449:
598:
1183:
31:
373:
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1034:-based rubber materials expand in the presence of aromatic compounds found in conventional petroleum fuel. Pure biofuels that aren't mixed with petroleum and don't contain paraffin-based additives may cause rubber seals and hoses to shrink. Synthetic rubber substitutes that are not adversely affected by biofuels, such as
673:
expected to improve its renewable fuel production capacity from 2.7 to 3.0 million t (6.0 to 6.6 billion lb) a year by 2020, and to increase its
Singapore capacity by 1.3 million t (2.9 billion lb) to reach 4.5 million t (9.9 billion lb) in
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and other carbon compliance regimes emerge, certain biofuels are likely to be exempted ("zero-rated") by governments from compliance due to their closed-loop nature, if they can demonstrate appropriate credentials. For example, in the EUTS, SAFUG's proposal was accepted that only fuels certified as
1243:
Greenhouse gas emissions from sustainable fuels must be lower than those from the fuels they replace: at least 50% for production built before 5 October 2015, 60% after that date and 65% after 2021. Raw materials cannot be sourced from land with high biodiversity or high carbon stocks (i.e. primary
333:
Aviation fuel from wet waste-derived feedstock ("VFA-SAF") provides an additional environmental benefit. Wet waste consists of waste from landfills, sludge from wastewater treatment plants, agricultural waste, greases, and fats. Wet waste can be converted to volatile fatty acids (VFA's), which then
1153:
The first reputable body to launch a sustainable biofuel certification system was the
European-based Roundtable on Sustainable Biomaterials (RSB) NGO. Leading airlines and other signatories to the Sustainable Aviation Fuel Users Group (SAFUG) pledged to support RSB as their preferred certification
230:
as they had previously absorbed. Biofuel production, processing, and transport, however, emit greenhouse gases, reducing the emissions savings. Biofuels with the most emission savings are those derived from photosynthetic algae (98% savings) although the technology is not developed, and those from
341:
emissions throughout its life cycle. Wet waste feedstocks for SAF divert waste from landfills. Diversion has the potential to eliminate 17% of US methane emissions across all sectors. VFA-SAF's carbon footprint is 165% lower than fossil aviation fuel. This technology is in its infancy; although
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GHG Reduction - Criterion 1: lifecycle reductions of at least 10% compared to fossil fuel. Carbon Stock - Criterion 1: not produced from biomass obtained from land whose uses changed after 1 January 2008 from primeval forests, wetlands or peatlands, as all these lands have high carbon stocks.
1896:
Huq, Nabila A.; Hafenstine, Glenn R.; Huo, Xiangchen; Nguyen, Hannah; Tifft, Stephen M.; Conklin, Davis R.; StĂĽck, Daniela; Stunkel, Jim; Yang, Zhibin; Heyne, Joshua S.; Wiatrowski, Matthew R.; Zhang, Yimin; Tao, Ling; Zhu, Junqing; McEnally, Charles S. (2021-03-30).
645:
committed to 900 million US gal (3,400,000 m) of sustainable aviation fuel for 10 years from
Fulcrum BioEnergy (of its 4.1 billion US gal (16,000,000 m) fuel consumption in 2018), after a $ 30 million investment in 2015.
707:
introduced the
Fueling Aviation's Sustainable Transition (FAST) Grant Program. The program provides $ 244.5 million in grants for SAF-related "production, transportation, blending, and storage." In November, 2022, sustainable aviation fuels were a topic at
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can be catalytically upgraded to SAF. Wet waste is a low-cost and plentiful feedstock, with the potential to replace 20% of US fossil jet fuel. This lessens the need to grow crops specifically for fuel, which in itself is energy intensive and increases
582:
from 2005 to 2012 to extract fuel oil from algae, some promising competitively-priced fuel by 2012 and production of 1 billion US gal (3.8 million m) by 2012-2014. By 2017 most companies had disappeared or changed their
184:
SAF technology faces significant challenges due to feedstock constraints. The oils and fats known as hydrotreated esters and fatty acids (Hefa), crucial for SAF production, are in limited supply as demand increases. Although advanced
108:. The first test flight using blended biofuel was in 2008, and in 2011, blended fuels with 50% biofuels were allowed on commercial flights. In 2023 SAF production was 600 million liters, representing 0.2% of global jet fuel use.
1061:
forecast SAF production should grow from 18 to 75 billion litres between 2025 and 2040, representing a 5% to 19% share of aviation fuel. By 2019, fossil jet fuel production cost was $ 0.3-0.6 per L given a $ 50–100 crude
3565:
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after 1 January 2008, (using IPCC land categories), if emissions from direct land use change (DLUC) exceed the default value of the induced land use change (ILUC), the value of the DLUC replaces the default (ILUC)
1630:
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approved via two routes. ASTM has found it safe to blend in 50% SPK into regular jet fuels. Tests have been done with blending synthetic paraffinic kerosene (SPK) in considerably higher concentrations.
2219:
448:
3250:
998:
Universal Fuel
Technologies is marketing its Flexiforming technology that can use different feedstocks and even the byproducts from existing renewable fuel manufacturing processes to produce SAF.
268:
on jatropha estimated that biofuels could reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 85% if former agro-pastoral land is used, or increase emissions by up to 60% if natural woodland is converted.
3096:
200:, presents a promising solution, it is still under development and comes with high costs. To overcome these issues, SAF developers are exploring more readily available feedstocks such as
1302:
Department stated that "main challenges to scaling up such sustainable fuel production include technology costs and process efficiencies", and widespread production would undermine
2757:
468:
D7566) allowed commercial airlines to blend up to 50% biofuels with conventional jet fuel. The safety and performance of jet fuel used in passenger flights is certified by
1622:
2107:
1150:(EUTS), a certified SAF product may be exempted from carbon compliance liability costs. This marginally improves SAF's economic competitiveness versus fossil-based fuel.
82:
medium and long-haul air travel. These types of travel generate the most emissions, and could extend the life of older aircraft types by lowering their carbon footprint.
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As of 2022, some 450,000 flights had used sustainable fuels as part of the fuel mix, although such fuels were ~3x more expensive than the traditional fossil jet fuel or
3708:
2868:
2725:
484:. Thereafter some airlines experimented with biofuels on commercial flights. As of July 2020, seven annexes to D7566 were published, including various biofuel types:
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1080:
As of a 2021 analysis, VFA-SAF break-even cost was $ 2.50/US gal ($ 0.66/L). This number was generated considering credits and incentives at the time, such as
2356:
1645:
606:
2425:
2700:
746:-type. Kerosene-type fuels include Jet A, Jet A-1, JP-5 and JP-8. Naphtha-type jet fuels, sometimes referred to as "wide-cut" jet fuel, include Jet B and JP-4.
