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subcultures can interpret certain words and phrases differently from one another. There are two different types of questions that survey researchers use when writing a questionnaire: free response questions and closed questions. Free response questions are open-ended, whereas closed questions are usually multiple choice. Free response questions are beneficial because they allow the responder greater flexibility, but they are also very difficult to record and score, requiring extensive coding. Contrastingly, closed questions can be scored and coded more easily, but they diminish expressivity and spontaneity of the responder. In general, the vocabulary of the questions should be very simple and direct, and most should be less than twenty words. Each question should be edited for "readability" and should avoid leading or loaded questions. Finally, if multiple items are being used to measure one construct, the wording of some of the items should be worded in the opposite direction to evade response bias.
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conducting the same questionnaire to a large sample at two different times. For the questionnaire to be considered reliable, people in the sample do not have to score identically on each test, but rather their position in the score distribution should be similar for both the test and the retest. Self-report measures will generally be more reliable when they have many items measuring a construct. Furthermore, measurements will be more reliable when the factor being measured has greater variability among the individuals in the sample that are being tested. Finally, there will be greater reliability when instructions for the completion of the questionnaire are clear and when there are limited distractions in the testing environment. Contrastingly, a questionnaire is valid if what it measures is what it had originally planned to measure. Construct validity of a measure is the degree to which it measures the theoretical construct that it was originally supposed to measure.
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These interviewer effects are particularly operant when questions are related to the interviewer trait. Hence, race of interviewer has been shown to affect responses to measures regarding racial attitudes, interviewer sex responses to questions involving gender issues, and interviewer BMI answers to eating and dieting-related questions. While interviewer effects have been investigated mainly for face-to-face surveys, they have also been shown to exist for interview modes with no visual contact, such as telephone surveys and in video-enhanced web surveys. The explanation typically provided for interviewer effects is
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collection to be confidential or anonymous, which creates additional difficulty in linking participants' responses over time. One potential solution is the use of a self-generated identification code (SGIC). These codes usually are created from elements like 'month of birth' and 'first letter of the mother's middle name.' Some recent anonymous SGIC approaches have also attempted to minimize use of personalized data even further, instead using questions like 'name of your first pet. Depending on the approach used, the ability to match some portion of the sample can be lost.
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connection with survey cost. Cost constraints are sometimes framed as improving quality within cost constraints, or alternatively, reducing costs for a fixed level of quality. Survey methodology is both a scientific field and a profession, meaning that some professionals in the field focus on survey errors empirically and others design surveys to reduce them. For survey designers, the task involves making a large set of decisions about thousands of individual features of a survey in order to improve it.
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preferences and attitudes of individuals, and many employ self-report scales to measure people's opinions and judgements about different items presented on a scale. Self-report scales are also used to examine the disparities among people on scale items. These self-report scales, which are usually presented in questionnaire form, are one of the most used instruments in psychology, and thus it is important that the measures be constructed carefully, while also being reliable and valid.
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the causes of change over time necessarily. For successive independent samples designs to be effective, the samples must be drawn from the same population, and must be equally representative of it. If the samples are not comparable, the changes between samples may be due to demographic characteristics rather than time. In addition, the questions must be asked in the same way so that responses can be compared directly.
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189:. Selection bias results when the procedures used to select a sample result in over representation or under representation of some significant aspect of the population. For instance, if the population of interest consists of 75% females, and 25% males, and the sample consists of 40% females and 60% males, females are under represented while males are overrepresented. In order to minimize selection biases,
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Short introduction. The interviewer should always start with a short introduction about him or herself. She/he should give her name, the institute she is working for, the length of the interview and goal of the interview. Also it can be useful to make clear that you are not selling anything: this has
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Longitudinal studies take measure of the same random sample at multiple time points. Unlike with a successive independent samples design, this design measures the differences in individual participants' responses over time. This means that a researcher can potentially assess the reasons for response
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is almost always based on a sample of the population, the success of the research is dependent on the representativeness of the sample with respect to a target population of interest to the researcher. That target population can range from the general population of a given country to specific groups
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Brevity is also often cited as increasing response rate. A 1996 literature review found mixed evidence to support this claim for both written and verbal surveys, concluding that other factors may often be more important. A 2010 study looking at 100,000 online surveys found response rate dropped by
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Six steps can be employed to construct a questionnaire that will produce reliable and valid results. First, one must decide what kind of information should be collected. Second, one must decide how to conduct the questionnaire. Thirdly, one must construct a first draft of the questionnaire. Fourth,
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However, longitudinal studies are both expensive and difficult to do. It is harder to find a sample that will commit to a months- or years-long study than a 15-minute interview, and participants frequently leave the study before the final assessment. In addition, such studies sometimes require data
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A successive independent samples design draws multiple random samples from a population at one or more times. This design can study changes within a population, but not changes within individuals because the same individuals are not surveyed more than once. Such studies cannot, therefore, identify
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provides a theoretical framework for questionnaire translation and complements TRAPD. This approach states that for the questionnaire translation to achieve the equivalent communicative effect as the source language, the translation must be linguistically appropriate while incorporating the social
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Survey researchers should carefully construct the order of questions in a questionnaire. For questionnaires that are self-administered, the most interesting questions should be at the beginning of the questionnaire to catch the respondent's attention, while demographic questions should be near the
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In addition, the overall attrition of participants is not random, so samples can become less representative with successive assessments. To account for this, a researcher can compare the respondents who left the survey to those that did not, to see if they are statistically different populations.
