Banking in Switzerland

628: 7806: 41: 7311: 873:, Switzerland and its financial system benefited greatly from having remained unharmed while all the neighbouring economies were devastated, but had to face the reputational damage from its support to the Axis powers, which also led to threats to banking secrecy as the Allied victors sought to expropriate Nazi assets held under Swiss custody. By and large, the Swiss banking sector was able to successfully deflect the threat to its secrecy practices, not least as it supported France and the United Kingdom with significant lending. When British politician 114: 1694: 2610: 1800: 774: 9107: 468: 993:. The agreement does not guarantee the semi-automatic information transfers, which remain at the discretion of Swiss government authorities. If a client does not consent to having their information shared with the IRS, Swiss law prohibits the disclosure. If a client does consent, Swiss banks send the IRS tax-related information about the account holder but are prohibited from disclosing identities pursuant to Article 47 of the Banking Law of 1934. The 2018 746:, colloquially known as the Banking Law of 1934, made the violation of banking secrecy a federal criminal offence. That major step beyond the prior enforcement of banking secrecy under civil law resulted from several developments of the early 1930s, including the introduction in the same legislation of an embryonic form of banking supervision, which Swiss bankers argued could endanger secrecy; evolving jurisprudence of the 1933:. In Switzerland, such private banks are called "private bankers" (in the local languages, a protected term) to distinguish them from the other private banks which are typically shared corporations. Historically in Switzerland a minimum of CHF1 million was required to open an account, however, over the last years many private banks have lowered their entry hurdles to CHF250,000 for private investors. 9095: 885: 1091: 2262:, accounts where the identity of the holder is replaced with a multi-digit number known only to the client and select private bankers. Although these accounts do add another layer of banking secrecy, they are not completely anonymous as the name of the client is still recorded by the bank and subject to limited, warranted disclosure. Some Swiss banks supplement the number with a 1318:

Swiss foundations are so far exempt. As of 2019, Switzerland received financial data from 75 countries and shared data with 63 (over 100 countries starting in 2023) representing 3.6 million accounts as of 2023. Around 9000 banks, insurers, trusts and other financial institutions in Switzerland provide this information to the Swiss authorities.

1314:(DTA) with Switzerland, which had already been accepted by the Swiss parliament in 2010. The new agreement, applicable to accounts from September 23, 1999, onward, amends the tax treaty of 1996 and regulates requests for information on financial accounts by US authorities, as well as exemptions for retirement savings by US persons. 7131:

In fact, mystery writers have utilized the Swiss Bank as the central focus of intrigue. Where else would one think to store the secrets of the holy grail but in a Swiss bank account, as was the case in the novel the 'Da Vinci Code'. But events in recent years have chipped away at this polished veneer

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agreement with the U.S.A., because of concerns regarding their tax liability (the U.S. taxes its citizens regardless of whether they are resident in the USA or not) some Swiss banks have gone so far as to close accounts held by US citizens, and to ban the opening of new accounts by US citizens and by

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to roll back banking secrecy laws in the country which were largely minimized or reverted by Swiss social and political forces, in 2017 Switzerland agreed to "automatic exchange of information" (AEOI) with foreign governments and their revenue services regarding information of depositors not resident

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Before the Second World War, with the rise of Nazism, many Jews in Central and East Europe sought to protect a part of their assets by depositing money in Swiss accounts, and their valuables in Swiss safe deposit boxes. To encourage such transfers, in 1934 the Swiss even strengthened special banking

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to avoid U.S. taxation. This is technically legal in Switzerland as Belfort was not charged with a financial crime (at the time of meeting) and extra banking secrecy is afforded to European citizens. Belfort's bank–client confidentiality was waived because Saurel traveled outside of Switzerland and

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Starting in 2019, Switzerland began to share (with the country of origin or residence) the details of 3.1 million bank accounts held by foreigners, as part of the agreed automatic exchange of information. Swiss banks, insurance companies and trusts have a legal obligation to comply but charitable

1025:. The CRS does not, however, override the Swiss Banking Law of 1934, so the client's expenses (withdrawals) and investments are not disclosed. Thus tax authorities cannot "go fishing" for tax evaders, they must directly link a financial crime to the client's account. The disclosed information can 2010:

in the world since the mid-20th century. Despite an international push to meaningfully roll back banking secrecy laws in the country, Swiss political forces have minimized and reverted many of the proposed rollbacks. Disclosing client information has been considered a serious social and criminal

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in the world since the mid-20th century, with a long history of banking secrecy and client confidentiality reaching back to the early 1700s. Starting as a way to protect wealthy European banking interests, Swiss banking secrecy was codified in 1934 with the passage of a landmark federal law, the

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that engage in all banking businesses. Together the cantonal banks account for about 30% of the banking sector in Switzerland, with a network of over 800 branches and 16 000 employees in Switzerland. In 2014 consolidated total assets of all cantonal banks accounted around 500 bln CHF, which is

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in Switzerland while tax fraud is a financial crime. When foreign clients deposit holdings into a Swiss bank account, the bank is legally prohibited from disclosing balances or client information to tax authorities. This prohibition can only be waived if the client has produced a written

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The American-led attack on the Gnomes of Zurich has produced a backlash: a right-wing party has almost collected enough signatures to force a referendum on whether to strengthen constitutional support for financial secrecy. Swiss bankers who spill the beans continue to do so at their

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Swiss banks have collectively paid more than $ 12 billion in fines in recent years to the tax authorities in France, Germany, Italy, the United States and other countries for helping with tax evasion. Starting in 2022, fines on Swiss banks abroad will be tax deductible (unless

