Swainson's hawk - Knowledge

1073: 915: 715:) compete for territory, and defend territories against each other. In many parts of the plains these three species nest in the same general area and exploit much the same prey base. Although diets overlap greatly, habitats may not overlap as much. In Oregon, Swainson's hawk selects nesting trees having a different configuration than those used by red-tailed or ferruginous hawks. In southern Alberta, different nesting habitats help reduce food competition, with Swainson's hawk favoring areas with scattered trees or riparian borders, while red-tailed hawks nest in stands of tall trees, and ferruginous hawks nest on the open plains. 1160: 31: 480: 201: 794:) while hunting. They frequently engage in transect-glides while actively hunting in flight. It commonly perches on the ground both during migration and on the breeding grounds. While hunting on the ground, almost entirely for large insects, their gait can appear awkward but they are often successful in pinning down several insects per day. During migration, it typically roosts for the night on bare ground with scattered trees, a habit that distinguishes it from fellow long-distance migrants such as the 367:. Swainson's hawk is on average a little shorter in length, 43–56 cm (17–22 in) long, and weighs a bit less, 0.5–1.7 kg (1.1–3.7 lb). However, Swainson's hawk has a slightly longer wingspan at 117–137 cm (46–54 in), with more slender, elongated wings, than the red-tailed hawk. Female Swainson's hawks, at an average weight of 1.15 kg (2.5 lb), are somewhat larger and heavier than males, at an average of 0.81 kg (1.8 lb). Among standard measurements, the 80: 1081: 989: 649: 55: 836: 331: 636:, where it seems in fact to be a regular visitor. In recent years, the first birds were seen in early November, and some stayed until late February. Numbers increase throughout November and peak in December, when flocks of many dozen roam the open lands. But many stay only for a scant few weeks before leaving again. 996:

When Swainson's hawks arrive at their nesting sites in March or April, they may return to their original nests as these hawks are noted to be monogamous. Research indicates that they have a high degree of mate and territorial fidelity. This is unusual in a long-distance migrant. Seven to fifteen days

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There is also some evidence that road-killed birds and animals are also consumed both on the wintering grounds and on the breeding grounds. The species commonly follows tractors and other agricultural equipment during haying or ploughing, where rodents are exposed for the hawks to capture, or insects

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Swainson's hawks hunt using various methods. Many still-hunt, watching for prey activity from a perch such as a tree, bush, pylon, telephone pole, hummock or other high object. Others hunt by soaring over open ground with wings held in a dihedral, using their stellar vision to watch for prey activity

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Although often nesting close to human activity, some Swainson's hawks are very easily disturbed at the nest and often desert, especially early in the season. The bird is often quite tame and an easy target for shooters traveling isolated prairie roads. The species may also be affected in ways yet to

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Swainson's hawk has adapted well to grazing and pastureland and seems to be holding its own over much of its breeding range, from northern Mexico to the southern parts of the prairie provinces. However, far western populations, like that of Oregon, and southern California, have drastically declined,

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The oldest wild Swainson's hawk on record is 26 years 1 month (Swainson's Hawk 26 years 01 months 07/06/1986 California Local Unknown 07/24/2012 California Saw or photographed neck collar, color band, or other marker (not federal band) while bird was free Alive - Released/Left On Bird). There are a

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Swainson’s hawks have a high natal fidelity, and individuals generally return to areas where they fledged. On average, female natal dispersal (mean distance of 11.1 kilometers) was higher than males (mean distance of 8.3 kilometers) in northern California. Longer natal dispersal distance in females

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from other buteos. Breeding densities may vary from one area to the next but averages one pair per 2.5 sq mi (6.5 km). The average home range estimate for this hawk is 1 to 2 sq mi (2.6 to 5.2 km). It gathers in groups for feeding and migrating. However, in each case,

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reached at least 20 years old in this population, though the age distribution suggests that these individuals are rare in a breeding population. In contrast to these relatively old individuals, most individuals that survived to breeding age in northern California died at 9.2 ± 5.5 years old, and

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are uncovered after crop cutting. Wildfires often attract foraging Swainson's hawks, especially grass fires in their South American wintering range. In South American grass fires, the hawks frequently wait around the edges of the fire, picking off not only insects but also vertebrates including

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The courtship displays of Swainson's hawk are not well known. One activity involves circling and diving above a potential nest site. The underwings and rump are flashed and the birds call. The display may end with one bird diving to land on the edge of the nest. Copulation occurs mainly in the

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Spring migration broadens once the birds have passed through Mexico as they disperse through the breeding range. Migrant groups are noted in the southern U.S. states in March. The earliest Swainson's hawks arrive in southern Canada in late March, with migration peaking from mid April onwards.

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and face patch. The underwings, seen as the bird soars, have light linings (leading edge) and dark flight feathers (trailing edge), a pattern unique among North American raptors. The tail is gray-brown with about six narrow dark bands and one wider subterminal band. The upperparts are brown.

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Clutch size ranges from one to four eggs, but averages two to three. Each egg is elliptical in shape, about 2.25 in (57 mm) long and 1.8 in (46 mm) wide. The egg is smooth with fine granulations and the ground color is white, often tinted bluish or greenish. During

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Juveniles are similar but dark areas have pale mottling and light areas, especially the flanks, have dark mottling. The chest is pale with some darker marks. The subterminal band of the tail is less obvious. Birds in their first spring may have pale heads because of feather wear.

741:, the species likes largely open but broken (with rocks or woods) plains or low hills, where it can be seen to gather in larger groups. Groups of a few dozen birds are not uncommon. Flocks of over one hundred birds have been recorded several times, e.g. one that roamed the 1069:. Nests are located from 9 to 15 ft (2.7 to 4.6 m) above the ground, often in the shaded canopy but near the top of the tree. Nests are flimsy structures, usually smaller than the nests of the red-tailed hawk, and often blow down after nesting season. 805:

These birds patrol open areas or scan for prey from a perch; they may also catch insects in flight. They take advantage of insects turned up by farm equipment or driven out by fire. A hunting Swainson's hawk will use several strategies. It hunts insects such as

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may also be exploited for food by one or more age-classes of birds. The immatures wintering in southern Florida apparently feed upon either insects, mice, or both, when turned up from field plowing. They move from one freshly ploughed field to the next.

