608:
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1400:(SDG) for "responsible consumption and production". SDG 12 has 11 targets, and target 12.8 is "By 2030, ensure that people everywhere have the relevant information and awareness for sustainable development and lifestyles in harmony with nature." 20 years after the Agenda 21 document was declared, the 'Future we want' document was proclaimed in the Rio+20 UN Conference on Sustainable Development, stating that "We resolve to promote education for sustainable development and to integrate sustainable development more actively into education beyond the Decade of Education for Sustainable Development."
807:
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1389:. It is defined as education practices that encourage changes in knowledge, skills, values, and attitudes to enable a more sustainable and just society for humanity. ESD aims to empower and equip current and future generations to meet their needs using a balanced and integrated approach to sustainable development's economic, social, and environmental dimensions.
403:. Describing the desirable "state of global equilibrium", the authors wrote: "We are searching for a model output that represents a world system that is sustainable without sudden and uncontrolled collapse and capable of satisfying the basic material requirements of all of its people." The year 1972 also saw the publication of the influential book,
857:. Developed countries' citizens consume an average of 16 tons of those four key resources per capita per year, ranging up to 40 or more tons per person in some developed countries with resource consumption levels far beyond what is likely sustainable. By comparison, the average person in India today consumes four tons per year.
995:
through the chain of consumption, starting with the effects of individual lifestyle choices and spending patterns, through to the resource demands of specific goods and services, the impacts of economic sectors, through national economies to the global economy. Key resource categories relating to human needs are
1435:. It also requires participatory teaching and learning methods that motivate and empower learners to change their behaviours and take action for sustainable development. ESD consequently promotes competencies like critical thinking, imagining future scenarios and making decisions in a collaborative way.
1227:
The vagueness of the
Brundtland definition of sustainable development has been criticized as follows: The definition has "opened up the possibility of downplaying sustainability. Hence, governments spread the message that we can have it all at the same time, i.e. economic growth, prospering societies
384:
concept of preserving forests for future wood production can be directly transferred to the broader importance of preserving environmental resources to sustain the world for future generations. That same year, the interrelationship of environment and development was formally demonstrated in a systems
548:
Scholars usually distinguish three different areas of sustainability. These are the environmental, the social, and the economic. Several terms are in use for this concept. Authors may speak of three pillars, dimensions, components, aspects, perspectives, factors, or goals. All mean the same thing in
228:
over a long period of time. Definitions of this term are disputed and have varied with literature, context, and time. Sustainability usually has three dimensions (or pillars): environmental, economic, and social. Many definitions emphasize the environmental dimension. This can include addressing key
927:
There is a connection between ecosystems and biodiversity. Ecosystems are made up of various living things interacting with one another and their surroundings. Along with this, biodiversity lays the groundwork for ecosystems to function well by defining the kinds of species that can coexist in
1375:
in 2020 to 2023 made these challenges worse. The pandemic impacted all 17 goals and emphasized the interconnectedness of global health, economic, social, and environmental challenges. Some regions, such as Asia, have experienced significant setbacks during that time. The global effort for the SDGs
1156:
Furthermore, there are several barriers related to the difficulties of implementing sustainability policies. There are trade-offs between the goals of environmental policies and economic development. Environmental goals include nature conservation. Development may focus on poverty reduction. There
1081:
A meta review in 2002 looked at environmental and economic valuations and found a "lack of concrete understanding of what "sustainability policies" might entail in practice". A study concluded in 2007 that knowledge, manufactured and human capital (health and education) has not compensated for the
641:
are derived from the environment, the state of air, water, and climate is of particular concern. Environmental sustainability requires society to design activities to meet human needs while preserving the life support systems of the planet. This, for example, entails using water sustainably, using
588:
Six interdependent capacities are deemed to be necessary for the successful pursuit of sustainable development. These are the capacities to measure progress towards sustainable development; promote equity within and between generations; adapt to shocks and surprises; transform the system onto more
1403:
One version of education for
Sustainable Development recognizes modern-day environmental challenges. It seeks to define new ways to adjust to a changing biosphere, as well as engage individuals to address societal issues that come with them In the International Encyclopedia of Education, this
994:
The underlying driver of direct human impacts on the environment is human consumption. This impact is reduced by not only consuming less but also making the full cycle of production, use, and disposal more sustainable. Consumption of goods and services can be analyzed and managed at all scales
990:
of a community or humankind as a whole depends both on population and impact per person, which in turn depends in complex ways on what resources are being used, whether or not those resources are renewable, and the scale of the human activity relative to the carrying capacity of the ecosystems
1404:
approach to education is seen as an attempt to "shift consciousness toward an ethics of life-giving relationships that respects the interconnectedness of man to his natural world" to equip future members of society with environmental awareness and a sense of responsibility to sustainability.
211:
Three visual representations of sustainability and its three dimensions: the left image shows sustainability as three intersecting circles. In the top right, it is a nested approach. In the bottom right it is three pillars. The schematic with the nested ellipses emphasizes a hierarchy of the
463:
for sustainable development identified information, integration, and participation as key building blocks to help countries achieve development that recognizes these interdependent pillars. Furthermore, Agenda 21 emphasizes that broad public participation in decision-making is a fundamental
1144:
to the concept of sustainability. This means it is possible to overcome them. One way would be to put a price tag on the consumption of public goods. Some extrinsic barriers relate to the nature of dominant institutional frameworks. Examples would be where market mechanisms fail for
653:(the total of nature's resources) is used up faster than it can be replenished. Sustainability requires that human activity only uses nature's resources at a rate at which they can be replenished naturally. The concept of sustainable development is intertwined with the concept of
853:), manufactured products, food, living organisms, and waste. By 2050, humanity could consume an estimated 140 billion tons of minerals, ores, fossil fuels and biomass per year (three times its current amount) unless the economic growth rate is decoupled from the rate of natural
4749:
4579:
Biermann, Frank; Hickmann, Thomas; Sénit, Carole-Anne; Beisheim, Marianne; Bernstein, Steven; Chasek, Pamela; Grob, Leonie; Kim, Rakhyun E.; Kotzé, Louis J.; Nilsson, Måns; Ordóñez Llanos, Andrea; Okereke, Chukwumerije; Pradhan, Prajal; Raven, Rob; Sun, Yixian (20 June 2022).
991:
involved. Careful resource management can be applied at many scales, from economic sectors like agriculture, manufacturing and industry, to work organizations, the consumption patterns of households and individuals, and the resource demands of individual goods and services.
1033:. Economic development has traditionally required a growth in the gross domestic product. This model of unlimited personal and GDP growth may be over. Sustainable development may involve improvements in the quality of life for many but may necessitate a decrease in
2034:
Kotzé, Louis J.; Kim, Rakhyun E.; Burdon, Peter; du Toit, Louise; Glass, Lisa-Maria; Kashwan, Prakash; Liverman, Diana; Montesano, Francesco S.; Rantala, Salla (2022). "Planetary
Integrity". In Sénit, Carole-Anne; Biermann, Frank; Hickmann, Thomas (eds.).
952:
and waste, fishing quotas and collaborative water management. Biodiversity is not only crucial for the well-being of animals and wildlife but also plays a positive role in the lives of human beings in the way in which it aids development of human life.
911:, pollution and carbon emissions. Building electric vehicles has been one of the most popular ways in the field of sustainable development, the potential of using reusable energy and reducing waste offered a perspective in sustainable development. The
672:(the rate of harvest should not exceed the rate of regeneration); for non-renewable resources there should be equivalent development of renewable substitutes; waste generation should not exceed the assimilative capacity of the environment.
1196:
The concept of sustainable development has been and still is, subject to criticism, including the question of what is to be sustained in sustainable development. It has been argued that there is no such thing as sustainable use of a
1082:
degradation of natural capital in many parts of the world. It has been suggested that intergenerational equity can be incorporated into a sustainable development and decision making, as has become common in economic valuations of
39:
that aims to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The aim is to have a society where living conditions and resources meet human needs without undermining
1443:
and the
Government of Greece (December 1997), highlights the importance of sustainability not only with regards to the natural environment, but also with "poverty, health, food security, democracy, human rights, and peace".
1208:
The sustainable development debate is based on the assumption that societies need to manage three types of capital (economic, social, and natural), which may be non-substitutable and whose consumption might be irreversible.
1395:
was the first international document that identified education as an essential tool for achieving sustainable development and highlighted areas of action for education. ESD is a component of measurement in an indicator for
241:. The idea of sustainability can guide decisions at the global, national, organizational, and individual levels. A related concept is that of sustainable development, and the terms are often used to mean the same thing.
