296:
531:. It sought to do away with controls on trade and commerce. However, it committed against unreasonable profits, prices and dividends. It believed in placing equal emphasis on the development of capital goods industries, consumer goods industries and rural and small industries. In the fields of taxation and state expenditure, it believed in thrift and called for taxation to suffice for carrying on of administration and social and economic activities taken upon by the state but should not depress capital formation and private investment. The government should also desist from running abnormally large
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After the death of Rajaji in 1972, personality clashes took a further toll. All this occurred while Indira Gandhi pressurised the royalty to support her. This resulted in
Swatantra losing the backing of princes. Another potential benefactor,the business community couldn't advocate for the party since
526:
and, in particular, should compensate individuals if their property had to be acquired for public purposes. It also believed in giving citizens full freedom to educate their children as they wanted. It recognised the need for increasing food production and sought to do so by giving peasants full land
514:
The party felt that progress, welfare and happiness of the people could be achieved by giving maximum freedom to individuals with the state minimising intervention. The state should replace its intervention with fostering the Indian tradition of helping other people directly.
295:
602:
The party made some tactical mistakes like joining the Grand
Alliance against Indira Gandhi's Congress in 1971 instead of fighting on an issue-based common programme.This resulted in the decimation of the party in the elections of that
608:
Finally the party was dissolved on August 4, 1974 by party president Piloo Mody who merged it with Charan Singh's
Bharatiya Kranti Dal.The few independent state units except for Maharashtra later merged with Janata Party in 1977.
410:. The party secured eight seats by winning 3% of the votes. The next year, in 1972, its founder, Rajagopalachari, died, and Swatantra declined rapidly. By 1974, it had dissolved, with many of its members joining the
527:
rights and incentives for increasing production in agriculture. In industry, it sought to reduce state presence only to the minimum necessary to supplement private enterprise and in national services like the
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they were too reliant on state patronage.Moreover, big business houses like Birla benefitted from the protectionist aspects of the
Nehruvian state and didn't see Swatantra policies as being advantageous.
759:
333:
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While standing for minimising state intervention in the economy, the
Swatantra Party committed to securing a fair deal for labour, correlating wages to increased productivity and workers' right to
519:
511:
First and foremost, the
Swatantra Party committed to social justice and equality of opportunity of all people "without distinction of religion, caste, occupation, or political affiliation".
276:. In 1960, Rajagopalachari and his colleagues drafted a 21-point manifesto detailing why Swatantra had to be formed even though they had been Congressmen and associates of Nehru during the
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600:.This proved detrimental to the electoral prospects of the Swatantra party. By 1971,the Swatantra party had disintegrated due to infighting and changed political scenarios.
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Party's fundamental principles had not covered several issues like foreign policy, national language, state reorganisation and religious and social reform.
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The party was generally opposed to communism and in 1969, urged the Indian government to ban the three major communist parties in India at that time, the
398:, Swatantra had become a significant force in some parts of India; it won 8.7 percent of the votes and became the single-largest opposition party in the
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Minoo Masani, the party MP from Rajkot, voiced his opposition to the bank nationalisation bill by Indira Gandhi's government on 25 July, 1969.
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569:, because of their open or tacit support for armed struggles, which the Swatantra Party viewed as a major security threat to the nation.
1369:
546:. It also gave their members full freedom to question and criticise any point not included in the fundamental principles of that party.
280:. Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru was highly critical of Swatantra and dubbed it as belonging to "the middle ages of lords, castles and
706:
375:
N.G.Ranga rebuked the Nehru government for being ill-prepared in defence on
November 8, 1962 in a speech during parliamentary debate.
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394:(1962–67). It emerged as the main opposition to the dominant Congress in four states: Bihar, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Orissa. By the
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597:
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251:. The provocation for the formation of the party was the left turn that the Congress took at Avadi and the Nagpur Resolutions.
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that are beyond the capacity of the country to repay. In particular, it resisted unnecessary expansion of the bureaucracy.
406:, Swatantra joined a "Grand Alliance" of parties from across the political spectrum that aimed to defeat Prime Minister
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1396:"When Maharajas, business tycoons and peasant leaders joined the mundu-clad Rajaji to form the Swatantra Party"
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390:, the first after its formation, Swatantra received 7.89 percent of the total votes and won 18 seats in the
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760:"45 years after its dissolution, here's what opposition parties must learn from Swatantra Party"
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240:
1164:"For Minoo Masani, Indira Gandhi's bank nationalisation Bill 'came in the dark, like a thief'"
893:"Piloo Mody on Russian 'friendship' trap and how India paid the price when shopping for arms"
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1641:
Rediff On The NeT: Rajmohan Gandhi on C Rajagopalachari and the birth of the
Swatantra Party
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111:
8:
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In 1969, the
Congress party split, leading to consolidation of right-leaning votes under
1423:"Masani, Rajaji and Shenoy — the free-market troika that challenged the Nehruvian State"
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1139:"Swatantra Party had a lot to say on China after 1962. If only Nehru had heard them"
794:. Cambridge South Asian Studies. Cambridge University Press. pp. 2, 62–63, 75.