1511:
594:(IATA) supported the adoption of Sustainable Aviation fuel, aiming in 2019 for 2% share by 2025: 7 million m (1.8 billion US gal).
2229:
1291:
1287:'s Carbon War Room, or the Renewable Jet Fuels initiative. The latter works with companies such as LanzaTech, SG Biofuels, AltAir, Solazyme, and Sapphire.
2033:
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1831:
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non-profit think tank/do tank focused on the market transformation of the world's air transport system towards a sustainable long-term future
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Nordic association working to promote and develop a more sustainable aviation industry, with a specific focus on alternative sustainable fuels
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start-ups are working to make this a viable solution. Alder
Renewables, BioVeritas, and ChainCraft are a few organizations committed to this.
1276:
sustainable by the RSB or similar body would be zero-rated. SAFUG was formed by a group of interested airlines in 2008 under the auspices of
709:
3158:
2316:
947:. In 2016 LanzaTech demonstrated its technology at Pilot scale in NZ – using Industrial waste gases from the steel industry as a feedstock.
3118:
2117:
2999:
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749:"Drop-in" biofuels are biofuels that are interchangeable with conventional fuels. Deriving "drop-in" jet fuel from bio-based sources is
2899:
2394:
415:. Airlines representing more than 15% of the industry formed the Sustainable Aviation Fuel Users Group, with support from NGOs such as
327:
2337:
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planned to use a 50/50 blend of SG Preston's biofuel on its Los
Angeles-Australia flights. SG Preston also planned to provide fuel to
572:
307:
17:
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In addition to SAF certification, the integrity of aviation biofuel producers and their products could be assessed by means such as
597:
1600:
Bauen, Ausilio; Howes, Jo; Bertuccioli, Luca; Chudziak, Claire (August 2009). "Review of the potential for biofuels in aviation".
2809:
Nagaraju, Shilpa; Davies, Naomi
Kathleen; Walker, David Jeffrey Fraser; Köpke, Michael; Simpson, Séan Dennis (October 18, 2016).
2761:
2068:
1774:
Bailis, R. E.; Baka, J. E. (2010). "Greenhouse Gas
Emissions and Land Use Change from Jatropha Curcas-Based Jet Fuel in Brazil".
1162:
1147:
1085:
697:
591:
71:
3335:
1506:
1124:
420:
3570:); Isaac Toussie (Rocky Mountain Institute); Steve Csonka (Commercial Aviation Alternative Fuels Initiative); Barbara Bramble (
3178:
2967:
1142:
A SAF sustainability certification ensures that the product satisfies criteria focused on environmental, social, and economic "
322:
announced 2030 SAF targets in 2022 including multi-year purchase contracts totaling over 2.4 million tonnes of SAF from Neste,
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3441:
2627:
Conference
Proceedings of the 3AF/AIAA Aircraft Noise and Emissions Reduction Symposium, 25–27 October 2011, Marseille, France
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700:(IATA) set a goal for the aviation industry to achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2050 with SAF as the key component.
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Alcohol-to-Jet Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene Is a Proven Pathway to Deliver a Bio-Based, Low-Carbon Option to Travelers
3143:
3285:
3229:
2689:
1226:
1204:
416:
3699:
2640:
Starck, Laurie; Pidol, Ludivine; Jeuland, Nicolas; Chapus, Thierry; Bogers, Paul; Bauldreay, Joanna (January 2016).
2449:
1197:
2528:
1731:
959:. Alcohol-to-Jet Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (ATJ-SPK) is a proven pathway to deliver bio-based, low-carbon fuel.
213:
75:
761:
Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosine (HEFA-SPK) is a specific type of hydrotreated
1166:
1158:
1074:
682:
638:
362:
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2641:
2411:
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The SUN-to-LIQUID project is examining Fischer-Tropsch hydro-carbon fuels (solar kerosine) through the use of a
204:
and agricultural and municipal waste, aiming to produce lower-carbon jet fuel more sustainably and efficiently.
3204:
1817:
617:
had fueled more than 700 flights and flown more than one million kilometers, domestic and international, using
561:
477:
575:
announced plans for multiple measures including the development and deployment of sustainable aviation fuels.
2174:
1478:
3017:
1995:
97:-derived fuels from plants, animals, or waste; depending on which type of biomass is used, they could lower
3571:
3462:
2252:"AirportWatch | Solena, the company meant to be producing jet fuel from London waste for BA, goes bankrupt"
1586:
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and de-oxygenates and processes them into jet fuels. Companies such as LanzaTech have created ATJ-SPK from
678:
3654:
3064:
1999:
1277:
1058:
943:
913:
384:. The reason given is: Lots of plans announced years ago. No info on whether the plans were carried out..
148:
3646:
3638:
2579:
1964:
1421:
Synthesized kerosene with aromatics derived by alkylation of light aromatics from non-petroleum sources
1248:). Other sustainability issues are set out in the Governance Regulation and may be covered voluntarily.
428:
232:
1280:. Member airlines represented more than 15% of the industry, and signed a pledge to work towards SAF.
715:
As of 2023, 90% of biofuel was made from oilseed and sugarcane which are grown for this purpose only.
3587:
1272:
693:
1606:
3567:
1663:
1295:
1191:
851:
2623:"Evaluation of safety, performance and emissions of synthetic fuel blends in a Cessna Citation II"
1104:
became the first international airport to offer sustainable aviation fuel as part of the fuel mix.