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and wild fires for injured or fleeing food. It will also run down insect prey on the ground. Occasionally a hawk will stand still on a dirt bank or elevated mound waiting for prey to appear. It commonly hunts from elevated perches such as

621:, thousands of kilometers away from their usual migration route and wintering grounds and sometimes in mid-summer. This suggests that individuals occasionally become lost during migration, and/or that they may spend a whole year in the 1209:

infestations, and Swainson's hawks were ingesting these pesticides in several different ways, but mainly by gorging themselves on the insects as they lay dying. The U.S. has worked with Argentine farmers to resolve this problem.

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the shell color quickly wears to dull white. Some eggs are plain; others are lightly marked with spots and blotches of light brown. The incubation period is 34 to 35 days, with the female incubating while the male brings food.

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Swainson's hawks typically nest in isolated trees or bushes, shelterbelts, riparian groves, or around abandoned homesteads. Occasionally, a pair will nest on the ground or on a bank or ledge. Nest trees and bushes include

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from flying streams of bats. Also, when dragonfly hordes are grounded by weather, Swainson's hawk will stand near groups sheltering from the wind and pluck at individual insects. Swainson's hawk closely follows both

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Young Swainson's hawks are fed small, young mammals. Flight feathers begin to emerge on the young at 9 to 11 days. High nestling mortality often occurs when the young are 15 to 30 days old and may be a result of

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and other small vertebrates. However, breeding birds switch mainly to capturing vertebrate prey, which pairs then bring to their nestlings. Breeding Swainson's hawks rely heavily upon small mammals such as young

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Dark-morph birds are dark brown except for a light patch under the tail. There is a rufous variant that is lighter on the underparts with reddish bars. The tails of both these forms resemble those of the light

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as a Category 3C candidate. Swainson's hawk was removed from the active federal list because it was found to be more abundant than previously thought; it is not considered a threatened species by the

1501:"Migration Patterns, use of Stopover Areas, and Austral Summer Movements of Swainson's HawksPatrones de Migración, Uso de Áreas de Parada y Movimientos durante el Verano Austral en Buteo swainsoni" 539:

and then set their wings and close their tails as they glide, slowly losing altitude until they find another thermal and rise with it. Thus, waves and small groups are strung out across the

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Males that fledged in territories with higher primary productivity had lower natal dispersal in northern California, suggesting they were trying to stay closer to more prey-dense habitat.

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practices. A possible reason for declines in parts of its range may be agriculturally motivated reductions in populations of both ground squirrels and grasshoppers, major seasonal foods.

524:. The flight from breeding ground to South American pampas in southern Brazil or Argentina can be as long as 7,100 mi (11,400 km). Each migration can last at least two months. 718:

Reduced reproductive success may result from Swainson's hawk's nesting proximity to these two other buteos. Swainson's hawk is generally tolerant of people. The bird is attracted to

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Kochert, Michael N.; Fuller, Mark R.; Schueck, Linda S.; Bond, Laura; Bechard, Marc J.; Woodbridge, Brian; Holroyd, Geoff L.; Martell, Mark S.; Banasch, Ursula (2011-02-01).

1715:"Correlates and Fitness Consequences of Natal Dispersal in Swainson's HawksCorrelatos y Consecuencias en la Adecuación Biológica de la Dispersión Natal en Buteo swainsoni" 2930: 963: 628:

In Uruguay, the first dedicated studies show it to be not uncommon but patchily distributed across the country in winter. Notably, it had been underreported in

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morning and evening on the dead limbs of trees. The female may assume the receptive position without a prior display. During treading one of the birds calls.

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as prey for its nestlings. The breeding distribution of Swainson's hawk is tied very closely to the distribution of various small mammals for this reason. In

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while in flight, flapping little as it rides a wind current and stoops upon a fly, grabbing it with its foot and immediately transferring the prey to its

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A major cause of Swainson's hawk population decline was pesticide use in its wintering grounds of Argentina. Farmers there were using pesticides (

2945: 2773: 1663: 2925: 601:. But surprisingly, the occasional Swainson's hawk — including birds one or two years of age — has also been recorded in the eastern states of 2825: 1005:

and can take up to two weeks to complete. New nests may be constructed, old nests refurbished, or abandoned nests of other species — namely

766:. Natal dispersal in the Canadian prairies was significantly higher at 66.7 kilometers, with documented movements as far as 310 kilometers. 2905: 505:) are almost invariably misidentified buteos of other species. Swainson's hawks mostly winter on the pampas of South America in Argentina, 412:

Swainson's hawk inhabits North America mainly in the spring and summer, and winters in South America. Breeding areas include south-central

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There are two main color variations. Over 90% of individuals are light-morph; the dark morph is most common in the far west of the range:

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are dependent upon their parents for 4 to 5 weeks. This species has one brood a year and apparently does not lay replacement clutches.

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Kane, Sarah A.; Vennum, Christopher R.; Woodbridge, Brian; Collopy, Michael W.; Bloom, Peter H.; Briggs, Christopher W. (2020-07-01).