1664:, respectively. They account for over 50% of all deposits in Switzerland; each has extensive branch networks throughout the country and most international centers. Due to their size and complexity, UBS and Credit Suisse are subject to an extra degree of supervision from the 881:" for a weak pound sterling in 1964, Swiss bankers began using the title as proof of their financial skill and adherence to secrecy. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, numerous international proposals for bank secrecy rollbacks were made by foreign states with little success. 1721:, cantonal banks, and individual investors; the federal government does not hold any shares. Although a central bank often has regulatory authority over the country's banking system, the SNB does not; regulation is solely the role of the Federal Banking Commission. 1268:

and assistance to persons searching for dormant assets. The ombudsman handles about 1,500 complaints raised against banks yearly. Generally speaking, lawyers will not work against the banks and regulators are "too weak" to act in case of a problem, according to the

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ruled that Swiss bankers " nothing to do with the choice that an American taxpayer makes to not declare offshore assets", later clarifying they should not be seen as facilitating tax evasion but rather provide a legal service that is made illegal by the client. The

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Swiss banks managed $ 2.4 trillion (CHF2.1 trillion) of assets belonging to wealthy foreigners in 2022, more than any other country and before Hong Kong ($ 2.2T) or Singapore ($ 1.5T) who are ranked 2nd and 3rd respectively, according to the study conducted by the

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the country's legal jurisdiction. In spite of minor adjustments to bank secrecy, bankers working in Switzerland and abroad at Swiss banks have long adhered to an unwritten code similar to that observed by doctors or priests. Switzerland's main lingual hubs,

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Over the past 20 years, Switzerland has returned about $ 2 billion of ill-gotten money in at least ten cases, including to Tunisia, Egypt, Brazil, Nigeria, Malaysia and Uzbekistan (2022). Swiss bank accounts were utilised by the perpetrators of the

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news organization, obtained records of companies and trusts created by two offshore companies. These included information on at least 23 companies linked to an alleged $ 230 million tax fraud in Russia, a case that was being investigated by

727:, Swiss bankers traveled to France to advertise the country's banking secrecy. The war's contribution to political and economic instability sparked a rapid capital movement into Switzerland. As European countries began to increase taxes to 2687:

has been directly linked to the bank account. More often than not, clients do not consent to foreign tax authorities, which leaves only the latter (financial crime) provision available. Many client services available in Switzerland (e.g.

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In March 2015, the Swiss government entered into bilateral "Rubik Agreements" with Germany, Austria, and the United Kingdom allowing foreign holders of Swiss bank accounts to retain their anonymity in exchange for paying predetermined

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Declassified intelligence documents at the US National Archives show that one of Hitler's closest confidantes opened the accounts at the Union Bank of Switzerland in Bern after the Fuhrer's book became required reading in German

4368: 1526: 2875:) that unless a large sum of money is deposited into a Swiss bank account, a bomb will detonate and kill thousands of people. Mentions of Swiss banking in the James Bond novels have been viewed as "reinforcing a stereotype". 1531:

Under current rules, banking institutions and cantonal authorities can only report what is in their registers; looking into the origins of assets or connections between individuals is not permitted. For example, in 2022, a

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Disclosing client information has been considered by Switzerland a criminal offence since the early 1900s. Employees working in Switzerland and at Swiss banks abroad have "long adhered to an unwritten code similar to that

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protections in the world. In exchange for banking services, the Swiss government charges "a low, lump-sum option on the money they bank", after which Swiss tax authorities consider client tax burdens "settled". After the

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as long as they are only advising clients to place money in a particular financial institution or country. Besides, lawyers in Switzerland can refuse to disclose almost anything to the authorities about their clients.

1727:"assumes the role of central bank" in providing treasury services, and is the third largest group consisting of 328 banks in 2011, 390 in 2012 with 1,155 branches. According to the bank in 2012 non-U.S. businesses of 6203: 2707:

prohibit the disclosure of client information under a variety of federal, cantonal, and civil policies. Many foreign nationals open Swiss bank accounts to take advantage of these laws and tax distinctions. While

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available for sale, six of them were sold to Swiss banks to house assets during the 1980s and 1990s. Storage in these underground bunkers and bank vaults is typically reserved for clients that pass a multi-stage

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estimated in 2018 that Swiss banks held US$ 6.5 trillion in assets or 25% of all global cross-border assets. These secrecy laws have linked the Swiss banking system with individuals and institutions seeking to

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A broker dealer, at the request of the customer, may open an account that is simply identified by a number or a symbol, as long as there is a statement signed by the customer attesting to the ownership of the

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This is what the Swiss bourgeoisie are thinking: "That's our future. We will play on the contradictions between the European powers and, protected by the shield of our neutrality, our arm will be industry and

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frequently citing Swiss underground gold bunkers and bank account numbers as motivation. This film was written after Switzerland's role in World War II was at the forefront of international critique on bank

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to varying degrees of accuracy. According to official statements from the Swiss National Film Archives, inaccurate or exaggerated portrayals negatively impact Switzerland by reducing bankers to unflattering

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Swiss banks are obliged to reject or terminate business relationships if there are doubts about the real identity of the owner of the account. Swiss banks have a legal obligation to record the ultimate

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had stolen US$ 30 billion over his 30 years in power but much of it he used to oil the wheels of power and pay off political and military allies. Billions were hidden in Swiss bank accounts illegally.

8645: 420: 3014:) opens a Swiss bank account at the Paris-based "Depository Bank of Zürich", a high-tech bank that allows clients to deposit and withdraw assets with complete anonymity. The usage of this type of 1873:

Credit Suisse Group was the second-largest Swiss bank. Based in Zürich and founded in 1856, Credit Suisse offers private banking, investment banking and asset management services. It acquired the

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such as "Cardinal", "Octopussy" or "Cello" that provide an alternative means of identifying the client. However, to open this type of account in Switzerland, clients must pass a multi-stage

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The subterranean vaults of Geneva and Zurich have served as sanctuaries for the wealth of dictators and despots, mobsters and arms dealers, corrupt officials and tax cheats of all kinds.