3739:
3729:
3691:
1042:
984:
704:
546:
201:
1066:, while aviation biofuel production cost was $ 0.7-1.6, needing a $ 110–260 crude oil barrel to
987:(a common type of waste from forestry and agriculture) into a hydrocarbon-rich "greencrude" via
3509:
2224:
2112:
1601:
1453:
1351:
1208:
473:
349:
caused by air traffic by 50–70%. Biofuels do not contain sulfur compounds and thus do not emit
2913:
2781:
Voegele, E. November 2009. "Waste to ethanol projects move forward", Ethanol Producer Magazine
2050:
3517:
2192:
1473:
346:
265:
2642:"Production of Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids (HEFA) – Optimisation of Process Yield"
3526:
2822:
2276:
1910:
1783:
1715:
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cultivation is constrained by scarce land resources and its expansion to forestland causes
3251:"RSB Roundtable on Sustainable Biomaterials | Roundtable on Sustainable Biomaterials"
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217:
8:
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847:
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516:
170:
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1914:
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are "the only answer between now and 2050" to reduce carbon emissions. In May 2021, the
386:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
3544:
2845:
2810:
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1941:
1899:"Toward net-zero sustainable aviation fuel with wet waste-derived volatile fatty acids"
1898:
1552:"Bio-aviation Fuel: A Comprehensive Review and Analysis of the Supply Chain Components"
1483:
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1020:
770:
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2604:"Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing Synthesized Hydrocarbons"
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1969:
1946:
1928:
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As of 2020 aviation biofuel was more expensive than fossil jet kerosene, considering
969:
766:
739:
472:. Biofuels were approved for commercial use after a multi-year technical review from
291:
283:
275:
156:
2668:
1753:
1084:(Low Carbon Fuel Standard) credits and the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
491:
Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (HEFA-SPK, 2011)
30:
3687:
3534:
2840:
2830:
2656:
1936:
1918:
1791:
1566:
1407:
1341:
Synthesized paraffinic kerosene produced from hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids
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279:
1754:"As Biofuels Catch On, Next Task Is to Deal With Environmental, Economic Impact"
850:, and Aquaflow Bionomic Corporation. Universities working on algae jet fuel are
681:
had invested $ 400 million to convert waste into sustainable aviation fuel with
3539:
1903:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1398:
Synthesized kerosene isoparaffins produced from hydroprocessed fermented sugars
1046:
879:
731:
524:
439:
350:
227:
223:
197:
2835:
2193:"ASTM approves 7th annex to D7566 sustainable jet fuel specification: HC-HEFA"
3723:
3190:
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1932:
1571:
1526:
1376:
1303:
992:
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774:
584:
528:
497:
Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SPK/A, 2015)
481:
323:
257:
3070:. Sponsored by the FAA. Authored by MIT staff. Published by RAND Corporation
2555:
2298:
2277:"Jet Fuel from Algae? Scientists probe fuel potential in common ocean plant"
1923:
3289:
2854:
2660:
2426:"Virgin Australia's sustainable aviation fuel flies one million kilometres"
1950:
1803:
1736:
1101:
941:. The ethanol is produced from CO in the flue gases using microbes such as
905:
803:
778:
689:
494:
usHydroprocessed Fermented Sugars to Synthetic Isoparaffins (HFS-SIP, 2014)
462:
Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing Synthesized Hydrocarbons
238:
174:
226:
as they grow, therefore plant-based biofuels emit only the same amount of
86:(SPK) refers to any non-petroleum-based fuel designed to replace kerosene
2013:
1832:"Neste and Lufthansa collaborate and aim for a more sustainable aviation"
817:
735:
727:
565:
186:
178:
130:
35:
445:
In 2010, Boeing announced a target 1% of global aviation fuels by 2015.
1411:
1388:
1067:
1063:
1012:
956:
781:
626:
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purchased up to 10 million US gallons (38,000 m) of SAF from
532:
315:
295:
261:
2299:"From green slime to jet fuel: algae offers airlines a cleaner future"
1846:"KLM Group's CO2 emission reduction targets for 2030 approved by SBTi"
1795:
1146:" considerations. Under many emission regulation schemes, such as the
1045:
found harmful bacteria and fungi in their biofueled aircraft, and use
503:
Catalytic Hydrothermolysis Synthesized Kerosene (CH-SK, or CHJ; 2020).
111:
Aviation biofuel can be produced from plant or animal sources such as
3413:
3159:"Glacial Pace Of Advancements In Biofuel Threatens Emissions Targets"
2914:"SOLAR-JET project terminated and succeeded by SUN-TO-LIQUID project"
2649:
Oil & Gas Science and Technology – Revue d'IFP Energies nouvelles
2603:
1507:"Sustainable aviation fuel market demand drives new product launches"
1468:
1112:
988:
897:
863:
662:
658:
311:
287:
253:
144:
3336:"Revision of the EU Energy Tax Directive - technical press briefing"
3097:
University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment
536:
2758:"Jet Fuel Derived from Ethanol Now Eligible for Commercial Flights"
2018:
1307:
1245:
1131:
995:). Greencrude can be turned into fuel in refineries like crude oil.
938:
839:
826:
to produce synthetic paraffinic kerosene (bio-SPK) by cracking and
822:
793:
789:
723:
618:
550:
271:
249:
135:
126:
113:
87:
63:
3658:
3627:
3065:"Technical Report: Near-Term Feasibility of Alternative Jet Fuels"
2357:"How sustainable fuel will help power aviation's green revolution"
1867:"TotalEnergies and Air France KLM agree sustainable jet fuel deal"
1646:"How sustainable fuel will help power aviation's green revolution"
1244:
and protected forests, biodiversity-rich grasslands, wetlands and
802:
This fuel uses oil extracted from plant or animal sources such as
730:. The mixture is restricted by product requirements, for example,
625:
was working to regularly use fuel derived from the waste gases of
3681:
The RSB is supporting the development of a sustainable bioeconomy
3021:
2811:"Genome editing of Clostridium autoethanogenum using CRISPR/Cas9"
2580:"Biodiesel Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report, 2030"
1870:
1031:
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140:
122:
94:
59:
39:
3487:
3466:
2949:
2412:"Expanding our commitment to powering more flights with biofuel"
2094:"Airlines May Get 1% of Fuel From Biofuels By 2015, Boeing Says"
3576:"Opinion: Biofuels Sustainable, Essential To Aviation's Future"
3363:"Sustainable Aviation Fuel Users Group : European Section"
2220:"FAA Awards $ 7.7 Million for Advancement of Aviation Biofuels"
909:
859:
666:
650:
105:
3709:"Why industry needs global standards for sustainable fuel use"
2160:"Airlines Win Approval to Use Biofuels for Commercial Flights"
1366:
Fischer-Tropsch hydroprocessed synthesized paraffinic kerosene
345:
NASA has determined that 50% aviation biofuel mixture can cut
3390:"Environment and Biofuels | Boeing Commercial Airplanes"
1599:
1430:
1380:
1355:
1165:
which can serve as an implicit certification if the RIN is a
1035:
1016:
831:
809:
785:
670:
412:
118:
3614:
Sustainable Aviation Fuels as a Pathway to Net-Zero Aviation
3051:"Efforts Move Forward To Produce Alternative Aviation Fuels"
2740:"Advanced BioFuels USA – Truly Sustainable Renewable Future"
1834:(Press release). Neste Corporation website. October 2, 2019.
500:
Alcohol to Jet Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (ATJ-SPK, 2016)
488:
Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (FT-SPK, 2009)
411:
used it fly a commercial airliner, using feedstocks such as
3594:
1623:"Net zero 2050: sustainable aviation fuels – December 2023"
1449:
1081:
948:
750:
465:
2487:"Boeing Moves Forward With Airbus A321XLR-Competitor Plan"
2274:
431:, joined by air carriers and biofuel technology developer
3137:"Sustainable Aviation Fuel: Review of Technical Pathways"
3038:(Press release). Purdue Research Park. December 14, 2009.