1129:. Before addressing these barriers it is important to analyze and understand them. Some barriers arise from nature and its complexity ("everything is related"). Others arise from the human condition. One example is the
848:
As global population and affluence have increased, so has the use of various materials increased in volume, diversity, and distance transported. Included here are raw materials, minerals, synthetic chemicals (including
1157:
are also trade-offs between short-term profit and long-term viability. Political pressures generally favor the short term over the long term. So they form a barrier to actions oriented toward improving sustainability.
427:
published a world conservation strategy that included one of the first references to sustainable development as a global priority and introduced the term "sustainable development". Two years later, the United
Nations
1224:) and regard development as inherently unsustainable, others are disappointed in the lack of progress that has been achieved so far. Part of the problem is that "development" itself is not consistently defined.
941:
3428:
1569:; Transmitted to the General Assembly as an Annex to document A/42/427 – Development and International Co-operation: Environment; Our Common Future, Chapter 2: Towards Sustainable Development; Paragraph 1"
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or purely environmental. Several studies have noted that efficient policies for renewable energy and pollution are compatible with increasing human welfare, eventually reaching a golden-rule steady state.
1093:
published a Vision 2050 document in 2021 to show "How business can lead the transformations the world needs". The vision states that "we envision a world in which 9+billion people can live well, within
553:
Countries could develop systems for monitoring and evaluation of progress towards achieving sustainable development by adopting indicators that measure changes across economic, social and environmental
4800:
4986:
Education for
Sustainable Development: Challenges, Strategies, and Practices in a Globalizing World Education for sustainable development: Challenges, strategies, and practices in a globalizing world
1367:
These goals are ambitious, and the reports and outcomes to date indicate a challenging path. Most, if not all, of the goals are unlikely to be met by 2030. Rising inequalities, climate change, and
146:
Sustainable development is a development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains two key concepts within it:
1213:
can not necessarily be substituted by economic capital. While it is possible that we can find ways to replace some natural resources, it is much less likely that they will ever be able to replace
3211:
Tilman, David; Knops, Johannes; Wedin, David; Reich, Peter; Ritchie, Mark; Siemann, Evan (29 August 1997). "The
Influence of Functional Diversity and Composition on Ecosystem Processes".
87:
because according to them, development is inherently unsustainable. Other commentators are disappointed in the lack of progress that has been achieved so far. Part of the problem is that
2965:
278:
1040:
As early as the 1970s, the concept of sustainability was used to describe an economy "in equilibrium with basic ecological support systems". Scientists in many fields have highlighted
6379:
6088:
3240:
Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the
Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
1228:
and a healthy environment. No new ethic is required. This so-called weak version of sustainability is popular among governments, and businesses, but profoundly wrong and not even
929:
798:. The environmental effects of different dietary patterns depend on many factors, including the proportion of animal and plant foods consumed and the method of food production.
3450:
1516:
380:
and development in a contemporary sense can be traced to the early 1970s. "Strategy of
Progress", a 1972 book (in German) by Ernst Basler, explained how the long-acknowledged
2356:
Strategie des
Fortschritts: Umweltbelastung Lebensraumverknappung and Zukunftsforshung (Strategy of Progress: Environmental Pollution, Habitat Scarcity and Future Research)
3425:
2319:
Hardin, Garrett (13 December 1968). "The Tragedy of the Commons: The population problem has no technical solution; it requires a fundamental extension in morality".
4851:
Schooling for sustainable development in Europe: concepts, policies and educational experiences at the end of the UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development
365:, identified the need for the economic system to fit itself to the ecological system with its limited pools of resources. Another milestone was the 1968 article by
4121:"Shaping the Future Sustainably – Types of Barriers and Tentative Action Principles (chapter in: Future Scenarios of Global Cooperation—Practices and Challenges)"
1286:
and working to preserve oceans and forests. The SDGs highlight the connections between the environmental, social and economic aspects of sustainable development.
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6081:
1546:
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3408:
6255:
5995:
1439:
The Thessaloniki Declaration, presented at the "International Conference on Environment and Society: Education and Public Awareness for Sustainability" by
589:
sustainable development pathways; link knowledge with action for sustainability; and to devise governance arrangements that allow people to work together.
868:
that reuses materials as much as possible, much like the cycling and reuse of waste in nature. Dematerialization is being encouraged through the ideas of
83:
refers to the many processes and pathways to achieve it." There are some problems with the concept of sustainable development. Some scholars say it is an
6218:
272:, which were developed in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries. In response to a growing awareness of the depletion of timber resources in England,
5931:
4928:
4125:
3125:
2826:
McMichael, Anthony J; Powles, John W; Butler, Colin D; Uauy, Ricardo (October 2007). "Food, livestock production, energy, climate change, and health".
2772:
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6074:
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Howes, Michael; Wortley, Liana; Potts, Ruth; Dedekorkut-Howes, Aysin; Serrao-Neumann, Silvia; Davidson, Julie; Smith, Timothy; Nunn, Patrick (2017).
2428:
3167:
Balvanera, Patricia; Pfisterer, Andrea B.; Buchmann, Nina; He, Jing-Shen; Nakashizuka, Tohru; Raffaelli, David; Schmid, Bernhard (October 2006).
2962:
1593:
Robert, Kates W.; Parris, Thomas M.; Leiserowitz, Anthony A. (2005). "What is Sustainable Development? Goals, Indicators, Values, and Practice".
157:
153:
The idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs.
131:
2554:
7427:
6292:
6287:
6260:
5956:
4882:
2764:
1871:
1058:, where he recognized that goals of environmental conservation and economic development are not conflicting and can be reinforcing each other.
424:
3090:"Sustainable Development of the Automobile Industry in the United States, Europe, and Japan with Special Focus on the Vehicles' Power Sources"
5255:
1376:
calls for prioritizing environmental sustainability, understanding the indivisible nature of the goals, and seeking synergies across sectors.
1037:. "Growth" generally ignores the direct effect that the environment may have on social welfare, whereas "development" takes it into account.
443:, the concept of sustainable development has developed beyond the initial intergenerational framework to focus more on the goal of "socially
1104:
as "the largest concerted corporate sustainability action plan to date – include reversing the damage done to ecosystems, addressing rising
6245:
6193:
452:
3169:"Quantifying the evidence for biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning and services: Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning/services"
7304:
6267:
6240:
6213:
6188:
5868:
17:
7217:
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1201:, since any positive rate of exploitation will eventually lead to the exhaustion of earth's finite stock; this perspective renders the
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1553:. Transmitted to the General Assembly as an Annex to document A/42/427 – Development and International Co-operation: Environment.
150:
The concept of 'needs', in particular, the essential needs of the world's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and
4232:
Turner, R. Kerry (1988). "Sustainability, Resource Conservation and Pollution Control: An Overview". In Turner, R. Kerry (ed.).
282:, that "sowing and planting of trees had to be regarded as a national duty of every landowner, in order to stop the destructive
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5565:
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611:
1149:. Existing societies, economies, and cultures encourage increased consumption. There is a structural imperative for growth in
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6604:
6282:
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2148:
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study from 1999 concluded that based on the theory of genuine savings (defined as "traditional net savings less the value of
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and sustainable material supplies (e.g. harvesting wood from forests at a rate that maintains the biomass and biodiversity).
413:
400:
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1415:
integrating key sustainable development issues into teaching and learning. This may include, for example, instruction about
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6699:
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3835:
2534:
928:
an environment, as well as their functions and interactions with other species. In 2019, a summary for policymakers of the
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The concept of sustainable development has been criticized from different angles. While some see it as paradoxical (or an
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7309:
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6198:
6183:
3550:
Meadows, D.H., D.L. Meadows, J. Randers, and W.W. Behrens III. 1972. The Limits to Growth. Universe Books, New York, NY.
1133:. This reflects the fact that people often do not act according to their convictions. Experts describe these barriers as
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734:
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459:, which outlines the building of a just, sustainable, and peaceful global society in the 21st century. The action plan
4057:"Sustainability Theory and Conceptual Considerations: A Review of Key Ideas for Sustainability, and the Rural Context"
1638:"Sustainable development: Meaning, history, principles, pillars, and implications for human action: Literature review"
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1217:, such as the protection provided by the ozone layer, or the climate stabilizing function of the Amazonian forest.
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5123:
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2881:"Evaluating the environmental impact of various dietary patterns combined with different food production systems"
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Williams, Colin C; Millington, Andrew C (2004). "The diverse and contested meanings of sustainable development".
