785:
saturation is an accurate parameter of total body blood flow and therefore cardiac output. The assumption that a low mixed venous oxygen saturation (normal = 60% except for the coronary sinus where it approximates 40% reflecting the high metabolic rate of the myocardium) represents less than adequate oxygen delivery is consistent with physiological and metabolic observations. High oxygen extraction is associated with low cardiac output and decreased mixed venous oxygen saturation. Except during hypothermia and in severe sepsis, low mixed venous oxygen saturations are indication of inadequate hemodynamics. The ability of the pulmonary artery catheter to sample mixed venous blood is of great utility to manage low cardiac output states.
77:
263:
139:
36:
618:. As this cooler fluid passes the tip thermistor, a very brief drop in the blood temperature is recorded. A recent variation in design is the incorporation of a heating coil on the catheter (30 cm from the tip, residing in the atrium area) which eliminates the cold fluid bolus, a major factor in human technique variation.
764:
reduced by the complications from the use of the PAC. Furthermore, using information from the PAC might result in a more aggressive therapy causing the detrimental effect. Or, it could give rise to more harmful therapies (i.e. achieving supra-normal values could be associated with increased mortality).
763:
Contrary to earlier studies there is growing evidence the use of a PA catheter (PAC) does not necessarily lead to improved outcome. One explanation could be that nurses and physicians are insufficiently knowledgeable to adequately interpret the PA catheter measurements. Also, the benefits might be
784:
A feature of the pulmonary artery catheter that has been largely ignored in the clinical setting is its ability to monitor total body oxygen extraction by measuring the mixed venous oxygen saturation. Regardless of the value obtained by measurements of the cardiac output, the mixed venous oxygen
750:
Several studies in the 1980s seemed to show a benefit of the increase in physiological information. Many reports showing benefit of the PA catheter are from anaesthetic, and
Intensive Care Unit (ICU) settings. In these settings cardiovascular performance was optimized thinking patients would have
681:
One further development in recent years has been the invention of a catheter with a fiber-optic based probe which is extended and lodged into the ventricle wall providing instant readings of SvO2 or oxygen saturation of the ventricle tissues. This technique has a finite life as the sensor becomes
511:
No study has definitively demonstrated improved outcome in critically ill patients managed with PA catheters. Given that the PA catheter is a monitoring tool and not a therapy in and of itself this is not entirely surprising. Justification for its continued use rests on a large body of clinical
621:
By attaching both the injector site and the ventricular thermistor to a small computer, the thermodilution curve can be plotted. If details about the patient's body mass index (size); core temp, Systolic, diastolic, central venous pressure CVP (measured from the atrium by the third lumen
556:
at the tip, which facilitates its placement into the pulmonary artery through the flow of blood. The balloon, when inflated, causes the catheter to "wedge" in a small pulmonary blood vessel. So wedged, the catheter can provide an indirect measurement of the pressure in the left
594:
The idea for a sail or balloon tip modification of Ronald
Bradley's simple portex tubing method came about from Swan's observation from the Laguna Beach CA shore of sail boats on the water on a relatively calm day. Boats with conventional slot sails were still; one with a
633:
flow and pressures which, theoretically, can be stabilized or adjusted with drugs to either constrict or dilate the vessels (to raise or lower, respectively, the pressure of blood flowing to the lungs), in order to maximize oxygen for delivery to the body tissues.
669:. A further set of calculations can be made by measuring the arterial blood and central venous (from the third lumen) and inputting these figures into a spreadsheet or the cardiac output computer, if so equipped, and plotting an oxygen delivery profile.
512:
experience, disadvantages of other cardiac output monitoring systems, its ability to accurately measure pulmonary artery pressure, and the potential to use the catheter as a direct conduit for drug administration into the pulmonary artery.
532:
veins. Ease of placement for a pulmonary artery catheter from easiest to difficult is: right internal jugular > left subclavian > left internal jugular > right subclavian. From this entry site, it is threaded through the right
1042:
Harvey, Sheila; Harrison, David A.; Singer, Mervyn; Ashcroft, Joanne; Jones, Carys M.; Elbourne, Diana; Brampton, William; Williams, Dewi; Young, Duncan; Rowan, Kathryn; PAC-Man study collaboration (August 6–12, 2005).
