720:
Carloman, should
Carloman allow him to return to his country. But just as humiliation falls on those who are careless and trust too much in themselves, so it befell that army, for Zwentibald left the others to pitch camp and entered the old city of Rastiz. Immediately he denied his fidelity and forgot his oath, in Slavic fashion, and turned his thought and his powers not to driving out Sclagamar but to revenging the injury which Carloman had done him. Then he attacked in great force the Bavarians' camp – they suspected no evil and were not keeping a sharp watch. He took many alive as prisoners, and killed the rest, except for a few who had prudently left the camp beforehand. All the Bavarians' joy at their many previous victories was turned into grief and weeping. On the news of the slaughter of his army, Carloman was aghast, and forced by necessity he ordered all the hostages in his kingdom to be collected together and returned to Zwentibald; he received scarcely one man from there except for a man called Radbod who returned half-dead.
1281:
way of illustration: he brought three wands and bound them together and gave them to the first son to break them, and when he was not strong enough, handed them on to the second, and in like manner to the third, and then separated the three wands and gave one each to the three of them; when they had taken them and were bidden to break them, they broke them through at once. By means of this illustration he exhorted them and said: "If you remain undivided in concord and love, you shall be unconquered by your adversaries and invincible; but if strife and rivalry come among you and you divide yourselves into three governments, not subject to the eldest brother, you shall be both destroyed by one another and brought to utter ruin by the enemies who are your neighbors."
549:
1189:, could not overcome Sviatopolk, duke of the Moravians, who we mentioned above, with the latter fighting back in a manly way; and – alas! – having dismantled those very well fortified barriers which we said earlier are called "closures" by the populace, Arnulf summoned to his aid the nation of the Hungarians, greedy, rash, ignorant of almighty God but well versed in every crime, avid only for murder and plunder; if indeed it can be called "aid", since a little later, with him dying, it proved to be grave peril, and even the occasion of ruin, for his people alongside the other nations living in the south and west.
29:
304:
907:, intrigues against Methodius and the liturgy in Old Church Slavonic gathered strength. Svatopluk sent John of Venice, a known opponent of the Slavic liturgy, to Rome in 879 to achieve a settlement of ecclesiastical differences. In a letter addressed to Methodius in the same year, the Pope sharply rebuked him for using Slavonic in church services. Methodius, however, travelled to Rome in 880, together with a Moravian delegation. Under his influence Pope John VIII changed his mind and in a letter, known for its incipit,
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inside its walls he renounced his loyalty to
Carloman, rallied a large Moravian force and launched a devastating surprise attack on the unsuspecting Bavarian army encamped outside. The Moravians took a great number of soldiers hostage, killed the rest and rid Moravia of the Frankish occupation. Carloman's governors, William and Engelschalk, were also both slain, and Svatopluk became the undisputed ruler of Great Moravia.
650:, and so evaded the ambush laid for him. Rastiz saw that his plot was revealed and followed after his nephew with soldiers to capture him. But by the just judgment of God he was caught in the snare he had set, for he was captured by his nephew, bound and brought to Carloman, who sent him under guard of soldiers to Bavaria least he should escape and had him kept in prison until he could be brought to the king's presence.
971:
authority of
Charles the Fat and become the men of Carloman's son, Arnulf, who was ruling in Pannonia at that time. Learning of this, Svatopluk sent ambassadors to Arnulf, demanding that the sons of Wilhelm and Engelschalk be immediately sent away. Arnulf, however, refused to hand them over, to which Svatopluk responded with further invasions. In addition to the Franks and Moravians, the
1164:, Arnulf sent an embassy led by margrave Arbo to Moravia in order to renew the peace. A letter written by the margrave soon announced that the legates were returning from Svatopluk and the Moravians who had agreed "to give themselves in friendship". Svatopluk, however, broke his pledges, so Arnulf decided to invade Moravia in 891. First the king met with
758:("duke"), presumably to marry an unidentified Moravian magnate. Although the Moravians managed to reach the safety of the fort, they had to abandon 644 fully equipped horses in the narrows. The marriage of a Bohemian leader's daughter to a Moravian magnate implies that Svatopluk was planning to form an alliance with the Bohemians.
1000:(Germany), receiving promises of peace and fidelity. Svatopluk also promised never to invade Charles the Fat's realm with a hostile force as long as he lived, while Charles the Fat recognized him as a prince of his realm. Peace between Arnulf and Svatopluk, however, was only sealed in the latter part of the following year.
1136:, a locality that has yet not been identified, during the winter of 890. At the meeting Svatopluk transmitted to Arnulf a message from Pope Stephen V, urging the king to invade Italy to protect the Holy See. According to Regino of PrĂĽm, the two monarchs also concluded an agreement, in which Arnulf ceded the
1148:
890, King Arnulf gave the command of the
Bohemians to King Zwentibald of the Moravian Slavs. Hitherto, the Bohemians had rulers from among their own kind and people, and had kept the fidelity they promised to the kings of the Franks by inviolable agreement. Arnulf did this because, before he had been
868:
states that
Svatopluk conquered the region of Nitra, which had been thereto inhabited by pagans. Modern historiography, however, has tended to question the claims that huge neighboring territories were permanently annexed by Great Moravia. For instance, there is little clear archaeological or written
1084:
The Prince, however, understood very little of what was said, as he was too completely and utterly dumb to comprehend any divine matter; he was brought up in a sheer barbaric manner, briefly said, with no education whatsoever, and also because vicarious pleasures rid him of all his sense. How could
970:
Upon Arbo's request, Svatopluk, who remembered "how much evil he along with his people had suffered" at the hands of
Wilhelm and Engelschalk, attacked their sons. His forces soon captured Engelschalk's second son who was mutilated at Svatopluk's order. Thereafter the remaining sons withdrew from the
713:
Svatopluk also agreed to lead
Carloman's armies against SlavomĂr and the rebellious Moravians. However, on his arrival at "Rastislav's old city", Svatopluk betrayed the Bavarians and conspired secretly with the rebels. Although he captured the fortress in accordance with Carloman's plan, once he was
635:
Having learned of this agreement, Rastislav is said to have become furious and set a trap for his nephew, inviting him to a banquet where he intended to have him murdered. Svatopluk, however, was warned of his uncle's plans, took
Rastislav prisoner and handed him over to Carloman. Rastislav was sent
1314:
According to
Hungarian legends, the Hungarians purchased the country from Svatopluk in a symbolic act of exchange: they sent a white horse with saddler to Svatopluk in return for some earth, water and grass, supposed to represent his country itself. Svatopluk allegedly disavowed this "contract" and
1033:
Methodius, who seems to have been in
Svatopluk's train at Kaumberg, died in 885. In his last days he had indicated Gorazd, one of his Moravian disciples, as most worthy to succeed him. Gorazd, however, did not or could not immediately submit his candidature for ratification of the Holy See, because
719:
Meanwhile Zwentibald, after no one had been able to prove the crimes of which he had been accused, was released by Carloman and returned to his own realm laden with kingly gifts, leading with him an army of Carloman's, with which he was to drive out Sclagamar, for so much he had falsely promised to
645:
Zwentibald, Rastiz's nephew, took thought to his own interests, and commended himself and the kingdom he held to Carloman. Rastiz was furious at this and laid ambushes in secret for his nephew; he plotted to strangle him at a banquet when he was not suspecting any attack. But by the grace of God he
1280:
had three sons, and when he was dying he divided his country into three parts and left a share apiece to his three sons, leaving the eldest to be great prince and the other two to be under the command of the eldest son. He exhorted them not to fall out with one another, giving them this example by
798:
moved energetically to discover the whereabouts of Methodius, who was still being held prisoner in Bavaria. He sent harshly worded letters to Carloman and the Bavarian bishops, and commanded Methodius's immediate reinstatement. The Pope seems also to have brokered a lasting peace between Louis the
1217:
of the Moravians and the source of all treachery, who had disturbed all the lands around him with tricks and cunning and circled around thirsting for human blood, made an unhappy end, exhorting his men at the last that they should not be lovers of peace but rather continue in enmity with their
786:
under Carloman's command, laid Moravian territories to waste, put Svatopluk's army to flight and forced it to take refuge in an "extremely well fortified stronghold". Svatopluk, however, soon assembled a large army and attacked the Bavarians who had been left behind under the command of Bishop
1246:
Following Svatopluk's death, Great Moravia, which had achieved its maximum territorial extension, and exercised its greatest influence in his reign, ceased to be a political factor in Central Europe. Among the conquered peoples, the Czechs were the first to withdraw in 895. Although—at least,
915:
whenever requested, but he also allowed the use of Slavonic liturgy. The letter also confirmed the decision taken by the Holy See during Rastislav's reign to create an archdiocese for Great Moravia. Upon Svatopluk's request the Pope promoted a German priest, Wiching, to be
701:
Carloman soon came to the conclusion that the accusations against Svatopluk were unfounded and released him from prison. In order to bind Svatopluk to his family, Carloman had Svatopluk stand as godfather to his illegitimate grandson. Thus this son of Carloman's son
1063:
and Methodius's other disciples to submit to the papal directions. When they refused to do so, Svatopluk gave Wiching a free hand to take action against them. Some of them were first thrown into prison, and soon expelled from Moravia, while others, among them
967:, the margrave Louis the German had appointed to command a key part of East Francia's frontier on the Danube. Arbo, however, appealed for and received help from both Charles the Fat and Svatopluk, and even handed his son over to the latter as a hostage.
1013:
eastward within the space of two and a half years. Male and female slaves with their children were killed, many of the leading men were killed, captured, or – what is more disgraceful – had their hand or tongue or genitals cut off and were sent
781:
and Abbot Sigihard of Fulda, experienced mixed results: although their forces fought well, the majority of the men were killed, and only a handful of survivors returned to East Francia. Finally a third force, consisting of Bavarians and
676:
with jurisdiction over the realms ruled by Rastislav and Svatopluk. Early in 871 Carloman also imprisoned Svatopluk on unspecified charges of disloyalty, which may have been connected to the rebellion of Carloman's younger brothers,
815:
to Louis the German, who agreed to avoid any hostile acts against Great Moravia. Thus Methodius, who had in the meantime been allowed to return to Moravia, could continue his work in relatively peaceful conditions for some years.
754:). During the campaign the Franconians surprised a party of Moravians somewhere near the traps that guarded the narrow approaches to a Bohemian fort. The Moravians were returning to their homeland with the daughter of a Bohemian
1038:. He persuaded Pope Stephen V that Methodius had ignored Pope John VIII's orders in the matter of Slavonic liturgy, and thus, upon his initiative, the pope prohibited the Slavonic liturgy in Moravia. The pope also sent a letter
1315:
then drowned in the Danube in flight from the Hungarians. The legend, in fact, seems to merely describe a common pagan rite of concluding alliances which might refer to Svatopluk's alliance with the Hungarians in 894.
531:
and Germans, teaching us in various ways. But we Slavs are a simple people, and have no one to instruct us in the truth, and explain wisely. Therefore, O kind lord, send the type of man who will direct us to the whole
1259:, that they remain united, after his death internal disagreements between them were fostered by Arnulf. Finally Moravia collapsed in the first decade of the 10th century due to the invasion of the Hungarians.
811:, "he received the legates of Svatopluk asking for a peace treaty". The exact terms of their agreement are not known, but it seems to have been a compromise: Svatopluk was forced to make an annual payment of
1203:
Arnulf's invasion started in July 892, but he failed to defeat Svatopluk. The war against Moravia seems to have continued until 894. This was the year of Svatopluk's "most unlucky death", according to the
441:
refer to Svatopluk as a nephew of Rastislav, the second known ruler of Great Moravia. Svatopluk was most probably born around 840. His father's name was Svetimir, according to the late 12th-century
311:
Svatopluk's career started in the 860s, when he governed a principality within Moravia, the location of which is still a matter of debate among historians, under the suzerainty of his uncle,
448:
1117:("king of the Moravian Slavs") in the early 10th century, which is independent evidence confirming that Svatopluk held the title of king. According to the late 12th-century
920:, but he added that the new Bishop and all the clerics in Great Moravia were expected to be obedient to Methodius, who remained the head of the church in Svatopluk's realms.
664:
As a reward for capturing Rastislav, Carloman allowed Svatopluk to retain his principality, but the rest of Great Moravia was placed under the control of two Frankish lords,
632:. Although the two armies soon returned, Svatopluk entered into clandestine negotiations with Carloman, and agreed to commend himself and his principality to Carloman.
1176:, then raised an army of Franconians, Bavarians and Alamanni, and also recruited Hungarians to join his campaign. In the late 10th century, Arnulf was accused by
502:). They arrived in Moravia in 863, and immediately set to work teaching and preaching. Their translation of liturgical texts into Old Church Slavonic was approved by
646:
was freed of the peril of death. For before those who were to kill him had entered the house, he was warned by one who knew of the plot, and set out as if to go
1345:
were "the remnants of Svatopluk who sold his country to the Hungarians, and thus the Slovak people, into eternal serfdom". In response, Ján Baltazár Magin, the
1378:
1208:, which implies that he met his end in some kind of mishap, the sort that occurs in war. The exact circumstances of Svatopluk's death, however, are unknown.
580:
963:, the one-time commanders of the Bavarian forces occupying Moravia in 870–871, began to conspire with various Bavarian magnates in order to eject
1778:"Anonymus Notary of King Bela The Deeds of the Hungarians" edited translated and anotated by Martyn Rady and László Veszprémy. CEU Press, 2010. P.33
1886:
The Great Moravian territory of Nitra. Cultural manifestations, territorial scope and the ethnic and social-political identity of its population
989:) was also invaded in 881 by Hungarians. They seem to have been hired either by Svatopluk or by Arnulf in order to intervene in their conflict.