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1397:
1358:
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103:
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The Consumer's Guide to Effective Environmental Choices: Practical Advice from the Union of Concerned Scientists
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agenda. In fact, a global consensus was facilitated by neglecting concrete goals and operational details. The
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in 1962, the developing environmental movement drew attention to the relationship between economic growth and
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7417:
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6033:
6001:
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2585:. United Nations Conference on Environment & Development, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3 to 14 June 1992. 1992
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1271:
1255:
1050:', to address concerns over the impacts of expanding human development on the planet. In 1987, the economist
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771:
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269:
107:
36:
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504:. The idea is that a good balance between the three dimensions should be achieved. Instead of calling them
6684:
4120:
3266:
2990:
Anderberg, S (1998). "Industrial metabolism and linkages between economics, ethics, and the environment".
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317:, eventually leading to the development of the science of forestry. This, in turn, influenced people like
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478:(SDGs) now have concrete targets (unlike the results from the Rio Process) but no methods for sanctions.
448:
2037:
The Political Impact of the Sustainable Development Goals: Transforming Governance Through Global Goals?
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5221:
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4499:"Will the Sustainable Development Goals address the links between poverty and the natural environment?"
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4129:(14). Centre For Global Cooperation Research (KHK/GCR21), Nora Dahlhaus and Daniela Weißkopf (eds.).
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research group prepared ten days of hearings on "Growth and Its Implication for the Future" for the
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3246:. the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. 6 May 2019
2555:"Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 16 September 2005, 60/1. 2005 World Summit Outcome"
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There are many reasons why sustainability is so difficult to achieve. These reasons have the name
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5143:
5051:
4801:"Sustainable development education in the context of the 2030 Agenda for sustainable development"
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4432:
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Endress, L.; Roumasset, J.; Zhou, T. (2005). "Sustainable Growth with Environmental Spillovers".
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for the year 2030. These development goals address the global challenges, including for example
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Naeem, Shahid; Chazdon, Robin; Duffy, J. Emmett; Prager, Case; Worm, Boris (14 December 2016).
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806:
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417:
370:
334:
310:
294:
4458:"Patterns of Middle-Class Communities Adaptation to the Village SDGS Program in Bogor Regency"
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Heal, G. (2009). "Climate Economics: A Meta-Review and Some Suggestions for Future Research".
207:
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Geissdoerfer, Martin; Savaget, Paulo; Bocken, Nancy M.P.; Hultink, Erik Jan (February 2017).
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791:
302:
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Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
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Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
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Dyllick, T.; Hockerts, K. (2002). "Beyond the business case for corporate sustainability".
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1992:
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854:
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325:, whose approach to forest management was driven by the idea of wise use of resources, and
230:
174:
102:
has placed the concept of sustainable development on the international agenda. In 2015 the
45:
4688:"Fostering spatial thinking skills for future citizens to support sustainable development"
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4667:
4636:
2708:
2640:
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142:. The report included a definition of "sustainable development" which is now widely used:
8:
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Shulla, K.; Filho, W. Leal; Lardjane, S.; Sommer, J. H.; Borgemeister, C. (3 July 2020).
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41:
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4721:"From Agenda 21 to Target 4.7: the development of education for sustainable development"
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2740:
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1996:
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391:. This was commissioned by the Club of Rome and written by a group of scientists led by
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3898:
3783:
3745:
3640:
3314:
3289:
3070:
2910:
2861:
2016:
1865:
1813:
1618:
1500:
1475:
1461:
1066:
908:
904:
869:
864:, converting the linear path of materials (extraction, use, disposal in landfill) to a
818:
4957:
Unleashing the Potential: Transforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training
4751:
New Pedagogical Challenges in the 21st Century: Contributions of Research in Education
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3003:
2839:
2806:
944:. It recommended that human civilization will need a transformative change, including
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7143:
7036:
6945:
6704:
6579:
6525:
6324:
6309:
5989:
5972:
5943:
5738:
5622:
5428:
5181:
5118:
4997:
4964:
4911:
4901:
4864:
4854:
4835:
4755:
4720:
4654:
4648:
4621:
4479:
4388:
4378:
4293:
4260:
4205:
4187:
4138:
4096:
4084:
4056:
4037:
3937:
3902:
3749:
3740:
3723:
3644:
3572:
3551:
3534:
3509:
3488:
3456:
3388:
3368:
3319:
3193:
3188:
3074:
3021:
2973:
2945:
2902:
2853:
2748:
2691:
2499:
2479:
2454:
World Conservation Strategy: Living Resource Conservation for Sustainable Development
2452:
2336:
2258:
2154:
2144:
2105:
2050:
2020:
2008:
1980:
1952:
1853:
1843:
1817:
1809:
1622:
1428:
1372:
1368:
1214:
937:
795:
669:
654:
638:
615:
440:
322:
301:, a 400-page work on forestry. Building upon the ideas of Evelyn and French minister
283:
238:
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162:
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Wiedmann, Thomas; Lenzen, Manfred; Keyßer, Lorenz T.; Steinberger, Julia K. (2020).
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7345:
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6654:
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6428:
6401:
5913:
5785:
5760:
5653:
5479:
5453:
5405:
5400:
5382:
5319:
5270:
5191:
5161:
5156:
5113:
4989:
4823:
4699:
4611:
4601:
4559:
4518:
4469:
4353:
4342:"Understanding resilience in sustainable development: Rallying call or siren song?"
4322:
4195:
4179:
4130:
4076:
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4017:
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3779:
3735:
3704:
3677:
3658:
Hamilton, K.; Clemens, M. (1999). "Genuine savings rates in developing countries".
3632:
3346:
3309:
3301:
3220:
3183:
3101:
3062:
2999:
2892:
2865:
2843:
2835:
2744:
2622:
2328:
2299:
2095:
2085:
2040:
2000:
1942:
1894:
1805:
1763:
1690:
1649:
1614:
1610:
1130:
1026:
884:
843:
643:
544:, where sustainability is thought of as the area where the three dimensions overlap
444:
387:
6066:
4827:
4582:"Scientific evidence on the political impact of the Sustainable Development Goals"
4564:
4539:
4080:
3290:"Biodiversity and human well-being: an essential link for sustainable development"
3224:
3066:
2332:
1654:
1637:
7457:
7355:
7116:
6792:
6709:
6689:
6669:
6569:
6418:
5748:
5658:
5643:
5509:
5474:
5283:
4786:
4774:
United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017,
4523:
4498:
4443:
4431:
United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017,
3432:
3412:
3129:
2969:
2941:
2813:
2768:
2715:
2522:
2235:
2228:
1550:
1210:
1073:"), policymakers have many possible interventions to increase sustainability, in
1030:
1029:, environmental resources should be treated as important economic assets, called
966:
896:
892:
755:
650:
396:
361:
318:
306:
4251:
3846:
1567:
Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future
1543:
Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future
1245:
1159:
Barriers to sustainability may also reflect current trends. These could include
942:
Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
560:
United Nations Conference on Environment & Development – Earth Summit (1992)
7360:
6819:
6714:
6614:
6542:
6329:
5673:
5590:
5524:
5519:
5238:
5216:
5151:
5074:
4606:
4581:
4220:
4183:
3820:
2515:
2120:
1967:
1416:
1386:
1342:
1287:
1283:
1267:
1074:
1051:
835:
493:
471:
392:
381:
377:
366:
263:
249:
is often thought of as a long-term goal (i.e. a more sustainable world), while
234:
221:
200:
115:
79:
is often thought of as a long-term goal (i.e. a more sustainable world), while
64:
4895:
4704:
4687:
3894:
3636:
2963:
Decoupling Natural Resource Use and Environmental Impacts from Economic Growth
2304:
2279:
2158:
2045:
2004:
1947:
1922:
1898:
1857:
1695:
1670:
1232:, as there is no alternative to preserving the earth's ecological integrity."
664:
Important operational principles of sustainable development were published by
549:
this context. The three dimensions paradigm has few theoretical foundations.
7411:
7099:
7048:
6802:
6757:
6737:
6559:
6334:
5978:
5703:
5688:
5683:
5668:
5489:
5443:
5201:
4915:
4868:
4625:
4490:
4483:
4392:
4280:
4191:
4142:
4134:
4088:
4041:
2460:. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 1980.
2109:
2012:
1956:
1469:
1385:
Education for sustainable development (ESD) is a term officially used by the
1164:
1070:
1022:
827:
775:
767:
456:
346:
341:
60:
in 1987 helped to make the concept of sustainable development better known.