780:
by time/temperature curves is an expedient but limited and invasive model of right heart performance. It remains an exceptional method of monitoring volume overload leading to pulmonary edema in an ICU setting.
371:. It is also a good measure for those needing intravenous fluid therapy, for instance post heart surgery, shock, and severe burns. The procedure can also be used to measure pressures in the heart chambers.
886:
Shah, MR; Hasselblad, V; Stevenson, LW; Binanay, C; et al. (October 5, 2005). "Impact of the pulmonary artery catheter in critically ill patients: Meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials".
755:
found no difference in mortality or length of stay in ICU patients who received pulmonary artery catheters, though it did find a 10% incidence of complications related to the procedure.
838:
792:
and pulse-wave cardiac output monitoring are concordant with (and much safer) if not better than invasive methods defining right and left heart performance. The emergence of
691:
614:(temperature probe) about 3 cm behind the tip. 10 ml of saline (0.9% NaCl) under 10 °C or room temperature (not as accurate) is injected into an opening in the
607:
modification after Swan showed him the initial balloon design, which was fabricated by
Edwards Laboratories, which had previously contracted with Swan as a consultant.
2122:
1753:
374:
The pulmonary artery catheter allows direct, simultaneous measurement of pressures in the right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, and the filling pressure (
1240:
Swan, HJ; Ganz, W; Forrester, J; Marcus, H; et al. (August 1970). "Catheterization of the heart in man with use of a flow-directed balloon-tipped catheter".
545:, and subsequently into the pulmonary artery. The passage of the catheter may be monitored by dynamic pressure readings from the catheter tip or with the aid of
1045:"Assessment of the clinical effectiveness of pulmonary artery catheters in management of patients in intensive care (PAC-Man): a randomised controlled trial"
1141:
Bland, RD; Shoemaker, WC; Abraham, E; Cobo, JC (1985). "Hemodynamic and oxygen transport patterns in surviving and non-surviving postoperative patients".
561:
of the heart, showing a mean pressure, in addition to a, x, v, and y waves which have implications for status of the left atria and the mitral valve.
1513:
864:
600:
814:"Pulmonary Artery Catheterization: Background, Settings in Which Use of a PAC Is Appropriate, Settings in Which Use of a PAC Is Inappropriate"
355:. Pulmonary artery catheterization is a useful measure of the overall function of the heart particularly in those with complications from
2201:
1791:
793:
203:
156:
49:
175:
573:
and is well positioned in the left ventricle. LV edp reflects fluid status of the individual in addition to heart health. See also
1619:
796:
and similar hospital based catheter infections now clearly limits the utility of this type of invasive cardiac ICU intervention.
562:
378:) of the left atrium. The pulmonary artery catheter is frequently referred to as a Swan-Ganz catheter, in honor of its inventors
182:
599:
was able to make reasonable headway. The concept of using thermodilution to measure cardiac output was originally the idea of
1506:
189:
1714:
1699:
1639:
1242:
1104:
17:
742:
The benefit of the use of this type of catheter has been controversial. Therefore, many clinicians minimize its use.
171:
2112:
1809:
1338:
1315:
1292:
240:
222:
120:
98:
63:
91:
1499:
1330:
1307:
1284:
1955:
1814:
1747:
1460:
Gidwani, UK; Mohanty, B; Chatterjee, K (November 2013). "The pulmonary artery catheter: A critical reappraisal".
622:
simultaneously) and pulmonary artery pressure are input, a comprehensive flow vs pressure map can be calculated.