3036:"Indiana Airline Fuel Developer Moves Ahead With Testing"
2808:
2529:"Fueling Aviation's Sustainable Transition (FAST) Grants"
508:
319:
3639:"Aviation industry reducing its environmental footprint"
3311:
2639:
2051:"First Airlines and UOP Join Algal Biomass Organization"
1732:"Through biofuels we can reap the fruits of our labours"
922:
The alcohol-to-jet (ATJ) pathway takes alcohols such as
2331:
2329:
442:
growth by 2020, and to halve carbon emissions by 2050.
155:-to-jet (ATJ) process from waste fermentation; or from
3604:
1975:
Note: Firefox 'does not trust' the weblink 2022-12-22.
1895:
542:
Biofuel provider Solena filed for bankruptcy in 2015.
511:
awarded US$ 7.7 million to eight companies to develop
3119:"AFRL discovering what's "bugging" military aircraft"
3020:. South Dakota State University. 2006. Archived from
2621:
Snijders, T. A.; Melkert, J. A. (December 22, 2011).
2354:
637:
wanted to convert household waste into jet fuel with
578:
Dozens of companies received hundreds of millions in
90:, which is often, but not always, made from biomass.
3508:
Bergero, Candelaria; et al. (30 January 2023).
3209:
European Commission/Energy/Renewable energy/Biofuels
2326:
1664:"New Technology Helps Advance Non-Hefa SAF Projects"
427:
for aviation. That year, Boeing was co-chair of the
3676:
2697:
European Technology Innovation Platform - Bioenergy
858:. Major investors for algae-based SPK research are
3171:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2338:"Hard Lessons From the Great Algae Biofuel Bubble"
2071:(Press release). IATA. 8 June 2009. Archived from
1752:
1550:Doliente, Stephen S.; et al. (10 July 2020).
1375:Fulcrum Bioenergy, Red Rock Biofuels, SG Preston,
278:, along with direct and indirect emissions due to
177:. Sustainable aviation fuel is certified as being
74:(IATA) considers it a key element in reducing the
1993:
3721:
2468:"BA begins offsetting domestic flight emissions"
2428:(Press release). Virgin Australia. 17 June 2019.
2172:
1123:(SAF) is certified by a third-party such as the
674:2022 by investing €1.4 billion ($ 1.6 billion).
3688:"International Journal of Sustainable Aviation"
3312:"Sustainable Aviation Fuel Users Group – SAFUG"
2950:"SUN to LIQUID project - SUN to LIQUID project"
2620:
2432:
2414:(Press release). United Airlines. May 22, 2019.
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
972:to create hydro-carbons are under development:
456:test flight using a 50–50 biofuel blend in 2011
163:. Small piston engines can be modified to burn
67:
3510:"Pathways to net-zero emissions from aviation"
2478:
2460:
2137:
2135:
1848:(Press release). KLM website. 16 December 2022
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
838:. Companies working on algae jet fuel include
568:could provide 3–5% of jet fuel needs by 2050.
2108:"50 Percent Biofuels Now Allowed in Jet Fuel"
1965:"NASA confirms biofuels reduce jet emissions"
1750:
1091:
1007:Small piston engines can be modified to burn
773:for use in 2011. HEFA-SPK is produced by the
3655:"Nordic Initiative for Sustainable Aviation"
2792:"Interview: LanzaTech CEO Jennifer Holmgren"
2275:Chris Reddy; Greg O'Neil (28 January 2015).
1978:
1643:
1587:"Developing Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)"
1501:
1499:
1440:Alcohol-to-jet synthetic paraffinic kerosene
3414:"SAFUG Pledge; Boeing Commercial Airplanes"
3156:
2450:"Biofuel Market Is Nearing A Tipping Point"
2447:
2387:
2379:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2309:
2175:"Airlines Weigh the Advantages of Biofuels"
2132:
1996:"Are aviation biofuels ready for take off?"
1729:
1532:
963:
241:, a non-food oil used as a biofuel, lowers
3706:
3000:"New SAF Process Could Transform Industry"
2484:
2217:
1773:
1689:"New SAF Process Could Transform Industry"
951:developed technology to retrofit existing
248:emissions by 50–80% compared to Jet-A1, a
3538:
2936:European Commission - European Commission
2844:
2834:
2147:D7566 Revision Adds Bioderived Components
1940:
1922:
1820:. Neste Corporation website. 15 May 2020.
1605:
1570:
1496:
1227:Learn how and when to remove this message
573:International Civil Aviation Organization
438:In 2009, the IATA committed to achieving
286:'s renewable products include a refining
3702:. European Commission. 5 September 2023.
3010:
2039:. Sustainable Aviation Fuel Users Group.
1706:
1593:
1549:
1190:This section includes a list of general
1095:
738:. Jet fuels are sometimes classified as
596:
447:
29:
3507:
3286:"Our Commitment to Sustainable Options"
2690:"Biofuel Factsheet - Aviation Biofuels"
2395:"Sustainable Aviation Fuels Fact sheet"
2034:"Our Commitment to Sustainable Options"
1891:
1889:
1887:
1333:Commercialization Proposals / Projects
1148:European Union Emissions Trading Scheme
1026:
698:International Air Transport Association
592:International Air Transport Association
421:The Roundtable For Sustainable Biofuels
290:of food-grade palm oil, the oily waste
218:Biofuel § Greenhouse gas emissions
207:
72:International Air Transport Association
27:Sustainable fuel used to power aircraft
14:
3722:
2898:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2335:
1776:Environmental Science & Technology
1313:
3465:. Renewable Jet Fuels. Archived from
3205:"Sustainability schemes for biofuels"
3048:
2726:"Producing sustainable aviation fuel"
2143:"Aviation Fuel Standard Takes Flight"
1818:"Waste and residues as raw materials"
1456:, Lanzatech, Swedish Biofuels, Byogy
1443:Biomass-derived ethanol or isobutanol
1038:, for seals and hoses are available.
3677:"Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels"
3580:Aviation Week & Space Technology
3164:Aviation Week & Space Technology
2454:Aviation Week & Space Technology
2285:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
1884:
1620:
1176:
983:Alder Fuels is proposing to convert
366:
3605:McKinsey & Company (Nov 2020).
2553:
2014:"First biofuel flight touches down"
1994:Pharoah Le Feuvre (18 March 2019).
1344:Bio-Oils, Animal Fat, Recycled Oils
1161:pathways under the United States's
1125:Roundtable For Sustainable Biofuels
590:In 2019, 0.1% of fuel was SAF: The
515:sustainable fuels, especially from
24:
3559:
3179:"Ways to make aviation fuel green"
3144:United States Department of Energy
2968:"Ways to make aviation fuel green"
2629:– via repository.tudelft.nl.