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alone held assets worth $ 100 billion over several decades which were linked to corruption and bribery to drug and human trafficking for more than 30,000 clients. Apart from the 2022 "

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dual US-Swiss citizens, including those deemed lawful permanent Swiss residents. Thus banking secrecy remains in force only for those residing in and solely taxable in Switzerland.

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Several hunkered down in Switzerland, which refused to extradite its citizens to the United States for actions that weren't illegal in Switzerland. None had actually gone on trial.

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by storing gold and cash balances in underground vaults, buying gold from the Nazi German state, and lending to both Germany and Italy, thus supporting their aggressive endeavors.

2822:) engages with a Swiss banker to open a bank account containing patents to powerful weapons. This film is considered the first motion picture to reference banking in Switzerland. 8799: 4575: 2440:. The ICIJ investigation also revealed that the husband of one of the Russian tax officials deposited millions in a Swiss bank account set up by one of the offshore companies. 9047: 1473:

refers to lawyers, fiduciaries, notaries, and real estate agents who assist the criminals in investing or hiding their ill-gotten wealth. Their activity is not covered by the

985:, and must meet stricter capital requirements and prepare contingency plans for times of crisis. In another step toward loosening banking secrecy, Switzerland signed the U.S. 1256:. Regulatory authority is derived from the Swiss Financial Market Supervision Act (FINMASA) and Article 98 of the Swiss Federal Constitution. The office of the Swiss Banking 1717:. Founded by the Federal Act on the Swiss National Bank (16 January 1906), it began conducting business on 20 June 1907. Its shares are publicly traded, and are held by the 1286: 9062: 9014: 8911: 592:(SNB) which derives its authority from a series of federal statutes. Banking in Switzerland has historically played, and still continues to play, a dominant role in the 1656:, ranging from the "Two Big Banks" down to small banks serving the needs of a single community or a few special clients. The largest and second largest Swiss banks are 9019: 4340: 1125:, long recognized by foreign nations, have fostered a stable environment for the banking sector to develop and thrive. Switzerland maintained neutrality through both 9024: 2232: 1671:

As of 2023 only one in five Swiss people banks with either UBS or Credit Suisse, but most Swiss prefer one or the other. Credit Suisse was historically the bank of

4354: 6893: 4903: 3986: 3219: 8941: 8861: 6690: 3745: 3746:"The End of Secret Swiss Accounts?: The Impact of the U.S. Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA) on Switzerland's Status as a Haven for Off Shore Accounts" 9052: 4767: 2562: 920:

increased the prison sentence for violations of banking secrecy from a maximum of six months to five years. In late 2008, after an international, multi-state

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is demanding that lawyers, financial advisors plus real estate and art transactions be subject to the same exacting anti-money laundering measures as banks.

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and leakers of client information often face hostility from the public and sustain professional setbacks. Denounced as a criminal in Switzerland, a federal

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as "offshore financial institutions". The IRS issues the entities unique Global Intermediary Identification Numbers, or GIINs, which relieve the banks of

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of undeclared, offshore accounts. These new regulations are applicable from 2014, and in turn assure Swiss banks of continued operations within the US.

80:. These laws were used to protect assets of persons being persecuted by Nazi authorities but have also been used by people and institutions seeking to 6103: 4299: 2342: 5330: 989:(FATCA), after rejecting it twice in parliament. The FATCA requires Swiss banks to disclose non-identifying U.S. client information annually to the 7274: 5524: 3895: 2169:

Since leaking financial data is a criminal offense in Switzerland (even if it is in the public interest) punishable with up to five years in jail,

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in the mid-18th century and in Geneva in the late 18th century as partnerships, and some are still in the hands of the original families such as

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In December 2017, the Swiss parliament launched a standing initiative and expressed an interest in formally embedding banking secrecy within the

48:. A hub of tourism, many private banks service the city and maintain underground bunkers and storage facilities for gold at the foothills of the 5651: 5616: 5567: 4675: 4447: 4182: 7296: 6715: 4500: 2107:" which can still be exploited by lawyers to hide the assets of their clients. Besides, some autocratic or developing countries don't have any 6811: 6608: 6453: 5714: 1579: 6120: 5970: 5956: 4157: 2551: 2523: 1106: 6841: 6475: 6345: 5549: 5378: 3811: 7668: 7145: 6489: 5631: 5281: 2966:, begins to recall life events after opening a bank deposit box containing a gun, large amounts of international currency and a variety of 1665: 1245: 585: 8723: 8650: 7763: 7229: 6629: 2830: 2543: 1974: 1239: 921: 410: 191: 6647: 5999: 4012: 3297: 2515:

that has been received by 30 Swiss banks. A Swiss bank account was used to bribe a Venezuelan minister. Other major cases involving the

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stated: "this not mean that Swiss banking secrecy was finished, as some excitable news reports suggest... the breach was a partial ".

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industry and very strict secrecy laws. The ranking attempts to measure how much assistance the country's legal systems provide to

8017: 6563: 5665: 5233: 4785: 3051:) illegal in both countries. The fictional interaction was called "a bit ridiculous and exaggerated" and "not very Swiss" by the 2396: 6319: 576:(for German) service the different geographical markets. It currently ranks number two behind the United States and on par with 8320: 8078: 4845: 4799: 4408: 4369:"EFC-Swiss Federal Council refrains from making charitable foundations subject to the Automatic Exchange of Information (AEOI)" 3552: 2718: 2704: 743: 77: 6586: 5446: 5096: 4246: 8325: 8168: 8043: 5886: 5071: 4827: 3484: 6545: 5146: 5046: 4601: 515:

sparked a series of proposed financial regulations seeking to limit bank secrecy, but with little resulting action. Despite

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For more on Israeli Hawk missile sales to Iran see Richard Johns, "Arms Embargo Which Cannot Withstand The Profit Motive,"

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noted that popular culture portrays Swiss bank accounts as "completely anonymous", later adding "this is simply not true."