2086:
160:
55:
1593:
1576:
1570:
1996:
1930:
995:
752:
387:
1100:"A randomized, controlled trial of the use of pulmonary-artery catheters in high-risk surgical patients"
1588:
1533:
1327:
Irwin & Rippe's
Procedures, Techniques and Minimally Invasive Monitoring in Intensive Care Medicine
196:
2117:
1913:
1908:
653:
and other drugs directly into the atrium. Drugs to achieve these changes can be delivered into the
552:
The standard pulmonary artery catheter has two lumens (Swan-Ganz) and is equipped with an inflatable
865:"Jeremy Swan and the pulmonary artery catheter: Paving the way for effective hemodynamic monitoring"
574:
375:
283:
85:
2011:
1854:
1839:
1522:
427:
149:
2091:
1893:
1143:
695:
444:
102:
1213:"Measurement of flow in single blood vessels including cardiac output by local thermodilution"
714:
The procedure is not without risk, and complications can be life-threatening. It can lead to
2096:
2017:
1402:
662:
521:
403:
1948:
1768:
1217:
626:
578:
813:
649:— five or six are common — and have openings along the length to allow administration of
303:
8:
1991:
1898:
1819:
1709:
1704:
1694:
1647:
1564:
1548:
625:
In crude terms, this measurement compares left and right cardiac activity and calculates
569:) is measured using a different procedure, with a catheter that has directly crossed the
488:
452:
610:
After Swan developed the initial balloon tip, Ganz used Fronek's idea and added a small
2196:
2040:
1871:
1804:
1721:
1682:
1657:
1582:
1383:
1356:
1267:
1168:
1080:
1019:
990:
954:
927:
703:
368:
1060:
2143:
1889:
1689:
1667:
1652:
1543:
1477:
1448:
1419:
1388:
1334:
1311:
1288:
1259:
1199:
1160:
1156:
1123:
1072:
1064:
1024:
959:
905:
690:
Various other techniques have largely relegated the PA catheter to history, e.g. the
657:
via the fourth lumen, usually dedicated to medication. Common drugs used are various
542:
409:
273:
1084:
262:
2001:
1672:
1469:
1440:
1411:
1378:
1368:
1271:
1251:
1226:
1172:
1152:
1113:
1056:
1014:
1004:
949:
945:
941:
932:
897:
789:
534:
344:
2027:
1925:
1799:
646:
525:
438:
289:
1431:
Whitener, S; Konoske, R; Mark, JB (December 2014). "Pulmonary artery catheter".
1255:
2138:
1981:
1758:
888:
777:
699:
654:
558:
1473:
1444:
1415:
863:
Bayliss, Michael; Andrade, Jason; Heydari, Bobby; Ignaszewski, Andrew (2009).
2190:
1866:
1849:
1068:
901:
502:
356:
1325:
Irwin, Richard S.; Rippe, James M.; Lisbon, Alan; Heard, Stephen O. (2012).
1044:
682:
coated with protein and it can irritate the ventricle via the contact area.
637:
The ability to record results is not a guarantee of patient survivability.
2175:
2076:
1943:
1935:
1881:
1783:
1773:
1677:
1634:
1629:
1481:
1452:
1423:
1392:
1373:
1231:
1212:
1203:
1127:
1076:
1028:
1009:
963:
909:
727:
615:
570:
529:
469:
383:
360:
1491:
1263:
1164:
1098:
Sandham, JD; Hull, RD; Brant, RF; Knox, L; et al. (January 2, 2003).
2158:
2081:
1662:
1118:
1099:
773:
715:
546:
379:
313:
2165:
2148:
2060:
1976:
1920:
1726:
719:
611:
604:
2153:
2035:
1971:
839:"Pulmonary Artery Catheterization - Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders"
723:
630:
596:
460:
364:
297:
138:
2055:
2006:
1986:
1844:
1763:
1538:
731:
666:
658:
650:
340:
2170:
2050:
928:"Pulmonary artery catheters for adult patients in intensive care"
926:
Rajaram, SS; Desai, NK; Kalra, A; Gajera, M; et al. (2013).
553:
862:
1624:
718:, pseudoaneurysm formation or rupture of the pulmonary artery,
885:
767:
414:
Ventricular septal rupture (VSR) vs acute mitral regurgitation
1400:
Magder, S (January 2015). "Invasive hemodynamic monitoring".
751:
supra-normal metabolic requirements. In 2005, a multi-center
566:
538:
1041:
970:
2045:
1731:
479:
Assessment of fluid requirement in critically ill patients
2123:
European
Society of Paediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care
520:
The catheter is introduced through a large vein—often the
1140:
1459:
498:
Management of postoperative open heart surgical patients
925:
758:
1754:
Critical illness–related corticosteroid insufficiency
1433:
Best
Practice & Research: Clinical Anesthesiology
1097:
1430:
163:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1357:"Obituary: Pulmonary artery catheter 1970 to 2013"
603:. As a former colleague of Fronek, Ganz added the
1278:
1210:
1189:
976:
2188:
27:Catheter for insertion into a pulmonary artery
1507:
702:or the very simple and reliable technique of
1324:
991:"Newer methods of cardiac output monitoring"
507:Assessment of cardiac tamponade/constriction
1521:
1279:Irwin, Richard S.; Rippe, James M. (2012).