1903:
335:
rebelled against the Franks, Svatopluk was released and led the rebels to victory over the invaders. Although he was obliged to pay tribute to
1769:"Simonis De Keza Geta Hungarorum" edited and translated by Laszlo Veszpremy and Frank Schaer with a study by Jeno Szucs. CEU Press, 1999. P.75
3606:
388:
Not long after his death Svatopluk's realm of Great Moravia collapsed in the midst of a power struggle between his sons and the intensifying
347:) in 874, he was able to expand his territories outside the Franks' sphere of interest in the following years. His forces even invaded the
1361:("A Brief History of the Slovak Nation") in which he depicted Moravia as a state of Slovaks and Svatopluk as their king. In 1833 the poet
460:
447:, a medieval historical work long dismissed as a collection of fact and fiction. According to the unproven later Moravian tradition of
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despised the peace, which in being preserved Pannonia, but which being broken led to Pannonia's being laid waste from the
765:
advancing on Moravian territory from several directions in 872. One army was sent out "against the Moravian Slavs" from
3260:
History and Politics in Late Carolingian and Ottonian Europe: The Chronicle of Regino of PrĂĽm and Adalbert of Magdeburg
1334:
1068:, were sold as slaves. The expulsion of Methodius's disciples from Moravia signaled the end of the Slavonic liturgy in
761:
Louis the German realized the grave threat posed by Svatopluk and assembled forces for a multipronged expedition with
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soldiers fled in their first encounter with the enemy. The second army, composed of Franconians under Bishop
1165:
917:
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992:
Thus the "Willhelminer War", that was to last until 884, led to the devastation of Pannonia east of the river
933:
but to a newly baptized people whom that duke had defeated in war and converted from paganism to Christianity
3383:
Christianization and the Rise of Christian Monarchy: Scandinavia, Central Europe and Rus’, c. 900–1200
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1132:
In 887 Arnulf, Svatopluk's opponent in the "Wilhelminer War", became the king of East Francia. They met at
1427:
571:, implying autonomous or semi-autonomous land) within Great Moravia. This is generally accepted to be the
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778:
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ordained Wiching bishop at the request of Duke Zwentibald; however, he never sent him into the ancient
491:
375:
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even addressed him as "King" in a letter written in 885. Svatopluk seems to have wanted to appease the
3239:
Kingship and Politics in the Late Ninth Century: Charles the Fat and the End of the Carolingian Empire
672:. Carloman's forces also captured Methodius, whom Pope Hadrian II had earlier appointed Archbishop of
3036:
1866:
Dušan TĹ™eštĂk: Vznik VelkĂ© Moravy. MoravanĂ©, ÄŚechovĂ© a stĹ™ednĂ Evropa v letech 791–871 (Praha 2001).
1085:
a man entirely distanced from the sanctity of modest life, without which no one lays his eyes on the
892:
directly links Svatopluk's military achievements and Methodius' work. For instance, according to his
1121:, Svatopluk had been crowned "king in the Roman fashion on the field of Dalma" in the presence of a
844:
Certain and disputed territories of Great Moravia under Svatopluk I (according to modern historians)
385:
Svatopluk's state was a loose assemblage of principalities and also included conquered territories.
300:, which attained its maximum territorial expansion during his reign (870–871, 871–894).
3611:
1432:. Vol. VII. Zagreb: Academia Scientiarum et Artium Slavorum Meridionalium. 1868. p. 382.
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in the Archbishop's church, "God will soon deliver" his enemies to him, and "so it came to pass".
548:
3591:
1884:
1126:
1105:("king of the Slavs"). Although Svatopluk's royal title was not recognized by the contemporary
1073:
904:
628:
troops attacked Rastislav's territories under the leadership of the same King's youngest son,
3442:
The Entry of the Slavs into Christendom: An Introduction to the Medieval History of the Slavs
1353:, wrote the oldest known defense of the Slovak nation in 1728. Next another Catholic priest,
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raised to the throne of the kingdom, he had been joined to Zwentibald in close friendship.
8:
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107:
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The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century
1897:
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977:
770:
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3287:(2nd revised ed.). Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies.
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also entered the conflict by invading Svatopluk's realm. According to a record in the
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King" in Slovak literary works since the 18th century, the period of the Slovak
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of unleashing the Hungarians on Europe because of his desire to bring down Moravia.
1110:
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At the time when Charles the Fat became the sole ruler of East Francia in 881, the
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324:
1369:, the first of a series of epic poems dealing with the past of the Slovak people.
1232:
996:. Finally, Charles the Fat himself turned up and received Svatopluk as his man at
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to Emperor Michael, saying thus: "We have prospered through God's grace, and many
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In October 871 Louis the German sent Bavarian and Franconian troops against the
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Svatopluk seems to have risen to power in Great Moravia in the early 860s. The
396:
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Great Moravia underwent considerable expansion in the 870s. For instance, the
3570:
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61:
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The Making of Christian Moravia (858-882): Papal Power and Political Reality
1276:, was valiant and terrible to the nations that were his neighbors. This same
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Franks, Moravians, and Magyars: The Struggle for the Middle Danube, 788-907
1408:
1329:
Nevertheless, in 1722 Michael Bencsik, a professor of Hungarian law at the
1256:
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Meanwhile, Arnulf, the strongest king of the nations living below the star
1122:
960:
495:
336:
195:
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3414:
The Complete Works of Liudprand of Cremona (Medieval Texts in Translation)
3094:
Struggle for Empire: Kingship and Conflict under Louis the German, 817-876
3082:
3061:
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Svatopluk's expansionist policy was perhaps so successful because most of
331:. Within a year, however, the Franks also imprisoned Svatopluk. After the
191:
1145:
479:
478:
relates that Svatopluk and his uncle jointly asked the Byzantine Emperor
3398:
Illustrated Slovak History: A Struggle for Sovereignty in Central Europe
468:
358:, and he and his people were formally taken under the protection of the
1065:
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783:
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2936:
The Early Slavs: Culture and Society in Early Medieval Eastern Europe
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494:, who were fluent in the dialect of Slavic spoken in the environs of
395:
Svatopluk, whose empire encompassed parts of the territory of modern
340:
332:
1236:
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734:
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Sommer, Petr; TĹ™eštĂk, Dušan; Ĺ˝emliÄŤka, Josef; OpaÄŤić, ZoĂ« (2007).
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Nevertheless, at the court of Svatopluk, who himself professed the
824:
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Wiching having arrived back from Rome, Svatopluk summoned Gorazd,
896:, Methodius promised Svatopluk that if the Prince would celebrate
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By the time Svatopluk first appeared in a Frankish sources (the
3396:
Spiesz, Anton; Caplovic, Dusan; Bolchazy, Ladislaus J. (2006).
982:
877:, or in Pannonia, as is suggested in earlier historical works.
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787:
Emriacho of Regensburg to guard ships on the bank of the river
751:
602:
499:
412:
328:
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807:), Louis the German went to Forchheim where, according to the
515:
prince Rostislav together with Svatopluk sent emissaries from
1049:
912:
804:
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and Charles the Bald. Believing that Svatopluk was dead, the
588:
512:
455:, Svatopluk was the son of a certain Bogislav. According to
2289:
2287:
1296:
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355:
3416:. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press.
2804:
2802:
591:(today in Slovakia), but it has also been identified with
307:
Letter of Svatopluk I send to tsar Michael of Krum dynasty
2835:
2591:"Ethics and politics of Great Moravia of the 9th century"
799:
German and Svatopluk. After his meeting with the Pope at
459:
his father was Morot, a Prince of Poland who had subdued
3263:. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press.
