1049:. The film did not feature any dance numbers, comedy or melodramatic scenes, which were "usual ingredients" of films at that time, but it introduced viewers to then unknown techniques of film presentation, in which it was not merely used for "story-telling". It was an inevitable development for Malayalam cinema, as the film focused mainly on cinema rather than its story. The film also introduced film-goers to a new cinematic art through the impulses generated by the film, which in turn were more important than the film itself. The film is also said to have divided Malayalam films into three different categories, "uncompromising art films", "compromising films" which aimed at commercial success but tried maintaining a good deal of the artistic qualities, and the "commercial films" which purely aimed at box office success. Film critic
847:, wrote, "It was a call to arms against the crude, melodramatic, formulaic films of the south, especially Kerala. It bristled with innovative visual and auditory effects and boasted a complex narrative form—a mix of documentary, fiction, and fantasy—that sought to interrogate film as film. It also subscribed to an evocative poetic realism drawing on metaphor and symbol, which was unprecedented in the history of southern cinema.
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precariously. When
Vishwam falls ill, Sita tries for his betterment with all her capabilities but is unable to afford the medicines. She finally decides to call a doctor. However, Vishwam dies, leaving her alone with their infant baby. When Sita is advised to return to her parents after Vishwam's death, she declines. The film ends with Sita feeding her baby and gazing at a painting on the from an Indian
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wrote, "The film concentrates on describing the life together of the man and the woman who are unmarried and without the usual supportive network of family relationships. The
Director constantly works to extend the film’s area of concern outward to the situation they find themselves in, through their
839:
directed by Adoor
Gopalakrishnan shows in all its starkness, the plight of the educated unemployed in India. It dwells on the trials and tribulations of a young couple and their persistent efforts to find a place of their own in the society.The Hero is an idealist and an upright character.In the end,
286:. The film depicts the life of a couple—Vishwam (Madhu) and Sita (Sharada)—who have married against their parents' wishes and want to start a new life at a new place. The title is an allusion to the ancient Indian practice of a girl of marriageable age choosing a husband from among a list of suitors.
575:
was an influence to
Gopalakrishnan. The Bengali film dealt with post Partition and tells the story of a Hindu Brahmin refugee Ishwar who raises his sister Sita and Abhiram, the son of a low-caste woman from a refugee camp. When the two fall in love, he rejects the relation. Abhiram and Sita elope to
373:
Vishwam takes a job as a zoology teacher in college but soon loses it. He then accepts a job as a clerk in a timber shop with a meager salary, replacing one of the dismissed employees. Vishwam and Sita try to set up a happy home with their newborn baby, but soon their dreams fade as they struggle on
365:), published in the newspaper. He meets one of the newspaper editors, who agrees to read his novel but declines to publish it as Vishwam does not have many writings to his credit. Sita is offered a job as a sales girl but cannot accept it because she is unable to pay the required security deposit of
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wrote, "The Kerala that Adoor
Gopalakrishnan (who has both written the story and directed the film) shows is quite ruthlessly shorn of all the picturesque cliches that one is accustomed to associate with it. Another quality of the film which in the Indian context is remarkable is the handling of
940:
wrote, "The film
Swayamvaram made in Kerala by Adoor Gopalakrishnan deserves special attention for the reason that it is a film far removed from the conventional song and dance extravaganza of Bombay Studios.The film’s main concern is with the everyday life of the common man.The heart-beats of a
692:
audio recorder. The film was shot in two schedules. It was delayed due to scheduling conflicts of the lead actress, Sharada. She was working in several films at that time, so
Gopalakrishnan had to arrange the schedule to suit her convenience. The lead actor, Madhu, mentioned in an interview that
305:
co-scripted the film with
Gopalakrishnan. It took seven years for Gopalakrishnan to get the project rolling when his initial proposal for a loan to make a film was turned down by the Film Finance Corporation (FFC). The FFC later partially financed the film when Chitralekha provided the rest.
369:
1,000. With several unsuccessful attempts to get a job, the increasing financial pressure forces them to shift to a slum. With an old lady named Janaki and a prostitute named
Kalyani as their neighbours, things do not work as desired for the couple and they end up selling Sita's jewellery.
916:
wrote, "The theme is human and social. Adoor
Gopalakrishnan’s “Swayamvaram” has a touching performance by an actress called Sharada as the radiant girl who elopes, only to see her fight against convention end in poverty and despair. One detects a kind of sober passion." George Melly from
46:
353:
A newly wed couple, Vishwam and Sita, have married against the preference of their families, and left their hometown. Both want to start a new life at a new place. Initially, they stay in a decent hotel but soon due to financial reasons they move to another, ordinary hotel.
760:
on the moral crisis of the middle class. It is about an unmarried young couple, intensely in love, escaping to a small town to live together, defying the conventional norms and coming to grips with the harsh realities of life and living, which turns their dream into a
584:
Gopalakrishan wanted fresh faces for both the lead roles and he had written letters to various heads of colleges and universities for the auditions. However, he did not receive any response from anywhere. For the female lead, Gopalakrishnan approached
576:
Calcutta. Years later. Ishwar on a binge drinking spree in Calcutta, visits a brothel; where Sita recognizes him and kills herself. Gopalakrishnan wondered what would have happened to the couple that eloped to the city and developed his story.
292:
marked several debuts—directorial of Gopalakrishnan, acting of the Malayalam star Bharath Gopi, and film producing of the Chitralekha Film Cooperative, an organisation cofounded by Gopalakrishnan himself. The film features an original score by
566:(US$ 3,000) and Gopalakrishnan used the money he had collected from his documentary productions. Initially, Chitralekha Film Co-operative, the producer of the film had trouble distributing the film, so they decided to do it by themselves.
954:
is a brilliant study of a run-away couple’s trials and tribulations in making both ends meet. And quite naturally, one finds the stamp of the documentary in the film. The black and white photography is excellent, so is the music.”