2445: 1994: 1731:, the oldest Swiss bank, would be bought by the Raiffeisen group. The group has 3 million plus clients within Switzerland. 1154: 747: 731:, wealthy clients moved their holdings into Swiss accounts to avoid taxation. The French banked in Geneva, the Italians in 491: 63:'s merchant trade and over the centuries has grown into a complex and regulated international industry. Banking is seen as 4221: 2662:

in their home country. One of the most prominent attractions of the disclosure protection laws is the distinction between

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reported that throughout 1981 and 1982, the Israelis reportedly set up Swiss bank accounts to handle the financial end of

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the end of Swiss banking secrecy for depositors who were not Swiss residents. Furthermore, after Switzerland ratified the

7741: 6045: 3022: 2182: 1902: 1570:, some of the amounts have not yet been restituted to the people of the countries of origin to whom it properly belongs. 929: 169: 4714: 1009:) in 2017, agreeing to automatically release limited financial information to certain countries for the sole purpose of 837:

businesspeople and households. After the Banking Law of 1934 was passed, the bank aggressively protected assets of the "

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retain the country's strictest, most expansive, and unalienable banking secrecy protections as it pertains to taxation.

2096: 1296: 1282: 1095: 986: 913: 525: 216: 4690: 2767:" that are "ever disposed to accept funds from questionable sources". In 2014, Sindy Schmiegel, a spokeswoman for the 8413: 8345: 8239: 7773: 7758: 7466: 7102: 6948: 3597: 1890: 1619: 1142: 905: 516: 201: 186: 7454: 7304: 6232: 969:

was classified as a systemically important bank in Switzerland by order of the Swiss National Bank (SNB), alongside

8468: 8302: 8150: 7661: 6433: 5832: 3096: 3076: 2851: 1672: 874: 289: 6246: 4136: 9127: 8716: 8640: 8396: 8382: 8365: 8275: 8227: 8058: 7783: 4961:"UBS exec indicted in tax evasion scheme." The Recorder (2008). General Reference Center Gold. Web. 17 June 2010. 3043: 2946: 2843: 2739: 2349:, the largest gold distribution centre in continental Europe before the war, was the logical venue through which 2147: 2127: 2015:, despite legal protections, often face professional setbacks in Switzerland. Swiss bankers who maintain offices 1486: 1482: 1474: 1397:'s requirement to investigate whether they're held by Americans. This loophole was allegedly used by billionaire 1223: 484: 211: 8618: 8498: 8483: 8222: 8217: 8207: 8197: 8068: 7768: 6189: 2508: 1676: 917: 893: 834: 452: 415: 268: 196: 6274: 6081: 5739: 2712:

retain the full force of banking secrecy protections, foreign clients are afforded some of the most stringent

2462:" revelations, Credit Suisse had several other cases of scandals reported by the media over the last decades. 829:

containing Hitler's assets indefinitely, and clipped the Reichsmarks, stripping the currency of value. During

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and one each in London, Tokyo, and Hong Kong) and branches on five continents. UBS has been at the center of

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have close ties. Liechtenstein's trust companies are clients of Swiss banks. Liechtenstein does not require

1327: 8824: 8295: 8073: 7721: 7716: 7430: 7351: 6793: 6742: 3956: 3071: 2284: 2228: 2219:. Most of these underground bunkers are located near or at the foothills of the mountainous regions of the 1836: 1653: 1647: 537:". Since 1934 Swiss banking secrecy laws have been violated to a major extent by only four people, namely: 294: 236: 149: 144: 1520: 1017:(CRS) which obliges Swiss banks to automatically send foreign tax authorities the client's name, address, 9132: 8546: 8536: 8493: 8463: 8433: 8418: 8355: 8175: 8123: 8088: 7853: 7654: 3489: 2959: 2279: 1527:

International sanctions during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine § U.S. "freeze and seize" policy

447: 340: 17: 7484: 7269: 6204:"StAR - Stolen Asset Recovery Initiative - Corruption Cases - Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos (Switzerland)" 5178: 4729:"Switzerland: updated legislation for internal investigations at banks and financial services providers" 3921: 1260:, founded in 1993, is sponsored by the Swiss Banking Ombudsman Foundation, which was established by the 9085: 8906: 8709: 8473: 8280: 8180: 8128: 7748: 7711: 7579: 7564: 7554: 7448: 4103: 2555: 1497: 1452: 1033: 897: 176: 139: 6155: 5256: 1511:). The law also requires any "retrocession" paid by the bank to the advisor to be disclosed publicly. 8608: 8458: 8443: 8423: 7706: 7505: 7460: 5581: 3052: 2895: 2768: 2658:

since the 1900s. It also noted that this status has been frequently abused by criminals to illegally

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were served with federal arrest warrants, fined, and sustained professional setbacks in Switzerland.

2057: 2003: 1886: 1816: 1448: 1428: 1346: 1261: 1219: 1157:, which was important to the organization founded by countries that had been enemies in World War I. 1014: 1005:. Switzerland adopted the International Convention on the Automatic Exchange of Banking Information ( 802: 557: 376: 351: 134: 68: 6719: 6410:"il vaticano di svizzero non ha solo le guardie - c'è anche la segreteria di stato tra i clienti..." 6169: 5288: 3188: 2194: 1956:

comparable with those of one the "Big Banks", UBS and Credit Suisse. The largest cantonal bank, the

600:(OECD), total banking assets amount to 467% of total gross domestic product. Banking in Switzerland 8871: 8571: 8438: 8375: 8360: 8145: 8063: 8000: 7814: 7753: 7442: 7412: 7406: 7371: 7119: 5680: 3002: 2758:

Banking in Switzerland, in particular Swiss banking secrecy practices, has been detailed in global

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was passed, Swiss bankers traveled across Europe to advertise the country's banking secrecy during

2497: 2052:) service the different geographical markets. It consistently ranks in the top three states on the 1724: 1615: 1537: 1300: 990: 978: 778: 716: 627: 534: 402: 306: 250: 243: 181: 7609: 6128: 5978: 5942: 5369: 5022: 4038: 3323: 3035: 1835:, it is Switzerland's largest bank. It maintains seven main offices around the world (four in the 1626:

that rolled back banking secrecy protections for foreign clients in response to pressure from the

1451:. As of 2022, the Swiss government is following-up on some of those recommendations. In addition, 564:

6.5 trillion in assets or 25% of all global cross-border assets. Switzerland's main lingual hubs,

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Pegg, David; Makortoff, Kalyeena; Chulov, Martin; Lewis, Paul; Harding, Luke (20 February 2022).