2284:
1765:
1763:
1072:. The exiles, however, subsequently found refuge in the
640:
under guard, while Carloman annexed his realm outright.
608:
Svatopluk's "realm" was invaded and plundered in 869 by
2799:
869:
evidence of a permanent extension of Moravian power in
3284:
Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio
3045:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press.
1760:
1429:
Monumenta spectantia historiam Slavorum Meridionalium
1379:
Alternative theories of the location of Great Moravia
1326:
was the "personification" of Svatopluk I of Moravia.
451:(17th century), who fulfilled the family tree of the
3118:
Svatopluk the Great, King of the Moravians and Slavs
1688:
1686:
1251:—Svatopluk had made a deathbed request to his sons,
1247:
according to the testimony of the Byzantine Emperor
1052:
and to give up such peculiar Byzantine practices as
884:
was in the grip of unusually savage and large-scale
370:
clergy who opposed the conducting of the liturgy in
1042:to Svatopluk, urging him to accept the addition of
354:Svatopluk established a good relationship with the
3219:Millennium in Central Europe: A History of Hungary
3000:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
948:
939:Letter of Archbishop Theotmar of Salzburg and his
888:raids between 879 and 886. On the other hand, the
2888:
2886:
1683:
1555:
1553:
738:The ruins of a Moravian fort on Kostolec Hill at
696:
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3181:A History of Slovakia: The Struggle for Survival
3018:Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250
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1494:
1492:
1300:Svatopluk I disguised as a monk in the court of
911:, the Pope repeated that Mass was to be sung in
864:, and a letter written around 900 by Archbishop
482:to send missionaries who were familiar with the
3164:. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.
2184:
2182:
2142:
2140:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1994:
1992:
1929:
1927:
1925:
2883:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1550:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1318:Historian Ryszard Grzesik says that the ruler
1304:, King of East Francia (from the 14th-century
2768:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2677:
2675:
2434:
2432:
2365:
2250:
2248:
2206:
2169:
2167:
2098:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2028:
2026:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1726:
1724:
1698:
1643:
1489:
1076:where they were able to carry on their work.
3356:Germany in the Early Middle Ages c. 800–1056
2355:
2353:
2316:
2314:
2179:
2137:
2050:
2004:
1989:
1922:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
3335:. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
3311:. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
3161:Medieval Slavic Lives of Saints and Princes
2406:
1660:
1658:
1605:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1466:
1089:, ever penetrate any contemplations of the
567:) in 869, he was ruler of his own "realm" (
511:And it came to pass in those days that the
3197:
3178:
2916:
2904:
2892:
2853:
2808:
2759:
2672:
2429:
2376:
2245:
2215:
2164:
2086:
2067:
2023:
1939:
1902:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1841:
1721:
1715:
1649:
1559:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1502:
1322:, mentioned in the 13th-century chronicle
852:refers to the capture of "a very powerful
575:. His court was at "Rastislav's old city"
27:
3411:
3277:
3242:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3114:Svatopluk Veliký, král Moravanů a Slovanů
3081:
3021:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2729:
2350:
2311:
1624:
1582:
620:, King of East Francia. At the same time
583:whose name literally means "old city" in
543:
3445:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3097:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
3090:
2188:
2146:
2119:
2061:
2017:
1998:
1933:
1655:
1565:
1483:
1357:, completed a history in Latin entitled
1295:
1261:
1034:Bishop Wiching of Nitra soon hurried to
839:
823:
733:
547:
523:teachers have come to us from among the
419:, has occasionally been presented as a "
302:
3256:
3235:
3216:
3059:
2932:
2841:
2772:
2666:
2423:
1618:
1533:
3569:
3438:
3349:
3325:
3301:
3157:
3134:
3111:
2993:
2784:
2753:
2741:
2717:
2705:
2693:
2681:
2654:
2642:
2630:
2618:
2606:
2552:
2540:
2528:
2516:
2504:
2492:
2471:
2450:
2438:
2400:
2388:
2359:
2344:
2332:
2320:
2305:
2293:
2278:
2266:
2254:
2227:
2200:
2173:
2158:
2131:
2107:
2092:
2080:
2044:
2032:
1974:
1962:
1950:
1916:
1854:
1835:
1754:
1730:
1637:
1599:
1514:
1442:
1160:Sometime during 891, according to the
1007:/the sons of Wilhelm and Engelschalk/
3400:. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc.
3062:"Blasi and Pastores Romanorum in the
3014:
2972:
2953:
2877:
2865:
2820:
2239:
1882:
1823:
1787:
1742:
1692:
1664:
1576:
1544:
1266:The legend of Svatopluk's three wands
1235:recorded that he died in battle near
1146:In the year of the Lord's incarnation
819:
382:in 886, after their teacher's death.
3607:9th-century people from East Francia
3035:
2939:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
2564:
1811:
1799:
339:under the peace treaty concluded at
374:, and he expelled the disciples of
13:
3359:. London and New York: Routledge.
1359:Compendiata historia gentis Slavae
1155:Regino of PrĂĽm: Chronicon, Book II
1101:, the pope addressed Svatopluk as
490:. Michael III chose two brothers,
14:
3628:
3200:Historical Dictionary of Slovakia
1119:Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja
444:Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja
3198:Kirschbaum, Stanislav J (2007).
3179:Kirschbaum, Stanislav J (2005).
2958:. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers.
2910:
2898:
2871:
2859:
2847:
2832:Moravcsik, Jenkins 2008, p. 181.
2826:
2814:
579:, which may have been either at
117:Himself as King of Great Moravia
2790:
2778:
2747:
2735:
2723:
2711:
2699:
2687:
2660:
2648:
2636:
2624:
2612:
2600:
2583:
2570:
2558:
2546:
2534:
2522:
2510:
2498:
2486:
2477:
2465:
2456:
2444:
2394:
2382:
2338:
2326:
2299:
2272:
2260:
2233:
2221:
2194:
2152:
2125:
2113:
2038:
1980:
1968:
1956:
1910:
1876:
1860:
1829:
1817:
1805:
1793:
1781:
1772:
1748:
1736:
1670:
1140:of the Bohemians to Svatopluk.
961:sons of Wilhelm and Engelschalk
3587:9th-century monarchs in Europe
3385:; Cambridge University Press;
3221:. Atlantisz Publishing House.
1520:
1508:
1457:
1448:
1436:
1420:
1113:also referred to Svatopluk as
697:Towards the Peace of Forchheim
430:
1:
2925:
2796:Kirschbaum 2005, pp. 29., 39.
1986:Goldberg 2006, pp. 306., 309.
1454:Kirschbaum 2007, pp. 5., 278.
1287:Constantine Porphyrogenitus:
1028:
315:. In 870 Svatopluk dethroned
1337:and the whole population of
351:within East Francia in 882.
7:
3135:HavlĂk, LubomĂr E. (2013).
3112:HavlĂk, LubomĂr E. (1994).
2994:Bowlus, Charles R. (1995).
2483:Bowlus 1994, pp. 214., 334.