777:
and the fear of losing the object of love, the crisis of conscience caused by the pressure of mundane needs, bring to the fore the human predicament, the spiritual degeneration of man – a theme which recurs in his later films too.
1030:, the film was re-released in theatres and gathered better response this time, which also helped Gopalakrishnan repay the loan to FFC, the main producer of the film. The film participated in the competition section of the 8th
4086:
2499:
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551:(US$ 1,800). However, it took seven years for him to get the film rolling, after he passed out of the Film and Television Institute of India. Gopalakrishnan co-scripted the film with writer-director
2024:
4076:
726:. The editing of the film was done by Ramesan, whereas S. S. Nair and Devadathan worked together on the production design. Sound mixing was done by P. Devadas. The total budget of the film was
1841:
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wrote, "In Swayamvaram, Adoor Gopalakrishnan manages that rare feat investing the visuals with such eloquence that language of the spoken word hardly remains a barrier." A critic from the
710:, Gopalakrishnan approached Varma with the script. Initially reluctant, Varma agreed to do the film due to its "extensive" and "very well written" script. Incidentally, Varma won his only
984:
wrote, "The accent is solely on visuals. And these visuals are rarely interfered with, by verbosity.The extreme economy of words dramatises the picturisation of commonplace events."
3116:
934:
attempts to get work – she as a sales lady, he first as a teacher and then as a clerk in a saw mill. But he does this without any heavy handed over-emphasis." A reviewer from
1026:
The film had a lukewarm initial theatrical response. Gopalakrishnan was told that "If only he had some songs in it, it would have done well". After the announcement of the
910:
wrote, "Gopalakrishnan has laid bare the realities of a village society, a reality which has hitherto lain buried under the tinsel of commercial cinema." Dilys Powel from
357:
Vishwam, an educated, unemployed youth, is an aspiring writer and had some of his short stories published in the newspapers earlier. He dreams of having his novel, titled
613:, Madhu was already a star in Malayalam cinema. Gopalakrishnan then decided to cast him opposite Sharada. Mentioning about his experience working with Gopalakrishnan and
2462:
1068:(a recurring musical theme). The film provided a new experience to Indian cinema-goers, as it used ample amounts of natural sounds with a minimalistic background score.
45:
927:
directed by Adoor Gopalakrishnan is the story about a young couple who decide to live together and run into disaster. Beautifully photographed." Verina Glaessner from
1075:
mentioned that Devadas's sound mixing work was one of the major attractions of the film. Considerable use of natural sound, apart from background music, was new for
468:
The title refers to the ancient Indian practice of a girl of marriageable age choosing a husband from among a list of suitors. It was also an affirmation to one of
2509:
654:, which earned him a reputation as one of the finest actors in Indian cinema and also inspired his screen name as "Bharath Gopi" or "Kodiyettam Gopi". He won a
4081:
1236:
609:, was an old friend of Gopalakrishnan and had expressed a desire to act in one of his films. By the time Gopalakrishnan finished his studies and returned from
1988:
1920:
863:(1994), focuses on the politics of dislocation and survival (both physical and moral) in which the search for home, self and identity becomes a key issue."
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1851:
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2014:
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and became one of the first Malayalam films to use synchronised sound and outdoor locales. The film also became the first Indian film to use sound as a
840:
the hardships of life claim his life itself. This competition film that comes from India is a true reflection of the life of the common man in India."
2047:
676:
played a newspaper editor in the film. Gopalakrishnan praised him for his performance, expressing the difficulties of performing as oneself onscreen.
1083:
received considerable attention even for his minimal screen appearance. Though Madhu had acted previously in several films, including Ramu Kariat's
991:, criticised the film for "following the neo-realistic style" and showcasing "same old love story without any freshness added". Poet and journalist
693:
Gopalakrishnan was clear about his characters and their behaviour. Gopalakrishnan also used to discuss the shoot with his crew before the shooting.
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means choice, but the choice in this case is between the devil and the deep sea- a devastating commentary on the socio-economic situation of the
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termed it a "Chekovian film" and wrote, " Life’s minor details are carefully studied, discretely and meaningfully portrayed." A critic of
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was one of the first Malayalam films to use synchronised sound and to be filmed in outdoor locales, for which Gopalakrishnan used his
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589:, one of the most successful actresses of her time. She was acting in commercial films when Gopalakrishnan asked her to star in
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999:, a film director and a well-known admirer of Gopalakrishnan's films, also mentioned that he was not particularly pleased with
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532:, named "Chitralekha Film Cooperative", with his classmates in 1965. Gopalakrishnan had initially submitted a romantic script
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555:. The film was produced by Chitralekha Film Co-operative, Kerala's first film co-operative society for film production, with
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472:'s beliefs about an individual's right to make own choices. The film's English title for international release was mainly
871:
The previews of the film were held at various places, where it was well received by critics and audiences. Noted writer
2964:
1317:
1031:
987:
Although most of the reviews were positive, some film experts were critical about the film. Amaresh Datta, in his book
655:
644:, doing a minor role as the dismissed factory employee who gets replaced by Madhu. Gopi was a noted stage actor before
477:
322:
2927:"In The Forests of The Plight: A Fiftieth Anniversary Tribute To Adoor Gopalakrishnan's First Film SWAYAMVARAM (1972)"
1279:
3967:
2715:
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1246:
668:, who would later play notable characters in many of Gopalakrishnan's films, played a small role as a prostitute in
1978:
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has digitally restored the film, and the restored version with improved subtitles in English was screened at the
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883:, then known as Madras. Various intellectuals and writers took part in it, including noted film experts like
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Due to financial crises, it took more than one and a half years for Gopalakrishnan to finish the film.