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The sample is chosen from the sampling frame, which consists of a list of all members of the population of interest. The goal of a survey is not to describe the sample, but the larger population. This generalizing ability is dependent on the representativeness of the sample, as stated above. Each
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Survey methodologists have devoted much effort to determining the extent to which interviewee responses are affected by physical characteristics of the interviewer. Main interviewer traits that have been demonstrated to influence survey responses are race, gender, and relative body weight (BMI).
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Questionnaires are the most commonly used tool in survey research. However, the results of a particular survey are worthless if the questionnaire is written inadequately. Questionnaires should produce valid and reliable demographic variable measures and should yield valid and reliable individual
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that uses survey methodology to answer questions about a population. Although censuses do not include a "sample", they do include other aspects of survey methodology, like questionnaires, interviewers, and non-response follow-up techniques. Surveys provide important information for all kinds of
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The way that a question is phrased can have a large impact on how a research participant will answer the question. Thus, survey researchers must be conscious of their wording when writing survey questions. It is important for researchers to keep in mind that different individuals, cultures, and
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Some researchers have also discussed the recipient's role or profession as a potential factor affecting how nonresponse is managed. For example, faxes are not commonly used to distribute surveys, but in a recent study were sometimes preferred by pharmacists, since they frequently receive faxed
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Reliable measures of self-report are defined by their consistency. Thus, a reliable self-report measure produces consistent results every time it is executed. A test's reliability can be measured a few ways. First, one can calculate a test-retest reliability. A test-retest reliability entails
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Survey methodology as a scientific field seeks to identify principles about the sample design, data collection instruments, statistical adjustment of data, and data processing, and final data analysis that can create systematic and random survey errors. Survey errors are sometimes analyzed in
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A single survey is made of at least a sample (or full population in the case of a census), a method of data collection (e.g., a questionnaire) and individual questions or items that become data that can be analyzed statistically. A single survey may focus on different types of topics such as
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Advance letter. A short letter is sent in advance to inform the sampled respondents about the upcoming survey. The style of the letter should be personalized but not overdone. First, it announces that a phone call will be made, or an interviewer wants to make an appointment to do the survey
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A variable category that is often measured in survey research are demographic variables, which are used to depict the characteristics of the people surveyed in the sample. Demographic variables include such measures as ethnicity, socioeconomic status, race, and age. Surveys often assess the
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In cross-sectional studies, a sample (or samples) is drawn from the relevant population and studied once. A cross-sectional study describes characteristics of that population at one time, but cannot give any insight as to the causes of population characteristics because it is a predictive,
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Prince, S. a, Adamo, K. B., Hamel, M., Hardt, J., Connor Gorber, S., & Tremblay, M. (2008). A comparison of direct versus self-report measures for assessing physical activity in adults: a systematic review. International
Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 5(1), 56.
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Survey translation best practice includes parallel translation, team discussions, and pretesting with real-life people. It is not a mechanical word placement process. The model TRAPD - Translation, Review, Adjudication, Pretest, and
Documentation - originally developed for the
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end. Contrastingly, if a survey is being administered over the telephone or in person, demographic questions should be administered at the beginning of the interview to boost the respondent's confidence. Another reason to be mindful of question order may cause a
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into one or more target languages, such as translating from
English into Spanish and German. A team approach is recommended in the translation process to include translators, subject-matter experts and persons helpful to the process.
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about 3% at 10 questions and about 6% at 20 questions, with drop-off slowing (for example, only 10% reduction at 40 questions). Other studies showed that quality of response degraded toward the end of long surveys.
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changes by assessing the differences in respondents' experiences. Longitudinal studies are the easiest way to assess the effect of a naturally occurring event, such as divorce that cannot be tested experimentally.
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can complement survey methodology to allow researchers and practitioners to improve the production of survey statistics and its quality. Big data has low cost per data point, applies analysis techniques via
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is often used. This is when the population is divided into sub-populations called strata, and random samples are drawn from each of the strata, or elements are drawn for the sample on a proportional basis.
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preferences (e.g., for a presidential candidate), opinions (e.g., should abortion be legal?), behavior (smoking and alcohol use), or factual information (e.g., income), depending on its purpose. Since
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There are several different designs, or overall structures, that can be used in survey research. The three general types are cross-sectional, successive independent samples, and longitudinal studies.
449:: survey participants may attempt to project a positive self-image in an effort to conform to the norms they attribute to the interviewer asking questions. Interviewer effects are one example
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and methods for improving the number and accuracy of responses to surveys. Survey methodology targets instruments or procedures that ask one or more questions that may or may not be answered.
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face-to-face. Second, the research topic will be described. Last, it allows both an expression of the surveyor's appreciation of cooperation and an opening to ask questions on the survey.
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Training. The interviewers are thoroughly trained in how to ask respondents questions, how to work with computers and making schedules for callbacks to respondents who were not reached.
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Anderson, B.A.; Silver, B.D.; Abramson, P.R. (1988). "The effects of the race of the interviewer on race-related attitudes of black respondents in SRC/CPS national election studies".
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Agley, Jon; Tidd, David; Jun, Mikyoung; Eldridge, Lori; Xiao, Yunyu; Sussman, Steve; Jayawardene, Wasantha; Agley, Daniel; Gassman, Ruth; Dickinson, Stephanie L. (February 2021).
