Up
1897:girls on
1837:Surf film
1688:Surfabout
1569:Billabong
1499:store in
1471:Encinitas
1439:The Stomp
1423:Dick Dale
1397:" in 1964
1301:pollution
1293:Improper
1095:Uptalking
1091:Australia
1032:Australia
871:Windansea
752:beach bum
666:Diversity
660:beach bum
594:(Paumalū)
577:Tom Blake
556:Polynesia
471:Christian
421:Hawaiian
357:koa trees
170:heʻe nalu
85:Australia
6167:Surfline
6069:Stubbies
6024:Olympics
5861:Scotland
5736:Wax comb
5680:Closeout
5649:Peruvian
5624:Filipino
5599:American
5503:Big wave
5320:Archived
5261:Archived
5228:Archived
5197:Archived
5167:Archived
4796:July 24,
4770:July 24,
4744:July 24,
4718:July 24,
4659:58945073
4564:Archived
4395:April 5,
4358:Archived
4260:July 22,
4004:July 25,
3966:July 25,
3927:Surfline
3746:Surfline
3720:ABC News
3210:(1918).
2693:pae po`o
2637:See also
2632:Surf art
2356:(2003),
2352:Scarfe,
2337:(2015).
2178:(2004).
2163:Kem Nunn
2153:(1959).
2093:SurfGirl
2015:Bra Boys
1943:(2004).
1806:skurfing
1659:Stubbies
1557:Rip Curl
1523:wetsuits
1507:Surfwear
1497:Rip Curl
1443:The Frug
1419:Wipe Out
1213:Trestles
1196:and the
1112:slackers
1020:Maroubra
1014:Bra Boys
1008:Bra Boys
998:Hawaiian
979:Pipeline
924:Bra Boys
901:Bra Boys
827:Localism
821:localism
485:minister
449:pohuehue
424:English
412:pohuehue
388:wiliwili
361:pae poʻo
6260:Hazards
6212:Culture
6079:Surfest
5922:Uluwatu
5888:Cyclops
5821:Morocco
5816:Madeira
5811:Ireland
5796:Ecuador
5619:British
5592:Surfers
5487:History
5471:Surfing
5390:, with
4950:1213771
4284:. ESPN.
2643:Surfing
2211:Popular
1693:Surfest
1593:Element
1553:O'Neill
1531:leashes
1477:Fashion
1433:, and
1299:(ocean)
1257:SurfAid
942:Wolfpak
773:in 2014
458:on the
383:buoyant
278:ka nalu
258:Redondo
148:History
126:bikinis
69:surfing
55:Pontiac
5851:Turkey
5846:Taiwan
5786:Canada
5781:Brazil
5629:French
5563:Tow-in
5038:
4948:
4881:
4692:
4657:
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2697:pae po
2354:et al.
2269:
2248:
2227:
2150:Gidget
2141:Malibu
2128:Gidget
2107:Zigzag
2058:Tracks
2004:(1997)
1998:(1957)
1899:Hawaii
1895:surfer
1867:Gidget
1825:Gidget
1628:Events
1617:bikini
1611:Bikini
1597:Hurley
1589:Volcom
1577:DaKine
1573:Oakley
1445:, and
1265:UNESCO
1127:Hawaii
1103:gnarly
1028:Sydney
862:Da Hui
712:Africa
655:Gidget
601:Gidget
550:(1829)
544:wahine
515:Hawaii
483:, the
481:prayer
477:church
404:kahuna
395:Heiaus
369:kikoʻo
353:ʻuhane
336:kahuna
254:Venice
122:woodie
93:jargon
87:, and
81:Hawaii
71:. The
58:woodie
6240:Music
6230:Films
5877:Sites
5801:India
5791:Chile
5634:Irish
5496:Types
5264:(PDF)
5253:(PDF)
5036:S2CID
4946:JSTOR
4690:S2CID
4655:S2CID
3053:(PDF)
2876:. In
2701:paipo
2679:Notes
2135:) by
1664:Bells
1501:Perth
1421:!"),
1168:at a
1045:Sunny
845:gangs
813:stoke
777:Each
590:near
568:aliʻi
560:Oʻahu
374:alaia
286:aliʻi
282:meles
238:haole
202:haole
6235:Hair
5892:Jaws
5831:Peru
5726:Fins
5386:2005
5328:2024
5297:2024
5272:2024
5236:2024
5205:2024
5175:2024
5144:2015
5104:2015
5082:2015
5005:2007
4915:2011
4879:ISBN
4849:2015
4824:2015
4798:2012
4772:2012
4746:2012
4720:2012
4612:ISBN
4577:via
4532:2017
4500:2011
4468:2011
4432:ISBN
4397:2011
4366:2007
4327:ISBN
4262:2010
4240:2009
4175:2019
4120:ISBN
4093:ISBN
4068:2016
4034:ISBN
4006:2021
3993:ISBN
3968:2021
3955:ISBN
3934:2020
3909:2020
3884:2020
3858:2020
3826:ISBN
3778:ISBN
3754:2020
3728:2018
3696:ISBN
3633:ISBN
3606:ISBN
3519:ISBN
3475:ISBN
3445:ISBN
3418:ISBN
3391:ISBN
3364:ISBN
3337:ISBN
3310:ISBN
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3188:ISBN
3161:ISBN
3132:ISBN
3105:ISBN
3084:2020
3026:ISBN
2994:ISBN
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2886:ISBN
2853:ISBN
2826:ISBN
2790:ISBN
2737:2020
2267:ISBN
2246:ISBN
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1937:and
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1615:The
1605:RVCA
1603:and
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