2317:"Sustainable Aviation Fuels Guide"
1196:it lacks sufficient corresponding
233:non-food crops and forest residues
25:
3756:
3643:Aviation: Benefits Beyond Borders
3620:
3440:. Carbon War Room. Archived from
3049:Grady, Mary (December 15, 2009).
3018:"AGE-85 (Aviation Grade Ethanol)"
2706:from the original on 29 June 2022
1019:, was approved as a test fuel by
1002:
423:by 2008. They pledged to develop
417:Natural Resources Defense Council
308:Neste's sustainable aviation fuel
189:technology, which combines waste
3612:(Report). World Economic Forum.
2556:"COP26: Together for our planet"
2145:. ASTM. September–October 2011.
1730:Ron Oxburgh (28 February 2008).
1266:
1181:
1137:
371:
252:-based fuel. Jatropha, used for
214:Environmental impact of aviation
104:emissions by 20–98% compared to
76:environmental impact of aviation
3501:
3480:
3455:
3430:
3406:
3382:
3355:
3328:
3304:
3278:
3243:
3222:
3197:
3150:
3129:
3111:
3082:
3057:
3042:
3028:
2992:
2960:
2942:
2924:
2906:
2861:
2802:
2784:
2775:
2750:
2732:
2718:
2682:
2633:
2614:
2596:
2572:
2547:
2533:Federal Aviation Administration
2521:
2497:
2485:Guy Norris (February 4, 2021).
2418:
2404:
2348:
2291:
2268:
2244:
2211:
2185:
2173:Bettina Wassener (9 Oct 2011).
2166:
2152:
2100:
2086:
2069:"Carbon-Neutral Growth By 2020"
2061:
2043:
2026:
2006:
1957:
1859:
1838:
1824:
1810:
1767:
1751:Patrick Barta (24 March 2008).
1744:
1723:
1075:aviation taxation and subsidies
916:Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene).
912:that is processed into FT SPK (
765:. As of 2020 this was the only
657:over 10 years. At its sites in
403:The first flight using blended
363:Aviation biofuel demonstrations
181:by a third-party organisation.
2336:Wessof, Eric (19 April 2017).
2218:Meg Cichon (2 December 2011).
1681:
1656:
1637:
1614:
1579:
260:where most plants produce low
78:. Aviation biofuel is used to
13:
1:
2116:. 1 July 2011. Archived from
1489:
1479:List of emerging technologies
718:
84:Synthetic paraffinic kerosene
3735:Aviation and the environment
3707:Geoff Hunt (22 April 2021).
3572:National Wildlife Federation
3260:. 2013-10-17. Archived from
3157:Kerry Reals (Oct 10, 2017).
2448:Kerry Reals (Apr 26, 2019).
1559:Frontiers in Energy Research
1527:Investable Universe>About
1052:
834:to make jet fuel remains an
688:In early 2021, Boeing's CEO
679:International Airlines Group
7:
3628:"Sustainable Sky Institute"
3588:"Sustainable Aviation Fuel"
3490:. Sustainable Sky Institute
3488:"Sustainable Sky Institute"
3230:"Sustainable Aviation Fuel"
2355:2021-03-25T14:13:00+00:00.
2000:International Energy Agency
1644:Mark Pilling (2021-03-25).
1462:
1290:Along with her co-authors,
1278:Boeing Commercial Airplanes
1172:
1157:Some SAF pathways procured
1059:International Energy Agency
1015:, a biofuel alternative to
944:Clostridium autoethanogenum
777:and hydroprocessing of the
769:. HEFA-SPK was approved by
587:to focus on other markets.
10:
3761:
3647:Air Transport Action Group
3540:10.1038/s41893-022-01046-9
2815:Biotechnology for Biofuels
2096:. Bloomberg. 22 July 2010.
1424:Coal, Natural Gas, Biomass
1369:Coal, Natural Gas, Biomass
1092:Sustainable aviation fuels
694:sustainable aviation fuels
560:By 2016, Thomas Brueck of
460:By June 2011, the revised
429:Algal Biomass Organization
360:
356:
298:. Other Neste sources are
211:
2836:10.1186/s13068-016-0638-3
2584:www.grandviewresearch.com
2162:. Bloomberg. 1 July 2011.
1273:emissions trading schemes
1121:Sustainable aviation fuel
842:, Honeywell UOP, Solena,
380:This section needs to be
294:from the palm oil mill's
68:sustainable aviation fuel
18:Sustainable aviation fuel
3607:Clean Skies for Tomorrow
3568:Rocky Mountain Institute
2744:advancedbiofuelsusa.info
1572:10.3389/fenrg.2020.00110
1296:University of California
964:Future production routes
852:Arizona State University
726:is a mixture of various
621:'s alcohol-to-jet fuel.
547:fatty acid methyl esters
545:By 2015, cultivation of
3700:"Biofuels for aviation"
3692:Inderscience Publishers
2256:www.airportwatch.org.uk
1924:10.1073/pnas.2023008118
1627:www.iata.org/flynetzero
1240:EU RED II Recast (2018)
1211:more precise citations.
1163:renewable fuel standard
1086:Renewable Fuel Standard
1043:United States Air Force
985:lignocellulosic biomass
705:Inflation Reduction Act
149:Fischer–Tropsch process
3004:Aviation Industry News
2225:Renewable Energy World
2113:Renewable Energy World
1693:Aviation Industry News
1621:IATA (December 2023).
1454:Universal Oil Products
1358:, Dynamic Fuels, EERC
1352:Universal Oil Products
1105:
610:
557:, was under research.
507:In December 2011, the
457:
173:are an alternative to
139:(bio-SPK); from solid
43:
3518:Nature Sustainability
3438:"Renewable Jet Fuels"
1713:"A Greener Future?".
1474:Fossil fuel phase-out
1401:Biomass-derived sugar
1099:
600:
564:was forecasting that
451:
347:particulate emissions
266:life cycle assessment
212:Further information:
106:conventional jet fuel
33:
3125:. 11 September 2016.
2954:www.sun-to-liquid.eu
2796:www.triplepundit.com
2661:10.2516/ogst/2014007
1716:Aircraft Illustrated
1633:on 24 February 2024.
1300:Earth System Science
1109:Sustainable biofuels
1027:Technical challenges
876:Continental Airlines
856:Cranfield University
478:engine manufacturers
425:sustainable biofuels
407:took place in 2008.
208:Environmental impact
171:Sustainable biofuels
3531:2023NatSu...6..404B
2974:. August 17, 2022.
2827:2016BB......9..219N
2535:. November 16, 2023
2505:"Net Zero Roadmaps"
2022:. 24 February 2008.
1915:2021PNAS..11823008H
1909:(13): e2023008118.
1788:2010EnST...44.8684B
1760:Wall Street Journal
1668:Energy Intelligence
1512:Investable Universe
1327:Possible Feedstocks
1314:Certified processes
1049:to disinfect them.