3681:
2897:
2880:
1768:
1749:
7148:
6495:
6490:
6478:
6438:
6423:
6111:
5951:
5349:
5108:
4572:
4474:
4209:
3323:
3305:
3197:
2906:
2857:
2539:
2340:
1424:
1100:
933:
877:
747:
623:
559:
541:
467:
326:
99:
4993:
3929:
3350:
3039:
7031:
6609:
6564:
6433:
6406:
5534:
5529:
5494:
5357:
5030:
4456:
Isnaeni, Nur Meily; Dulkiah, Moh; Wildan, Asep Dadan (18 November 2022).
3597:
3537:
1976. The Sustainable Society: Ethics and Economic Growth. Philadelphia:
2504:, United Nations, General Assembly, 48th Plenary Meeting, 28 October 1982
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1160:
665:
273:
68:
5020:
4004:"Environmental Sustainability: A Case of Policy Implementation Failure?"
2654:
2072:"Losing the Forest for the Trees: Environmental Reductionism in the Law"
1513: – Quantitative basis for the informed management of sustainability
1455:
6916:
6674:
5693:
5678:
5504:
5484:
4616:
4399:
4032:
3615:
Barbier, E. (1987). "The Concept of Sustainable Economic Development".
3106:
3089:
2371:
Our Uncertain Future: Can Good Planning Create Sustainable Communities?
1885:
Keeble, Brian R. (1988). "The Brundtland report: 'Our common future'".
1754:
1279:
1062:
919:
in 2020, which aims at making sustainable products the norm in the EU.
831:
783:
619:
330:
4540:"Achieving sustainable development goals: predicaments and strategies"
4425:
4022:
4003:
3415:
Danish Environmental Protection Agency. Environmental Project No. 904.
2848:
2785:
2100:
2090:
2071:
7086:
6797:
6443:
5962:
5908:
5362:
1392:
900:
873:
787:
460:
4984:
Nikolopoulou, Anastasia; Abraham, Taisha; Mirbagheri, Farid (2010).
4808:
International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology
4544:
International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology
4358:
4341:
4326:
436:
by which human conduct affecting nature is to be guided and judged.
7158:
7081:
7042:
5755:
3337:
Basiago, Andrew D. (1995). "Methods of defining 'sustainability'".
3267:"Why Biodiversity Loss Hurts Humans as Much as Climate Change Does"
1221:
1187:
470:
was a huge leap forward: for the first time, the world agreed on a
84:
4779:
4436:
2229:
A conceptual history of "sustainable development" (Nachhaltigkeit)
1923:"Three pillars of sustainability: in search of conceptual origins"
1671:"Three pillars of sustainability: in search of conceptual origins"
6624:
6574:
5728:
5043:
4896:
Peterson, Penelope L.; Baker, Eva L.; McGaw, Barry, eds. (2010),
4001:
3975:"World Business Council for Sustainable Development: Vision 2050"
2879:
Baroni, L; Cenci, L; Tettamanti, M; Berati, M (1 February 2007).
2775:
contributions to sustainable development. Retrieved 7 April 2009.
778:. At the local level there are various movements working towards
676:
Summary of different levels of consumption of natural resources.
501:
111:
4375:
The principle of sustainability: transforming law and governance
3406:"Consumption and the Environment in Europe: Trends and Futures."
3037:
2932:
7063:
6448:
5392:
4725:
4155:
3951:
3836:"The Economics of Sustainability: A Review of Journal Articles"
2687:
Sustainable Growth and Applications in Renewable Energy Sources
1562:
1440:
1408:
1362:
1000:
242:
75:
formulated a distinction between the two concepts as follows: "
72:
4048:
2786:"AR5 Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change — IPCC"
2063:
1517:
United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development
1069:
and environmental degradation plus the value of investment in
956:
305:, von Carlowitz developed the concept of managing forests for
6885:
4983:
4635:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
4631:
4578:
4497:
Schleicher, Judith; Schaafsma, Marije; Vira, Bhaskar (2018).
4219:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
4215:
2707:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
2703:
2535:"Why Rio failed in the past and how it can succeed this time"
2119:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
2115:
1966:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
1962:
1706:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
1702:
1306:
1275:
1046:, and economists have presented alternatives, for example a '
979:
888:
810:
Ecological footprint for different nations compared to their
637:
and how it endures and remains diverse and productive. Since
225:
173:
Sustainable development thus tries to find a balance between
4406:
4290:(PDF contains only the title and contents pages of the book)
4149:
3997:
3995:
3871:
Dasgupta, P. (2007). "The idea of sustainable development".
3166:
622:
areas, increased resource extraction and further threats to
4114:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4106:
2878:
2280:"Sustainable development – historical roots of the concept"
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2039:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 140–171.
1595:
Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development
1006:
996:
618:
are a concern because of increased human encroachment upon
420:, the first hearings ever held on sustainable development.
385:
dynamic simulation model reported in the classic report on
44:. Sustainable development aims to balance the needs of the
4848:
4747:
4650:
Issues and trends in education for sustainable development
3088:
Shigeta, Naoya; Hosseini, Seyed Ehsan (25 December 2020).
2190:
1972:
293:, a senior mining administrator in the service of Elector
4798:
4748:
Bernad-Cavero, Olga; Llevot-Calvet, Núria (4 July 2018).
4671: This article incorporates text available under the
3992:
3721:
2825:
2639: This article incorporates text available under the
2027:
1108:
and ensuring societies move to sustainable agriculture."
728:
268:
Sustainable development has its roots in ideas regarding
253:
refers to the many processes and pathways to achieve it."
4537:
4103:
2125:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1380:
584:
Sustainable development requires six central capacities.
125:
5933:
UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)
4496:
3294:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
3287:
3040:"The Circular Economy – A new sustainability paradigm?"
2684:
Nayeripour, Majid; Kheshti, Mostafa (2 December 2011).
2572:
2516:"Learning for Sustainability: Sustainable Development."
2238:, Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung, 2007
1592:
1497: – Overview of and topical guide to sustainability
7280:
International Conference on Population and Development
4849:
Jucker, Rolf; Mathar, Reiner, eds. (27 October 2014).
4637:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
4221:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
3567:
Meadows, D.H.; Randers, Jørgen; Meadows, D.L. (2004).
2709:
Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 International License
2403:"The Ecologist January 1972: a blueprint for survival"
2165:
2121:
Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 International License
1968:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
1708:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
922:
903:
to create a closed-loop system, minimizing the use of
860:
Sustainable use of materials has targeted the idea of
5025:
3566:
3210:
2033:
1905:
5021:
Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform of the UN
4953:
4455:
3796:
3031:
2816:
CSIRO Sustainability Network. Retrieved 7 July 2009.
1451:
1153:
economies. This inhibits necessary societal change.
982:
generation, measured in kilograms per person per day
883:
This way of thinking is expressed in the concept of
464:
prerequisite for achieving sustainable development.
6096:
750:are now being addressed through approaches such as
614:. Deforestation and increased road-building in the
4954:Marope, P.T.M; Chakroun, B.; Holmes, K.P. (2015).
4653:. Paris: UNESCO Digital Library. 2018. p. 7.
3765:"Golden rules for sustainable resource management"
3722:Chichilnisky, G.; Heal, G.; Beltratti, A. (1995).
2762:World Business Council for Sustainable Development
1785:
1411:, education for sustainable development involves:
1091:World Business Council for Sustainable Development
488:Sustainability § Dimensions of sustainability
63:Sustainable development overlaps with the idea of
2683:
1921:Purvis, Ben; Mao, Yong; Robinson, Darren (2019).
1920:
1669:Purvis, Ben; Mao, Yong; Robinson, Darren (2019).
1668:
1563:United Nations General Assembly (20 March 1987).
1371:are topics of concerns threatening progress. The
1293:The short titles of the 17 SDGs are: No poverty (
7409:
4306:
4246:
3833:
3762:
1985:Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics
1282:for people and the planet..." – while tackling
1249:The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals
1240:
576:Sustainability § Sustainability transitions
530:Sustainability § Development of three dimensions
4312:
3657:
3604:(2nd ed.). London: Earthscan Publications.
3087:
2248:
2246:
2244:
1178:Sustainability § Assessments and reactions
1056:The Concept of Sustainable Economic Development
592:
158:World Commission on Environment and Development
132:World Commission on Environment and Development
5957:Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
3834:Pezzey, John C. V.; Michael A., Toman (2002).
3455:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 44–45.
3264:
2807:"Retrofitting the suburbs for sustainability."
668:in 1990: renewable resources should provide a
425:International Union for Conservation of Nature
6901:
6082:
5059:
3799:Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization
3694:
2469:
2467:
257:
3918:Review of Environmental Economics and Policy
2944:. The Basel Convention, UNEP, GRID-Arendal.