2462:Bowlus 1994, pp. 211., 215.
1372:
1289:On Administering the Empire
1249:Constantine Porphyrogenitus
706:received the Moravian name
685:selected another member of
10:
3633:
3439:Vlasto, Alexis P. (1970).
3141:Chronicle of Great Moravia
3091:Goldberg, Eric J. (2006).
3037:Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr.
1404:Saints Cyril and Methodius
1365:published a poem entitled
952:
769:(Germany) in May, but the
693:and made him their ruler.
327:, and betrayed him to the
222:Bogislav (?), Svetimir (?)
56:before 867–870
3555:
3546:
3540:
3532:
3523:
3515:
3505:
3496:
3488:
3483:
3453:
3412:Squatriti, Paolo (2014).
3060:Grzesik, Ryszard (2016).
2973:Betti, Maddalena (2013).
2933:Barford, Paul M. (2001).
1463:Bartl 2002, pp. 17., 336.
1241:
1115:rex Marahensium Sclavorum
552:Statue of Svatopluk I in
226:
218:
206:
185:
177:
169:
158:
154:
144:
136:
128:
121:
113:
103:
95:
85:
75:
67:
60:
52:
45:
26:
21:
3217:Kontler, László (1999).
2979:. Leiden-Boston: Brill.
1414:
860:" in territory of later
449:Tomáš Pešina z Čechorodu
3455:Svatopluk I of Moravia
3308:The Annals of St-Bertin
3257:MacLean, Simon (2009).
3236:MacLean, Simon (2003).
3158:Kantor, Marvin (1983).
3066:by an Anonymous Notary"
1198:: Retribution, Book One
1078:Saint Clement of Ochrid
33:Statue of Svatopluk on
3137:Kronika o Velké Moravě
3015:Curta, Florin (2006).
2954:Bartl, JĂşlius (2002).
1311:
1294:
1272:The prince of Moravia,
1267:
1230:
1201:
1158:
1095:
1074:First Bulgarian Empire
1026:
946:
856:prince settled on the
845:
837:
743:
732:
662:
577:(urbs antique Rastizi)
560:
544:Beginning of his reign
541:
308:
16:Ruler of Great Moravia
3549:King of the Moravians
3530:871–before 885
3526:Duke of the Moravians
3499:Duke of the Moravians
3381:Berend, Nora (2007);
3083:10.17951/rh.2016.0.25
1883:König, Tomáš (2017).
1333:, suggested that the
1299:
1269:
1265:
1210:
1182:
1142:
1082:
1002:
949:The "Wilhelminer War"
922:
843:
827:
737:
716:
642:
551:
538:The Life of Methodius
508:
306:
123:King of Great Moravia
3553:after 885–894
1331:University of Trnava
1307:Chronicle of Dalimil
1253:Mojmir II of Moravia
1196:Liudprand of Cremona
866:Theotmar of Salzburg
832:, written in 879 by
616:, the eldest son of
132:before 885–894
99:871–before 885
3617:Monarchs of Bohemia
3375:Bohemia and Moravia
3332:The Annals of Fulda
3202:. Scarecrow Press.
1384:Arnulf of Carinthia
931:bishopric of Passau
687:their ruling family
492:Cyril and Methodius
467:before retiring to
372:Old Church Slavonic
247:Svatopluk the Great
3577:9th-century births
2907:, pp. 115–116
2868:, pp. 261–262
2756:, pp. 239–240
2708:, pp. 225–227
2696:, pp. 224–225
2645:, pp. 220–221
2495:, pp. 237–238
2453:, pp. 209–211
2403:, pp. 208–209
2347:, pp. 191–192
2296:, pp. 195–196
2242:, pp. 128–129
2134:, pp. 177–179
2110:, pp. 177–178
1790:, pp. 124–125
1343:Kingdom of Hungary
1312:
1268:
978:Annals of Salzburg
873:or to the west in
846:
838:
820:Years of expansion
744:
561:
425:national awakening
309:
296:), was a ruler of
3602:9th-century Slavs
3597:People from Nitra
3565:
3564:
3556:Succeeded by
3533:Succeeded by
3506:Succeeded by
3423:978-0-8132-1696-6
3406:978-0-86516-426-0
3391:978-0-521-87616-2
3209:978-0-8108-5535-9
3150:978-80-85617-04-7
3127:978-80-85617-19-1
2844:, pp. 28–29.
1109:, the chronicler
941:suffragan bishops
927:/Pope John VIII/
898:Saint Peter's Day
890:Life of Methodius
850:Life of Methodius
830:Scire vos volumus
828:The papal letter
679:Louis the Younger
599:Sremska Mitrovica
476:Life of Methodius
349:March of Pannonia
273:: Свѧтопълкъ and
271:Old Church Slavic
236:
235:
35:Bratislava Castle
3624:
3541:Preceded by
3516:Preceded by
3489:Preceded by
3479:
3472:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3435:
3370:
3346:
3322:
3303:Nelson, Janet L.
3298:
3279:Moravcsik, Gyula
3274:
3253:
3232:
3213:
3194:
3175:
3154:
3131:
3108:
3087:
3085:
3064:Gesta Hungarorum
3056:
3032:
3011:
2990:
2969:
2950:
2920:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2896:
2890:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2839:
2833:
2830:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2797:
2794:
2788:
2782:
2776:
2770:
2757:
2751:
2745:
2739:
2733:
2727:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2587:
2581:
2574:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2427:
2421:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2363:
2357:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2264:
2258:
2252:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2230:, pp. 72–73
2225:
2219:
2213:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2177:
2171:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2065:
2059:
2048:
2047:, pp. 65–66
2042:
2036:
2030:
2021:
2015:
2002:
1996:
1987:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1937:
1931:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1901:
1893:
1891:
1880:
1874:
1864:
1858:
1852:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1758:
1757:, pp. 12–13
1752:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1719:
1713:
1696:
1690:
1681:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1622:
1616:
1603:
1597:
1580:
1574:
1563:
1557:
1548:
1542:
1531:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1487:
1481:
1464:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1424:
1394:Louis the German
1324:Gesta Hungarorum
1292:
1228:
1199:
1178:Ottonian authors
1156:
1024:
981:, the region of
944:
925:Your predecessor
763:pincer movements
730:
660:
618:Louis the German
539:
325:Louis the German
292:: Σφενδοπλόκος,
245:, also known as
31:
19:
18:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3612:Slavic warriors
3567:
3566:
3561:
3552:
3544:
3543:Himself as duke
3536:
3535:Himself as king
3529:
3521:
3511:
3502:
3494:
3473:
3464:
3463:
3460:House of MojmĂr
3456:
3449:
3424:
3367:
3351:Reuter, Timothy
3343:
3327:Reuter, Timothy
3319:
3295:
3281:, ed. (1967) .