1239:
768:Utility of pulmonary artery catheterization
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1514:
1500:
988:
261:
1382:
1372:
1281:Irwin and Rippe's Intensive Care Medicine
1230:
1117:
1018:
1008:
989:Mehta, Y; Arora, D (September 26, 2014).
953:
640:
584:
241:Learn how and when to remove this message
223:Learn how and when to remove this message
121:Learn how and when to remove this message
982:
806:
84:This article includes a list of general
933:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
563:Left ventricular end diastolic pressure
14:
2189:
1399:
1301:
745:
706:measurements of the descending aorta.
474:Intra-aortic balloon counter-pulsation
1495:
1354:
833:
831:
2002:Recombinant activated protein C
921:
919:
267:Diagram of pulmonary artery catheter
161:adding citations to reliable sources
132:
70:
29:
1715:Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
1700:Acute respiratory distress syndrome
1640:Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
1243:The New England Journal of Medicine
1105:The New England Journal of Medicine
759:Evidence of harm or lack of benefit
672:
589:
434:Assessment of respiratory distress
24:
2202:Diagnostic intensive care medicine
1348:
828:
90:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
2213:
2113:Society of Critical Care Medicine
1810:Ventilator-associated lung injury
1331:Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
1308:Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
1285:Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
916:
45:This article has multiple issues.
1157:10.1097/00003246-198502000-00006
709:
349:pulmonary artery catheterization
137:
75:
34:
1815:Ventilator-associated pneumonia
1748:Critical illness polyneuropathy
1190:Fronek, A; Ganz, V (1959). "".
1134:
696:external bio-resistance monitor
685:
645:Modern catheters have multiple
437:Cardiogenic vs non-cardiogenic
417:Severe left ventricular failure
148:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
1091:
1035:
946:10.1002/14651858.CD003408.pub3
930:. Cochrane Anaesthesia Group.
879:
856:
737:
393:
13:
1:
1594:Geriatric intensive-care unit
1577:Pediatric intensive care unit
1183:
1061:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67061-4
1997:Neuromuscular-blocking drugs
1940:Nutritional supplementation
1571:Neonatal intensive care unit
515:
420:Right ventricular infarction
7:
2097:Water-electrolyte imbalance
1931:Early goal-directed therapy
1256:10.1056/NEJM197008272830902
1211:Fronek, A; Ganz, V (1960).
996:World Journal of Cardiology
843:MSD Manual Consumer Version
753:randomized controlled trial
388:Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
353:right heart catheterization
172:"Pulmonary artery catheter"
10:
2218:
1949:Total parenteral nutrition
1882:Life-supporting treatments
1589:Critical illness insurance
692:lithium dilution technique
402:Management of complicated
2131:
2118:Surviving Sepsis Campaign
2105:
2069:
2026:
1964:
1914:Ventricular assist device
1909:Intra-aortic balloon pump
1880:
1860:Pulmonary artery catheter
1832:
1782:
1740:
1609:
1602:
1557:
1529:
1474:10.1016/j.ccl.2013.07.008
1445:10.1016/j.bpa.2014.08.003
1416:10.1016/j.ccc.2014.08.004
1192:Československá Fysiologie
398:General indications are:
325:pulmonary artery catheter
310:
296:
282:
272:
260:
256:Pulmonary artery catheter
255:
1361:Annals of Intensive Care
1306:(4th revised ed.).
1302:Marino, Paul M. (2014).
902:10.1001/jama.294.13.1664
799:
575:pulmonary wedge pressure
376:pulmonary wedge pressure
347:in a procedure known as
343:that is inserted into a
2012:Stress ulcer prevention
1956:Therapeutic hypothermia
1855:Central venous catheter
1523:Intensive care medicine
772:This interpretation of
501:Assessment of valvular
451:Assessment of types of
428:ventricular tachycardia
105:more precise citations.