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Switzerland finally released a total of $ 683 million in Marcos funds to the Philippines Treasury

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in the world every single year since the financial crisis, most recently in 2018. In 2021, U.S.

2244:. Some of these bunkers are not accessible by road or foot and require aircraft transportation. 966: 809:. After the United States formally asked the bank to transfer the money in the 1990s, UBS wired 8676: 8669: 8523: 8488: 8350: 8263: 8053: 8033: 7946: 7876: 7861: 7698: 7681: 7630: 7517: 7182: 3713: 3432: 2918: 2592: 1952: 1844: 1820: 1718: 1311: 1248:(FINMA) is a public law institution that supervises most banking-related activities as well as 1161: 1085: 889: 854: 704: 593: 434: 313: 124: 104: 64: 30: 7926: 7265: 3368: 1985:... must absolutely respect the private sphere ... know what there is in your bank account. 793:, Switzerland remained diplomatically neutral but its economy and financial system served the 8901: 8881: 8764: 8576: 8541: 8453: 8307: 8244: 7866: 7726: 7511: 7490: 7183:"The Origins of the Swiss Banking Secrecy Law and Its Repercussions for Swiss Federal Policy" 3433:"The Origins of the Swiss Banking Secrecy Law and Its Repercussions for Swiss Federal Policy" 3163: 3015: 2709: 2689: 2613: 2259: 2253: 1489:

to the authorities. Lawyers and other advisors have no such obligation if they simply create

1292: 818: 381: 154: 5000: 4654: 8876: 8685: 8635: 8613: 8513: 8428: 8048: 7941: 7535: 7478: 4300:"Das Abkommen zwischen der Schweiz und den USA zum US-Steuergesetz FATCA ist unterzeichnet" 2864: 2417: 2308: 2178: 2160: 1957: 1595: 1552: 1375: 1122: 1037: 925: 842: 810: 675: 561: 392: 368: 358: 301: 95: 7060: 3614: 2703:

to confirm whether or not a client has paid their taxes, in any capacity. On top of this,

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services and in its legal form is a partnership. The first private banks were created in

1894: 1702: 1688: 1440: 1073: 651: 616: 589: 442: 40: 34: 7805: 6000:""Pandora Papers" – Comment des Suisses aident rois et dictateurs à cacher leur fortune" 2942:. The movie was seen as establishing the "Swiss banker trope" within mainstream culture. 1951:; these banks are state-guaranteed semi-governmental organizations controlled by one of 1578:

Breaches of banking secrecy laws in Switzerland are automatically processed pursuant to

1368:" or a family member is a way also to hide the true beneficial ownership in some cases. 9111: 8981: 8931: 8891: 8844: 8829: 8809: 8789: 8774: 8769: 8759: 8754: 8744: 8690: 8623: 8330: 8202: 8192: 7896: 7529: 7523: 7246: 7215: 7207: 7087: 5803: 5404: 3961: 3530: 3465: 3457: 2963: 2826: 2777: 2267: 2241: 2077: 2002:

Switzerland, considered the "grandfather of bank secrecy", has been one of the largest

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to obtain a licence (950 firms advising on nearly $ 200 billion have been approved by

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ranks Switzerland's banking sector as the "most corrupt" in the world due to a large

2375: 2174: 2143: 1693: 1504: 1249: 909: 659: 655: 604:, with varying degrees of accuracy, in overall popular culture and television shows. 7559: 6990: 6372:"Revealed: Credit Suisse leak unmasks criminals, fraudsters and corrupt politicians" 2085: 1566:

over the years. The amounts can be counted in billions of dollars. According to the

1500:" reached nearly 4,700 (worth $ 16.2 billion) up from 2,909 reported cases in 2016. 607:

In 2023 Switzerland lost much credibility as a banking centre after the collapse of

550: 9137: 9099: 8961: 8886: 8856: 8603: 8591: 8212: 7991: 7956: 7906: 7901: 7886: 7584: 7238: 7199: 7031: 6716:"Switzerland to adopt OECD standard on administrative assistance in fiscal matters" 6031: 5453: 5100: 4881: 4250: 3522: 3449: 3048: 2581: 2547: 2519: 2478: 2474: 2437: 2428: 2335: 2041: 1898: 1878: 1563: 1562:

At least a dozen destitute autocrats have had their assets frozen or seized by the

1533: 1432: 1342: 1118: 1110: 1021:, tax number, date of birth, account number, account balance at years end, and the 1010: 878: 712: 667: 5075: 5023:"Walnuts and conspiracies: Credit Suisse and UBS shareholders vent about takeover" 2742:). In recent years Swiss banks have been fined by various regulators billions for 2420:

had nearly $ 300 million of Haitian people's money hidden in Swiss bank accounts.