848:Imperium Renewables
836:emerging technology
3574:) (Oct 23, 2017).
3006:. August 14, 2024.
2197:Green Car Congress
2055:Green Car Congress
1484:Vegetable oil fuel
1324:Conversion Process
1292:Candelaria Bergero
1144:triple-bottom-line
1106:
1023:in December 2009.
1021:ASTM International
955:plants to produce
771:Altair Engineering
763:vegetable oil fuel
611:
571:In fall 2016, the
470:ASTM International
458:
235:(91–95% savings).
151:(FT-SPK); with an
44:
3597:. December 2019.
3292:on April 25, 2012
2554:Nations, United.
2474:. 3 January 2020.
2400:. IATA. May 2019.
2322:. ICAO. Dec 2018.
1973:. March 23, 2017.
1873:. 5 December 2022
1796:10.1021/es1019178
1460:
1459:
1385:Shell Oil Company
1257:Criterion 2: For
1237:
1236:
1229:
1117:agricultural land
1082:California's LCFS
970:synthetic biology
968:Systems that use
892:Processing solid
767:mature technology
401:
400:
306:and animal fats.
284:Neste Corporation
276:biodiversity loss
157:synthetic biology
147:processed with a
56:bio-aviation fuel
16:(Redirected from
3752:
3716:
3703:
3695:
3683:
3672:
3667:
3666:
3657:. Archived from
3650:
3634:
3616:
3611:
3601:
3592:
3583:
3553:
3552:
3542:
3514:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3367:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3340:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3288:. Archived from
3282:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3266:
3255:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3141:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3094:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3069:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3014:
3008:
3007:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2897:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2880:
2874:. Archived from
2873:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2848:
2838:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2788:
2782:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2760:. Archived from
2754:
2748:
2747:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2705:
2694:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2646:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2445:
2430:
2429:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2378:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2333:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2281:Oceanus magazine
2272:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2232:on 28 March 2014
2228:. Archived from
2215:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2139:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1991:
1976:
1974:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1944:
1926:
1893:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1756:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1629:. Archived from
1618:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1556:
1547:
1530:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1503:
1408:Amyris (company)
1318:
1317:
1259:land use changes
1232:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1212:
1207:this section by
1198:inline citations
1185:
1184:
1177:
1119:or fresh water.
936:
884:General Electric
615:Virgin Australia
553:from the algae,
538:
534:
454:AV-8B Harrier II
452:US Marine Corps
396:
393:
387:
375:
374:
367:
340:
300:used cooking oil
256:, can thrive on
247:
228:greenhouse gases
195:
103:
48:aviation biofuel
21:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3720:
3719:
3698:
3686:
3675:
3664:
3662:
3653:
3637:
3626:
3623:
3609:
3590:
3586:
3562:
3560:Further reading
3557:
3556:
3512:
3506:
3502:
3493:
3491:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3472:
3470:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3447:
3445:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3422:
3420:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3398:
3396:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3374:
3372:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3347:
3345:
3338:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3320:
3318:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3295:
3293:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3253:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3235:
3233:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3213:
3211:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3155:
3151:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3102:
3100:
3092:
3090:"Biodiesel FAQ"
3088:
3087:
3083:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3047:
3043:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3016:
3015:
3011:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2984:
2982:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2891:
2890:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2871:
2869:"Archived copy"
2867:
2866:
2862:
2807:
2803:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2767:
2765:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2673:
2671:
2644:
2638:
2634:
2619:
2615:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2588:
2586:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2564:
2562:
2552:
2548:
2538:
2536:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2513:
2511:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2483:
2479:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2446:
2433:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2372:
2371:
2365:
2363:
2353:
2349:
2342:Greentech Media
2334:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2305:. 15 June 2016.
2297:
2296:
2292:
2273:
2269:
2260:
2258:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2235:
2233:
2216:
2212:
2202:
2200:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2171:
2167:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2141:
2140:
2133:
2123:
2121:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2078:
2076:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2057:. 19 June 2008.
2049:
2048:
2044:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1992:
1979:
1970:Flying magazine
1963:
1962:
1958:
1894:
1885:
1876:
1874:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1851:
1849:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1782:(22): 8684–91.
1772:
1768:
1749:
1745:
1728:
1724:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1698:
1696:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1673:
1671:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1642:
1638:
1619:
1615:
1607:10.1.1.170.8750
1598:
1594:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1554:
1548:
1533:
1518:
1516:
1505:
1504:
1497:
1492:
1465:
1316:
1285:Richard Branson
1269:
1233:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1203:Please help to
1202:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1140:
1094:
1055:
1029:
1005:
966:
935:
931:
914:Fischer–Tropsch
872:Air New Zealand
844:Sapphire Energy
828:hydroprocessing
721:
655:JetBlue Airways
643:United Airlines
635:British Airways
623:Virgin Atlantic
609:over two years.
603:United Airlines
580:venture capital
474:aircraft makers
409:Virgin Atlantic
397:
391:
388:
385:
376:
372:
365:
359:
339:
335:
280:land-use change
246:
242:
220:
210:
194:
190:
102:
98:
50:(also known as
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3758:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3740:Aviation fuels
3737:
3732:
3730:Algae biofuels
3718:
3717:
3704:
3696:
3684:
3673:
3651:
3635:
3622:
3621:External links
3619:
3618:
3617:
3602:
3584:
3566:Adam Klauber (
3561:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3525:(4): 404–414.
3500:
3479:
3454:
3429:
3405:
3381:
3354:
3327:
3303:
3277:
3242:
3221:
3196:
3185:. 2022-08-17.
3170:
3149:
3128:
3123:U.S. Air Force
3110:
3081:
3056:
3041:
3027:
3024:on 2008-05-15.
3009:
2991:
2959:
2941:
2932:"Press corner"
2923:
2918:solar-jet.aero
2905:
2860:
2801:
2783:
2774:
2749:
2731:
2717:
2681:
2632:
2613:
2595:
2571:
2560:United Nations
2546:
2520:
2496:
2477:
2459:
2431:
2417:
2403:
2386:
2347:
2325:
2308:
2290:
2267:
2243:
2210:
2199:. May 14, 2020
2184:
2165:
2151:
2131:
2120:on 8 June 2020
2099:
2085:
2060:
2042:
2025:
2005:
1977:
1956:
1883:
1858:
1837:
1823:
1809:
1766:
1743:
1722:
1705:
1680:
1655:
1636:
1613:
1592:
1578:
1531:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1350:World Energy,
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1330:Blending Ratio
1328:
1325:
1322:
1315:
1312:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1189:
1187:
1180:
1174:
1171:
1139:
1136:
1093:
1090:
1077:at that time.