1601:[New records and updated inventory of the avifauna of the Serranía de las Quinchas, an important bird area (IBA) in Colombia] 1893: 1119:, researchers found one 17 year old Swainson’s hawk still alive and breeding. In northern California, several individuals banded as 2920: 2724: 318:, as demonstrated by recent research. Then later diverged from the mainland birds perhaps 300,000 years ago, a very short time in 2935: 2786: 862:

hawks in this species range, including smaller-bodied species, do not normally prefer insects in their diet but instead focus on

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and dry grasslands in western North America. They build a stick nest in a tree or shrub or on a cliff edge. This species is a

1320: 2791: 2007: 1102:. The young begin to leave the nest for surrounding branches at 33 to 37 days, fledging occurs at about 38 to 46 days. The 2747: 2675: 1661:

Azpiroz, Adrián B.; Menéndez, José L. (2008). "Three new species and novel distributional data for birds in Uruguay".

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Bollmer, Jennifer L.; Kimball, Rebecca T.; Whiteman, Noah Kerness; Sarasola, José Hernán; Parker, Patricia G. (2005).

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after the birds arrive, the males begin constructing nests on the ground, ledges or in a trees. The nest consists of

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time. Reptiles, which can comprise large parts of a diet, include snakes such as racers, gopher snakes and striped

1558:"Wintering Areas and Migration Characteristics of Swainson's Hawks That Breed in the Central Valley of California" 2706: 685: 672:

fields, which may offer its prey too much cover. It requires elevated perches for hunting and a supply of small

1147:, the hawks suffer much egg loss due to owl predation. The species also suffers from frequent, unexplained egg 664:

and prairies – in both its breeding and wintering ranges. It favors wild prairie, hayfields, and pastures over

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Light-morph adults are white on the underparts with a dark, reddish "bib" on the chest and a noticeable white

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Airola, Daniel A.; Estep, James A.; Krolick, David E.; Anderson, Richard L.; Peters, Jason R. (August 2019).

570:, it migrates along a narrow corridor and rarely strays off course; for example, it was only recorded in the 2576: 1911: 2843: 2752: 2626: 2061: 1072: 514: 2631: 571: 527:

They leave the breeding grounds from August to October. Fall migration begins each clear day on which a

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Swainson's hawk has suffered population declines since the first half of the twentieth century and was

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Swainson's hawks may be largely insectivorous except when nesting. Insect prey commonly taken includes

1288: 2605: 2567: 1469: 1240: 1179: 954:. Swainson's hawk is an opportunistic feeder which responds quickly to local concentrations of food. 737:

In winter quarters, they are far more tolerant, though many birds will still fend for themselves. In

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The Swainson's hawk is the second longest migrant of any North American raptor, after arctic nesting

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is 36.2–42.7 cm (14.3–16.8 in), the tail is 18.5–23.4 cm (7.3–9.2 in), the

2804: 1820:"Age distribution and longevity in a breeding population of Swainson's Hawks, Buteo swainsoni" 633: 2851: 2450: 1763: 1684:"Populations of ferruginous and Swainson's hawks increase in synchrony with ground squirrels" 1042: 383:) is 3–3.5 cm (1.2–1.4 in). In flight, Swainson's hawk holds its wings in a slight 261: 174: 2618: 2587: 2126: 763: 502: 368: 2739: 1935: 598: 30: 8: 2455: 2332: 2226: 2166: 2136: 2121: 1993: 1014: 304: 44: 2592: 1917: 1868:

Goldstein, M.I.; Woodbridge, B.; Zaccagnini, M.E.; Canavelli, S.B.; Lanusse, A. (1996).

1265: 2465: 2460: 2382: 2377: 2216: 2206: 2191: 2106: 1847: 1744: 1533: 1500: 1465: 1436: 1418: 692: 464:, and all but eastern Texas. It periodically occurs in Iowa and rarely in northwestern 300: 213: 74: 546:

The birds gradually head southwards toward Central America where virtually the entire

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Goldstein, Michael I.; Bloom, Peter H.; Sarasola, Jose H.; Lacher, Thomas E. (1999).

1385: 1337: 1116: 1103: 967:, following the hordes of insects and feeding mostly on the wing. Local outbreaks of 872: 795: 787: 750: 731: 696:

such gathering is not social, but motivated by good feeding or migrating conditions.

629: 618: 594: 551: 372: 335: 1975: 1748: 1683: 590: 578:– just 100 km (62 mi) or so off its usual migration route – in 2000/2001. 479: 315: 2402: 2362: 2309: 2304: 2294: 2269: 2201: 2181: 2131: 2016: 1963: 1831: 1790: 1726: 1695: 1569: 1528: 1512: 1329: 1311: 1283: 1144: 1090: 947: 923: 779: 708: 521: 497:

and along the Texas coast, probably having failed to find the way south around the

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In Argentina, flocks of immature Swainson's hawks feed on flocks of the migratory

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Briggs, Christopher W.; Collopy, Michael W.; Woodbridge, Brian (2012-11-01).

1583: 1524: 1516: 1274: 1244: 1198: 1080: 1018: 876: 727: 364: 64: 59: 1139:. Wind storms and hail caused 30% nest failure in one study. When sharing a 2412: 2343: 2314: 1542: 1345: 1341: 1215: 1010: 931: 681: 582: 346: 141: 988: 2812: 2760: 2561: 2485: 2372: 2285: 2052: 1970: 1795: 1223: 1202: 1171: 1148: 1066: 1034: 908: 847: 839: 648: 586: 563: 1985: 1174:

in the United States from 1972 to 1982. It has since been placed on the

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The habitat of Swainson's hawk consists of open and semi-open country –

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30 birds were fitted with satellite tracking devices to produce this map

424:. They will breed as far north as east-central Alaska, and southwestern 2877: 2729: 2407: 2393: 2020: 1979: 1422: 1099: 892: 884: 610: 555: 547: 501:. Individuals reported north of these areas in winter (for example, on 437: 1867: 1574: 1557: 835: 734:, and other small birds may nest in or near a Swainson's hawk's nest. 2260: 2176: 1227: 1120: 1115:

number of cases of Swainson’s hawks living over 20 years old. In the

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regions and range about, rather than just overwintering at one site.