2609:"Sustainability Science: Toward a Synthesis"
2429:"Growth and its implications for the future"
2241:
1357:), Peace, justice, and strong institutions (
1325:), Industry, innovation and infrastructure (
1171:
453:UN Conference on Environment and Development
7305:United Nations world population conferences
4538:Bali Swain, R.; Yang-Wallentin, F. (2020).
3398:
2606:
2373:. Champaign-Urbana: University of Illinois.
2347:
2141:Sustainable action: overcoming the barriers
1840:Sustainable action: overcoming the barriers
1337:), Responsible consumption and production (
1274:(SDGs). They were created with the aim of "
1098:, by 2050." This report was highlighted by
957:Management of human consumption and impacts
224:is a social goal for people to co-exist on
7218:Population and housing censuses by country
6908:
6894:
6089:
6075:
6028:
5066:
5052:
5035:
4881:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4372:
4054:
3452:Natural Resources and Economic Development
2614:Annual Review of Environment and Resources
2464:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2069:
1870:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1021:It has been suggested that because of the
333:was influential in the development of the
6600:Environmental issues in the United States
5968:Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)
5026:Sustainable Development Solutions Network
4703:
4615:
4605:
4563:
4522:
4473:
4357:
4199:
4031:
4021:
3810:
3739:
3671:
3313:
3187:
3105:
2989:
2896:
2847:
2626:
2362:
2303:
2277:
2099:
2089:
2044:
1946:
1767:
1750:"The Oxymoron of Sustainable Development"
1694:
1653:
930:largest, most comprehensive study to date
782:which may include less meat consumption,
657:. Theoretically, the long-term result of
6941:Estimates of historical world population
6585:Effects of climate change on agriculture
5996:UN Conference on Sustainable Development
4685:
4253:The Entropy Law and the Economic Process
3870:
3697:Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control
3424:Jackson, T. & Michaelis, L. (2003).
1540:United Nations General Assembly (1987) .
1244:
1007:Improving on economic and social aspects
974:
817:
805:
716:Less than nature's ability to replenish
692:More than nature's ability to replenish
661:is the inability to sustain human life.
606:
579:
535:
309:. His work influenced others, including
206:
4929:"Education for Sustainable Development"
4898:International encyclopedia of education
4259:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
3614:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3448:
3336:
3265:Deutsche Welle, Deutsche (6 May 2019).
2771:This web site has multiple articles on
2607:Clark, William; Harley, Alicia (2020).
2560:. United Nations General Assembly. 2005
2478:. New York: Columbia University Press.
2252:
2216:
1333:), Sustainable cities and communities (
1264:2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
703:Equal to nature's ability to replenish
649:An unsustainable situation occurs when
14:
7410:
6590:Effects of climate change on livestock
5566:Corporate environmental responsibility
4718:
4641:
4279:
4231:
3507:
3426:"Policies for Sustainable Consumption"
3404:Michaelis, L. & Lorek, S. (2004).
3377:
2885:European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
2353:
2318:
1978:
1884:
1635:
1235:
801:
729:Land use changes, agriculture and food
612:Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest
7428:Environmental social science concepts
6889:
6070:
5047:
5034:
4315:Business Strategy and the Environment
4240:
3972:
3966:
3482:
2921:
2690:. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 58.
2679:
2677:
2675:
2628:10.1146/annurev-environ-012420-043621
2602:
2600:
2473:
2255:Understanding Sustainable Development
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1781:
1779:
1747:
1743:
1741:
1662:
1381:Education for sustainable development
401:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
126:Definition of sustainable development
7374:
6844:
6700:Tropical cyclones and climate change
5939:Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983)
4947:
4339:
4273:
4234:Sustainable Environmental Management
4225:
4118:
3915:
3596:
3585:
3569:Limits to Growth: The 30-Year Update
2726:
2368:
2138:
1837:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1321:), Decent work and economic growth (
216:as the foundation for the other two.
91:itself is not consistently defined.
7310:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement
6733:Alternative fuel vehicle propulsion
4377:(2nd ed.). London: Routledge.
4055:Harrington, Lisa M. Butler (2016).
3763:Endress, L.; Roumasset, J. (1994).
1361:), and Partnerships for the goals (
923:Biodiversity and ecosystem services
830:emissions from this power plant in
735:Environmental impact of agriculture
188:
100:1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro
24:
5581:Environmental full-cost accounting
5073:
4900:(3rd ed.), Oxford: Elsevier,
4333:
4158:"Scientists' warning on affluence"
3784:10.1111/j.1475-4932.1994.tb01847.x
3510:"Sustainable development concepts"
3487:. Earth Policy Institute. Norton.
3437:Sustainable Development Commission
3383:Brower, M. & Leon, W. (1999).
2672:
2597:
2476:The Age of Sustainable Development
1824:
1776:
1738:
1556:
1270:members in 2015, created 17 world
1137:to the concept of sustainability.
245:distinguishes the two like this: "
25:
7469:
7202:Population and Development Review
6380:pharmaceuticals and personal care
5515:Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity
5014:
4963:. UNESCO. pp. 9, 23, 25–26.
4503:Current Opinion in L̾o̾l̾o̾l̾o̾47
4462:Temali: Jurnal Pembangunan Sosial
3952:"Vision 2050 - Time to transform"
2655:"Sustainable development domains"
2358:. Munich: BLV Publishing Company.
2227:Ulrich Grober: Deep roots —
1712:
1529:
681:Consumption of natural resources
287:exploitation of natural resources
193:
7386:
7385:
7373:
7250:Population concern organizations
6956:Projections of population growth
6855:
6854:
6843:
6531:decline in amphibian populations
6236:Deforestation and climate change
6027:
6016:
6015:
5985:UN Millennium Declaration (2000)
4977:
4921:
4889:
4842:
4792:
4666:
4630:
4257:(Full book accessible at Scribd)
4214:
3387:. New York: Three Rivers Press.
3189:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00963.x
2702:
2634:
2114:
1981:"On Not Defining Sustainability"
1961:
1810:10.1111/j.0016-7398.2004.00111.x
1701:
1468:
1454:
1317:), Affordable and clean energy (
1254:This section is an excerpt from
1117:This section is an excerpt from
528:This section is an excerpt from
508:, other terms commonly used are
358:, in his influential 1966 essay
199:This section is an excerpt from
7351:Human impact on the environment
7285:Population Action International
6665:Land surface effects on climate
6122:Environmental impact assessment
6098:Human impact on the environment
5571:Corporate social responsibility
5500:Ocean thermal energy conversion
5439:Community-supported agriculture
5124:Human impact on the environment
4768:
4741:
4712:
4679:
4531:
4449:
4366:
3944:
3909:
3864:
3827:
3790:
3756:
3715:
3688:
3651:
3608:
3560:
3544:
3528:
3501:
3476:
3442:
3418:
3365:A Rough Guide to Ethical Living
3357:
3330:
3281:
3258:
3231:
3204:
3160:
3135:
3114:
3081:
3020:. London: Thames & Hudson.
3010:
2983:
2955:
2872:
2819:
2799:
2778:
2755:
2720:
2647:
2547:
2527:
2508:
2492:
2445:
2421:
2395:
2377:
2312:
2271:
1878:
1573:United Nations General Assembly
1398:Sustainable Development Goal 12
1313:), Clean water and sanitation (
1301:), Good health and well-being (
834:contained excessive amounts of
599:Human impact on the environment
500:: the environment, economy and
104:United Nations General Assembly
7300:United Nations Population Fund
6915:
5811:Socially responsible marketing
4340:Park, Albert Sanghoon (2023).
4292:. New York: The Viking Press.
3508:Pezzey, John (November 1992).
2278:Du Pisani, Jacobus A. (2006).
1629:
1615:10.1080/00139157.2005.10524444
1586:
1506:Sustainability in construction
1290:is at the center of the SDGs.
1184:Weak and strong sustainability
760:sustainable business practices
492:Sustainable development, like
295:Frederick Augustus I of Saxony
13:
1:
6536:decline in insect populations
6002:Sustainable Development Goals
5806:Socially responsible business
4828:10.1080/13504509.2020.1721378
4565:10.1080/13504509.2019.1692316
4411:Sustainable Development Goals
4081:10.1080/23754931.2016.1239222
3973:Wills, Jackie (15 May 2014).
3709:10.1016/S0165-1889(00)00007-5
3225:10.1126/science.277.5330.1300
3132:. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
3120:European Commission (2020). "
3067:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.12.048
3047:Journal of Cleaner Production
3004:10.1016/s0921-8009(97)00151-1
2980:. Retrieved 30 November 2011.