227:
The party had a number of distinguished leaders, most of them old
Congressmen, like
1589:
Rasam Vasanti. "Role of Swantantra Party as an Opposition Party (National Level)".
1566:
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was the founder member of the Swatantra Party and its president for several years.
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1312:"From the Archives (May 13, 1969): Swatantra urges ban on Communist Parties"
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and one of the first recipients of India's highest civilian award, the
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1188:"Statistical Report On General Elections, 1962 To The Third Lok Sabha"
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In particular, the party believed that the state should adhere to the
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281:
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political party that existed from 1959 to 1974. It was founded by
221:
1572:
India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy
343:
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policies. Swatantra was not a religion-based party, unlike the
868:"The contemporary relevance of Swatantra Party's liberal view"
1235:"Statement of Principles of the Swatantra Party, Principle 1"
198:
482:
462:
442:
1501:
Mariadas Ruthnaswamy. "Is Swatantra inspiring enough?".
1018:. New Delhi, India: Hemkunt Publishers. pp. 36–37.
959:
Forged in Crisis: India and the United States Since 1947
929:
Forged in Crisis: India and the United States Since 1947
1344:"Why Today's India Needs a Resurrected Swatantra Party"
1265:
Erdman, Howard L. (1963). "India's Swatantra Party".
931:. Oxford University Press, Incorporated. p. 100.
350:, was a successful politician in the Swatantra Party.
1519:, vol. 36, iss. 4, pp. 394–410. Winter 1963–64.
616:
835:
783:
781:
944:Triveni: Journal of Indian Renaissance - Volume 47
914:Facets of India's Economy and Her Society Volume I
304:founded the Swatantra Party. He had been the last
1657:
778:
986:
926:
1193:. Election Commission of India. Archived from
911:
580:and advocated an intimate connection with the
365:was the founder member of the Swatantra Party.
1515:Howard L. Erdman. "India's Swatantra Party".
1090:
941:
865:
1524:The Swatantra Party and Indian Conservatism
791:The Swatantra Party and Indian Conservatism
1066:"Fifty Years of Punjab Politics (1920-70)"
1040:"Darshan Signh Pheruman (1885–1969)"
855:. Princeton University Press. p. 110.
707:Indian National Congress breakaway parties
34:
16:Defunct Indian political party (1959–1974)
974:Facets of India's Economy and Her Society
956:
506:
1701:Political parties disestablished in 1974
1116:The 21 Principles of the Swatantra Party
1510:The Swatantra Party – Victory in Defeat
1420:
1136:
961:. Oxford University Press. p. 100.
1658:
1584:Swatantra Party: a political biography
1264:
1161:
1091:Ramakrishnan, Venkitesh (2012-09-22).
838:Swatantra Party: a political biography
787:
1696:Political parties established in 1959
1492:. "Swatantra Party and its leaders".
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989:"C. Rajagopalachari | Why Swatantra?"
976:. Vol. 1. Springer. p. 263.
866:Rajadhyaksha, Niranjan (2019-05-28).
850:
836:Pratapchandra Rasam, Vasanti (1997).
591:
1651:Minoo Masani and the Swatantra Party
1591:Readings on Parliamentary Opposition
890:
381:
208:in reaction to what he felt was the
1615:To provide A Democratic Alternative
1586:. Dattson Publishers, Nagpur. 1997.
971:
820:
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13:
1691:Defunct political parties in India
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987:Rajagopalachari, C. (2016-07-16).
576:and a close relationship with the
470:
450:
14:
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1370:"India's journey in Conservatism"
946:. Triveni Publishers. p. 24.
853:South Asian Politics and Religion
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1676:1974 disestablishments in India
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1421:Kashyap, Sanjeet (2020-11-16).
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1137:Kashyap, Sanjeet (2020-07-22).
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730:It is also sometimes rated as "
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572:In foreign affairs, it opposed
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891:Mody, Piloo (28 August 2024).
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859:
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814:
752:
1:
1706:Conservative parties in India
1625:To Restore Fundamental Rights
927:Rudra Chaudhuri, ed. (2014).
745:
396:next general election in 1967
1686:Liberal conservative parties
1671:1959 establishments in India
1162:Masani, Minoo (2024-01-28).