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Olmos, Fábio; Pacheco, José Fernando; Silveira, Luís Fábio (2006).

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there were not differences in longevity between males and females.

1054: 851: 677: 622: 575: 532: 469: 465: 461: 453: 417: 111: 1406: 614: 2600: 2512: 2041: 1869: 1128: 1046: 977: 904: 896: 824: 738: 723: 669: 536: 506: 494: 448:. The eastern part of its range includes Minnesota, northwestern 441: 413: 314:

This species or its immediate predecessor is the ancestor of the

284: 257: 249: 606: 1779:"Swainson's hawk longevity, colour banding and natal dispersal" 1597:

Laverde-R., Oscar; Stiles, F. Gary; Múnera-R., Claudia (2005).

1206: 1058: 1038: 1006: 968: 958: 943: 935: 863: 855: 719: 673: 657: 513:. The populations of Swainson's hawks breeding in California's 510: 457: 433: 395: 339: 308: 277: 227: 101: 1309: 1259: 1257: 1255: 581:

In Brazil, migrating birds pass through the western states of

2864: 2662: 2507: 2082: 2033: 1407:"Post-Migration Weight Gain of Swainson's Hawks in Argentina" 1002: 665: 567: 445: 425: 351: 296: 151: 2045:(extinctions: † indicates a species confirmed to be extinct) 1404: 818:. It uses a similar strategy to grab individual free-tailed 589:, while wintering birds may stray to the southern states of 1817: 1252: 1183: 1136: 998: 951: 888: 880: 815: 528: 449: 380: 376: 121: 1555: 778:

below. It occasionally courses low over the ground like a

276:(locusts and grasshoppers) and will voraciously eat these 1596: 1194: 1050: 819: 540: 1498: 428:. Breeding continues south through the eastern parts of 264:, a British naturalist. It is colloquially known as the 1712: 1263: 1375: 531:

blows in the general direction of travel. Birds gain

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Injured light-morph Swainson's hawk recuperating in

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Swainson's Hawk and nestlings, Weld County, Colorado