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621:, I knew it was going to be different." Years later he also mentioned that he "sometimes wished
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called the film "disturbing" in one of his articles, criticising Gopalakrishnan and his films.
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complex and problem-ridden society are heard and felt in the tragic story of Sita and Viswam."
2726:
3331:
2851:
1639:
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Despite the overwhelming critical acclaim the film received, the film was largely ignored in
427:
3094:
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The film marked the beginning of a collaboration between Gopalakrishnan and cinematographer
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1952:
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1370:(2009). "The Gulf in the imagination: Migration, Malayalam cinema and regional identity".
8:
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640:, who later became a major actor in the Malayalam film industry, made his film debut in
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617:, Madhu recollected in an interview that " when Gopalakrishnan narrated the story of
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and T. M. P. Nedungadi praised the movie, with Nedungadi writing a response titled "
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2803:(2001). "Of Life...On Films...:Adoor on Swayamvaram" (Interview). Interviewed by
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2019:
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992:
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831:. It is a typical case of the moral crisis of the middle class." A reviewer from
745:
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700:. Gopalakrishnan had seen Varma's work in his second film as a cinematographer,
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This article is about the 1972 Malayalam film. For the 1999 Telugu film, see
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and would later play the lead role in Gopalakrishnan's second feature film,
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or NFDC) which they declined to finance. Later, he submitted the script for
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Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography National Film Award
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wrote, "Adoor, coming as he does from a small-town middle class milieu in
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3017:
2536:
872:
484:. Other translations of the Malayalam title have also been used, such as
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3001:
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2118:
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1983:
1813:
1713:
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629:. He might have won a Bharath award. But he was very busy those days."
622:
597:, but agreed when Gopalakrishnan narrated the complete story to her at
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being their first feature film production. The film's total budget was
463:
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21:
2593:. Information and Public Relation Department of Kerala. Archived from
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2390:
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1947:
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912:
762:
544:, which Film Finance Corporation accepted and approved the loan of a
318:
251:
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Hakemulder, Jan R.; de Jonge, Fay A. C.; Singh, Prabhash P. (1998).
1064:, Gopalakrishnan became the first Indian director to use sound as a
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1089:
957:
859:
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380:
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Films featuring a Best Actress National Award-winning performance
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794:. It is a typical case of the moral crisis of the middle class."
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The film received widespread critical acclaim. It pioneered the
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1553:"Mohanlal to star in screen adaptation of 'The Master Builder'"
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is more about the trip. In an interview Gopalakrishnan said, "
753:
529:
321:. It was shown at various film festivals around the world like
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Films whose director won the Best Director National Film Award
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3506:
3459:
3124:
2838:
Menon, Dhanya (1998). "Malayalam Literary Survey (Journal)".
2750:
Future of journalism, mass communication and public relations
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807:(1965). Gopalakrishnan agreed on influences of Ghatak and
593:. Sharada was initially reluctant to commit herself to an
1112:
has acquired all of Gopalakrishnan's features, including
1057:
on his list of the 10 best Malayalam movies of all time.
733:(US$ 3,000), where the Film Finance Corporation provided
658:
award, then known as "Bharat Award", for the role at the
2258:
270:
in the lead roles. Notable smaller roles were played by
2747:
2453:"Before Resul Pookutty, there was Adoor Gopalakrishnan"
2339:
2174:"Revisiting Swayamvaram 40 years on, with its director"
1695:
528:
movement of global cinema and formed a film society in
2613:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8j_SiHxCkDM&t=796s
1659:
1348:
1289:
2434:മലയാള സിനിമയിലെ എക്കാലത്തെയും മികച്ച പത്ത് ചിത്രങ്ങൾ
2383:
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1908:
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and determinedly at the closed door of their house.
2450:
2410:
2321:
2012:
1972:
1970:
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1079:. Cast performances were also praised by critics.
1336:
797:Some critics have pointed out its resemblance to
4033:
2924:
2530:
1967:
1521:"Low-key Mumbai film festival ends on high note"
2111:
2078:
1976:
1806:
1802:
1800:
1706:
1665:
1615:
714:, with a career spanned over thirty years, for
301:, and film editing by Ramesan. Writer-director
2811:
2799:
2676:National Film Development Corporation of India
2486:
2008:
2006:
1507:
1208:Kerala State Film Award for Best Art Direction
538:National Film Development Corporation of India
4082:Best Feature Film National Film Award winners
3110:
2965:
2702:Rajadhyaksha, Ashish; Willemen, Paul (1999).
2628:Adoor Gopalakrishnan: 25 years of film making
1839:
1585:"Good films open up unfamiliar worlds: Adoor"
1366:
1231:
718:. The film featured no songs and has only an
1797:
1199:Kerala State Film Award for Best Photography
2807:(Oct 2001 – Jan 2002 ed.). Deep Focus.
2003:
1179:National Film Award for Best Cinematography
712:National Film Award for Best Cinematography
3117:
3103:
2972:
2958:
2428:
2171:
2046:Nagarajan, Saraswathy (7 September 2007).
1866:
1045:pioneered the new wave cinema movement in
44:
3126:National Film Award for Best Feature Film
2821:Kerala State Film Development Corporation
2646:
2553:
2384:Gopalakrishnan, K. K. (2 December 2007).
2279:
1909:Nagarajan, Saraswathy (29 January 2010).
1295:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1156:National Film Award for Best Feature Film
879:, and organized a seminar on the film in
786:." In an interview Gopalakrishnan said, "
2682:
2015:"Adoor's Swayamvaram on brand new print"
2013:Bhaskaran, Gautaman (26 November 2012).
1354:
1314:"8th Moscow International Film Festival"
672:. Noted Malayalam writer and journalist
2625:
2327:
2172:Chronicler, Bharat (22 November 2012).