2840:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61256-2
2333:10.1126/science.162.3859.1243
2143:. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
1655:10.1080/23311886.2019.1653531
1522:
1490:List of sustainability topics
1272:Sustainable Development Goals
1256:Sustainable Development Goals
1241:Sustainable development goals
772:sustainable forest management
481:
476:Sustainable Development Goals
340:Following the publication of
270:sustainable forest management
108:Sustainable Development Goals
35:is an approach to growth and
4524:10.1016/j.cosust.2018.09.004
3741:10.1016/0165-1765(95)00662-Y
3571:. Chelsea Green Publishing.
3122:Circular economy action plan
2749:10.1016/0921-8009(90)90010-r
917:Circular Economy Action Plan
722:Environmentally sustainable
631:Environmental sustainability
593:Environmental sustainability
496:, is regarded to have three
360:The Economics of the Coming
130:In 1987, the United Nations
7:
7325:World Population Foundation
7315:World Population Conference
7228:World population milestones
5831:Sustainability organization
5616:Standards and certification
5207:Social return on investment
4686:Kolvoord, Robert A (2021).
4061:Papers in Applied Geography
3449:Barbier, Edward B. (2006).
2805:Holmgren, D. (March 2005).
1447:
1111:
1003:, raw materials and water.
569:
449:sustainable economic growth
369:that popularized the term "
18:Sustainable economic growth
10:
7474:
7453:Sustainable urban planning
7197:Population and Environment
5256:Systemic change resistance
4719:Leicht, Alexander (2018).
4607:10.1038/s41893-022-00909-5
4373:Bosselmann, Klaus (2017).
4248:Georgescu-Roegen, Nicholas
4184:10.1038/s41467-020-16941-y
3821:10.1016/j.jebo.2004.09.003
3660:World Bank Economic Review
3617:Environmental Conservation
2474:Sachs, Jeffrey D. (2015).
2385:"A Blueprint for Survival"
2070:Bosselmann, Klaus (2010).
1979:Ramsey, Jeffry L. (2015).
1511:Sustainability measurement
1486: – Branch of pedagogy
1253:
1205:as a whole unsustainable.
1181:
1175:
1116:
1010:
960:
841:
762:. The most cost-effective
732:
706:Environmental equilibrium
695:Environmental degradation
596:
573:
527:
485:
432:raised five principles of
276:argued, in his 1662 essay
261:
258:Development of the concept
198:
7433:Environmental terminology
7369:
7333:
7258:
7210:
7189:
7107:Human population planning
7072:
7018:
6969:
6931:Demographics of the world
6923:
6838:
6773:Environmental engineering
6723:
6620:Environmental degradation
6511:
6397:fishing down the food web
6174:
6104:
6011:
5922:
5859:
5631:
5558:
5467:
5434:Climate-smart agriculture
5419:
5391:
5348:
5302:
5269:
5142:
5099:
5081:
5041:
4754:. BoD – Books on Demand.
4728:, UNESDOC Digital Library
4705:10.1177/20966083211024714
4286:Entropy: A New World View
4236:. London: Belhaven Press.
3895:10.1007/s11625-007-0024-y
3637:10.1017/S0376892900011449
2940:12 September 2017 at the
2305:10.1080/15693430600688831
2234:25 September 2021 at the
2198:"Sustainable Development"
2046:10.1017/9781009082945.007
2005:10.1007/s10806-015-9578-3
1948:10.1007/s11625-018-0627-5
1899:10.1080/07488008808408783
1720:"Sustainable Development"
1696:10.1007/s11625-018-0627-5
1495:Outline of sustainability
1329:), Reduced inequalities (
1172:Assessments and reactions
1119:Sustainability § Barriers
915:has adopted an ambitious
895:, repair, refurbishment,
764:climate change mitigation
684:State of the environment
659:environmental degradation
352:environmental degradation
27:Mode of human development
7112:Compulsory sterilization
6778:Environmental mitigation
6635:Greenhouse gas emissions
6595:Environmental insecurity
5576:Environmental accounting
5325:Sustainable architecture
5315:Environmental technology
4442:28 November 2020 at the
4135:10.14282/2198-0403-GD-14
4119:Berg, Christian (2017).
3843:Resources for the Future
2501:World Charter for Nature
2139:Berg, Christian (2020).
1838:Berg, Christian (2020).
1789:The Geographical Journal
1748:Brown, James H. (2015).
1636:Mensah, Justice (2019).
1106:greenhouse gas emissions
1013:Corporate sustainability
824:flue-gas desulfurization
780:sustainable food systems
687:State of sustainability
430:World Charter for Nature
406:A Blueprint for Survival
321:, the first head of the
179:environmental protection
7448:Sustainable development
7423:Environmental education
7054:Malthusian growth model
6825:Sustainable consumption
6166:Social ecology (ethics)
5449:Sustainable agriculture
4785:23 October 2020 at the
4346:Sustainable Development
3339:Sustainable Development
3128:20 January 2022 at the
3018:The Eco-design Handbook
2968:20 January 2022 at the
2898:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602522
2714:16 October 2017 at the
2521:14 January 2016 at the
2177:Encyclopedia Britannica
1484:Environmental education
1433:sustainable consumption
1421:disaster risk reduction
1192:Eco-economic decoupling
1127:sustainability barriers
963:Consumption (economics)
946:sustainable agriculture
812:Human Development Index
752:sustainable agriculture
291:Hans Carl von Carlowitz
251:sustainable development
81:sustainable development
33:Sustainable development
7181:Zero population growth
7176:Sustainable population
7100:Malthusian catastrophe
7059:Overshoot (population)
6936:Demographic transition
6768:Ecological engineering
6548:runaway climate change
5992:(Rio+10, Johannesburg)
5861:Sustainable management
5846:Urban drainage systems
5586:Environmental planning
5550:Water recycling shower
5540:Tidal stream generator
5335:Sustainable industries
5294:Sustainable population
5279:Demographic transition
5261:Tragedy of the commons
5036:Other related articles
4475:10.15575/jt.v5i2.20466
3874:Sustainability Science
3602:Steady-state economics
3306:10.1098/rspb.2016.2091
3016:Fuad-Luke, A. (2006).
2934:Vital waste graphics 2
2369:Finn, Donovan (2009).
2354:Basler, Ernst (1972).
2284:Environmental Sciences
2253:Blewitt, John (2014).
1927:Sustainability Science
1675:Sustainability Science
1642:Cogent Social Sciences
1437:
1305:), Quality education (
1250:
1199:non-renewable resource
983:
866:circular material flow
839:
815:
744:industrial agriculture
740:Environmental problems
719:Environmental renewal
627:
585:
565:
545:
376:The direct linking of
371:tragedy of the commons
335:environmental movement
311:Alexander von Humboldt
299:Sylvicultura economics
231:environmental problems
217:
171:
138:, commonly called the
7290:Population Connection
7154:Mere addition paradox
6993:Physiological density
6151:List of global issues
5884:Humanistic capitalism
5699:Environmental finance
5340:Sustainable packaging
4994:10.4135/9788132108023
4853:. Cham, Switzerland.
4586:Nature Sustainability
4163:Nature Communications
3724:"A Green Golden Rule"
3682:10.1093/wber/13.2.333
3483:Brown, L. R. (2011).
3431:7 August 2020 at the
3351:10.1002/sd.3460030302
2812:15 April 2009 at the
2767:10 April 2009 at the
1769:10.1093/biosci/biv117
1549:31 March 2022 at the
1413:
1349:), Life below water (
1248:
1203:Industrial Revolution
1182:Further information:
1011:Further information:
978:
961:Further information:
940:was published by the
842:Further information:
821:
809:
792:sustainable gardening
733:Further information:
610:
597:Further information:
583:
574:Further information:
551:
539:
303:Jean-Baptiste Colbert
210:
144:
7438:Sustainable building
7418:Academic disciplines
7320:World Population Day
7275:Church of Euthanasia
7164:Non-identity problem
7139:Political demography
7095:Human overpopulation
6753:Community resilience
6553:in the United States
6521:Biodiversity threats
6194:cannabis cultivation
6161:Planetary boundaries
6127:Environmental issues
6117:Ecological footprint
5851:Urban infrastructure
5545:Water heat recycling
5368:Conservation biology
5212:Steady-state economy
5187:Micro-sustainability
5172:Ecological footprint
5129:Planetary boundaries
3411:22 July 2019 at the
2992:Ecological Economics
2729:Ecological Economics
1309:), Gender equality (
1096:planetary boundaries
1054:published the study
1048:steady-state economy
1043:The Limits to Growth
1035:resource consumption
1017:Sustainable business
988:environmental impact
971:Micro-sustainability
907:and the creation of
855:resource consumption
851:hazardous substances
710:Steady state economy
603:Ecological footprint
447:and environmentally
212:dimensions, putting
175:economic development
134:released the report
7169:Reproductive rights
7000:Population dynamics
6951:Population momentum
6815:Restoration ecology
6748:Climate engineering
6685:Ocean acidification
6675:Loss of green belts
6645:Holocene extinction
6640:Habitat destruction
6315:Environmental crime
5952:Earth Summit (1992)
5606:Metrics and indices
5459:Sustainable fishery
5378:Holocene extinction
5197:Product stewardship
5167:Earth Overshoot Day
4820:2020IJSDW..27..458S
4692:Cultures of Science
4598:2022NatSu...5..795B
4556:2020IJSDW..27...96B
4515:2018COES...34...43S
4176:2020NatCo..11.3107W
4073:2016PAGeo...2..365H
3930:10.1093/reep/ren014
3887:2007SuSc....2....5D
3629:1987EnvCo..14..101B
3367:. London: Penguin.