3271:
3250:
3229:
3210:
3191:
3172:
3151:
3128:
3105:
3053:
3029:
3008:
2987:
2966:
2947:
2928:
2923:
2917:Kirschbaum 2007
2915:
2911:
2905:Kirschbaum 2007
2903:
2899:
2893:Kirschbaum 2005
2891:
2884:
2876:
2872:
2864:
2860:
2854:Kirschbaum 2005
2852:
2848:
2840:
2836:
2831:
2827:
2819:
2815:
2809:Kirschbaum 2005
2807:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2783:
2779:
2771:
2760:
2752:
2748:
2740:
2736:
2728:
2724:
2716:
2712:
2704:
2700:
2692:
2688:
2680:
2673:
2665:
2661:
2653:
2649:
2641:
2637:
2629:
2625:
2617:
2613:
2605:
2601:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2575:
2571:
2563:
2559:
2551:
2547:
2539:
2535:
2527:
2523:
2515:
2511:
2503:
2499:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2449:
2445:
2437:
2430:
2422:
2407:
2399:
2395:
2387:
2383:
2377:Kirschbaum 2005
2375:
2366:
2358:
2351:
2343:
2339:
2331:
2327:
2319:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2292:
2285:
2277:
2273:
2265:
2261:
2253:
2246:
2238:
2234:
2226:
2222:
2216:Kirschbaum 2005
2214:
2207:
2199:
2195:
2187:
2180:
2172:
2165:
2157:
2153:
2145:
2138:
2130:
2126:
2118:
2114:
2106:
2099:
2091:
2087:
2079:
2068:
2060:
2051:
2043:
2039:
2031:
2024:
2016:
2005:
1997:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1949:
1940:
1932:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1881:
1877:
1865:
1861:
1853:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1822:
1818:
1810:
1806:
1798:
1794:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1761:
1753:
1749:
1741:
1737:
1729:
1722:
1716:Kirschbaum 2005
1714:
1699:
1691:
1684:
1675:
1671:
1663:
1656:
1650:Kirschbaum 2005
1648:
1644:
1636:
1625:
1617:
1606:
1598:
1583:
1575:
1566:
1560:Kirschbaum 2007
1558:
1551:
1543:
1534:
1525:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1503:Kirschbaum 2007
1501:
1490:
1482:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1375:
1339:Trencsén county
1293:
1286:
1244:
1229:
1225:Annals of Fulda
1223:
1213:Zwentibald, the
1206:Annals of Fulda
1200:
1194:
1162:Annals of Fulda
1157:
1154:
1129:, and bishops.
1107:Annals of Fulda
1031:
1025:
1021:Annals of Fulda
1019:
957:
955:Wilhelminer War
951:
945:
943:to Pope John IX
938:
918:Bishop of Nitra
909:Industriae tuae
822:
809:Annals of Fulda
779:Arn of WĂĽrzburg
731:
727:Annals of Fulda
725:
699:
661:
657:Annals of Fulda
655:
630:Charles the Fat
565:Annals of Fulda
546:
540:
537:
504:Pope Hadrian II
453:House of MojmĂr
438:Annals of Fulda
433:
263:Sventopulch(us)
213:House of MojmĂr
198:
194:
140:Himself as duke
62:Duke of Moravia
47:Prince of Nitra
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3630:
3620:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3554:
3545:
3542:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3522:
3517:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3504:
3503:870–871
3495:
3490:
3486:
3485:
3484:Regnal titles
3481:
3480:
3457:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3436:
3422:
3409:
3394:
3371:
3365:
3347:
3341:
3323:
3317:
3299:
3293:
3275:
3269:
3254:
3248:
3233:
3227:
3214:
3208:
3195:
3189:
3176:
3170:
3155:
3149:
3132:
3126:
3109:
3103:
3088:
3057:
3051:
3033:
3027:
3012:
3006:
2991:
2985:
2970:
2964:
2956:Slovak History
2951:
2945:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2909:
2897:
2882:
2870:
2858:
2846:
2834:
2825:
2813:
2798:
2789:
2777:
2758:
2746:
2734:
2730:Squatriti 2014
2722:
2710:
2698:
2686:
2671:
2659:
2647:
2635:
2623:
2611:
2599:
2582:
2569:
2557:
2545:
2533:
2521:
2509:
2497:
2485:
2476:
2464:
2455:
2443:
2428:
2405:
2393:
2381:
2364:
2349:
2337:
2325:
2310:
2298:
2283:
2271:
2259:
2244:
2232:
2220:
2205:
2193:
2178:
2163:
2151:
2136:
2124:
2112:
2097:
2085:
2066:
2049:
2037:
2022:
2003:
1988:
1979:
1967:
1955:
1938:
1921:
1909:
1875:
1859:
1840:
1828:
1816:
1804:
1792:
1780:
1771:
1759:
1747:
1735:
1720:
1697:
1682:
1669:
1654:
1642:
1623:
1604:
1581:
1564:
1549:
1532:
1519:
1507:
1488:
1465:
1456:
1447:
1435:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1374:
1371:
1347:Roman Catholic
1284:
1278:Sphendoplokos
1243:
1240:
1221:
1192:
1152:
1111:Regino of PrĂĽm
1097:In his letter
1070:Central Europe
1040:(Quia te zelo)
1030:
1027:
1017:
953:Main article:
950:
947:
936:
882:Western Europe
836:to Svatopluk I
834:Pope John VIII
821:
818:
796:Pope John VIII
723:
698:
695:
653:
612:troops led by
573:Duchy of Nitra
558:Czech Republic
545:
542:
535:
432:
429:
397:Czech Republic
364:Pope Stephen V
275:transliterated
255:Zuentepulc(us)
251:Medieval Latin
234:
233:
228:
224:
223:
220:
216:
215:
210:
204:
203:
189:
183:
182:
179:
175:
174:
171:
167:
166:
160:
156:
155:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
138:
134:
133:
130:
126:
125:
119:
118:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
97:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
69:
65:
64:
58:
57:
54:
50:
49:
43:
42:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3629:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3592:Great Moravia
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3560:
3551:
3550:
3539:
3528:
3527:
3520:
3514:
3510:
3501:
3500:
3493:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3470:
3467:
3462:
3461:
3452:
3444:
3443:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3419:
3415:
3410:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3366:9781317872399
3362:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3342:9780719034589
3338:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3318:9780719034251
3314:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3294:9780884020219
3290:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3270:9780719071348
3266:
3262:
3261:
3255:
3251:
3249:9781139440295
3245:
3241:
3240:
3234:
3230:
3228:963-9165-37-9
3224:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3205:
3201:
3196:
3192:
3190:1-4039-6929-9
3186:
3182:
3177:
3173:
3171:9780930042448
3167:
3163:
3162:
3156:
3152:
3146:
3143:]. Jota.
3142:
3138:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3120:]. Jota.