2144:
1453:
1451:
1432:. Cinemaofmalayalam.net. Archived from
1308:
1306:
1304:
1126:1973 Moscow International Film Festival
815:s treatment is different from Ghatak's
706:(1970), and when he decided to work on
524:, Gopalakrishnan was influenced by the
4067:Films directed by Adoor Gopalakrishnan
4034:
2774:
2731:The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature
2649:Adoor Gopalakrishnan: A Life in Cinema
1416:
1220:
1097:marked a turning point in his career.
1018:over, what next in Malayalam cinema?"
989:The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature
518:Film and Television Institute of India
3098:
2953:
2871:
2837:
2724:
2451:Vilakudy, Rajaneesh (20 March 2009).
2416:
2340:Hakemulder, de Jonge & Singh 1998
2315:
2267:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2027:from the original on 22 December 2015
1923:from the original on 22 February 2014
1733:
1671:"Adoor made us forget our identities"
1457:
1324:from the original on 22 December 2015
1285:from the original on 2 February 2014.
1161:National Film Award for Best Director
536:to the Film Finance Corporation (now
2669:
2615:Interview with Adoor Swayamvaram 50
2565:International Film Festival of India
2093:from the original on 26 October 2012
1991:from the original on 18 January 2011
1977:Warrier, Shobha (23 November 2010).
1874:"25th National Film Festival (1978)"
1707:Warrier, Shobha (6 September 2005).
1683:from the original on 26 October 2012
1448:
1342:
1301:
1170:National Film Award for Best Actress
1106:International Film Festival of India
899:
875:wrote a cover story in his magazine
2386:"Strength in the face of adversity"
2241:"The Films of Adoor Gopalakrishnan"
2126:from the original on 5 January 2011
2112:Warrier, Shobha (10 January 2001).
2079:Warrier, Shobha (16 October 2000).
1807:Warrier, Shobha (29 January 2008).
1430:"Adoor Gopalakrishnan: Swayamvaram"
24:. For the 2009 Malayalam film, see
13:
2925:Babu Subramanian (November 2022).
2918:
2779:. National Film Archive of India.
2465:from the original on 27 March 2012
2191:
1721:from the original on 27 March 2012
1634:from the original on 3 March 2016.
1318:Moscow International Film Festival
1032:Moscow International Film Festival
978:, the humor is entirely natural."
478:Moscow International Film Festival
323:Moscow International Film Festival
14:
4103:
2900:
1842:"They carry the gene for success"
1821:from the original on 21 July 2015
1781:. 29 January 2008. Archived from
1593:. 28 October 2005. Archived from
1561:. 31 October 2006. Archived from
1372:Contributions to Indian Sociology
1110:University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
845:The Films of Adoor Gopalakrishnan
636:was cast as a college principal.
2685:The Cinemas of India (1896–2000)
2508:. 14 August 2010. Archived from
2056:. Chennai, India. Archived from
1749:. 3 October 2005. Archived from
1533:from the original on 9 July 2019
1405:Rajadhyaksha & Willemen 1999
1276:Press Information Bureau (India)
2618:
2583:
2524:
2500:"No need for a two-tier system"
2492:
2444:
2422:
2377:
2345:
2273:
2233:
2165:
2138:
2105:
2072:
2039:
1935:
1902:
1833:
1765:
1609:
1577:
1545:
1513:
1422:
1071:Noted critic and film director
950:wrote, "Adoor Gopalakrishnan’s
843:Suranjan Ganguly, in his book,
20:. For the 1999 Tamil film, see
4047:1970s Malayalam-language films
2704:Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema
2361:. 23 June 2006. Archived from
1840:Prakash, Asha (17 June 2012).
1741:"Nostalgia spices up Gurupuja"
1625:San Francisco State University
1458:Walsh, Bryan (28 April 2003).
1360:
1261:
1102:National Film Archive of India
605:. The male lead for the film,
511:
476:, however it was shown at the
430:as Vasu, a small-time smuggler
1:
3567:Halodhia Choraye Baodhan Khai
2591:"State Film Awards 1969–2008"
2440:, India: Poorna Publications.
1979:"Goodbye, Mankada Ravi Varma"
1951:. 24 May 2005. Archived from
1881:Directorate of Film Festivals
1618:"Bollywood and Globalization"
1214:
1021:
452:
172:Chitralekha Film Co-operative
163:Chitralekha Film Co-operative
2647:Bhaskaran, Gautaman (2010).
1108:in November 2012. Also, the
894:
7:
2561:"20th National Film Awards"
1883:. p. 7. Archived from
1709:"Adoor's first leading man"
1529:. Mumbai. 1 December 1997.
1460:"Knee Deep in the New Wave"
1116:, to restore and preserve.
827:is a trip from illusion to
790:is a trip from illusion to
765:. The struggle between the
674:Vaikom Chandrasekharan Nair
434:Vaikom Chandrasekharan Nair
258:co-written and directed by
10:
4108:
4003:Rocketry: The Nambi Effect
2980:Feature films directed by
2687:. Delhi: Macmillan India.
2114:"We have a long way to go"
1384:10.1177/006996670904300202
866:
679:
634:Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair
579:
569:Ritwik Ghatak's 1965 film
470:Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
461:
422:Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair
185:24 November 1972
15:
3994:
3737:
3486:
3239:
3132:
2988:
2817:Malayala Cinemayude Katha
2672:Cinema in India, Volume 2
2531:Krishnanunny, T. (2011).
2145:Gopalan, Lalitha (2009).
2081:"I can't say no to Adoor"
1809:"Goodbye, Mr Bharat Gopi"
1773:"Gopi, a versatile actor"
1119:
1037:
740:
660:25th National Film Awards
632:Malayalam actor-director
331:20th National Film Awards
272:Thikkurisi Sukumaran Nair
225:
217:
209:
199:
176:
168:
154:
144:
136:
126:
113:Thikkurisi Sukumaran Nair
85:
77:
65:
55:
50:Theatrical release poster
43:
38:
3920:Baahubali: The Beginning
2931:Journal of Indian Cinema
2872:Datta, Sangeeta (2002).