3219:(5330): 1300–1302.
3059:2017JCPro.143..757G
2834:(9594): 1253–1263.
2741:1990EcoEc...2....1D
2327:(3859): 1243–1248.
2296:2006JIES....3...83D
1997:2015JAEE...28.1075R
1939:2019SuSc...14..681P
1802:2004GeogJ.170...99W
1687:2019SuSc...14..681P
1607:2005ESPSD..47c...8R
1236:Society and culture
1140:Other barriers are
913:European Commission
826:was installed, the
802:Materials and waste
677:
635:natural environment
356:Kenneth E. Boulding
315:Georg Ludwig Hartig
106:(UNGA) adopted the
42:planetary integrity
7443:Sustainable design
7295:Population Matters
7010:Population pyramid
6988:Population density
6983:Population decline
6830:Waste minimization
6788:Mitigation banking
6783:Industrial ecology
6743:Cleaner production
6695:Resource depletion
6231:Corporate behavior
6189:animal agriculture
5411:Sustainable energy
5373:Endangered species
5330:Sustainable design
5244:Consumer behaviour
3363:Clark, D. (2006).
3300:(1844): 20162091.
3107:10.3390/en14010078
2391:. 5 February 1972.
2389:The New York Times
1842:. Abingdon, Oxon.
1501:Sustain our Africa
1476:Environment portal
1462:Engineering portal
1251:
1215:ecosystem services
1151:competitive market
1067:resource depletion
984:
938:ecosystem services
870:industrial ecology
840:
816:
675:
628:
586:
546:
218:
98:that began at the
7405:
7404:
7399:
7398:
7270:7 Billion Actions
7144:Population ethics
7037:Carrying capacity
6946:Population growth
6883:
6882:
6705:Water degradation
6580:Ecological crisis
6526:biodiversity loss
6325:Industrialisation
6310:Genetic pollution
6156:Impact assessment
6064:
6063:
5990:Earth Summit 2002
5973:Lisbon Principles
5945:Our Common Future
5623:Sustainable yield
5429:Civic agriculture
5182:Green consumption
5119:Global governance
4970:978-92-3-100091-1
4907:978-0-08-044894-7
4860:978-3-319-09549-3
4761:978-1-78923-380-3
4660:978-92-3-100244-1
4384:978-1-4724-8128-3
4023:10.3390/su9020165
3728:Economics Letters
3703:(12): 1911–1918.
3578:978-1-931498-58-6
3539:Westminster Press
3494:978-0-393-08029-2
3485:World on the Edge
3373:978-1-84353-792-2
3182:(10): 1146–1156.
3026:978-0-500-28521-3
2978:978-92-807-3167-5
2697:978-953-307-408-5
2514:Will Allen. 2007.
2409:. 27 January 2012
2264:978-0-415-70782-4
2150:978-0-429-57873-1
2091:10.3390/su2082424
2056:978-1-316-51429-0
1849:978-0-429-57873-1
1762:(10): 1027–1029.
1429:poverty reduction
1373:COVID-19 pandemic
1369:biodiversity loss
1353:), Life on land (
1266:, adopted by all
1084:climate economics
862:dematerialization
796:organic gardening
726:
725:
670:sustainable yield
655:carrying capacity
639:natural resources
616:Amazon rainforest
441:Brundtland Report
323:US Forest Service
239:biodiversity loss
183:social well-being
163:Our Common Future
140:Brundtland Report
136:Our Common Future
120:biodiversity loss
69:normative concept
58:Brundtland Report
54:social well-being
37:human development
16:(Redirected from
7465:
7389:
7388:
7377:
7376:
7346:Green Revolution
7127:Two-child policy
7122:One-child policy
7045:
7005:Population model
6961:World population
6910:
6903:
6896:
6887:
6886:
6858:
6857:
6847:
6846:
6680:Phosphorus cycle
6660:Land consumption
6655:Land degradation
6630:Freshwater cycle
6429:Overexploitation
6402:marine pollution
6209:cocoa production
6091:
6084:
6077:
6068:
6067:
6031:
6030:
6019:
6018:
5963:Agenda 21 (1992)
5934:
5899:Natural resource
5786:Organic movement
5761:Impact investing
5480:Hydroelectricity
5454:Sustainable diet
5406:Renewable energy
5401:Carbon footprint
5383:Invasive species
5320:Natural building
5271:World population
5232:Marketing myopia
5192:Over-consumption
5162:Circular economy
5157:Anti-consumerism
5114:Environmentalism
5068:
5061:
5054:
5045:
5044:
5032:
5031:
5008:
5007:
4981:
4975:
4974:
4962:
4951:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4940:
4925:
4919:
4918:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4880:
4872:
4846:
4840:
4839:
4805:
4796:
4790:
4772:
4766:
4765:
4745:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4734:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4683:
4677:
4670:
4664:
4645:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4619:
4609:
4576:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4535:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4494:
4488:
4487:
4477:
4453:
4447:
4429:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4403:
4397:
4396:
4370:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4291:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4258:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4229:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4203:
4153:
4147:
4146:
4126:Global Dialogues
4116:
4101:
4100:
4052:
4046:
4045:
4035:
4025:
3999:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3970:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3913:
3907:
3906:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3851:
3845:. Archived from
3840:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3814:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3778:(210): 266–277.
3769:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3743:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3675:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3594:
3583:
3582:
3564:
3558:
3548:
3542:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3516:. The World Bank
3505:
3499:
3498:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3446:
3440:
3422:
3416:
3402:
3396:
3381:
3375:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3317:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3245:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3191:
3173:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3139:
3133:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3044:
3035:
3029:
3014:
3008:
3007:
2998:(2–3): 311–320.
2987:
2981:
2959:
2953:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2900:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2851:
2823:
2817:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2782:
2776:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2724:
2718:
2706:
2701:
2681:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2651:
2645:
2638:
2632:
2630:
2604:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2584:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2559:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2531:
2525:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2471:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2441:on 4 March 2016.
2440:
2434:. Archived from
2433:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2250:
2239:
2225:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2173:"Sustainability"
2169:
2163:
2162:
2136:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2103:
2093:
2084:(8): 2424–2448.
2067:
2061:
2060:
2048:
2031:
2025:
2024:
1991:(6): 1075–1087.
1976:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1950:
1918:
1903:
1902:
1887:Medicine and War
1882:
1876:
1875:
1869:
1861:
1835:
1822:
1821:
1783:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1745:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1716:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1698:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1560:
1554:
1538:
1478:
1473:
1472:
1464:
1459:
1458:
1297:), Zero hunger (
1131:value-action gap
1027:overexploitation
948:, reductions in
887:, which employs
885:circular economy
844:Cradle-to-cradle
766:options include
742:associated with
698:Not sustainable
678:
674:
644:renewable energy
563:
468:The Rio Protocol
451:". In 1992, the
388:Limits to Growth
189:Related concepts
167:
21:
7473:
7472:
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7408:
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7406:
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7134:Overconsumption
7117:Family planning
7074:
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7014:
6976:
6973:
6965:
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6884:
6879:
6834:
6793:Organic farming
6719:
6710:Water pollution
6690:Ozone depletion
6670:Loss and damage
6570:Desertification
6507:
6419:Overconsumption
6340:cleaning agents
6241:Energy industry
6204:meat production
6170:
6100:
6095:
6065:
6060:
6007:
5932:
5924:
5923:Agreements and
5918:
5855:
5659:Climate finance
5627:
5554:
5510:Reclaimed water
5463:
5415:
5387:
5344:
5298:
5284:Family planning
5265:
5138:
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4359:10.1002/sd.2645
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3852:on 8 April 2014
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3812:10.1.1.529.5305
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3791:
3772:Economic Record
3767:
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3689:
3673:10.1.1.452.7532
3656:
3652:
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3598:Daly, Herman E.