3119:
3115:
3110:
3106:
3104:9780801438905
3100:
3096:
3095:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3070:Res Historica
3067:
3065:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3028:9780521815390
3024:
3020:
3019:
3013:
3009:
3007:9780812232769
3003:
2999:
2998:
2992:
2988:
2986:9789004260085
2982:
2978:
2977:
2971:
2967:
2965:0-86516-444-4
2961:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2942:
2938:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2919:, p. 143
2918:
2913:
2906:
2901:
2894:
2889:
2887:
2880:, p. 261
2879:
2874:
2867:
2862:
2855:
2850:
2843:
2838:
2829:
2822:
2817:
2810:
2805:
2803:
2793:
2787:, p. 129
2786:
2781:
2774:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2755:
2750:
2744:, p. 239
2743:
2738:
2731:
2726:
2720:, p. 233
2719:
2714:
2707:
2702:
2695:
2690:
2684:, p. 223
2683:
2678:
2676:
2669:, p. 207
2668:
2663:
2657:, p. 222
2656:
2651:
2644:
2639:
2633:, p. 220
2632:
2627:
2621:, p. 217
2620:
2615:
2609:, p. 190
2608:
2603:
2592:
2586:
2579:
2573:
2567:, p. 127
2566:
2561:
2555:, p. 215
2554:
2549:
2543:, p. 110
2542:
2537:
2531:, p. 214
2530:
2525:
2519:, p. 188
2518:
2513:
2507:, p. 238
2506:
2501:
2494:
2489:
2480:
2474:, p. 211
2473:
2468:
2459:
2452:
2447:
2441:, p. 209
2440:
2435:
2433:
2426:, p. 138
2425:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2402:
2397:
2391:, p. 337
2390:
2385:
2378:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2361:
2356:
2354:
2346:
2341:
2335:, p. 191
2334:
2329:
2322:
2317:
2315:
2308:, p. 121
2307:
2302:
2295:
2290:
2288:
2281:, p. 196
2280:
2275:
2269:, p. 340
2268:
2263:
2257:, p. 194
2256:
2251:
2249:
2241:
2236:
2229:
2224:
2217:
2212:
2210:
2203:, p. 184
2202:
2197:
2191:, p. 325
2190:
2189:Goldberg 2006
2185:
2183:
2176:, p. 183
2175:
2170:
2168:
2161:, p. 179
2160:
2155:
2149:, p. 313
2148:
2147:Goldberg 2006
2143:
2141:
2133:
2128:
2122:, p. 312
2121:
2120:Goldberg 2006
2116:
2109:
2104:
2102:
2095:, p. 177
2094:
2089:
2083:, p. 175
2082:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2064:, p. 311
2063:
2062:Goldberg 2006
2058:
2056:
2054:
2046:
2041:
2035:, p. 173
2034:
2029:
2027:
2020:, p. 310
2019:
2018:Goldberg 2006
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2001:, p. 309
2000:
1999:Goldberg 2006
1995:
1993:
1983:
1977:, p. 163
1976:
1971:
1964:
1959:
1953:, p. 164
1952:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1936:, p. 286
1935:
1934:Goldberg 2006
1930:
1928:
1926:
1919:, p. 185
1918:
1913:
1905:
1899:
1892:. Bratislava.
1888:
1887:
1879:
1873:
1872:80-7106-482-3
1869:
1863:
1857:, p. 161
1856:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1838:, p. 111
1837:
1832:
1825:
1820:
1814:, p. 114
1813:
1808:
1802:, p. 113
1801:
1796:
1789:
1784:
1775:
1766:
1764:
1756:
1751:
1744:
1739:
1733:, p. 189
1732:
1727:
1725:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1680:2006, p. 311.
1679:
1673:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1651:
1646:
1639:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1621:, p. 110
1620:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1562:, p. 121
1561:
1556:
1554:
1546:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1529:
1523:
1516:
1511:
1505:, p. 278
1504:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1486:, p. 284
1485:
1484:Goldberg 2006
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1460:
1451:
1445:, p. 362
1444:
1439:
1431:
1430:
1423:
1419:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1389:Great Moravia
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1290:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1274:Sphendoplokos
1273:
1264:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1233:Simon of KĂ©za
1226:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1172:on the river
1171:
1168:, the Slavic
1167:
1163:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1103:rex Sclavorum
1100:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1056:on Saturday.
1055:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1006:
1001:
999:
995:
990:
988:
984:
980:
979:
974:
968:
966:
962:
956:
942:
935:
934:
932:
926:
921:
919:
914:
910:
906:
901:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
878:
876:
872:
871:Lesser Poland
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
842:
835:
831:
826:
817:
814:
810:
806:
802:
797:
792:
790:
785:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
759:
757:
753:
749:
741:
736:
728:
722:
721:
715:
711:
709:
705:
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
675:
671:
667:
658:
652:
651:
649:
641:
639:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
606:
604:
600:
596:
595:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
559:
555:
550:
534:
533:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
484:Slavic tongue
481:
477:
472:
470:
466:
463:and occupied
462:
458:
457:Simon of KĂ©za
454:
450:
446:
445:
440:
439:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
393:
391:
386:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
305:
301:
299:
298:Great Moravia
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
232:
229:
225:
221:
217:
214:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
161:
157:
153:
150:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
124:
120:
116:
112:
109:
106:
102:
98:
94:
91:
88:
84:
81:
78:
74:
71:870–871
70:
66:
63:
59:
55:
51:
48:
44:
40:
36:
30:
25:
20:
3547:
3524:
3497:
3475:
3468:
3465:
3458:
3441:
3413:
3397:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3355:
3331:
3307:
3283:
3259:
3238:
3218:
3199:
3183:. Palgrave.
3180:
3160:
3140:
3136:
3117:
3113:
3093:
3073:
3069:
3063:
3041:
3017:
2996:
2975:
2955:
2935:
2912:
2900:
2895:, p. 93
2873:
2861:
2856:, p. 82
2849:
2842:Grzesik 2016
2837:
2828:
2823:, p. 23
2816:
2811:, p. 33
2792:
2780:
2775:, p. 42
2773:Kontler 1999
2749:
2737:
2732:, p. 56
2725:
2713:
2701:
2689:
2667:MacLean 2009
2662:
2650:
2638:
2626:
2614:
2602:
2585:
2580:2006, p. 24.
2577:
2572:
2560:
2548:
2536:
2524:
2512:
2500:
2488:
2479:
2467:
2458:
2446:
2424:MacLean 2003
2396:
2384:
2379:, p. 29
2362:, p. 74
2340:
2328:
2323:, p. 73
2301:
2274:
2262:
2235:
2223:
2218:, p. 32
2196:
2154:
2127:
2115:
2088:
2040:
1982:
1970:
1965:, p. 62
1958:
1912:
1885:
1878:
1862:
1831:
1826:, p. 20
1819:
1807:
1795:
1783:
1774:
1750:
1745:, p. 14
1738:
1718:, p. 27
1695:, p. 88
1677:
1672:
1667:, p. 17
1652:, p. 35
1645:
1640:, p. 82
1619:Barford 2001
1602:, p. 81
1579:, p. 22
1547:, p. 21
1530:2006, p. 21.