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the questionnaire should be revised. Next, the questionnaire should be pretested. Finally, the questionnaire should be edited and the procedures for its use should be specified.
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survey methodology is the study of survey methods. It is the study of sources of error in surveys and how to make the numbers produced by the surveys as accurate as possible.
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810:(Eds.) (with contributions by D.J. Hand), Advising on Research Methods: A consultant's companion (pp. 183â209). Huizen, The Netherlands: Johannes van Kessel Publishing.
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member of the population is termed an element. There are frequent difficulties one encounters while choosing a representative sample. One common error that results is
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137:, and depending on the questions asked their answers may represent themselves as individuals, their households, employers, or other organization they represent.
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1564:"Interviewer BMI effects on under- and over-reporting of restrained eating. Evidence from a national Dutch face-to-face survey and a postal follow-up"
399:, is now "widely used in the global survey research community, although not always labeled as such or implemented in its complete form". For example,
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that change how respondents answer, and different methods have different advantages. The most common modes of administration can be summarized as:
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Respondent-friendly survey questionnaire. The questions asked must be clear, non-offensive and easy to respond to for the subjects under study.
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of people within that country, to a membership list of a professional organization, or list of students enrolled in a school system (see also
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A respondent's answer to an open-ended question can be coded into a response scale afterwards, or analysed using more qualitative methods.
616:. Wiley Series in Survey Methodology. Vol. 561 (2 ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons (published 2009). p. 3.
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There are several ways of administering a survey. The choice between administration modes is influenced by several factors, including
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The following ways have been recommended for reducing nonresponse in telephone and face-to-face surveys:
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about the population being studied; such inferences depend strongly on the survey questions used.
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Translation is crucial to collecting comparable survey data. Questionnaires are translated from a
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prescriptions at work but may not always have access to a generally-addressed piece of mail.
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in which one question may affect how people respond to subsequent questions as a result of
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Respondents may also try to be self-consistent in spite of changes to survey answers.
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Since 2018, survey methodologists have started to examine how
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Select the mode for posing questions and collecting responses.
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Complement survey data with new data sources (if appropriate)
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166:
Adjust survey estimates to correct for identified errors.
424:
been shown to lead to a slightly higher responding rate.
160:
Train and supervise interviewers (if they are involved).
1634:
819:
163:
Check data files for accuracy and internal consistency.
1787:
Improving Survey Methods: Lessons from Recent Research
1766:
Advising on research methods: A consultant's companion
1715:
1507:
1267:
Proceedings of the Section on Survey Research Methods
760:
Shaughnessy, J.; Zechmeister, E.; Jeanne, Z. (2011).
404:
practices and cultural norms of the target language.
4384:
Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH)
1851:
Research Methods in Psychology (Seventh Edition ed.)
876:
511:
4827:
2403:
European Society for Opinion and Marketing Research
1773:
Mail and telephone surveys: The total design method
1421:
1223:
Mail and telephone surveys: The total design method
3846:
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
733:
731:
729:
727:
725:
723:
721:
719:
717:
715:
713:
711:
709:
707:
705:
703:
701:
699:
697:
695:
693:
691:
689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
679:
677:
675:
673:
671:
353:Guidelines for the effective wording of questions
4869:
2398:American Association for Public Opinion Research
2357:National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
1473:International Journal of Public Opinion Research
1431:International Journal of Public Opinion Research
335:Reliability and validity of self-report measures
3932:Multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS)
502:Fellows of the American Statistical Association
133:). The persons replying to a survey are called
2352:List of household surveys in the United States
1677:"Special issue: Big data meets survey science"
1346:Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy
668:
381:
322:disparities that self-report scales generate.
4813:
2487:
2418:World Association for Public Opinion Research
1925:
1885:What is Program Evaluation? A Beginners Guide
1031:Sha, Mandy; Immerwahr, Stephen (2018-02-19).
645:
643:
148:Identify and select potential sample members.
2367:Suffolk University Political Research Center
1835:Ornstein, M.D. (1998). "Survey Research."
1743:Abramson, J. J. and Abramson, Z. H. (1999).
1534:
1191:International Handbook of Survey Methodology
1069:World Association of Public Opinion Research
1065:"Special issue on questionnaire translation"
1030:
343:
221:respondents' willingness to participate and
197:
4820:
4806:
2532:
2494:
2480:
1939:
1932:
1918:
1160:The Sociolinguistics of Survey Translation
640:
325:
266:
3145:
1652:
1587:
1492:
1048:
967:
940:Educational and Psychological Measurement
910:
883:Educational and Psychological Measurement
853:
826:Educational and Psychological Measurement
1001:
606:; Couper, Mick P.; Lepkowski, James M.;
483:Journal of the Royal Statistical Society
407:
305:
251:Personal mall or street intercept survey
2377:Quinnipiac University Polling Institute
1293:
1088:
456:
284:
4870:
4458:KaplanâMeier estimator (product limit)
2362:New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study
2309:Comparative Study of Electoral Systems
1568:International Journal of Public Health
1422:Flores-Macias, F.; Lawson, C. (2008).
1157:
439:
276:Successive independent samples studies
4801:
4531:
4098:
3845:
3144:
2914:
2531:
2475:
1913:
1845:http://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-5-56
1257:
654:. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
364:
4768:
4468:Accelerated failure time (AFT) model
1386:
1215:
1183:
997:
995:
173:
4780:
4063:Analysis of variance (ANOVA, anova)
2915:
2408:International Statistical Institute
1089:Behr, Dorothee; Sha, Mandy (2018).