2533:Sound in Moving Pictures
1237:"Universal and timeless"
1191:Kerala State Film Awards
457:
440:Karamana Janardanan Nair
418:as Kalyani, a prostitute
341:for Gopalakrishnan, and
311:new wave cinema movement
2725:Datta, Amaresh (2006).
2708:Oxford University Press
2683:Thoraval, Yves (2002).
2626:Jayaram, S. B. (1996).
2285:"The Arbiter of Sanity"
1911:"Sense and Sensibility"
1558:Daily News and Analysis
756:– made his first film,
448:as a dismissed employee
391:
348:
18:Swayamvaram (1999 film)
3189:Do Aankhen Barah Haath
2882:British Film Institute
2859:Cite journal requires
2844:Kerala Sahitya Akademi
2775:Dharap, B. V. (1973).
2752:. Anmol Publications.
1647:Cite journal requires
1085:National Award-winning
516:While studying in the
424:as a college principal
247:
3332:Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne
2801:Gopalakrishnan, Adoor
2353:"Wide range of films"
2283:(24 September 2005).
2048:"Painting with light"
1616:Acharya, Sharmistha.
1278:. 2007. p. 168.
625:had acted in Adoor's
462:Further information:
428:P. K. Venukuttan Nair
3758:Mondo Meyer Upakhyan
3074:Oru Pennum Randaanum
2982:Adoor Gopalakrishnan
2216:"Swayamvaram (1972)"
2151:. Wallflower Press.
1669:(8 September 2005).
1235:(22 November 2012).
1233:Venkiteswaran, C. S.
1165:Adoor Gopalakrishnan
1148:National Film Awards
1134:Adoor Gopalakrishnan
1028:National Film Awards
327:National Film Awards
260:Adoor Gopalakrishnan
81:Adoor Gopalakrishnan
69:Adoor Gopalakrishnan
60:Adoor Gopalakrishnan
2805:C. S. Venkiteswaran
2733:. Sahitya Akademi.
2487:Vijayakrishnan 1987
2297:on 21 February 2014
2270:, pp. 752–753.
2148:The Cinema of India
1943:"Vaikom remembered"
1785:on 10 November 2012
1753:on 23 November 2007
1597:on 10 November 2012
1508:Gopalakrishnan 2001
1436:on 21 November 2014
1249:on 17 December 2017
1201:(Black-and-white):
737:150,000 as a loan.
666:K. P. A. C. Lalitha
498:Betrothal by Choice
416:K. P. A. C. Lalitha
333:in 1973, including
280:K. P. A. C. Lalitha
250:) is a 1972 Indian
108:K. P. A. C. Lalitha
4092:Films set in slums
4062:Indian drama films
4052:1970s Indian films
3854:Adaminte Makan Abu
3519:Adi Shankaracharya
2937:on 27 January 2023
2727:"Cinema Malayalam"
2571:on 5 November 2013
2505:The Times of India
2398:on 5 November 2008
2365:on 4 February 2014
2060:on 8 November 2012
1955:on 5 November 2012
1854:on 26 January 2013
1847:The Times of India
1526:The Indian Express
1472:on 20 January 2011
1203:Mankada Ravi Varma
1183:Mankada Ravi Varma
970:The Economic Times
947:The Indian Express
698:Mankada Ravi Varma
494:Marriage by Choice
299:Mankada Ravi Varma
131:Mankada Ravi Varma
4029:
4028:
3944:Village Rockstars
3472:Akaler Shandhaney
3092:
3091:
2891:978-0-85170-907-9
2830:978-81-8264-070-2
2759:978-81-261-0067-5
2740:978-81-260-1803-1
2662:978-0-670-08171-4
2546:978-81-8265-022-0
2158:978-1-905674-92-3
1565:on 4 October 2012
1368:Radhakrishnan, R.
1012:Moorkoth Kunhappa
900:Critical response
835:wrote, "The film
811:but pointed that
724:M. B. Sreenivasan
480:under the title,
335:Best Feature Film
295:M. B. Sreenivasan
239:
238:
149:M. B. Sreenivasan
26:Utharaswayamvaram
4099:
4057:1972 drama films
4021:
4009:
3986:
3974:
3962:
3950:
3938:
3926:
3914:
3902:
3890:
3884:Paan Singh Tomar
3878:
3860:
3848:
3836:
3824:
3812:
3800:
3788:
3776:
3764:
3752:
3729:
3717:
3705:
3693:
3681:
3669:
3657:
3645:
3633:
3621:
3609:
3597:
3585:
3573:
3561:
3549:
3537:
3525:
3513:
3501:
3478:
3466:
3454:
3446:
3434:
3422:
3410:
3398:
3386:
3374:
3362:
3350:
3338:
3326:
3314:
3302:
3290:
3278:
3272:Shehar Aur Sapna
3266:
3254:
3248:Bhagini Nivedita
3231:
3219:
3207:
3195:
3183:
3171:
3159:
3147:
3119:
3112:
3105:
3096:
3095:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2933:. Archived from
2895:
2879:
2868:
2862:
2857:
2855:
2847:
2834:
2808:
2796:
2771:
2744:
2721:
2698:
2679:
2666:
2643:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2567:. Archived from
2557:
2551:
2550:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2394:. Archived from
2381:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2293:. Archived from
2281:Surendran, C. P.