2087:Level of consciousness
1894:mechanical ventilation
1792:Methicillin-resistant
1374:10.1186/2110-5820-3-38
1232:10.1161/01.res.8.1.175
1144:Critical Care Medicine
1010:10.4330/wjc.v6.i9.1022
977:Fronek & Ganz 1960
734:, and other problems.
700:pulse contour analysis
641:Pharmacotherapy lumina
585:Technical developments
457:Assessment of therapy
445:pulmonary hypertension
339:, is a balloon-tipped
1794:Staphylococcus aureus
1403:Critical Care Clinics
1304:Marino's The ICU Book
443:Primary vs secondary
404:myocardial infarction
1769:Stress hyperglycemia
1610:Organ system failure
1544:Medical specialities
1218:Circulation Research
1119:10.1056/NEJMoa021108
579:ventricular pressure
337:right heart catheter
157:improve this article
2132:Related specialties
2092:Acid–base imbalance
2028:ICU scoring systems
1899:Tracheal intubation
1710:Respiratory failure
1705:Acute liver failure
1695:Acute renal failure
1565:Intensive care unit
1549:Respiratory therapy
746:Evidence of benefit
489:Acute kidney injury
331:), also known as a
2041:Glasgow Coma Scale
1992:Intravenous fluids
1872:Screening cultures
1840:Arterial blood gas
1805:Refeeding syndrome
1722:Neonatal infection
1683:Vasodilatory shock
1658:Distributive shock
1583:Coronary care unit
1462:Cardiology Clinics
1355:Marik, PE (2013).
776:' formulation for
704:esophogeal doppler
369:pulmonary embolism
333:Swan-Ganz catheter
18:Swan-Ganz catheter
2184:
2183:
2144:Internal medicine
1890:Airway management
1828:
1827:
1668:Obstructive shock
1653:Cardiogenic shock
1055:(9484): 472–477.
816:. 17 October 2021
410:cardiogenic shock
321:
320:
251:
250:
243:
233:
232:
225:
207:
131:
130:
123:
68:
16:(Redirected from
2209:
1905:Cardiac devices
1759:Decubitus ulcers
1673:Neurogenic shock
1607:
1606:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1493:
1492:
1485:
1456:
1427:
1396:
1386:
1376:
1344:
1321:
1298:
1283:(7th ed.).
1275:
1236:
1234:
1207:
1177:
1176:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1121:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1022:
1012:
986:
980:
974:
968:
967:
957:
923:
914:
913:
883:
877:
876:
860:
854:
853:
851:
849:
835:
826:
825:
823:
821:
810:
790:echocardiography
590:Thermal dilution
522:internal jugular
345:pulmonary artery
314:edit on Wikidata
306:
292:
265:
253:
252:
246:
239:
228:
221:
217:
214:
208:
206:
165:
141:
133:
126:
119:
115:
112:
106:
101:this article by
92:inline citations
79:
78:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
21:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2127:
2101:
2065:
2022:
1982:Antithrombotics
1960:
1944:Enteral feeding
1926:Kidney dialysis
1876:
1824:
1800:Oxygen toxicity
1778:
1736:
1598:
1553:
1525:
1520:
1489:
1351:
1349:Further reading
1341:
1318:
1295:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1139:
1135:
1096:
1092:
1040:
1036:
987:
983:
975:
971:
940:(2). CD003408.
924:
917:
896:(13): 1664–70.
884:
880:
861:
857:
847:
845:
837:
836:
829:
819:
817:
812:
811:
807:
802:
770:
761:
748:
740:
712:
688:
679:
676:
643:
592:
587:
518:
439:pulmonary edema
423:Unstable angina
408:Hypovolemia vs
396:
317:
302:
288:
268:
247:
236:
235:
234:
229:
218:
212:
209:
166:
164:
154:
142:
127:
116:
110:
107:
97:Please help to
96:
80:
76:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2215:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2141:
2139:Anesthesiology
2135:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2036:APACHE II
2032:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1886:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1867:Blood cultures
1864:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1842:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1788:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1616:Shock sequence
1613:
1611:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1534:Health science
1530:
1527:
1526:
1519:
1518:
1511:
1504:
1496:
1487:
1486:
1457:
1428:
1397:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1339:
1322:
1316:
1299:
1293:
1276:
1237:
1208:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1133:
1090:
1034:
981:
969:
915:
878:
855:
827:
804:
803:
801:
798:
778:cardiac output
769:
766:
760:
757:
747:
744:
739:
736:
711:
708:
687:
684:
678:
674:
671:
663:norepinephrine
642:
639:
591:
588:
586:
583:
517:
514:
509:
508:
505:
499:
496:
495:
494:
491:
486:
483:
477:
476:
475:
472:
467:
464:
455:
449:
448:
447:
441:
432:
431:
430:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
395:
392:
319:
318:
311:
308:
307:
300:
294:
293:
286:
280:
279:
276:
270:
269:
266:
258:
257:
249:
248:
231:
230:
145:
143:
136:
129:
128:
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2214:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2106:Organisations
2104:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2056:SAPS III
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1850:Arterial line
1848:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1741:Complications
1739:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1690:Organ failure
1688:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1630:Severe sepsis
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1558:General terms
1556:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1468:(4): 545–65.