258:
13:
4158:CochranâMantelâHaenszel statistics
2784:Pearson product-moment correlation
2299:American National Election Studies
2289:List of comparative social surveys
1737:
215:coverage of the target population,
14:
4909:
1891:
1637:""Big Data Meets Survey Science""
992:
301:
43:, survey methodology studies the
4779:
4767:
4755:
4742:
4741:
4532:
1897:
1853:. McGrawâHill Higher Education.
1158:Pan, Yuling; Sha, Mandy (2019).
1141:"Quality in Comparative Surveys"
1113:"Quality in Comparative Surveys"
514:
218:flexibility of asking questions,
82:surveys, government surveys and
4417:Least-squares spectral analysis
1709:
1691:
1669:
1628:
1604:
1555:
1528:
1501:
1464:
1415:
1380:
1333:
1312:
1287:
1251:
1235:
1151:
1133:
1105:
1082:
1057:
802:(2008). Chapter 9: Surveys. In
561:Quantitative marketing research
3398:Mean-unbiased minimum-variance
2501:
1801:Survey Errors and Survey Costs
1687:(Supplement_2). December 2022.
1641:Social Science Computer Review
1322:. Research Live. April 7, 2010
1095:Translation & Interpreting
1024:
927:
870:
813:
768:(9th ed.). New York, NY:
764:Research methods in psychology
592:
540:Enterprise feedback management
494:Big Data Meets Social Sciences
477:Social Science Computer Review
1:
4711:Geographic information system
3927:Simultaneous equations models
1358:10.1016/j.sapharm.2018.10.028
1294:Chudoba, Brent (2010-12-10).
1004:Cross-cultural survey methods
586:
535:Data Documentation Initiative
95:and research fields, such as
51:and associated techniques of
3894:Coefficient of determination
3505:Uniformly most powerful test
1832:, Student Edition), May 2001
1389:American Sociological Review
154:Evaluate and test questions.
7:
4463:Proportional hazards models
4407:Spectral density estimation
4389:Vector autoregression (VAR)
3823:Maximum posterior estimator
3055:Randomized controlled trial
2342:International Social Survey
507:
382:Translating a questionnaire
114:
66:with a view towards making
47:of individual units from a
10:
4914:
4223:Multivariate distributions
2643:Average absolute deviation
1764:, and Hand, D. J. (2008).
566:Questionnaire construction
201:
191:stratified random sampling
177:
57:questionnaire construction
18:
4837:
4737:
4691:
4628:
4581:
4544:
4540:
4527:
4499:
4481:
4448:
4439:
4397:
4344:
4305:
4254:
4245:
4211:Structural equation model
4166:
4123:
4119:
4094:
4053:
4019:
3973:
3940:
3902:
3869:
3865:
3841:
3781:
3690:
3609:
3573:
3564:
3547:Score/Lagrange multiplier
3532:
3485:
3430:
3356:
3347:
3157:
3153:
3140:
3099:
3073:
3025:
2980:
2962:Sample size determination
2927:
2923:
2910:
2814:
2769:
2743:
2725:
2681:
2633:
2553:
2544:
2540:
2527:
2509:
2426:
2390:
2372:The Phillips Academy Poll
2281:
2245:
2200:Exploratory data analysis
2170:
2090:
2053:Sample size determination
1998:
1948:
1580:10.1007/s00038-011-0323-z
952:10.1177/00131644211035436
486:, and a special issue in
480:, a special issue in the
344:Composing a questionnaire
228:Different methods create
78:, public-health surveys,
19:For the publication, see
4706:Environmental statistics
4228:Elliptical distributions
4021:Generalized linear model
3950:Simple linear regression
3720:HodgesâLehmann estimator
3177:Probability distribution
3086:Stochastic approximation
2648:Coefficient of variation
1820:Leung, Wai-Ching (2001)
1654:10.1177/0894439319883393
1537:Public Opinion Quarterly
1510:Public Opinion Quarterly
1002:Harkness, Janet (2003).
895:10.1177/0013164420938457
838:10.1177/0013164419843576
447:social desirability bias
248:Personal in-home surveys
198:Modes of data collection
35:methods". As a field of
4366:Cross-correlation (XCF)
3974:Non-standard predictors
3408:LehmannâScheffĂŠ theorem
3081:Adaptive clinical trial
2313:Emerson College Polling
2205:Multivariate statistics
2048:Nonprobability sampling
1830:British Medical Journal
1789:. New York: Routledge.
451:survey response effects
397:European Social Surveys
326:Questionnaires as tools
267:Cross-sectional studies
16:Study of survey methods
4762:Mathematics portal
4583:Engineering statistics
4491:NelsonâAalen estimator
4068:Analysis of covariance
3955:Ordinary least squares
3879:Pearson product-moment
3283:Statistical functional
3194:Empirical distribution
3027:Controlled experiments
2756:Frequency distribution
2534:Descriptive statistics
2322:European Social Survey
2304:Asian Barometer Survey
2195:Descriptive statistics
2080:Cross-sequential study
2033:Simple random sampling
1720:. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
1246:Kwantitatieve Methoden
530:Survey data collection
372:survey response effect
318:
272:correlational design.