2277:
2271:
2265:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2212:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2010:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1974:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1889:
1878:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1850:. Archived from
1837:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1804:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1704:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1650:
1645:
1643:
1635:
1633:
1622:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1468:. Archived from
1455:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1310:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1273:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1245:. Archived from
1229:
1077:Malayalam cinema
1047:Malayalam cinema
944:A reviewer from
904:A reviewer from
736:
732:
730:
703:Olavum Theeravum
565:
563:
550:
548:
474:One's Own Choice
368:
315:Malayalam cinema
297:, camerawork by
248:One's Own Choice
234:
232:
192:
190:
48:
36:
35:
33:1972 Indian film
4107:
4106:
4102:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4025:
4019:
4007:
3990:
3984:
3980:Soorarai Pottru
3972:
3960:
3948:
3936:
3924:
3912:
3900:
3896:Ship of Theseus
3888:
3876:
3858:
3846:
3834:
3822:
3810:
3798:
3786:
3774:
3762:
3750:
3733:
3727:
3715:
3703:
3691:
3679:
3667:
3655:
3643:
3631:
3619:
3607:
3595:
3583:
3571:
3559:
3547:
3535:
3523:
3511:
3499:
3482:
3476:
3464:
3452:
3444:
3432:
3420:
3408:
3396:
3384:
3372:
3360:
3348:
3336:
3324:
3312:
3300:
3288:
3276:
3264:
3252:
3235:
3229:
3217:
3205:
3193:
3181:
3169:
3165:Pather Panchali
3157:
3145:
3128:
3123:
3093:
3088:
3066:Naalu Pennungal
2984:
2978:
2940:
2938:
2921:
2919:Further reading
2903:
2898:
2892:
2860:
2858:
2849:
2848:
2831:
2760:
2741:
2718:
2695:
2663:
2621:
2610:
2600:
2598:
2597:on 3 March 2016
2589:
2588:
2584:
2574:
2572:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2547:
2529:
2525:
2515:
2513:
2512:on 26 July 2012
2498:
2497:
2493:
2485:
2478:
2468:
2466:
2449:
2445:
2427:
2423:
2415:
2411:
2401:
2399:
2382:
2378:
2368:
2366:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2342:, pp. 118.
2338:
2334:
2326:
2322:
2318:, pp. 217.
2314:
2310:
2300:
2298:
2278:
2274:
2266:
2259:
2249:
2247:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2224:
2222:
2214:
2213:
2192:
2182:
2180:
2170:
2166:
2159:
2143:
2139:
2129:
2127:
2110:
2106:
2096:
2094:
2077:
2073:
2063:
2061:
2044:
2040:
2030:
2028:
2020:Hindustan Times
2011:
2004:
1994:
1992:
1975:
1968:
1958:
1956:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1924:
1907:
1903:
1893:
1891:
1890:on 21 July 2011
1887:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1857:
1855:
1838:
1834:
1824:
1822:
1805:
1798:
1788:
1786:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1756:
1754:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1724:
1722:
1705:
1696:
1686:
1684:
1667:Warrier, Shobha
1664:
1660:
1648:
1646:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1620:
1614:
1610:
1600:
1598:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1568:
1566:
1551:
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1473:
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1302:
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1267:
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1252:
1250:
1230:
1221:
1217:
1122:
1040:
1024:
993:C. P. Surendran
964:Hindustan Times
902:
897:
869:
750:Cinema in India
746:Nirad Mohapatra
743:
734:
728:
727:
682:
582:
561:
560:
546:
545:
514:
466:
460:
455:
394:
386:Sita Swayamvara
366:
351:
325:, and won four
230:
229:
202:
195:
188:
186:
179:
164:
159:
157:
122:
70:
51:
34:
29:
12:
11:
5:
4105:
4095:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4011:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3976:
3964:
3952:
3940:
3928:
3916:
3904:
3892:
3880:
3862:
3850:
3838:
3826:
3814:
3802:
3790:
3778:
3766:
3754:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3719:
3707:
3695:
3683:
3671:
3659:
3647:
3635:
3623:
3611:
3599:
3587:
3575:
3563:
3555:Tabarana Kathe
3551:
3539:
3527:
3515:
3503:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3468:
3456:
3448:
3436:
3424:
3412:
3400:
3388:
3376:
3364:
3352:
3340:
3328:
3316:
3304:
3292:
3280:
3268:
3256:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3221:
3209:
3201:Sagar Sangamey
3197:
3185:
3173:
3161:
3149:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3122:
3121:
3114:
3107:
3099:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3078:
3070:
3062:
3054:
3046:
3038:
3030:
3022:
3014:
3006:
2998:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2977:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2902:
2901:External links
2899:
2897:
2896:
2890:
2869:
2861:|journal=
2835:
2829:
2813:Vijayakrishnan
2809:
2797:
2772:
2758:
2745:
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2582:
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2523:
2491:
2489:, p. 135.
2476:
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2257:
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2002:
1966:
1934:
1901:
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1832:
1796:
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1732:
1694:
1658:
1649:|journal=
1608:
1576:
1544:
1512:
1483:
1447:
1421:
1419:, p. 311.
1409:
1407:, p. 387.
1397:
1378:(2): 217–245.
1359:
1357:, p. 411.
1347:
1335:
1300:
1296:Bhaskaran 2010
1288:
1260:
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1216:
1213:
1212:
1211:
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1118:
1073:Vijayakrishnan
1039:
1036:
1023:
1020:
901:
898:
896:
893:
868:
865:
833:Soviet Culture
742:
739:
720:original score
681:
678:
599:Prasad Studios
581:
578:
513:
510:
490:Her Own Choice
459:
456:
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169:Distributed by
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3050:Kathapurushan
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2876:Shyam Benegal
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2717:0-85170-455-7
2713:
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2696:
2694:0-333-93410-5
2690:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2670:NFDC (1991).
2668:
2664:
2658:
2654:
2653:Penguin Books
2650:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2632:Chalachithram
2629:
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2419:, p. 26.
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1355:Thoraval 2002
1351:
1345:, p. 38.
1344:
1339:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1298:, p. 44.