1682:Schmutz, Josef K.; Hungle, Daniel J. (2011-02-14). 1186:. It remains listed as a threatened species by the 517:also winter in western Mexico and central America. 295:; it has been recorded as a vagrant in neighboring 2931:Native birds of the Plains-Midwest (United States) 1858: 1289:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695903A93533217.en 1230:, including those used on its wintering grounds. 1135:, and even during severe prairie weather such as 762:is typical for many bird species, and may aid in 387:; it tips back and forth slightly while soaring. 2897: 1894:Swainson's hawk: Bird of the Cowboys and Gauchos 1761: 1127:Swainson's hawks die because of collisions with 1660: 1178:in 1986. It is now listed by the United States 918:Swainson's Hawk and prey, Weld County, Colorado 1923:– USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter 1371: 1369: 1367: 1365: 1363: 1361: 1359: 1357: 1355: 2001: 1681: 1316:): A recent arrival to the Galápagos Islands" 1664:Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 1398: 802:), which roosts in closed-canopy woodlands. 688:and Swainson's hawk are precisely the same. 1628:[Notes on Brazilian birds of prey] 1352: 375:is 6.2–8 cm (2.4–3.1 in) and the 2008: 1994: 1214:often due to habitat loss or incompatible 1176:National Audubon's List of Special Concern 1154: 903:. Birds taken include large birds such as 199: 53: 29: 2015: 1794: 1730: 1656: 1654: 1573: 1532: 1287: 922:Other unusual bird species taken include 691:Swainson's hawk will defend its breeding 493:Small populations winter in southeastern 1376:Ferguson-Lees, J.; Christie, D. (2001). 1239:This article incorporates text from the 1158: 1079: 1071: 987: 913: 834: 647: 478: 329: 1776: 1312:"Phylogeography of the Galápagos hawk ( 911:which may have been injured initially. 832:, stooping on prey when it is sighted. 355:. It broadly overlaps in size with the 349:and a medium-sized member of the genus 2946:Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte 2898: 1651: 1590: 1464: 1429: 1303: 1188:California Department of Fish and Game 407: 2926:Native birds of the Canadian Prairies 2528: 2527: 1989: 1617: 1474:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 1458: 1321:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 554:. Concentrations over locations like 416:, central Saskatchewan, southwestern 2707:ef6201dc-2492-49ce-8011-a43f90537d58 1764:"Bird Banding Lab Longevity Records" 842:, a favorite food of Swainson's hawk 444:, New Mexico, Colorado, and most of 2906:IUCN Red List least concern species 1976:Audio recordings of Swainson's hawk 1275:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 772: 684:, for example, the distribution of 436:, locally to the central valley of 13: 756: 535:by soaring in circles on a rising 14: 2957: 1958:Swainson's hawk photo gallery 1898:Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center 1887: 1777:Houston, C. Stuart (2005-03-01). 1634:Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 930:. More typical in size are young 299:, in the island countries of the 208:Distribution of Swainson's Hawk 78: 2921:Birds of the Dominican Republic 1936:BirdLife species factsheet for 1912:Swainson's hawk Species Account 1811: 1770: 1762:Bird Banding Lab (2021-02-22). 1755: 1706: 1675: 1264:BirdLife International (2016). 983: 887:, and, at least locally, small 2936:Birds of prey of North America 2753:swainsons-hawk-buteo-swainsoni 1549: 1492: 325: 1: 1931:National Film Board of Canada 1233: 753:) in mid-late December 2005. 280:whenever they are available. 1960:at VIREO (Drexel University) 1914:– Cornell Lab of Ornithology 1640:(4): 401–404. Archived from 686:Richardson's ground squirrel 7: 2062:Black-chested buzzard-eagle 1945:"Swainson's hawk media" 1688:Canadian Journal of Zoology 1334:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.11.014 1190:as it has been since 1983. 1109: 10: 2962: 1874:Journal of Raptor Research 1836:10.1007/s10336-020-01776-7 1562:Journal of Raptor Research 1445:Cornell Lab of Ornithology 643: 283:Their breeding habitat is 2536: 2503: 2474: 2439: 2421: 2391: 2341: 2323: 2283: 2258: 2240: 2080: 2050: 2031: 2027: 1964:Interactive range map of 1929:– a documentary from the 1903:About the Swainson's Hawk 1471:The Sibley Guide to Birds 1241:Bureau of Land Management 1180:Fish and Wildlife Service 946:. Amphibians may include 652:Soaring light-morph adult 219: 212: 207: 198: 180: 173: 75:Scientific classification 73: 51: 42: 37: 28: 23: 1950:Internet Bird Collection 1927:"Twixt Heaven and Earth" 1732:10.1525/cond.2012.120034 1517:10.1525/cond.2011.090243 1282:: e.T22695903A93533217. 1084:Juvenile Swainson's hawk 964:Rhionaeschna bonariensis 572:Serranía de las Quinchas 566:are spectacular. In the 420:, and west and southern 272:, as it is very fond of 38:Male in California, USA 2941:Birds described in 1838 1155:Status and conservation 992:A Swainson's hawk chick 1907:The Nature Conservancy 1824:Journal of Ornithology 1222:be understood by some 1167: 1085: 1077: 993: 980:, lizards and snakes. 919: 843: 653: 490: 342: 2852:Paleobiology Database 2451:Rufous-winged buzzard 1162: 1083: 1075: 1021:) — are refurbished. 991: 917: 838: 699:Swainson's hawk, the 676:such as young ground 651: 503:Christmas Bird Counts 482: 345:Swainson's hawk is a 334:Rufous-morph bird in 333: 289:long-distance migrant 2702:Fauna Europaea (new) 2127:Rough-legged buzzard 1796:10.29173/bluejay5854 1384:. pp. 717–719. 