204:Survey data collection
68:statistical inferences
62:Researchers carry out
53:survey data collection
41:human-research surveys
4893:Quantitative research
4678:Population statistics
4620:System identification
4354:Autocorrelation (ACF)
4282:Exponential smoothing
4196:Discriminant analysis
4191:Canonical correlation
4055:Partition of variance
3917:Regression validation
3761:(JonckheereâTerpstra)
3660:Likelihood-ratio test
3349:Frequentist inference
3261:Locationâscale family
3182:Sampling distribution
3147:Statistical inference
3114:Cross-sectional study
3101:Observational studies
3060:Randomized experiment
2889:Stem-and-leaf display
2691:Central limit theorem
2332:General Social Survey
2215:Statistical inference
2075:Cross-sectional study
1822:"Conducting a Survey"
1799:Groves, R.M. (1989).
1771:Dillman, D.A. (1978)
1258:Bogen, Karen (1996).
1221:Dillman, D.A. (1978)
1050:10.29115/SP-2018-0016
408:Nonresponse reduction
309:
127:sampling (statistics)
105:health-care provision
88:quantitative research
4601:Probabilistic design
4186:Principal components
4029:Exponential families
3981:Nonlinear regression
3960:General linear model
3922:Mixed effects models
3912:Errors and residuals
3889:Confounding variable
3791:Bayesian probability
3769:Van der Waerden test
3759:Ordered alternative
3524:Multiple comparisons
3403:RaoâBlackwellization
3366:Estimating equations
3322:Statistical distance
3040:Factorial experiment
2573:Arithmetic-Geometric
2253:Audience measurement
2190:Level of measurement
2023:Sampling for surveys
1906:at Wikimedia Commons
1871:New York: Routledge.
1485:10.1093/ijpor/edr026
1443:10.1093/ijpor/edn007
1167:Taylor & Francis
492:, and a book called
457:The role of big data
285:Longitudinal studies
4852:Sales force polling
4673:Official statistics
4596:Methods engineering
4277:Seasonal adjustment
4045:Poisson regressions
3965:Bayesian regression
3904:Regression analysis
3884:Partial correlation
3856:Regression analysis
3455:Prediction interval
3450:Likelihood interval
3440:Confidence interval
3432:Interval estimation
3393:Unbiased estimators
3211:Model specification
3091:Up-and-down designs
2779:Partial correlation
2735:Index of dispersion
2653:Interquartile range
2413:Pew Research Center
2382:World Values Survey
2125:Specification error
2043:Stratified sampling
1775:. New York: Wiley.
551:Official statistics
440:Interviewer effects
64:statistical surveys
4883:Survey methodology
4842:Executive opinions
4693:Spatial statistics
4573:Medical statistics
4473:First hitting time
4427:Whittle likelihood
4078:Degrees of freedom
4073:Multivariate ANOVA
4006:Heteroscedasticity
3818:Bayesian estimator
3783:Bayesian inference
3632:KolmogorovâSmirnov
3517:Randomization test
3487:Testing hypotheses
3460:Tolerance interval
3371:Maximum likelihood
3266:Exponential family
3199:Density estimation
3159:Statistical theory
3119:Natural experiment
3065:Scientific control
2982:Survey methodology
2668:Standard deviation
2220:Statistical models
2120:Non-sampling error
2018:Statistical sample
1958:Collection methods
1904:Survey methodology
1861:(pp. 143â192)
1762:Mellenbergh, G. J.
652:Survey Methodology
613:Survey Methodology
581:Total survey error
522:Mathematics portal
365:Order of questions
319:
224:response accuracy.
93:public-information
37:applied statistics
29:Survey methodology
22:Survey Methodology
4865:
4864:
4795:
4794:
4733:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4668:National accounts
4638:Actuarial science
4630:Social statistics
4523:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4450:Survival function
4435:
4434:
4297:Granger causality
4138:Contingency table
4113:Survival analysis
4090:
4089:
4086:
4085:
3942:Linear regression
3837:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3808:Credible interval
3777:
3776:
3560:
3559:
3376:Method of moments
3245:Parametric family
3206:Statistical model
3136:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3050:Random assignment
2972:Statistical power
2906:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2751:Contingency table
2721:
2720:
2588:Generalized/power
2469:
2468:
2185:Contingency table
2160:Processing errors
2145:Non-response bias
2135:Measurement error
2115:Systematic errors
1902:Media related to
1837:Current Sociology
1795:978-0-415-81762-2
1727:978-1-118-97632-6
800:Mellenbergh, G.J.
661:978-1-118-21134-2
600:Groves, Robert M.