912:Raghbendra Jha, ed. (2014).
484:1971 Indian general election
464:1967 Indian general election
444:1962 Indian general election
402:(1967–71) with 44 seats. In
258:and the dismantling of the "
7:
612:
501:
10:
1722:
1646:Revive the Swatantra Party
1635:To Preserve Family Economy
1603:C. Rajagopalachari :
1528:Cambridge University Press
1512:. Rajaji Foundation. 2002.
1469:
942:Snippet view, ed. (1978).
363:Bezawada Ramachandra Reddy
287:
1681:Classical liberal parties
957:Chaudhuri, Rudra (2014).
851:Smith, Donald E. (1966).
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306:Governor-General of India
278:struggle for independence
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1480:India Since Independence
972:Jha, Raghbendra (2018).
916:. Springer. p. 263.
840:. Dattsons. p. 199.
717:
214:Indian National Congress
81:Indian National Congress
1541:Madhavankutty Pillai. "
1374:The Hindu Business Line
825:. Penguin. p. 244.
821:Das, Gurcharan (2002).
136:Political position
1447:"A Case For Swatantra"
1097:frontline.thehindu.com
1071:Panjab Digital Library
1012:Singh, Ranjit (2008).
507:Fundamental principles
262:" although it opposed
254:Swatantra stood for a
241:Darshan Singh Pheruman
19:Indian political party
1637:. Why Swatantra, 1960
1627:. Why Swatantra, 1960
1617:. Why Swatantra, 1960
1607:. Why Swatantra, 1960
1093:"Long way from Avadi"
823:The Elephant Paradigm
788:Erdman, H.L. (2007).
655:Libertarianism portal
544:collective bargaining
524:Constitution of India
388:1962 general election
1490:Mariadas Ruthnaswamy
274:Bharatiya Jana Sangh
256:market-based economy
116:Liberal conservatism
112:Classical liberalism
677:Liberalism in India
1522:Howard L. Erdman.
1505:. 22 October 1960.
1376:. 7 September 2023
592:Decline and legacy
522:guaranteed by the
520:Fundamental Rights
342:, the Maharani of
302:C. Rajagopalachari
245:Udham Singh Nagoke
229:C. Rajagopalachari
206:C. Rajagopalachari
55:C. Rajagopalachari
1543:Last Man Standing
1453:. 5 February 2022
1402:. 3 February 2018
1350:. 17 January 2021
1046:on 5 January 2015
641:Liberalism portal
499:
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416:Bharatiya Lok Dal
382:Electoral history
270:Hindu nationalism
202:classical liberal
191:
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178:Political parties
173:Politics of India
91:Bharatiya Lok Dal
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1567:Ramachandra Guha
1536:Internet Archive
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1553:Rajmohan Gandhi
1549:. 5 April 2014.
1498:. 30 July 1960.
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1557:Rajaji: A Life
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43:Abbreviation
1631:N. G. Ranga
1247:23 December
692:V. P. Menon
348:Cooch Behar
325:N. G. Ranga
260:Licence Raj
249:K.M. Munshi
212:-dominated
125:Agrarianism
64:4 June 1959
1660:Categories
1432:2024-07-06
1329:2019-08-12
1173:2024-07-06
1148:2024-07-06
1102:2019-08-12
1077:2019-07-21
1050:20 January
998:2019-03-24
877:2024-01-13
807:2019-07-02
746:References
736:right-wing
687:S. V. Raju
682:Piloo Mody
535:or taking
488:3.1 %
468:8.7 %
448:7.9 %
237:N.G. Ranga
120:Secularism
1532:Digitized
1427:The Print
1400:The Print
1324:0971-751X
1316:The Hindu
1287:0030-851X
1168:The Print
1143:The Print
898:The Print
567:Naxalites
282:zamindars
224:outlook.
218:socialist
183:Elections
69:Dissolved
1538:in 2013.
1530:. 1967.
1503:Swarajya
1495:Swarajya
1486:. 2008 .
1348:The Wire
1204:30 April
732:centrist
613:See also
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533:deficits
502:Ideology
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427:Election
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1563:. 1997.
1534:by the
1478:et al.
1470:Sources
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1118:. 1959.
493:8 / 518
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288:History
272:of the
222:statist
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147:Colours
61:Founded
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550:Others
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107:Indian
1291:JSTOR
1238:(PDF)
1198:(PDF)
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718:Notes
603:year.
414:-led
1547:Open
1459:2024
1408:2024
1382:2024
1356:2024
1320:ISSN
1283:ISSN
1249:2017
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1052:2015
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796:ISBN
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460:1967
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432:vote
424:Year
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