1378:Raptors of the World 1131:, illegal shooting, 764:inbreeding avoidance 634:Paysandú Departments 550:funnels through the 338:, on its way to the 24:Swainson's hawk 2456:Grasshopper buzzard 2333:Black-collared hawk 2167:White-throated hawk 2137:Red-shouldered hawk 2122:Long-legged buzzard 1466:Sibley, David Allen 1314:Buteo galapagoensis 1015:black-billed magpie 786:) or hovers like a 472:, and southwestern 408:Range and migration 305:Trinidad and Tobago 45:Conservation status 2466:Grey-faced buzzard 2461:White-eyed buzzard 2383:Semiplumbeous hawk 2378:Slate-colored hawk 2217:Red-necked buzzard 2207:Madagascar buzzard 2192:Rufous-tailed hawk 2107:Cape Verde buzzard 1971:IUCN Red List maps 1918:Swainson's hawk – 1168: 1086: 1078: 994: 920: 844: 732:European starlings 654: 491: 343: 301:Dominican Republic 248:) is a large bird 2893: 2892: 2530:Taxon identifiers 2521: 2520: 2499: 2498: 2358:White-necked hawk 2353:White-browed hawk 2300:Common black hawk 2275:White-rumped hawk 2162:Short-tailed hawk 2157:White-rumped hawk 2142:Broad-winged hawk 2102:Himalayan buzzard 2072:White-tailed hawk 1694:(10): 2596–2601. 1636:(in Portuguese). 1575:10.3356/JRR-18-49 1437:"Swainson's Hawk" 1145:great horned owls 1117:Canadian prairies 948:tiger salamanders 873:young cottontails 796:broad-winged hawk 788:rough-legged hawk 751:Flores Department 743:Cuchilla Marincho 595:Rio Grande do Sul 552:Isthmus of Panama 522:Peregrine falcons 336:Hereford, Arizona 237: 236: 232: 166:B. swainsoni 68: 2953: 2886: 2885: 2873: 2872: 2860: 2859: 2847: 2846: 2834: 2833: 2821: 2820: 2808: 2807: 2795: 2794: 2782: 2781: 2769: 2768: 2756: 2755: 2743: 2742: 2733: 2732: 2720: 2719: 2710: 2709: 2697: 2696: 2684: 2683: 2671: 2670: 2658: 2657: 2645: 2644: 2635: 2634: 2622: 2621: 2609: 2608: 2606:DE473F42C06227F0 2596: 2595: 2583: 2582: 2572: 2571: 2570: 2557: 2556: 2555: 2525: 2524: 2403:Grey-backed hawk 2363:Black-faced hawk 2310:Great black hawk 2305:Cuban black hawk 2295:Rufous crab hawk 2227:Archer's buzzard 2202:Mountain buzzard 2182:Zone-tailed hawk 2132:Ferruginous hawk 2029: 2028: 2010: 2003: 1996: 1987: 1986: 1954: 1882: 1881: 1865: 1856: 1855: 1815: 1809: 1808: 1798: 1774: 1768: 1767: 1759: 1753: 1752: 1734: 1710: 1704: 1703: 1679: 1673: 1672: 1658: 1649: 1648: 1646: 1631: 1621: 1615: 1614: 1604: 1594: 1588: 1587: 1577: 1553: 1547: 1546: 1536: 1496: 1490: 1489: 1462: 1456: 1455: 1453: 1451: 1433: 1427: 1426: 1402: 1396: 1395: 1382:Christopher Helm 1373: 1350: 1349: 1307: 1301: 1300: 1298: 1296: 1291: 1261: 1243:which is in the 928:short-eared owls 924:American kestrel 869:ground squirrels 780:northern harrier 773:Hunting and food 745:region south of 709:ferruginous hawk 483:Swainson's hawk 266:grasshopper hawk 262:William Swainson 260:was named after 224: 222:Buteo swainsonii 203: 186: 83: 82: 62: 57: 56: 33: 21: 20: 2961: 2960: 2956: 2955: 2954: 2952: 2951: 2950: 2896: 2895: 2894: 2889: 2883:Buteo-swainsoni 2881: 2876: 2868: 2863: 2855: 2850: 2842: 2837: 2829: 2824: 2816: 2811: 2803: 2798: 2790: 2785: 2777: 2772: 2764: 2759: 2751: 2746: 2738: 2736: 2728: 2723: 2715: 2713: 2705: 2700: 2692: 2687: 2679: 2674: 2666: 2661: 2653: 2648: 2640: 2638: 2630: 2625: 2617: 2612: 2604: 2599: 2593:Buteo_swainsoni 2591: 2586: 2580: 2575: 2568:Buteo swainsoni 2566: 2565: 2560: 2551: 2550: 2545: 2538:Buteo swainsoni 2532: 2522: 2517: 2495: 2470: 2435: 2417: 2387: 2337: 2319: 2279: 2254: 2236: 2147:Swainson's hawk 2117:Red-tailed hawk 2112:Socotra buzzard 2097:Eastern buzzard 2076: 2046: 2023: 2014: 1966:Buteo swainsoni 1943: 1938:Buteo swainsoni 1920:Buteo swainsoni 1890: 1885: 1866: 1859: 1816: 1812: 1775: 1771: 1760: 1756: 1711: 1707: 1700:10.1139/z89-366 1680: 1676: 1659: 1652: 1644: 1629: 1622: 1618: 1602: 1595: 1591: 1554: 1550: 1497: 1493: 1486: 1463: 1459: 1449: 1447: 1441:All About Birds 1435: 1434: 1430: 1411:Wilson Bulletin 1403: 1399: 1392: 1374: 1353: 1308: 1304: 1294: 1292: 1268:Buteo swainsoni 1262: 1253: 1236: 1157: 1112: 1067:soaptree yuccas 986: 934:taken at their 830:telephone poles 775: 759: 757:Natal Dispersal 701:red-tailed hawk 646: 509:, and southern 488: 410: 357:red-tailed hawk 328: 291:, wintering in 254:Accipitriformes 245:Buteo swainsoni 240:Swainson's hawk 194: 188: 184:Buteo swainsoni 182: 169: 132:Accipitriformes 77: 69: 58: 54: 47: 17: 16:Species of bird 12: 11: 5: 2959: 2949: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2891: 2890: 2888: 2887: 2874: 2861: 2848: 2835: 2822: 2809: 2796: 2783: 2770: 2757: 2744: 2740:swainsons-hawk 2734: 2721: 2711: 2698: 2689:Fauna Europaea 2685: 2672: 2659: 2646: 2636: 2623: 2610: 2597: 2584: 2573: 2558: 2542: 2540: 2534: 2533: 2519: 2518: 2516: 2515: 2510: 2504: 2501: 2500: 2497: 2496: 2494: 2493: 2491:Solitary eagle 2488: 2482: 2480: 2477:Harpyhaliaetus 2472: 2471: 2469: 2468: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2447: 2445: 2437: 2436: 2434: 2433: 2431:Lizard buzzard 2427: 2425: 2419: 2418: 2416: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2399: 2397: 2389: 2388: 2386: 2385: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2368:Plumbeous hawk 2365: 2360: 2355: 2349: 2347: 2339: 2338: 2336: 2335: 2329: 2327: 2321: 2320: 2318: 2317: 2312: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2291: 2289: 2281: 2280: 2278: 2277: 2272: 2266: 2264: 2256: 2255: 2253: 2252: 2246: 2244: 2238: 2237: 2235: 2234: 2229: 2224: 2222:Jackal buzzard 2219: 2214: 2212:Upland buzzard 2209: 2204: 2199: 2197:Forest buzzard 2194: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2172:Galapagos hawk 2169: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2152:Ridgway's hawk 2149: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2099: 2094: 2092:Common buzzard 2088: 2086: 2078: 2077: 2075: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2058: 2056: 2048: 2047: 2039: 2037: 2025: 2024: 2013: 2012: 2005: 1998: 1990: 1984: 1983: 1973: 1961: 1955: 1941: 1933: 1924: 1915: 1909: 1900: 1889: 1888:External links 1886: 1884: 1883: 1857: 1830:(3): 885–891. 1810: 1769: 1754: 1725:(4): 764–770. 