489:EP J Data Science
174:Selecting samples
39:concentrating on
31:is "the study of
4905:
4857:Consumer surveys
4822:
4815:
4808:
4799:
4798:
4783:
4782:
4771:
4770:
4760:
4759:
4745:
4744:
4648:Crime statistics
4542:
4541:
4529:
4528:
4446:
4445:
4412:Fourier analysis
4399:Frequency domain
4379:
4326:
4292:Structural break
4252:
4251:
4201:Cluster analysis
4148:Log-linear model
4121:
4120:
4096:
4095:
4037:
4011:Homoscedasticity
3867:
3866:
3843:
3842:
3762:
3754:
3746:
3745:(KruskalâWallis)
3730:
3715:
3670:Cross validation
3655:
3637:AndersonâDarling
3584:
3571:
3570:
3542:Likelihood-ratio
3534:Parametric tests
3512:Permutation test
3495:1- & 2-tails
3386:Minimum distance
3358:Point estimation
3354:
3353:
3305:Optimal decision
3256:
3155:
3154:
3142:
3141:
3124:Quasi-experiment
3074:Adaptive designs
2925:
2924:
2912:
2911:
2789:Rank correlation
2551:
2550:
2542:
2541:
2529:
2528:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2473:
2472:
2180:Categorical data
1934:
1927:
1920:
1911:
1910:
1901:
1732:
1731:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1703:EPJ Data Science
1695:
1689:
1688:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1656:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1591:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1453:. Archived from
1428:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1275:
1264:
1255:
1249:
1239:
1233:
1219:
1213:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1117:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1028:
1022:
1021:
999:
990:
989:
971:
931:
925:
924:
914:
874:
868:
867:
857:
817:
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808:G.J. Mellenbergh
797:
788:
787:
767:
757:
666:
665:
647:
638:
637:
632:
630:
604:Fowler, Floyd J.
596:
524:
519:
518:
468:machine learning
401:sociolinguistics
259:Research designs
4913:
4912:
4908:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4903:
4902:
4898:Product testing
4868:
4867:
4866:
4861:
4833:
4826:
4796:
4791:
4754:
4725:
4687:
4624:
4610:quality control
4577:
4559:Clinical trials
4536:
4511:
4495:
4483:Hazard function
4477:
4431:
4393:
4377:
4340:
4336:BreuschâGodfrey
4324:
4301:
4241:
4216:Factor analysis
4162:
4143:Graphical model
4115:
4082:
4049:
4035:
4015:
3969:
3936:
3898:
3861:
3860:
3829:
3773:
3760:
3752:
3744:
3728:
3713:
3692:Rank statistics
3686:
3665:Model selection
3653:
3611:Goodness of fit
3605:
3582:
3556:
3528:
3481:
3426:
3415:Median unbiased
3343:
3254:
3187:Order statistic
3149:
3128:
3095:
3069:
3021:
2976:
2919:
2917:Data collection
2898:
2810:
2765:
2739:
2717:
2677:
2629:
2546:Continuous data
2536:
2523:
2505:
2500:
2470:
2465:
2422:
2386:
2347:LatinobarĂłmetro
2277:
2263:Market research
2241:
2166:
2140:Response errors
2086:
2060:Research design
2028:Random sampling
1994:
1978:Semi-structured
1950:Data collection
1944:
1942:survey research
1938:
1894:
1839:46(4): iii-136.
1740:
1738:Further reading
1735:
1728:
1714:
1710:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1633:
1629:
1620:
1618:
1616:www.bigsurv.org
1610:
1609:
1605:
1560:
1556:
1533:
1529:
1506:
1502:
1469:
1465:
1457:
1426:
1420:
1416:
1401:10.2307/3088935
1385:
1381:
1338:
1334:
1325:
1323:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1304:
1302:
1292:
1288:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1262:
1256:
1252:
1240:
1236:
1220:
1216:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1156:
1152:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1124:
1122:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1087:
1083:
1073:
1071:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1037:Survey Practice
1029:
1025:
1018:
1000:
993:
932:
928:
875:
871:
818:
814:
798:
791:
784:
758:
669:
662:
648:
641:
628:
626:
624:
608:Singer, Eleanor
597:
593:
589:
576:Social research
571:Ratio estimator
520:
513:
510:
500:and five other
459:
442:
410:
388:source language
384:
367:
355:
346:
337:
328:
304:
287:
278:
269:
261:
206:
200:
182:
180:Survey sampling
176:
131:survey sampling
122:survey research
117:
80:market-research
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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4901:
4900:
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4885:
4880:
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4723:
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4703:
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4688:
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4680:
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4670:
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4598:
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4579:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4556:
4554:Bioinformatics
4550:
4548:
4538:
4537:
4525:
4524:
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4520:
4517:
4516:
4513:
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4475:
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4460:
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4432:
4430:
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4401:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4362:
4361:
4359:partial (PACF)
4350:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4320:
4315:
4309:
4307:
4306:Specific tests
4303:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4258:
4256:
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4243:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4208:
4206:Classification
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4172:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4155:
4153:McNemar's test
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4129:
4127:
4117:
4116:
4092:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4059:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4031:
4025:
4023:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3991:Semiparametric
3988:
3983:
3977:
3975:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3946:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3908:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3875:
3873:
3863:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3847:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3787:
3785:
3779:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3756:
3748:
3732:
3729:(MannâWhitney)
3724:
3723:
3722:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3696:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3662:
3657:
3654:(ShapiroâWilk)
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3621:
3615:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3595:
3586:
3574:
3568:
3566:Specific tests
3562:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3538:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3497:
3491:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3436:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3362:
3360:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3319:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3163:
3161:
3151:
3150:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3105:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3031:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3017:Standard error
3014:
3009:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2986:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2947:Optimal design
2944:
2939:
2933:
2931:
2921:
2920:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2820:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2786:
2781:
2775:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2747:
2745:
2744:Summary tables
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2731:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2693:
2687:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2639:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2578:Contraharmonic
2575:
2570:
2559:
2557:
2548:
2538:
2537:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2499:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2476:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2273:Public opinion
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2176:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2155:Pseudo-opinion
2152:
2150:Coverage error
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2105:Standard error
2102:
2100:Sampling error
2096:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2038:Quota sampling
2035:
2030:
2020:
2015:
2013:Sampling frame
2010:
2004:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1965:
1960:
1954:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1937:
1936:
1929:
1922:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1893:
1892:External links
1890:
1889:
1888:
1881:
1872:
1865:
1862:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1818:
1811:
1797:
1783:
1769:
1755:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1726:
1708:
1690:
1668:
1647:(4): 484â488.