1297:
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997:Shyam Benegal
994:
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890:
889:Balu Mahendra
887:and director
886:
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799:Ritwik Ghatak
795:
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776:
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764:
759:
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748:in the book,
747:
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573:
567:
558:
554:
553:K. P. Kumaran
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
509:
507:
506:The Selection
503:
502:The Betrothal
499:
495:
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483:
479:
475:
471:
465:
447:
444:
442:as Thommachan
441:
438:
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410:Adoor Bhavani
408:
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387:
383:
382:
377:
371:
364:
360:
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346:
345:for Sharada.
344:
340:
339:Best Director
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
307:
304:
303:K. P. Kumaran
300:
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276:Adoor Bhavani
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103:Adoor Bhavani
101:
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73:
72:K. P. Kumaran
68:
64:
61:
58:
54:
47:
42:
37:
31:
27:
23:
19:
4013:
4001:
3995:2021–present
3978:
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3942:
3930:
3918:
3906:
3894:
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3870:
3864:
3852:
3840:
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3816:
3804:
3792:
3780:
3768:
3756:
3744:
3721:
3711:Vanaprastham
3709:
3697:
3685:
3673:
3661:
3651:Unishe April
3649:
3637:
3627:Bhagwat Gita
3625:
3613:
3601:
3591:Bagh Bahadur
3589:
3577:
3565:
3553:
3541:
3529:
3517:
3505:
3493:
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3458:
3438:
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3416:Chomana Dudi
3414:
3402:
3390:
3379:
3378:
3366:
3354:
3344:Bhuvan Shome
3342:
3330:
3318:
3308:Teesri Kasam
3306:
3294:
3282:
3270:
3258:
3246:
3223:
3211:
3199:
3187:
3175:
3163:
3153:Mirza Ghalib
3151:
3141:Shyamchi Aai
3139:
3080:
3072:
3064:
3056:
3048:
3040:
3032:
3024:
3016:
3010:Elippathayam
3008:
3000:
2993:
2992:
2939:. Retrieved
2935:the original
2930:
2907:
2875:
2852:cite journal
2839:
2816:
2777:Indian films
2776:
2749:
2730:
2703:
2684:
2671:
2648:
2627:
2619:Bibliography
2611:
2599:. Retrieved
2595:the original
2585:
2575:26 September
2573:. Retrieved
2569:the original
2555:
2532:
2526:
2514:. Retrieved
2510:the original
2503:
2494:
2467:. Retrieved
2456:
2446:
2433:
2424:
2412:
2400:. Retrieved
2396:the original
2389:
2379:
2367:. Retrieved
2363:the original
2356:
2347:
2335:
2328:Jayaram 1996
2323:
2311:
2299:. Retrieved
2295:the original
2288:
2275:
2248:. Retrieved
2244:
2235:
2223:. Retrieved
2219:
2181:. Retrieved
2177:
2167:
2147:
2140:
2128:. Retrieved
2117:
2107:
2095:. Retrieved
2084:
2074:
2062:. Retrieved
2058:the original
2051:
2041:
2029:. Retrieved
2018:
1993:. Retrieved
1982:
1957:. Retrieved
1953:the original
1946:
1937:
1925:. Retrieved
1914:
1904:
1892:. Retrieved
1885:the original
1868:
1856:. Retrieved
1852:the original
1845:
1835:
1823:. Retrieved
1812:
1787:. Retrieved
1783:the original
1776:
1767:
1755:. Retrieved
1751:the original
1744:
1735:
1723:. Retrieved
1712:
1685:. Retrieved
1674:
1661:
1640:cite journal
1611:
1599:. Retrieved
1595:the original
1588:
1579:
1567:. Retrieved
1563:the original
1556:
1547:
1535:. Retrieved
1524:
1515:
1474:. Retrieved
1470:the original
1463:
1438:. Retrieved
1434:the original
1424:
1412:
1400:
1375:
1371:
1362:
1350:
1338:
1326:. Retrieved
1291:
1269:"IFFI: 2007"
1263:
1251:. Retrieved
1247:the original
1240:
1210:: Devadathan
1137:
1113:
1099:
1094:
1088:
1081:Bharath Gopi
1070:
1061:
1059:
1054:
1042:
1041:
1025:
1015:
1005:
1000:
988:
986:
979:
975:
968:
962:
956:
951:
945:
943:
935:
928:
924:
920:The Observer
918:
911:
907:The Guardian
905:
903:
885:P. Bhaskaran
876:
870:
858:
854:Elippathayam
852:
848:
844:
842:
836:
832:
824:
820:
817:Subarnarekha
816:
813:Swayamvaram'
812:
809:Satyajit Ray
804:Subarnarekha
802:
796:
787:
784:middle class
779:
757:
749:
744:
715:
707:
701:
695:
685:
683:
669:
664:
649:
645:
641:
638:Bharath Gopi
631:
626:
618:
614:
590:
583:
572:Subarnarekha
570:
568:
556:
541:
533:
515:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
473:
467:
446:Bharath Gopi
436:as an editor
384:, depicting
379:
372:
362:
358:
356:
352:
343:Best Actress
308:
289:
288:
284:Bharath Gopi
242:
241:
240:
201:Running time
178:Release date
118:Bharath Gopi
30:
3842:Kutty Srank
3830:Antaheen...