1705: 1674: 1650: 1647:on 2008-12-17. 1616: 1609:(in Spanish). 1589: 1568:(3): 237–252. 1548: 1491: 1484: 1457: 1428: 1417:(3): 428–432. 1397: 1390: 1351: 1328:(1): 237–247. 1302: 1250: 1249: 1248: 1235: 1232: 1156: 1153: 1111: 1108: 1063:saguaro cactus 1031:ponderosa pine 985: 982: 877:pocket gophers 800:B. platypterus 784:Circus cyaneus 774: 771: 758: 755: 728:House sparrows 722:, mowing, and 705:B. jamaicensis 645: 642: 515:Central Valley 499:Gulf of Mexico 409: 406: 405: 404: 400: 361:B. jamaicensis 327: 324: 316:Galápagos hawk 235: 234: 217: 216: 210: 209: 205: 204: 196: 195: 189: 178: 177: 171: 170: 163: 161: 157: 156: 149: 145: 144: 139: 135: 134: 129: 125: 124: 119: 115: 114: 109: 105: 104: 99: 95: 94: 89: 85: 84: 71: 70: 52: 49: 48: 43: 40: 39: 35: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2958: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2903: 2901: 2884: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2735: 2731: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2712: 2708: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2637: 2633: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2589: 2585: 2578: 2574: 2569: 2563: 2559: 2554: 2548: 2544: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2505: 2502: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2478: 2473: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2443: 2438: 2432: 2429: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2420: 2414: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2395: 2390: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2345: 2340: 2334: 2331: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2322: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2306: 2303: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2287: 2282: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2270:Harris's hawk 2268: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2262: 2257: 2251: 2250:Roadside hawk 2248: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2239: 2233: 2232:Augur buzzard 2230: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2187:Hawaiian hawk 2185: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2084: 2079: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2067:Variable hawk 2065: 2063: 2060: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2043: 2038: 2036: 2035: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2011: 2006: 2004: 1999: 1997: 1992: 1991: 1988: 1981: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1967: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1952: 1951: 1946: 1942: 1940: 1939: 1934: 1932: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1880:(2): 106–107. 1879: 1875: 1871: 1864: 1862: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1814: 1806: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1773: 1765: 1758: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1709: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1678: 1670: 1666: 1665: 1657: 1655: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1627: 1620: 1613:(2): 247–265. 1612: 1608: 1600: 1593: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1552: 1544: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1511:(1): 89–106. 1510: 1506: 1502: 1495: 1487: 1485:0-679-45122-6 1481: 1477: 1473: 1472: 1467: 1461: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1432: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1401: 1393: 1391:0-7136-8026-1 1387: 1383: 1379: 1372: 1370: 1368: 1366: 1364: 1362: 1360: 1358: 1356: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1322: 1317: 1315: 1306: 1290: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1276: 1271: 1269: 1260: 1258: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1245:public domain 1242: 1238: 1237: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1219: 1217: 1211: 1208: 1204: 1201:) to control 1200: 1199:monocrotophos 1196: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1166: 1161: 1152: 1150: 1146: 1143:with nesting 1142: 1138: 1134: 1133:electrocution 1130: 1125: 1122: 1118: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1095: 1092: 1082: 1074: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1026: 1022: 1020: 1019:American crow 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 990: 981: 979: 973: 970: 966: 965: 960: 955: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 932:lark buntings 929: 925: 916: 912: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 841: 837: 833: 831: 826: 821: 817: 813: 809: 803: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 770: 767: 765: 754: 752: 748: 744: 740: 735: 733: 729: 725: 721: 716: 714: 710: 706: 702: 697: 694: 689: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 650: 641: 637: 635: 631: 626: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 579: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 544: 542: 538: 534: 530: 525: 523: 518: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 486: 481: 477: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 401: 397: 393: 392: 391: 388: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 365:North America 362: 358: 354: 353: 348: 341: 337: 332: 323: 321: 317: 312: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 281: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 246: 241: 233: 230: 229: 223: 218: 215: 211: 206: 202: 197: 192: 187: 185: 179: 176: 175:Binomial name 172: 168: 167: 162: 159: 158: 155: 154: 150: 147: 146: 143: 140: 137: 136: 133: 130: 127: 126: 123: 120: 117: 116: 113: 110: 107: 106: 103: 100: 97: 96: 93: 90: 87: 86: 81: 76: 72: 66: 61: 60:Least Concern 50: 46: 41: 36: 32: 27: 22: 19: 2537: 2475: 2440: 2422: 2413:Mantled hawk 2392: 2344:Leucopternis 2342: 2324: 2315:Savanna hawk 2284: 2259: 2241: 2146: 2081: 2051: 2040: 2032: 1965: 1948: 1937: 1919: 1877: 1873: 1827: 1823: 1813: 1786: 1782: 1772: 1757: 1722: 1718: 1708: 1691: 1687: 1677: 1668: 1662: 1642:the original 1637: 1633: 1619: 1610: 1606: 1592: 1565: 1561: 1551: 1508: 1504: 1494: 1470: 1460: 1448:. Retrieved 1440: 1431: 1414: 1410: 1400: 1377: 1346:ResearchGate 1344:– via 1325: 1319: 1313: 1305: 1293:. Retrieved 1279: 1273: 1267: 1224:insecticides 1220: 1216:agricultural 1212: 1192: 1169: 1126: 1113: 1096: 1087: 1027: 1023: 1011:common raven 995: 984:Reproduction 974: 962: 956: 926:, and young 921: 859: 848:grasshoppers 845: 804: 799: 791: 783: 776: 768: 760: 736: 726:operations. 