1054:
1051:
1047:pasteurization
1028:
1025:
1004:
1003:Piston engines
1001:
1000:
999:
996:
981:
965:
962:
961:
960:
933:
920:
917:
890:
887:
880:Japan Airlines
816:, waste oils,
800:
797:
759:
732:freezing point
720:
717:
613:By that year,
585:business plans
529:pyrolysis oils
525:organic matter
505:
504:
501:
498:
495:
492:
489:
440:carbon-neutral
399:
398:
379:
377:
370:
358:
355:
351:sulfur dioxide
337:
244:
224:carbon dioxide
222:Plants absorb
209:
206:
198:clean hydrogen
192:
125:, waste oils,
100:
62:used to power
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3757:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3714:
3710:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3671:
3661:on 2015-04-02
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3624:
3615:
3608:
3603:
3600:
3596:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3564:
3563:
3550:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3519:
3511:
3504:
3489:
3483:
3469:on 2013-10-29
3468:
3464:
3458:
3444:on 2013-10-30
3443:
3439:
3433:
3419:
3415:
3409:
3395:
3391:
3385:
3371:
3364:
3358:
3344:
3337:
3331:
3317:
3313:
3307:
3291:
3287:
3281:
3267:on 2011-12-22
3263:
3259:
3252:
3246:
3231:
3225:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3183:The Economist
3180:
3174:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3153:
3145:
3138:
3132:
3124:
3120:
3114:
3098:
3091:
3085:
3066:
3060:
3052:
3045:
3037:
3031:
3023:
3019:
3013:
3005:
3001:
2995:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2972:The Economist
2969:
2963:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2937:
2933:
2927:
2919:
2915:
2909:
2901:
2895:
2881:on 2021-06-23
2877:
2870:
2864:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2805:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2778:
2764:on 2022-01-25
2763:
2759:
2753:
2745:
2741:
2735:
2727:
2721:
2702:
2698:
2691:
2685:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2628:
2624:
2617:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2492:
2491:Aviation Week
2488:
2481:
2473:
2469:
2463:
2455:
2451:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2427:
2421:
2413:
2407:
2396:
2390:
2382:
2376:
2362:
2361:Flight Global
2358:
2351:
2343:
2339:
2332:
2330:
2318:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2271:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2214:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2161:
2155:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2136:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2103:
2095:
2089:
2075:on 2021-04-14
2074:
2070:
2064:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2035:
2029:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2009:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1960:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1847:
1841:
1833:
1827:
1819:
1813:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1762:
1761:
1755:
1747:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1726:
1719:. March 2009.
1718:
1717:
1709:
1694:
1690:
1684:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1651:
1650:Flight Global
1647:
1640:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1608:
1603:
1596:
1588:
1582:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1529:
1528:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1502:
1500:
1495:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1377:Kaidi Finland
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1304:food security
1301:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1281:
1279:
1274:
1267:Global impact
1260:
1255:
1253:ICAO 'CORSIA'
1252:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1231:
1228:
1220:
1217:February 2023
1210:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1193:
1188:
1179:
1178:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1138:Certification
1135:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1098:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
997:
994:
993:pyrolysis oil
990:
986:
982:
979:
978:solar reactor
975:
974:
973:
971:
958:
954:
950:
946:
945:
940:
929:
925:
921:
918:
915:
911:
908:to produce a
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
888:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
824:
819:
815:
811:
807:
806:
801:
798:
795:
791:
787:
783:
780:
776:
775:deoxygenation
772:
768:
764:
760:
757:
756:
755:
752:
747:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
716:
713:
711:
706:
701:
699:
695:
692:said drop-in
691:
686:
684:
680:
675:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
647:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
608:
604:
599:
595:
593:
588:
586:
581:
576:
574:
569:
567:
563:
558:
556:
552:
548:
543:
540:
531:, within its
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
486:
485:
483:
482:oil companies
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
455:
450:
446:
443:
441:
436:
435:(Honeywell).
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
395:
383:
378:
369:
368:
364:
354:
352:
348:
343:
331:
329:
325:
324:TotalEnergies
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
267:
263:
259:
258:marginal land
255:
251:
240:
236:
234:
229:
225:
219:
215:
205:
203:
202:woody biomass
199:
188:
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
166:
162:
161:solar reactor
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
115:
109:
107:
96:
93:Biofuels are
91:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
41:
37:
34:Refueling an
32:
19:
3713:Flightglobal
3712:
3680:
3669:
3663:. Retrieved
3659:the original
3642:
3631:
3613:
3598:
3579:
3522:
3516:
3503:
3492:. Retrieved
3482:
3471:. Retrieved
3467:the original
3457:
3446:. Retrieved
3442:the original
3432:
3421:. Retrieved
3417:
3408:
3397:. Retrieved
3393:
3384:
3373:. Retrieved
3369:
3357:
3346:. Retrieved
3343:Ec.europa.eu
3342:
3330:
3319:. Retrieved
3315:
3306:
3294:. Retrieved
3290:the original
3280:
3269:. Retrieved
3262:the original
3257:
3245:
3234:. Retrieved
3224:
3212:. Retrieved
3208:
3199:
3182:
3173:
3162:
3152:
3131:
3122:
3113:
3101:. Retrieved
3084:
3072:. Retrieved
3059:
3044:
3030:
3022:the original
3012:
3003:
2994:
2983:. Retrieved
2971:
2962:
2953:
2944:
2935:
2926:
2917:
2908:
2883:. Retrieved
2876:the original
2863:
2818:
2814:
2804:
2795:
2786:
2777:
2766:. Retrieved
2762:the original
2752:
2743:
2734:
2720:
2708:. Retrieved
2696:
2684:
2672:. Retrieved
2652:
2648:
2635:
2626:
2616:
2608:www.astm.org
2607:
2598:
2587:. Retrieved
2583:
2574:
2563:. Retrieved
2559:
2549:
2539:November 16,
2537:. Retrieved
2532:
2523:
2512:. Retrieved
2509:www.iata.org
2508:
2499:
2490:
2480:
2472:Flightglobal
2471:
2462:
2453:
2420:
2406:
2389:
2364:. Retrieved
2360:
2350:
2311:
2302:
2293:
2280:
2270:
2259:. Retrieved
2255:
2246:
2234:. Retrieved
2230:the original
2223:
2213:
2201:. Retrieved
2196:
2187:
2178:
2168:
2154:
2146:
2122:. Retrieved
2118:the original
2111:
2102:
2088:
2077:. Retrieved
2073:the original
2063:
2054:
2045:
2028:
2017:
2008:
1968:
1959:
1906:
1902:
1875:. Retrieved
1861:
1850:. Retrieved
1840:
1826:
1812:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1758:
1746:
1737:The Guardian
1735:
1725:
1714:
1708:
1697:. Retrieved
1695:. 2024-08-14
1692:
1683:
1672:. Retrieved
1670:. 2024-05-10
1667:
1658:
1649:
1639:
1631:the original
1626:
1616:
1595:
1581:
1562:
1558:
1525:
1517:. Retrieved
1515:. 2020-12-04
1510:
1321:Abbreviation
1289:
1282:
1270:
1223:
1214:
1195:
1156:
1152:
1141:
1129:
1120:
1107:
1102:Oslo Airport
1088:incentives.