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3176:Ecology Letters
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2659:Semantic portal
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2543:. 12 June 2012.
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967:Overconsumption
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905:resource inputs
897:remanufacturing
846:
804:
774:, and reducing
756:organic farming
737:
731:
651:natural capital
605:
595:
578:
572:
567:
566:
564:
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540:Sustainability
533:
490:
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397:Donella Meadows
362:Spaceship Earth
319:Gifford Pinchot
307:sustained yield
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7334:Related topics
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6650:Nitrogen cycle
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6615:Forest dieback
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6543:Climate change
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6144:on marine life
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6132:list of issues
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5674:Eco-capitalism
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5591:Sustainability
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5559:Accountability
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5152:Anthropization
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5075:Sustainability
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5016:
5015:External links
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4814:(5): 458–468.
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4592:(9): 795–800.
4571:
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4407:"The 17 Goals"
4398:
4383:
4365:
4332:
4321:(2): 130–141.
4305:
4299:978-0670297177
4298:
4281:Rifkin, Jeremy
4272:
4266:978-0674257801
4265:
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4102:
4067:(4): 365–382.
4047:
4009:Sustainability
3991:
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3805:(4): 527–547.
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3345:(3): 109–119.
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2077:Sustainability
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1971:
1933:(3): 681–695.
1904:
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1417:climate change
1387:United Nations
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1343:Climate action
1288:Sustainability
1284:climate change
1268:United Nations
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1234:
1176:Main article:
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1052:Edward Barbier
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486:Main article:
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472:sustainability
455:published the
382:sustainability
378:sustainability
367:Garrett Hardin
337:in the 1960s.
264:Sustainability
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235:climate change
222:Sustainability
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7341:Bennett's law
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6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6758:Cultured meat
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6738:Birth control
6736:
6734:
6731:
6730:
6728:
6726:
6722:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6560:Deforestation
6558:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6545:
6544:
6541:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6523:
6522:
6519:
6518:
6516:
6514:
6510:
6504:
6501:
6497:
6494:
6493:
6492:
6489:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6466:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6389:
6388:
6385:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6337:
6336:
6335:Manufacturing
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6283:nuclear power
6281:
6279:
6278:fracking (US)
6276:
6274:
6271:
6270:
6269:
6266:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6243:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6186:
6185:
6182:
6181:
6179:
6177:
6173:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6145:
6142:
6141:
6140:
6137:
6133:
6130:
6129:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6103:
6099:
6092:
6087:
6085:
6080:
6078:
6073:
6072:
6069:
6057:
6056:
6052:
6050:
6049:
6045:
6043:
6042:
6038:
6036:
6035:
6026:
6024:
6023:
6014:
6013:
6010:
6003:
6000:
5997:
5994:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5980:
5979:Earth Charter
5977:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5946:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5930:
5929:
5927:
5921:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5869:Environmental
5867:
5866:
5864:
5862:
5858:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5801:Refurbishment
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5791:Organizations
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5736:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5704:Green economy
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5689:Eco-socialism
5687:
5685:
5684:Eco-investing
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5669:Disinvestment
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5636:
5634:
5630:
5624:
5621:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5593:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5563:
5561:
5557:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5490:Marine energy
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5472:
5470:
5466:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5444:Cultured meat
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5422:
5418:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5394:
5390:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5351:
5347:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5301:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5272:
5268:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5241:
5240:
5237:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5202:Simple living
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5145:
5141:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5102:
5098:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5080:
5076:
5069:
5064:
5062:
5057:
5055:
5050:
5049:
5046:
5040:
5033:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5005:
5003:9788132102939
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4980:
4972:
4966:
4959:
4958:
4950:
4935:. 10 May 2013
4934:
4930:
4924:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4903:
4899:
4892:
4884:
4878:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4856:
4852:
4845:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4802:
4795:
4788:
4784:
4781:
4777:
4771:
4763:
4757:
4753:
4752:
4744:
4729:
4727:
4722:
4715:
4706:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4682:
4676:
4674:
4669:
4662:
4656:
4652:
4651:
4644:
4638:
4633:
4627:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4575:
4566:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4550:(2): 96–106.
4549:
4545:
4541:
4534:
4525:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4493:
4485:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4468:(2): 173–82.
4467:
4463:
4459:
4452:
4445:
4441:
4438:
4434:
4428:
4412:
4408:
4402:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4380:
4376:
4369:
4360:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4336:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4309:
4301:
4295:
4288:
4287:
4282:
4276:
4268:
4262:
4255:
4254:
4249:
4243:
4235:
4228:
4222:
4217:
4211:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4164:
4159:
4152:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4127:
4122:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4051:
4043:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4010:
4005:
3998:
3996:
3980:
3976:
3969:
3953:
3947:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3912:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3875:
3867:
3848:
3844:
3837:
3830:
3822:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3793:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3766:
3759:
3751:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3718:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3691:
3683:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3654:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3611:
3603:
3599:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3580:
3574:
3570:
3563:
3557:
3556:0-87663-165-0
3553:
3547:
3540:
3536:
3531:
3515:
3511:
3504:
3496:
3490:
3486:
3479:
3464:
3462:9780521706513
3458:
3454:
3453:
3445:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3427:
3421:
3414:
3410:
3407:
3401:
3394:
3393:0-609-80281-X
3390:
3386:
3380:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3360:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3333:
3325:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3284:
3268:
3261:
3242:
3241:
3234:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3207:
3199:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3148:
3144:
3143:"52020DC0098"
3138:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3117:
3108:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3084:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3013:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2961:UNEP (2011).
2958:
2951:
2950:82-7701-042-7
2947:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2924:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2875:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2802:
2787:
2781:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2758:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2723:
2717:
2713:
2710:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2642:
2637:
2629:
2624:
2621:(1): 331–86.
2620:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2603:
2601:
2581:
2575:
2556:
2550:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2511:
2503:
2502:
2495:
2487:
2485:9780231173155
2481:
2477:
2470:
2468:
2456:
2455:
2448:
2437:
2430:
2424:
2408:
2407:The Ecologist
2404:
2398:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2372:
2365:
2357:
2350:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2315:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2266:
2260:
2257:. Routledge.
2256:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2122:
2117:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2066:
2058:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2030:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1969:
1964:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1873:
1867:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1796:(2): 99–104.
1795:
1791:
1790:
1782:
1780:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1744:
1742:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1704:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1665:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1574:
1570:
1568:
1559:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1528:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1466:
1463:
1457:
1452:
1445:
1442:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1388:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1257:
1247:
1233:
1231:
1225:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1179:
1166:
1165:short-termism
1162:
1158:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1071:human capital
1068:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1023:rural poverty
1018:
1014:
1004:
1002:
998:
992:
989:
981:
977:
972:
968:
964:
954:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
920:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
881:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
858:
856:
852:
845:
837:
833:
829:
828:air-polluting
825:
820:
813:
808:
799:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
776:deforestation
773:
769:
768:afforestation
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
736:
721:
718:
715:
714:
711:
708:
705:
702:
701:
697:
694:
691:
690:
686:
683:
680:
679:
673:
671:
667:
662:
660:
656:
652:
647:
645:
640:
636:
633:concerns the
632:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
604:
600:
590:
582:
577:
561:
555:
550:
543:
538:
531:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
489:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
462:
458:
457:Earth Charter
454:
450:
446:
442:
437:
435:
431:
426:
423:In 1980, the
421:
419:
415:
410:
408:
407:
402:
398:
394:
390:
389:
383:
379:
374:
372:
368:
364:
363:
357:
353:
349:
348:
347:Silent Spring
343:
342:Rachel Carson
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
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6605:Coral reefs
6565:Defaunation
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5925:conferences
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5530:Small hydro
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2664:6 September
2580:"Agenda 21"
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1161:consumerism
950:consumption
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554:dimensions.
418:US Congress
274:John Evelyn
214:environment
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6725:Mitigation
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6320:Explosives
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5694:Ecovillage
5679:Eco-cities
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5485:Hydropower
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3520:16 October
3269:. Ecowatch
3152:9 November
2931:. (2006).
2849:1885/38056
2828:The Lancet
2735:(1): 1–6.
2589:17 January
2564:17 January
2208:20 January
2159:1124780147
2101:10535/6499
1858:1124780147
1755:BioScience
1730:20 January
1523:References
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2013:1187-7863
1957:1862-4065
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4283:(1980).
4250:(1971).
4210:32561753
3958:29 March
3600:(1992).
3429:Archived
3409:Archived
3324:27928039
3198:16972878
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