1960:, has approximately 5 000 employees had a 2005 net income of CHF810 million. 1496:

According to the Money Laundering Reporting Office Switzerland in 2017, official "

7343: 7150: 6279: 6107: 5050: 3870: 2935: 2785: 2759: 2696: 2684: 2360: 2073: 2066: 2049: 2033: 1982: 1918: 1848: 1728: 1398: 1365: 1270: 1253: 1193: 946: 755: 538: 85: 6605:"Bankers Charged With Helping Hedge Fund Manager Dodge Taxes - SWI swissinfo.ch" 2185:

asked for a better protection of journalists and whistleblowers in this regard.

1064:

In 2023, Switzerland lost credibility as a banking system after the collapse of

611:, one of the largest Swiss banks, subsequently acquired by its Swiss competitor 113: 8561: 8249: 7916: 7881: 7843: 7594: 7338: 6174: 6110:. Stuart Eizenstat, US State Department, 2 June 1998. Retrieved on 5 July 2006. 4225: 3027: 3007: 2884: 2872: 2459: 2451: 2331: 2327: 2164: 2139: 1930: 1635: 1627: 1603: 1582:: those who disclose client information are subject to a maximum of five years 1331: 1201: 1189: 1138: 1130: 1018: 850: 826: 700: 683: 674:

Switzerland saw banking secrecy as a way to build an empire similar to that of

8596: 7242: 6454:"Switzerland remains top of 'financial secrecy' ranking as US rises to second" 6056: 3526: 2729:, wealthy clients moved their holdings into Swiss accounts to avoid taxation. 1556: 1347:

in jurisdictions where it is easy for third parties to mask who the owners are

9121: 8586: 8551: 8187: 7986: 7971: 7838: 7604: 7398: 7386: 7045: 7020:"The Politics of Financial Intransparency: The Case of Swiss Banking Secrecy" 6905: 6894:"Swiss Banks' Tradition of Secrecy Clashes With Quests Abroad for Disclosure" 6392:"'SwissLeaks' probe says Credit Suisse bank handled dirty money over decades" 6046:"PRIVATE BANKING : Raul Salinas, Citibank, and Alleged Money Laundering" 4904:"Swiss Banks' Tradition of Secrecy Clashes With Quests Abroad for Disclosure" 3823: 3039: 2923: 2868: 2747: 2743: 2671: 2570: 2516: 2493: 2455: 2119: 2089: 2012: 1948: 1942: 1868: 1661: 1631: 1599: 1436: 1413: 1409: 1402: 1386: 1350: 1335: 1197: 1168:(OECD), total banking assets amount to 467% of total gross domestic product. 1065: 974: 858: 608: 261: 29:"Swiss Bank" redirects here. For the former bank and predecessor to UBS, see 7736: 4473:"Four bankers who helped Putin's friend set up Swiss bank account convicted" 4341:"Switzerland shares details of 3.1 million bank accounts held by foreigners" 4039:"Credit Suisse: the rise and fall of the bank that built modern Switzerland" 3324:"Credit Suisse: the rise and fall of the bank that built modern Switzerland" 2609: 2593:

corruption scandal relating to the sale of French frigates to Taiwan in 1991

888:

International pressure to roll back banking secrecy is seen as an attack on

164: 8581: 8503: 7599: 7546: 7320: 6438: 6376: 6260: 5757:

secrecy laws which facilitated preservation of the anonymity of depositors.

2971: 2951: 2939: 2927: 2904: 2847: 2819: 2722: 2713: 2700: 2674:

and illegal tax evasion in the U.S., the non-reporting of income is only a

2591:

In 2023, Switzerland returned $ 138 million to Taiwan in connection with a

2539: 2350: 2319: 2199:

A handful of larger Swiss banks operate undisclosed or otherwise secretive

2081: 1914: 1874: 1714: 1698: 1583: 1345:

of all assets they handle worldwide, but doing so accurately can be tricky

1215: 1146: 1049:

announced in March 2018 that disclosure of client information in a pending

1022: 870: 830: 798: 790: 773: 767: 639: 546: 512: 6867:"Fancy yourself a numbered Swiss Bank account? Here's how you can get one" 5799:"Fancy yourself a numbered Swiss Bank account? Here's how you can get one" 4870:"The Limits of Swiss Banking Secrecy under Domestic and International Law" 4538: 4536: 3784: 3042:) who advises Belfort to open an account in the name of a relative with a 1799: 1299:(FATCA) with the US. These agreements force all Swiss banks to inform the 8531: 8312: 7891: 7677: 7366: 7361: 7310: 5652:"UN rapporteur calls out Switzerland for 'criminalisation of journalism'" 4448:"Switzerland shares information on financial accounts with 104 countries" 2663: 2659: 2585: 2382: 2323: 2312: 2304: 2170: 2131: 2062: 2020: 1990: 1587: 1567: 1417: 1227: 1185: 1153:. Founded in 1930, the BIS chose to locate in Switzerland because of the 1114: 982: 954: 941:

If there is anything the Swiss take more seriously than the precision of

924:

into Switzerland's role in U.S. tax evasion, UBS entered into a limited,

794: 724: 715:, contributed to the political stability needed for banking secrecy. The 708: 81: 60: 6275:"HAITI SAYS $ 300 MILLION TRACED TO DUVALIER ACCOUNTS – Chicago Tribune" 4501:"Long shadow of Russian money raises tricky questions for Swiss bankers" 4061:"Credit Suisse collapse threatens Switzerland's wealth management crown" 3590:

The Fall of UBS: The Forces that Brought Down Switzerland's Biggest Bank

3346:"Credit Suisse collapse threatens Switzerland's wealth management crown" 631:

Many Swiss banking practices, including secrecy, trace their origins to

8335: 7833: 7646: 7376: 7211: 7036: 7019: 6029:"Leader of Italian Scandal Arrested Trying to Get Cash in Swiss Bank," 5947: 4533: 4319:""US signs off on 'milestone' double taxation treaty with Switzerland"" 4132: 3698:

Kroft, Steve (August 15, 2010). "Banking: A Crack In the Swiss Vault".