1527:
1522:
1510:
1459:
1450:
1438:
1428:
1422:
1409:Svatopluk II
1366:
1358:
1355:Juraj Fándly
1328:
1317:
1313:
1305:
1291:, Chapter 41
1279:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1257:Svatopluk II
1245:
1231:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1205:
1202:
1184:
1183:
1169:
1161:
1159:
1144:
1143:
1137:
1134:Omuntesperch
1133:
1131:
1123:papal legate
1118:
1114:
1106:
1102:
1099:Quia te zelo
1098:
1096:
1083:
1058:
1043:
1039:
1032:
1008:
1004:
1003:
991:
976:
969:
958:
928:
924:
923:
908:
902:
893:
889:
879:
849:
847:
829:
808:
794:In May 873,
793:
784:Carantanians
760:
755:
745:
718:
717:
712:
700:
673:
663:
644:
643:
634:
607:
592:
576:
568:
564:
562:
510:
509:
496:Thessaloniki
475:
473:
442:
436:
434:
394:
387:
384:
353:
337:East Francia
319:, who was a
310:
294:SfendoplĂłkos
293:
285:
277:
266:
262:
258:
254:
246:
242:
238:
237:
230:
196:Svatopluk II
162:
2785:Reuter 1992
2754:Bowlus 1995
2742:Bowlus 1995
2718:Bowlus 1995
2706:Bowlus 1995
2694:Bowlus 1995
2682:Bowlus 1995
2655:Bowlus 1995
2643:Bowlus 1995
2631:Bowlus 1995
2619:Bowlus 1995
2607:Bowlus 1995
2553:Bowlus 1995
2541:Reuter 1992
2529:Bowlus 1995
2517:Bowlus 1995
2505:Bowlus 1995
2493:Bowlus 1995
2472:Bowlus 1995
2451:Bowlus 1995
2439:Bowlus 1995
2401:Bowlus 1995
2389:Bowlus 1995
2360:Vlasto 1970
2345:Bowlus 1995
2333:Bowlus 1995
2321:Vlasto 1970
2306:Kantor 1983
2294:Bowlus 1995
2279:Bowlus 1995
2267:Vlasto 1970
2255:Bowlus 1995
2228:Vlasto 1970
2201:Bowlus 1995
2174:Bowlus 1995
2159:Bowlus 1995
2132:Bowlus 1995
2108:Bowlus 1995
2093:Bowlus 1995
2081:Bowlus 1995
2045:Reuter 1992
2033:Bowlus 1995
1975:Bowlus 1995
1963:Reuter 1992
1951:Bowlus 1995
1917:Bowlus 1995
1855:Bowlus 1995
1836:Kantor 1983
1755:HavlĂk 1994
1731:Bowlus 1995
1638:Vlasto 1970
1600:Vlasto 1970
1517:, p. 7
1515:Bowlus 1995
1443:HavlĂk 2013
1341:within the
670:Engilschalk
581:Staré Město
480:Michael III
431:Early years
243:Svätopluk I
239:Svatopluk I
137:Predecessor
104:Predecessor
76:Predecessor
22:Svatopluk I
3582:894 deaths
3571:Categories
3471: 840
3052:0472081497
2946:0801439779
2926:References
2878:Bartl 2002
2866:Bartl 2002
2821:Bartl 2002
2240:Curta 2006
1824:Bartl 2002
1788:Curta 2006
1743:Curta 2006
1693:Bartl 2002
1665:Bartl 2002
1577:Bartl 2002
1545:Bartl 2002
1349:pastor of
1227:(year 894)
1218:neighbors.
1029:Last years
1023:(year 884)
973:Bulgarians
905:Latin Rite
771:Thuringian
767:Regensburg
742:(Slovakia)
729:(year 871)
708:Zwentibold
659:(year 870)
626:Alamannian
622:Franconian
286:Świętopełk
278:Svętopъłkъ
259:Zuentibald
181:SveteĹľizna
3559:MojmĂr II
3492:Rastislav
3432:986460633
3353:(2013) .
3076:: 25–34.
3039:(1991) .
2565:Fine 1991
1898:cite book
1812:Fine 1991
1800:Fine 1991
1399:Mojmir II
1367:Svätopluk
1363:Ján Hollý
1320:Menumorut
1127:cardinals
748:Bohemians
683:Moravians
521:Christian
390:Hungarian
376:Methodius
341:Forchheim
333:Moravians
317:Rastislav
313:Rastislav
267:Zvataplug
192:MojmĂr II
165: 840
149:Mojmir II
145:Successor
114:Successor
86:Successor
80:Rastislav
3519:SlavomĂr
3509:SlavomĂr
3329:(1992).
3305:(1991).
1373:See also
1335:nobility
1285:—
1222:—
1193:—
1187:Arcturus
1153:—
1045:filioque
1018:—
998:Kaumberg
937:—
724:—
691:SlavomĂr
654:—
614:Carloman
610:Bavarian
587:, or at
536:—
525:Italians
506:in 867.
469:Veszprém
461:Bractari
409:Slovakia
362:in 880.
360:Holy See
200:Predslav
108:SlavomĂr
90:Slavomir
39:Slovakia
2576:Spiesz
1676:Spiesz
1526:Spiesz
1351:Dubnica
1166:Braslav
1138:ducatus
1091:Trinity
1061:Clement
1054:fasting
1048:to the
987:Austria
875:Silesia
858:Vistula
813:tribute
674:Sirmium
666:William
648:hawking
638:Bavaria
594:Sirmium
554:Loštice
532:truth."
517:Moravia
488:Moravia
465:Crișana
417:Hungary
405:Bohemia
401:Moravia
392:raids.
380:Moravia
345:Germany
231:Unknown
3474:
3430:
3420:
3404:
3389:
3363:
3339:
3315:
3291:
3267:
3246:
3225:
3206:
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3168:
3147:
3124:
3101:
3049:
3025:
3004:
2983:
2962:
2943:
2578:et al.
1870:
1678:et al.
1528:et al.
1302:Arnulf
1242:Legacy
1237:Környe
1080:said:
983:Vienna
886:Viking
862:Poland
801:Verona
789:Danube
752:Czechs
740:Ducové
704:Arnulf
689:named
603:Serbia
569:regnum
529:Greeks
513:Slavic
500:Greece
421:Slovak
413:Poland
368:German
329:Franks
321:vassal
282:Polish
227:Mother
219:Father
178:Spouse
3476:Died:
3466:Born:
3139:[
3116:[
2594:(PDF)
1890:(PDF)
1415:Notes
1050:Creed
1014:back.
913:Latin
854:pagan
805:Italy
775:Saxon
589:Nitra
585:Czech
378:from
356:popes
290:Greek
208:House
187:Issue
129:Reign
96:Reign
68:Reign
53:Reign
3478:894
3428:OCLC
3418:ISBN
3402:ISBN
3387:ISBN
3361:ISBN
3337:ISBN
3313:ISBN
3289:ISBN
3265:ISBN
3244:ISBN
3223:ISBN
3204:ISBN
3185:ISBN
3166:ISBN
3145:ISBN
3122:ISBN
3099:ISBN
3047:ISBN
3023:ISBN
3002:ISBN
2981:ISBN
2960:ISBN
2941:ISBN
1904:link
1868:ISBN
1255:and
1215:dux
1174:Sava
1087:Lord
1066:Naum
1036:Rome
1011:Raab
1005:They
994:Rába
965:Arbo
894:Life
773:and
668:and
624:and
435:The
415:and
403:and
170:Died
159:Born
3379:In:
3078:doi
1170:dux
756:dux
636:to
605:).
601:in
486:to
407:),
323:of
241:or
202:(?)
173:894
3573::
3469:c.
3426:.
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3072:.
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2006:^
1991:^
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