1467:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1439:(4): 323–35.
1438:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1342:
1340:9781451180237
1336:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1317:9781451121186
1313:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1294:9781451154207
1290:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1250:(9): 447–51.
1249:
1245:
1244:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1187:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1137:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1094:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1038:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1003:(9): 1022–9.
1002:
998:
997:
992:
985:
978:
973:
965:
961:
956:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
934:
929:
922:
920:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
890:
882:
875:(7): 302–307.
874:
870:
866:
859:
844:
840:
834:
832:
815:
809:
805:
797:
795:
791:
788:Non-invasive
786:
782:
779:
775:
765:
756:
754:
743:
735:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
710:Complications
707:
705:
701:
697:
693:
683:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
638:
635:
632:
628:
623:
619:
617:
613:
608:
606:
602:
601:Arnost Fronek
598:
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
555:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
531:
527:
523:
513:
506:
504:
503:heart disease
500:
497:
492:
490:
487:
484:
481:
480:
478:
473:
471:
470:Beta blockers
468:
465:
462:
459:
458:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
440:
436:
435:
433:
429:
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
411:
407:
406:
405:
401:
400:
399:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
357:heart failure
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
315:
309:
305:
301:
299:
295:
291:
287:
285:
281:
277:
275:
271:
264:
259:
254:
245:
242:
227:
224:
216:
205:
202:
198:
195:
191:
188:
184:
181:
177:
174: –
173:
169:
168:Find sources:
162:
158:
152:
151:
146:This article
144:
140:
135:
134:
125:
122:
114:
104:
100:
94:
93:
87:
82:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
2176:Traumatology
2077:Hemodynamics
2051:SAPS II
2018:Vasopressors
1936:Induced coma
1859:
1793:
1784:Iatrogenesis
1774:Stress ulcer
1678:Spinal shock
1635:Septic shock
1488:
1465:
1461:
1436:
1432:
1410:(1): 67–87.
1407:
1401:
1364:
1360:
1326:
1303:
1280:
1247:
1241:
1222:
1216:
1195:
1194:(in Czech).
1191:
1151:(2): 85–90.
1148:
1142:
1136:
1109:
1103:
1093:
1052:
1048:
1037:
1000:
994:
984:
972:
937:
931:
893:
887:
881:
872:
868:
858:
846:. Retrieved
842:
818:. Retrieved
808:
787:
783:
774:Adolph Ficks
771:
762:
749:
741:
728:pneumothorax
713:
689:
686:Alternatives
680:
644:
636:
624:
620:
616:right atrium
609:
593:
571:aortic valve
551:
541:, the right
519:
510:
466:Vasopressors
397:
384:William Ganz
373:
361:heart attack
352:
348:
336:
332:
328:
324:
322:
237:
219:
210:
200:
193:
186:
179:
167:
155:Please help
150:verification
147:
117:
108:
89:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
2159:Pulmonology
2082:Hypotension
1977:Antibiotics
1820:Dialytrauma
1663:Anaphylaxis
1112:(1): 5–14.
738:Controversy
716:arrhythmias
677:measurement
547:fluoroscopy
426:Refractory
394:Indications
380:Jeremy Swan
103:introducing
2191:Categories
2166:Pediatrics
2149:Cardiology
2070:Physiology
1972:Analgesics
1921:Chest tube
1750:/ myopathy
1727:Polytrauma
1603:Conditions
1225:: 175–82.