3818:Kanchivaram
3543:Chidambaram
3380:Swayamvaram
3368:Seemabaddha
3260:Dada Thakur
3213:Apur Sansar
3058:Nizhalkuthu
3018:Mukhamukham
2994:Swayamvaram
2908:Swayamvaram
2537:Mathrubhumi
2245:AnthemPress
2220:Bharat Gopy
2178:Bharat Gopy
2031:11 December
1858:18 December
1537:24 February
1417:Dharap 1973
1328:11 December
1253:10 December
1114:Swayamvaram
1095:Swayamvaram
1062:Swayamvaram
1055:Swayamvaram
1043:Swayamvaram
1016:Swayamvaram
1001:Swayamvaram
976:Swayamvaram
952:Swayamvaram
925:Swayamvaram
873:M. Govindan
857:(1981) and
849:Swayamvaram
837:Swayamvaram
825:Swayamvaram
821:Swayamvaram
788:Swayamvaram
780:Swayamvaram
758:Swayamvaram
716:Swayamvaram
708:Swayamvaram
686:Swayamvaram
670:Swayamvaram
646:Swayamvaram
642:Swayamvaram
627:Swayamvaram
619:Swayamvaram
615:Swayamvaram
591:Swayamvaram
557:Swayamvaram
542:Swayamvaram
512:Development
482:On Own Will
290:Swayamvaram
262:, starring
243:Swayamvaram
235:(US$ 3,000)
205:131 minutes
56:Directed by
39:Swayamvaram
4042:1972 films
4036:Categories
3806:Pulijanmam
3794:Kaalpurush
3603:Marupakkam
3177:Kabuliwala
3034:Mathilukal
3002:Kodiyettam
2941:28 January
2458:Rediff.com
2430:Kozhikodan
2417:Menon 1998
2316:Datta 2002
2268:Datta 2006
2119:Rediff.com
2086:Rediff.com
1984:Rediff.com
1814:Rediff.com
1714:Rediff.com
1676:Rediff.com
1215:References
1051:Kozhikodan
1022:Box office
974:humor. In
656:Best Actor
651:Kodiyettam
623:Prem Nazir
464:Swayamvara
453:Production
400:as Vishwam
376:Hindu epic
256:drama film
254:-language
246:(English:
189:1972-11-24
156:Production
66:Written by
22:Suyamvaram
3738:2001–2020
3675:Lal Darja
3639:Charachar
3487:1981–2000
3450:No Award
3392:Nirmalyam
3284:Charulata
3240:1961–1980
3133:1953–1960
3026:Anantaram
2793:692141264
2785:0377-7359
2674:. Delhi:
2651:. Delhi:
2391:The Hindu
2358:The Hindu
2053:The Hindu
1948:The Hindu
1916:The Hindu
1778:The Hindu
1746:The Hindu
1590:The Hindu
1392:145594307
1343:NFDC 1991
1242:The Hindu
1138:Nominated
1066:leitmotif
1053:included
1034:in 1973.
913:The Times
895:Reception
877:Sameeksha
763:nightmare
662:in 1977.
486:By Choice
412:as Janaki
319:leitmotif
252:Malayalam
221:Malayalam
137:Edited by
3968:Marakkar
3723:Shantham
3428:Mrigayaa
3356:Samskara
3296:Chemmeen
3225:Anuradha
3082:Pinneyum
3042:Vidheyan
2842:(1–21).
2815:(1987).
2768:46886511
2640:47954603
2463:Archived
2432:(2001).
2250:30 March
2225:30 March
2183:30 March
2124:Archived
2091:Archived
2025:Archived
1989:Archived
1921:Archived
1819:Archived
1719:Archived
1681:Archived
1629:Archived
1531:Archived
1322:Archived
1320:. 1973.
1280:Archived
1128:(Russia)
1093:(1965),
1090:Chemmeen
1060:Through
958:Filmfare
923:wrote, "
860:Vidheyan
769:and the
595:art film
526:New Wave
381:Ramayana
359:Nirvriti
218:Language
145:Music by
86:Starring
78:Story by
3956:Hellaro
3615:Agantuk
2516:12 July
2469:19 July
2438:Calicut
2402:11 July
2301:13 July
2290:Tehelka
2130:12 July
2097:12 July
2064:21 June
1995:21 June
1959:11 July
1927:10 July
1894:30 July
1825:12 July
1789:12 July
1725:12 July
1687:13 July
1601:12 July
1569:11 July
1476:12 July
1440:13 July
1193:(India)
1174:Sharada
1150:(India)
930:TimeOut
881:Chennai
867:Release
851:, like
829:reality
792:reality
731:250,000
680:Filming
603:Chennai
587:Sharada
580:Casting
564:250,000
549:150,000
406:as Sita
404:Sharada
363:Ecstasy
329:at the
268:Sharada
233:250,000
210:Country
187: (
158:company
140:Ramesan
98:Sharada
4020:(2022)
4015:Aattam
4008:(2021)
3985:(2020)
3973:(2019)
3961:(2018)
3949:(2017)
3937:(2016)
3932:Kaasav
3925:(2015)
3913:(2014)
3901:(2013)
3889:(2012)
3877:(2011)
3859:(2010)
3847:(2009)
3835:(2008)
3823:(2007)
3811:(2006)
3799:(2005)
3787:(2004)
3782:Page 3
3775:(2003)
3770:Shwaas
3763:(2002)
3751:(2001)
3746:Dweepa
3728:(2000)
3716:(1999)
3704:(1998)
3692:(1997)
3680:(1996)
3668:(1995)
3656:(1994)
3644:(1993)
3632:(1992)
3620:(1991)
3608:(1990)
3596:(1989)
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3572:(1987)
3560:(1986)
3548:(1985)
3536:(1984)
3524:(1983)
3512:(1982)
3500:(1981)
3495:Dakhal
3477:(1980)
3465:(1979)
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3433:(1976)
3421:(1975)
3409:(1974)
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3397:(1973)
3385:(1972)
3373:(1971)
3361:(1970)
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3301:(1965)
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3053:(1995)
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1038:Legacy
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754:Kerala
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3699:Samar
3531:Damul
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1888:(PDF)
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458:Title
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264:Madhu
213:India
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3869:and
2943:2023
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2886:ISBN
2865:help
2825:ISBN
2789:OCLC
2781:ISSN
2764:OCLC
2754:ISBN
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2603:2011
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