1627:
1603:
1574:(3): 643â647.
1554:
1549:10.1086/269352
1527:
1522:10.1086/269108
1500:
1479:(4): 530â543.
1463:
1460:on 2019-03-07.
1437:(1): 100â110.
1414:
1379:
1352:(2): 226â227.
1332:
1311:
1286:
1276:on Apr 2, 2013
1250:
1242:De Leeuw, E.D.
1234:
1214:
1203:Don A. Dillman
1195:Edith de Leeuw
1182:
1176:978-1138550865
1175:
1150:
1132:
1104:
1081:
1056:
1023:
1016:
991:
946:(3): 465â481.
926:
869:
832:(1): 163â185.
812:
789:
782:
667:
660:
639:
622:
590:
588:
585:
584:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
537:
532:
526:
525:
509:
506:
458:
455:
441:
438:
429:
428:
425:
421:
418:
409:
406:
383:
380:
366:
363:
354:
351:
345:
342:
336:
333:
327:
324:
303:
302:Questionnaires
300:
286:
283:
277:
274:
268:
265:
260:
257:
256:
255:
252:
249:
246:
245:Mobile surveys
243:
242:Online surveys
240:
237:
226:
225:
222:
219:
216:
213:
202:Main article:
199:
196:
187:selection bias
178:Main article:
175:
172:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
158:
155:
152:
149:
116:
113:
86:all exemplify
76:public opinion
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4910:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4888:Psychometrics
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4847:Delphi method
4845:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4836:
4831:
4823:
4818:
4816:
4811:
4809:
4804:
4803:
4800:
4788:
4787:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4758:
4752:
4750:
4749:
4740:
4739:
4736:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4716:Geostatistics
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4694:
4690:
4684:
4683:Psychometrics
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4627:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4580:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4547:
4546:Biostatistics
4543:
4539:
4535:
4530:
4526:
4508:
4507:Log-rank test
4505:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4480:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4438:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4396:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4378:(BoxâJenkins)
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4343:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4331:DurbinâWatson
4329:
4327:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4313:DickeyâFuller
4311:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4287:Cointegration
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4262:Decomposition
4260:
4259:
4257:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4221:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4165:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4133:Cohen's kappa
4131:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4097:
4093:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4052:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4018:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3986:Nonparametric
3984:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3901:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3780:
3770:
3767:
3763:
3757:
3755:
3749:
3747:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3736:
3735:Nonparametric
3733:
3731:
3725:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3710:
3706:
3705:Sample median
3703:
3702:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3587:
3585:
3580:
3576:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3525:
3522:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3510:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3423:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3311:
3310:loss function
3308:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3012:Questionnaire
3010:
3008:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2839:Control chart
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2492:
2490:
2485:
2483:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2419:
2416:
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2317:Eurobarometer
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2294:Afrobarometer
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2290:
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2284:
2282:Major surveys
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2110:Sampling bias
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2092:Survey errors
2089:
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1989:
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1963:Questionnaire
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1916:
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1900:
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1895:
1886:
1883:Shackman, G.
1882:
1880:
1876:
1873:
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1859:0-07-111655-9
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498:Craig A. Hill
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312:questionnaire
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24:
23:
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4828:Qualitative
4784:
4772:
4753:
4746:
4658:Econometrics
4608: /
4591:Chemometrics
4568:Epidemiology
4561: /
4534:Applications
4376:ARIMA model
4323:Q-statistic
4272:Stationarity
4168:Multivariate
4111: /
4107: /
4105:Multivariate
4103: /
4043: /
4039: /
3813:Bayes factor
3712:Signed rank
3624:
3598:
3590:
3578:
3273:Completeness
3109:Cohort study
3007:Opinion poll
2981:
2942:Missing data
2929:Study design
2884:Scatter plot
2806:Scatter plot
2799:Spearman's Ď
2761:Grouped data
2391:Associations
2268:Opinion poll
2246:Applications
2070:Cohort study
1999:
1983:Unstructured
1850:
1836:
1800:
1786:
1772:
1765:
1744:
1717:
1711:
1702:
1693:
1684:
1680:
1671:
1644:
1640:
1630:
1619:. Retrieved
1615:
1606:
1571:
1567:
1557:
1540:
1536:
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1476:
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1466:
1455:the original
1434:
1430:
1417:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1349:
1345:
1335:
1324:. Retrieved
1314:
1303:. Retrieved
1300:SurveyMonkey
1299:
1289:
1278:. Retrieved
1271:the original
1266:
1253:
1248:, 22, 41â48.
1245:
1237:
1222:
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1205:). Erlbaum.