3461: 2955: 2798: 2764: 2621: 2489: 2402: 2220: 2200: 1922: 1623: 1354: 1050: 1029:

be used for tax auditing and Swiss authorities may prevent disclosure.

1002: 942: 806: 49: 7250: 6434:"Crooks, kleptocrats and crises: a timeline of Credit Suisse scandals" 4495: 4493: 3534: 2982:, not a name. You have a key and a personal number known only to you. 2173:

argued in February 2022 that the banking secrecy law runs contrary to

1358: 1264:. The ombudsman's services, which are offered free of charge, include 1145:(BIS), an organization that facilitates cooperation among the world's 7931: 7356: 7227:

Mueller, Kurt (1969). "The Swiss Banking Secret: From a Legal View".

4885: 4355:"Switzerland in the age of automatic exchange of banking information" 3774:

Financial Secrecy Index: Narrative Report on Switzerland (2018), p. 4

3513:

Mueller, Kurt (1969). "The Swiss Banking Secret: From a Legal View".

3011: 2987: 2655: 2629: 2566: 2512: 2511:

reported that the Zürich police are investigating CHF 9 billion from

2485: 2432: 2354: 2296: 2288: 2263: 2007: 1926: 1591: 1490: 1421: 1307: 1265: 1257: 1126: 1058: 1054: 763: 577: 72: 8701: 7203: 6490:"Strip clubs and fraud: the trial of an unconventional Swiss banker" 4828:"Confisquer des avoirs russes: Très difficile selon le droit suisse" 3453: 2446:

1Malaysia Development Berhad corruption and money laundering scandal

2045: 1828: 1117:(CHF) has been relatively stable compared with that of many others. 736: 573: 8566: 7936: 7569: 6691:"Joe Biden said Switzerland is a tax haven. The Swiss do not agree" 5917: 4490: 2967: 2931: 2726: 2646:

Banking in Switzerland § Automatic exchange of tax information

2531: 2386: 2292: 2208: 2095:

As of 2015, Swiss banking secrecy was considered "dead" because of

1901:

activities since its founding. Credit Suisse collapsed in 2023 and

1371: 728: 6516:"Strip-Bar Habit Worth $ 220,000 Hangs Over Swiss Banker on Trial" 4409:"Switzerland exchanges tax data with 96 states - SWI swissinfo.ch" 2793:

If you can't trust a Swiss banker, then what's the world come to?

1536:

reportedly handed his Swiss company over to his wife to avoid the

1447:) made similar recommendations in 2018, including breaking up the 7961: 7911: 7625: 6630:"UBS fails to overturn guilty verdict in French tax evasion case" 6346:"1MDB: The inside story of the world's biggest financial scandal" 6233:"Lawyer warns against returning Mobutu assets - SWI swissinfo.ch" 5313:"Credit Suisse told to tighten money-laundering compliance by US" 3652:"Exclusive: Swiss prosecutors seek widening of secrecy law to..." 2784:

Swiss banking is prominently featured in the following films and

2680: 2300: 2212: 1470: 1416:

to identify people with signatory powers, and does not prosecute

1207: 1061:

charges in addition to charges relating to banking secrecy laws.

853:

and transport Jewish assets to underground military bunkers. The

45: 6648:"UBS Penalties Slashed by Around $ 3 Billion in French Tax Case" 5617:"Swiss parliamentarians refuse to overhaul banking secrecy laws" 5331:"UBS Agrees to Buy Credit Suisse in Historic Deal to End Crisis" 4676:"Swiss want more transparency in fight against money laundering" 4544:"Switzerland's secrecy blind spot hinders sanctions enforcement" 2978:

Like most Swiss banks, our safe-deposit boxes are attached to a

2654:, Switzerland's banking secrecy laws have rendered it a premier 916:

non-identifying annual tax statistics. On December 3, 2008, the

7981: 7966: 7871: 6247:"Switzerland "ready to return Mobutu funds" - SWI swissinfo.ch" 6082:"The Sinister Face of 'Neutrality' | FRONTLINE | PBS" 4950:

Financial Secrecy Index: Narrative Report on Switzerland (2018)

4276:"How a couple lost a fortune in an alleged Swiss banking fraud" 3686:

Financial Secrecy Index: Narrative Report on Switzerland (2018)

3638:

Financial Secrecy Index: Narrative Report on Switzerland (2018)

3285:

Financial Secrecy Index: Narrative Report on Switzerland (2018)

2891:

to meet an associate before jumping out of a five-story window.

2484:

As of 2019, key criminal probes involving Swiss banks were the

2466: 2406: 2236: 2231:

and do not have to report holdings to regulatory agencies. The

2204: 2037: 2029: 1852: 1824: 1427:

To improve the tracking down and freezing of assets, Swiss NGO

1211: 782: 732: 632: 569: 565: 511:

Controversial protection of foreign accounts and assets during

6812:"Fines on Swiss firms abroad will be tax deductible from 2022" 6743:"A Swiss Banker Helped Americans Dodge Taxes. Was It a Crime?" 5770:"Got gold? Switzerland has an underground bunker just for you" 5121: 4919:

If you blow the whistle you are socially and financially dead.

4576:"Offshore Tax Loophole Helps Americans Cheat IRS, Senate Says" 4224:. Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority. Archived from 3957:"A Swiss Banker Helped Americans Dodge Taxes. Was It a Crime?" 3408: 2334:'s family amongst others, have reportedly used Swiss banks to 1206:

Most of the wealth from overseas in Switzerland originates in

884: 821:

allowed to leave a bank's custody. UBS, with consent from the

4972:"Figures on Switzerland as a location for financial services" 4395:"Switzerland grants 18 more countries access to bank details" 4158:"Switzerland clings on as world's top offshore wealth centre" 2908: 2900: 2667: 2535: 2410: 2216: 2019:

in Switzerland are shielded from a foreign state's lawsuits,

1832: 1508: 1394: 1287:

Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters

1150: 1099: 813:

400 to 700 million worth of Reichsmarks to U.S. authorities.