1079:
1072:
1057:In 2019 the
1056:
1040:
1030:
1006:
967:
942:
906:gasification
900:can produce
821:
804:
748:
728:hydrocarbons
722:
714:
702:
690:Dave Calhoun
687:
676:
669:, Finland's
648:
612:
607:World Energy
589:
577:
570:
559:
554:
544:
541:
506:
461:
459:
444:
437:
402:
389:
381:
344:
332:
270:
239:Jatropha oil
237:
221:
183:
175:electrofuels
169:
134:
112:
110:
92:
83:
58:(BAF)) is a
55:
52:bio-jet fuel
51:
47:
45:
3258:Rsb.epfl.ch
3146:. Sep 2020.
1209:introducing
1111:do not use
782:fatty acids
736:smoke point
649:From 2020,
627:steel mills
566:algaculture
310:is used by
304:deep fryers
179:sustainable
80:decarbonize
70:(SAF). The
36:Airbus A320
3724:Categories
3665:2015-03-27
3494:2016-04-26
3473:2013-10-24
3448:2013-10-24
3423:2015-07-10
3399:2013-10-24
3394:Boeing.com
3375:2013-10-24
3348:2013-10-24
3321:2013-10-24
3271:2013-10-24
3236:2013-10-24
3103:August 22,
3074:August 22,
2985:2023-02-23
2885:2021-11-23
2821:(1): 219.
2768:2020-12-22
2710:3 November
2674:3 November
2589:2023-11-17
2565:2023-11-17
2514:2023-11-17
2366:2021-03-28
2261:2021-08-30
2236:6 December
2124:6 December
2079:2020-12-06
1877:2023-01-02
1852:2023-01-02
1699:2024-08-14
1674:2024-05-14
1519:2022-12-12
1490:References
1452:, Cobalt,
1412:Total S.A.
1389:Syntroleum
1192:references
1154:provider.
1113:food crops
1068:break-even
1064:oil barrel
1013:Swift Fuel
957:isobutanol
939:flue gases
719:Production
555:Isochrysis
539:programs.
519:, sugars,
392:March 2024
361:See also:
316:Air France
296:wastewater
159:through a
3549:256449498
3463:"Welcome"
3418:Safug.org
3370:Safug.org
3316:Safug.org
3296:March 29,
3191:0013-0613
2980:0013-0613
2655:(1): 10.
2203:August 8,
1933:1091-6490
1602:CiteSeerX
1469:Biodiesel
1246:peatlands
1100:In 2016,
1053:Economics
989:pyrolysis
898:pyrolysis
864:Honeywell
779:feedstock
703:The 2022
677:By 2020,
663:Rotterdam
659:Singapore
631:LanzaTech
601:In 2019,
562:Munich TU
551:alkenones
312:Lufthansa
254:biodiesel
145:pyrolysis
66:and is a
3745:Biofuels
3232:. Qantas
2894:cite web
2855:27777621
2701:Archived
2699:. 2017.
2669:45086444
2375:cite web
2179:NY Times
2019:BBC News
1951:33723013
1804:20977266
1463:See also
1338:HEFA-SPK
1308:land use
1173:Criteria
1132:kerosene
1115:, prime
840:Solazyme
830:. Using
823:Camelina
805:jatropha
794:camelina
790:jatropha
758:HEFA-SPK
740:kerosene
724:Jet fuel
527:such as
517:alcohols
328:DG Fuels
272:Palm oil
250:kerosene
136:Camelina
127:palm oil
114:Jatropha
88:jet fuel
64:aircraft
3527:Bibcode
3214:1 April
2846:5069954
2823:Bibcode
2303:Reuters
1942:8020759
1911:Bibcode
1871:Reuters
1784:Bibcode
1589:. IATA.
1437:ATJ-SPK
1395:SIP-HFS
1294:of the
1205:improve
1032:Nitrile
1009:ethanol
953:ethanol
928:butanol
924:ethanol
919:ATJ-SPK
894:biomass
818:babassu
814:tallows
799:Bio-SPK
744:naphtha
683:Velocys
639:Velocys
629:, with
521:biomass
513:drop-in
433:UOP LLC
405:biofuel
382:updated
357:History
292:skimmed
288:residue
187:e-fuels
165:ethanol
153:alcohol
141:biomass
131:Babassu
123:tallows
95:biomass
60:biofuel
42:in 2011
40:biofuel
3547:
3189:
3099:. 2006
2978:
2853:
2843:
2667:
1949:
1939:
1931:
1802:
1604:
1524:Note:
1363:FT-SPK
1262:value.
1194:, but
991:(see:
910:syngas
896:using
889:FT-SPK
882:, and
860:Boeing
820:, and
792:, and
667:Porvoo
651:Qantas
523:, and
326:, and
262:yields
143:using
133:, and
3610:(PDF)
3591:(PDF)
3545:S2CID
3513:(PDF)
3366:(PDF)
3339:(PDF)
3265:(PDF)
3254:(PDF)
3140:(PDF)
3093:(PDF)
3068:(PDF)
2879:(PDF)
2872:(PDF)
2704:(PDF)
2693:(PDF)
2665:S2CID
2645:(PDF)
2398:(PDF)
2320:(PDF)
2037:(PDF)
1555:(PDF)
1431:Sasol
1418:SPK/A
1381:Sasol
1356:Neste
1167:Q-RIN
1036:Viton
1017:avgas
832:algae
810:algae
786:algae
710:COP26
671:Neste
537:CLEEN
533:CAAFI
413:algae
302:from
196:with
119:algae
38:with
3595:Gevo
3298:2012
3216:2012
3187:ISSN
3105:2012
3076:2012
2976:ISSN
2900:link
2851:PMID
2712:2022
2676:2022
2541:2023
2381:link
2238:2020
2205:2021
2126:2020
1947:PMID
1929:ISSN
1800:PMID
1450:Gevo
1306:and
1041:The
949:Gevo
854:and
751:ASTM
734:and
665:and
619:Gevo
549:and
535:and
480:and
466:ASTM
419:and
318:and
264:. A
216:and
3535:doi
2841:PMC
2831:doi
2657:doi
1937:PMC
1919:doi
1907:118
1792:doi
1567:doi
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