1190:
1185:
1159:
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1123:. Retrieved
1119:
1107:
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1072:. Retrieved
1068:
1059:
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886:
882:
872:
829:
825:
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651:
634:
627:. Retrieved
612:
594:
546:Likert scale
493:
488:
481:
475:
460:
443:
434:
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385:
368:
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347:
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329:
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296:
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279:
270:
262:
230:mode effects
227:
207:
183:
143:
139:
118:
63:
61:
28:
27:
21:
4878:Forecasting
4830:forecasting
4786:WikiProject
4701:Cartography
4663:Jurimetrics
4615:Reliability
4346:Time domain
4325:(LjungâBox)
4247:Time-series
4125:Categorical
4109:Time-series
4101:Categorical
4036:(Bernoulli)
3871:Correlation
3851:Correlation
3647:JarqueâBera
3619:Chi-squared
3381:M-estimator
3334:Asymptotics
3278:Sufficiency
3045:Interaction
2957:Replication
2937:Effect size
2894:Violin plot
2874:Radar chart
2854:Forest plot
2844:Correlogram
2794:Kendall's Ď
2327:Gallup Poll
2130:Frame error
2065:Panel study
2000:Methodology
1826:Student BMJ
1758:Adèr, H. J.
1543:(1): 1â28.
1516:(3): 1â28.
1043:(2): 1â10.
772:. pp.
770:McGraw Hill
556:Paid survey
472:data mining
254:Mixed modes
239:Mail (post)
135:respondents
4872:Categories
4653:Demography
4371:ARMA model
4176:Regression
3753:(Friedman)
3714:(Wilcoxon)
3652:Normality
3642:Lilliefors
3589:Student's
3465:Resampling
3339:Robustness
3327:divergence
3317:Efficiency
3255:(monotone)
3250:Likelihood
3167:Population
3000:Stratified
2952:Population
2771:Dependence
2727:Count data
2658:Percentile
2635:Dispersion
2568:Arithmetic
2503:Statistics
2459:Statistics
2449:Psychology
2258:Demography
2235:Structural
2230:Log-linear
1973:Structured
1621:2023-10-21
1494:2066/99794
1326:2013-10-03
1305:2017-11-08
1280:2013-03-19
1125:October 2,
1074:October 2,
587:References
496:edited by
101:psychology
99:research,
55:, such as
49:population
4034:Logistic
3801:posterior
3727:Rank sum
3475:Jackknife
3470:Bootstrap
3288:Bootstrap
3223:Parameter
3172:Statistic
2967:Statistic
2879:Run chart
2864:Pie chart
2859:Histogram
2849:Fan chart
2824:Bar chart
2706:L-moments
2593:Geometric
2454:Sociology
2435:Projects
2225:Graphical
1968:Interview
1663:0894-4393
1612:"BigSurv"
1225:. Wiley.
1164:Routledge
1101:(2): 1â4.
986:238718313
960:0013-1644
903:0013-1644
846:0013-1644
804:H.J. Adèr
629:27 August
236:Telephone
109:sociology
97:marketing
4748:Category
4441:Survival
4318:Johansen
4041:Binomial
3996:Isotonic
3583:(normal)
3228:location
3035:Blocking
2990:Sampling
2869:QâQ plot
2834:Box plot
2816:Graphics
2711:Skewness
2701:Kurtosis
2673:Variance
2603:Heronian
2598:Harmonic
2444:Politics
2439:Business
2431:Category
1598:22116390
1451:33820854
1374:53281364
1366:30416040
1199:Joop Hox
978:35444340
921:33456063
864:31933497
508:See also
463:big data
310:A basic
115:Overview
84:censuses
45:sampling
4832:methods
4774:Commons
4721:Kriging
4606:Process
4563:studies
4422:Wavelet
4255:General
3422:Plug-in
3216:L space
2995:Cluster
2696:Moments
2514:Outline
1940:Social
1875:Surveys
1803:Wiley.
1589:3359459
1409:3088935
969:9014735
912:7797962
855:6943988
376:priming
314:in the
4643:Census
4233:Normal
4181:Manova
4001:Robust
3751:2-way
3743:1-way
3581:-test
3252:
2829:Biplot
2620:Median
2613:Lehmer
2555:Center
2008:Census
1988:Couple
1879:Curlie
1857:
1807:
1793:
1779:
1751:
1724:
1661:
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33:survey
4267:Trend
3796:prior
3738:anova
3627:-test
3601:-test
3593:-test
3500:Power
3445:Pivot
3238:shape
3233:scale
2683:Shape
2663:Range
2608:Heinz
2583:Cubic
2519:Index
1824:, in
1458:(PDF)
1447:S2CID
1427:(PDF)
1405:JSTOR
1370:S2CID
1274:(PDF)
1263:(PDF)
1116:(PDF)
1008:Wiley
982:S2CID
542:(EFM)
72:Polls
4500:Test
3700:Sign
3552:Wald
2625:Mode
2563:Mean
1887:2018
1855:ISBN
1805:ISBN
1791:ISBN
1777:ISBN
1749:ISBN
1722:ISBN
1659:ISSN
1594:PMID
1362:PMID
1227:ISBN
1207:ISBN
1171:ISBN
1127:2023
1076:2023
1012:ISBN
974:PMID
956:ISSN
917:PMID
899:ISSN
860:PMID
842:ISSN
778:ISBN
656:ISBN
631:2020
618:ISBN
470:and
129:and
107:and
3680:BIC
3675:AIC
1877:at
1828:, (
1685:185
1649:doi
1584:PMC
1576:doi
1545:doi
1518:doi
1489:hdl
1481:doi
1439:doi
1397:doi
1354:doi
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