1198:(3): 189.
1184:References
720:thrombosis
612:thermistor
605:thermistor
526:subclavian
482:Hemorrhage
365:arrythmias
213:March 2009
183:newspapers
111:March 2009
86:references
50:improve it
2197:Catheters
2154:Neurology
2007:Sedatives
1987:Inotropes
1833:Diagnosis
1367:(1). 38.
1069:1474-547X
724:infection
659:inotropes
651:inotropes
631:afterload
597:spinnaker
543:ventricle
516:Procedure
463:reduction
461:Afterload
298:eMedicine
56:talk page
1845:Catheter
1764:Fungemia
1539:Medicine
1482:24188220
1453:25480764
1424:25435479
1393:24286266
1204:13671524
1128:12510037
1085:39975838
1077:16084255
1029:25276302
964:23450539
910:16204666
848:8 August
820:8 August
732:bleeding
667:atropine
665:or even
341:catheter
274:ICD-9-CM
2171:Surgery
1384:4175482
1272:7269324
1264:5434111
1173:1445796
1165:3967509
1020:4176793
955:6517063
627:preload
554:balloon
537:of the
530:femoral
386:, from
304:1824547
290:D002407
197:scholar
99:improve
1646:Other
1625:Sepsis
1579:(PICU)
1573:(NICU)
1480:
1451:
1422:
1391:
1381:
1337:
1314:
1291:
1270:
1262:
1202:
1171:
1163:
1126:
1083:
1075:
1067:
1049:Lancet
1027:
1017:
962:
952:
908:
694:; the
655:atrium
647:lumina
559:atrium
535:atrium
485:Sepsis
199:
192:
185:
178:
170:
88:, but
2014:drugs
1965:Drugs
1648:shock
1585:(CCU)
1567:(ICU)
1268:S2CID
1169:S2CID
1081:S2CID
800:Notes
567:LVedp
539:heart
528:, or
493:Burns
453:shock
312:[
278:89.64
204:JSTOR
190:books
2061:SOFA
2046:PIM2
1892:and
1732:Coma
1620:SIRS
1478:PMID
1449:PMID
1420:PMID
1389:PMID
1335:ISBN
1312:ISBN
1289:ISBN
1260:PMID
1200:PMID
1161:PMID
1124:PMID
1073:PMID
1065:ISSN
1025:PMID
960:PMID
906:PMID
889:JAMA
869:BCMJ
850:2022
822:2022
794:MRSA
629:and
577:and
382:and
284:MeSH
176:news
1470:doi
1441:doi
1412:doi
1379:PMC
1369:doi
1252:doi
1248:283
1227:doi
1153:doi
1114:doi
1110:348
1057:doi
1053:366
1015:PMC
1005:doi
950:PMC
942:doi
898:doi
894:294
673:SvO
367:or
351:or
335:or
329:PAC
159:by
2193::
1476:.
1466:31
1464:.
1447:.
1437:28
1435:.
1418:.
1408:31
1406:.
1387:.
1377:.
1363:.
1359:.
1333:.
1329:.
1310:.
1287:.
1266:.
1258:.
1246:.
1221:.
1215:.
1167:.
1159:.
1149:13
1147:.
1122:.
1108:.
1102:.
1079:.
1071:.
1063:.
1051:.
1047:.
1023:.
1013:.
999:.
993:.
958:.
948:.
936:.
918:^
904:.
892:.
873:51
871:.
867:.
841:.
830:^
730:,
726:,
722:,
698:,
661:,
581:.
549:.
524:,
390:.
363:,
359:,
323:A
59:.
1515:e
1508:t
1501:v
1484:.
1472::
1455:.
1443::
1426:.
1414::
1395:.
1371::
1365:3
1343:.
1320:.
1297:.
1274:.
1254::
1235:.
1229::
1223:8
1206:.
1196:8
1175:.
1155::
1130:.
1116::
1087:.
1059::
1031:.
1007::
1001:6
979:.
966:.
944::
938:2
912:.
900::
852:.
824:.
675:2
565:(
327:(
316:]
244:)
238:(
226:)
220:(
215:)
211:(
201:·
194:·
187:·
180:·
153:.
124:)
118:(
113:)
109:(
95:.
66:)
62:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