717: 712: 704: 698: 690: 682:Saskatchewan 655: 638: 627: 580: 545: 526: 519: 492: 411: 389: 360: 350: 344: 313: 282: 269: 265: 256:order. This 244: 243: 239: 238: 226: 221: 220: 183: 181: 165: 164: 152: 142:Accipitridae 18: 2839:Neotropical 2813:NatureServe 2761:iNaturalist 2562:Wikispecies 2486:Chaco eagle 2373:Barred hawk 2286:Buteogallus 2053:Geranoaetus 1671:(1): 38–56. 1295:12 November 1203:grasshopper 1172:Blue-listed 1149:infertility 1045:, domestic 1035:Douglas-fir 909:Sage Grouse 893:vertebrates 885:jackrabbits 840:Grasshopper 812:dobsonflies 808:dragonflies 668:fields and 587:Mato Grosso 564:Panama City 468:, northern 326:Description 270:locust hawk 2900:Categories 2878:Xeno-canto 2423:Kaupifalco 2408:White hawk 2394:Pseudastur 2325:Busarellus 2021:Buteoninae 1980:Xeno-canto 1719:The Condor 1505:The Condor 1380:. London: 1234:References 1228:herbicides 1137:hailstorms 1104:fledglings 1100:fratricide 1091:incubation 1043:cottonwood 961:dragonfly 940:whipsnakes 901:amphibians 895:including 891:and other 792:B. lagopus 713:B. regalis 707:) and the 662:grasslands 611:Pernambuco 556:Ancon Hill 548:population 452:, most of 438:California 430:Washington 379:(from the 369:wing chord 2261:Parabuteo 2177:Gray hawk 2017:Subfamily 1852:216085596 1844:2193-7206 1805:2562-5667 1741:0010-5422 1584:0892-1016 1525:0010-5422 1165:Boise Zoo 1121:nestlings 1049:, aspen, 747:Andresito 693:territory 678:squirrels 619:Tocantins 599:São Paulo 485:migration 474:Wisconsin 422:Minnesota 320:evolution 307:, and in 293:Argentina 274:Acrididae 191:Bonaparte 160:Species: 98:Kingdom: 92:Eukaryota 2865:Species+ 2818:2.105571 2805:22695903 2779:10586662 2619:22695903 2614:BirdLife 2547:Wikidata 2442:Butastur 2242:Rupornis 1783:Blue Jay 1749:84490400 1607:Caldasia 1543:26380528 1468:(2000). 1342:16376110 1110:Lifespan 1055:mesquite 978:nothuras 936:fledging 905:Mallards 897:reptiles 883:, young 858:. Other 852:crickets 825:tractors 623:tropical 603:Maranhão 576:Colombia 533:altitude 470:Illinois 466:Missouri 462:Oklahoma 454:Nebraska 418:Manitoba 385:dihedral 214:Synonyms 138:Family: 112:Chordata 108:Phylum: 102:Animalia 88:Domain: 65:IUCN 3.1 2730:2480562 2601:Avibase 2553:Q833963 2513:Buzzard 2042:Species 1896:at the 1534:4570029 1450:3 March 1423:4164111 1129:traffic 1007:corvids 1003:grasses 969:locusts 944:lizards 864:rodents 856:locusts 739:Uruguay 724:plowing 674:mammals 670:alfalfa 658:deserts 644:Ecology 537:thermal 507:Uruguay 495:Florida 442:Arizona 414:Alberta 285:prairie 278:insects 258:species 252:in the 250:species 148:Genus: 128:Order: 118:Class: 63: ( 2857:161515 2844:swahaw 2831:156757 2792:175367 2737:GNAB: 2714:FEIS: 2681:100767 2668:swahaw 2642:swahaw 2581:swahaw 1850: 1842: 1803: 1747: 1739: 1582: 1541: 1531: 1523: 1482: 1421: 1388: 1340: 1207:locust 1065:, and 1059:willow 1047:poplar 1039:spruce 1017:, and 1009:(e.g. 959:darner 942:, and 907:, and 854:, and 720:haying 630:Flores 591:Paraná 562:, and 560:Balboa 511:Brazil 487:route. 460:, and 458:Kansas 434:Oregon 403:morph. 396:throat 373:tarsus 347:raptor 340:pampas 309:Norway 303:, and 228:lapsus 193:, 1838 2916:Hawks 2911:Buteo 2774:IRMNG 2694:96721 2676:EUNIS 2663:eBird 2639:BOW: 2632:10309 2508:Eagle 2083:Buteo 2034:Genus 1848:S2CID 1789:(1). 1745:S2CID 1645:(PDF) 1630:(PDF) 1603:(PDF) 1419:JSTOR 1141:grove 999:twigs 952:toads 889:birds 860:Buteo 666:wheat 615:Piauí 568:Andes 446:Texas 426:Yukon 352:Buteo 297:Chile 153:Buteo 2870:4750 2826:NCBI 2800:IUCN 2787:ITIS 2766:5196 2725:GBIF 2717:busw 2655:NYVT 2627:BOLD 1840:ISSN 1801:ISSN 1737:ISSN 1580:ISSN 1539:PMID 1521:ISSN 1480:ISBN 1452:2013 1386:ISBN 1338:PMID 1297:2021 1280:2016 1226:and 1205:and 1197:and 1184:IUCN 1001:and 950:and 899:and 881:mice 820:bats 816:bill 632:and 617:and 607:Pará 597:and 585:and 583:Acre 529:wind 450:Iowa 432:and 381:gape 377:bill 122:Aves 2748:IBC 2650:CoL 2588:ADW 2577:ABA 1978:on 1969:at 1905:at 1832:doi 1828:161 1791:doi 1727:doi 1723:114 1696:doi 1669:128 1570:doi 1529:PMC 1513:doi 1509:113 1476:120 1415:111 1330:doi 1284:doi 1195:DDT 1051:elm 810:or 574:of 541:sky 268:or 2902:: 2880:: 2867:: 2854:: 2841:: 2828:: 2815:: 2802:: 2789:: 2776:: 2763:: 2750:: 2727:: 2704:: 2691:: 2678:: 2665:: 2652:: 2629:: 2616:: 2603:: 2590:: 2579:: 2564:: 2549:: 2019:: 1947:. 1878:30 1876:. 1872:. 1860:^ 1846:. 1838:. 1826:. 1822:. 1799:. 1787:63 1785:. 1781:. 1743:. 1735:. 1721:. 1717:. 1692:67 1690:. 1686:. 1667:. 1653:^ 1638:14 1632:. 1611:27 1605:. 1578:. 1566:53 1564:. 1560:. 1537:. 1527:. 1519:. 1507:. 1503:. 1478:. 1443:. 1439:. 1413:. 1409:. 1354:^ 1336:. 1326:39 1324:. 1318:. 1278:. 1272:. 1254:^ 1151:. 1061:, 1057:, 1053:, 1041:, 1037:, 1033:, 1013:, 879:, 875:, 871:, 850:, 730:, 660:, 613:, 609:, 605:, 593:, 558:, 543:. 476:. 456:, 440:, 322:. 311:. 2009:e 2002:t 1995:v 1982:. 1953:. 1854:. 1834:: 1807:. 1793:: 1766:. 1751:. 1729:: 1702:. 1698:: 1586:. 1572:: 1545:. 1515:: 1488:. 1454:. 1425:. 1394:. 1348:. 1332:: 1299:. 1286:: 1270:" 1266:" 1247:. 798:( 790:( 782:( 749:( 711:( 703:( 359:( 242:( 231:) 225:( 67:)

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