679: 5603:"US commission accuses Switzerland of hiding Russian assets" 5499:"Swiss banks urged to step up fight against financial crime" 4814:"Could Switzerland seize Russian assets to rebuild Ukraine?" 1090: 7976: 6658: 5715:"Secret Alpine Gold Vaults Are the New Swiss Bank Accounts" 5525:"One man's fight against the Swiss offshore banking system" 4974:. Federal Department of Finance. 2009-12-31. Archived from 3896:"Parliament: don't touch banking secrecy for Swiss clients" 3148: 2580:

was criminally convicted by an appeals court in France for

2527: 2072:

Secrecy laws have been violated by four people since 1934:

2056:

and was named first many times, most recently in 2018. The

1856: 1706: 1652:

As of 2018, there are more than 400 securities dealers and

1622:, the Swiss Parliament initiated a series of international 1444: 1361:

directors signing the paperwork without owning the assets.

1165: 1134: 754:'s government. Alleged wealthy French tax evaders included 750:; and a 1932 campaign against tax evasion in France led by 711:

was founded in 1848. The formation of the state, through a

597: 6564:"Banking secrecy remains a business model for Swiss banks" 6196: 5666:"Swiss press freedom under scrutiny at the United Nations" 5632:"Swiss banking secrecy law clashes with freedom of speech" 4786:"Ukraine urges Switzerland to clamp down on Russian money" 4440: 4423:"Switzerland Set to Extend Sharing of Banking Information" 4415: 4197:"Russian clients have up to CHF200 billion in Swiss banks" 4150: 2670:(active deception). Akin to the distinction between legal 2645: 2270:

and prove to the bank the lawful origins of their assets.

2108: 1503:

The Swiss Financial Services Act of 2020 (FinSA) requires

1385:

Another loophole consists (for US citizens) in setting up

1379: 7381: 6320:"Swiss asset restitution strategy comes in for criticism" 6086: 5952: 4013:"Credit Suisse collapse: consequences and open questions" 3298:"Credit Suisse collapse: consequences and open questions" 3122:"Automatic exchange of information on financial accounts" 2577: 2501: 2390: 1882: 1806: 1749: 1740: 1657: 1390: 1069: 970: 650:, which outlawed the disclosure of information about the 615:, and due to the inept way the affair was handled by the 612: 6794:"Regard éco – UBS: entre droit suisse et droit étranger" 6369: 5478:"Swiss president sees no need to change banking secrecy" 4846:"Dictators' funds in Switzerland – the biggest scandals" 4594: 4269: 4267: 2775:

is dramatically more strict than portrayed fictionally.

1431:

has called for a national task force, a register of the

1276: 766:, Article 47(b), was drafted before its ratification to 6666:"Switzerland returns corrupt frozen millions to Taiwan" 4768:"Record reached for suspected money-laundering reports" 4754:"Is Switzerland doing enough to freeze Russian assets?" 4515:"Is Switzerland doing enough to freeze Russian assets?" 4465: 3038:(UBP) to meet with private banker Jean Jacques Saurel ( 2692:) are used to shield client data from tax authorities. 2381:

According to the Swiss Federal Prosecutor's office and

2023:

requests, and criminal charges, as long as they remain

1975:

Federal Act on Banks and Savings Banks § Revisions

1847:

since its founding. UBS was fined $ 100 million by the

1240:

Federal Act on Banks and Savings Banks § Revisions

896:

expressed an interest in adopting banking secrecy into

723:

for storage of gold and diamonds. In the 1910s, during

6261:"Swiss banks find only $ 3.4 million in Mobutu assets" 4800:"Russian oligarch 'handed Swiss company over to wife'" 4602:"Swiss banks fear fall-out from Liechtenstein scandal" 1713:

The Swiss National Bank (SNB) serves as the country's

1166:

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development

9083: 4507: 4264: 2425:

International Consortium of Investigative Journalists

654:

in 1713. During the 1780s, Swiss bank accounts began

598:

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

4627:"Small rise in Russian assets frozen in Switzerland" 4183:"Switzerland remains biggest offshore wealth centre" 1885:

in 2006. The asset management services were sold to

1815:

UBS Group AG came into existence in June 1998, when

1378:

who only declare one citizenship to the authorities

719:

provided a natural environment in which to excavate

670:, which led to a large capital influx. The wealthy, 3714:"SNB classifies ZKB as systemically important bank" 2273: 7086: 6016:"Offshore Banking: The Secret Threat to America", 5368: 4999:. Swiss Federal Banking Commission. Archived from 3987:"Swiss charge three Germans in bank secrecy clash" 3120:SIF, State Secretariat for International Finance. 2389:members had accounts at Swiss banks, including at 1881:insurance company in 1997; the latter was sold to 1230:150 and CHF200 billion ($ 160 and $ 214 billion). 7132:to reveal some rather unseemly criminal behavior. 6991:"Mr Lachaise's Swiss Bank | James Bond Locations" 6937:Haver, Gianni; Middleton, Robert (May 18, 2018). 6842:"Hollywood sticks with Swiss banker 'caricature'" 6566:. Swiss Broadcasting Corporation. 5 February 2021 6546:"More Swiss banks slammed for Venezuela business" 5234:"UBS Fined $ 100 Million over Trading of Dollars" 4715:"Switzerland stumbles in anti-corruption ranking" 4083:"The World Factbook – Switzerland – Introduction" 2142:and his cronies. After looting Russia, Putin and 9119: 4558:"Yes, You Can Still Hide Bank Accounts Offshore" 3553:"Discovered: Hitler's secret Swiss bank account" 3485:"Offshore banking, the secret threat to America" 2620:Switzerland has been ranked among the top three 2148:to hide and protect the proceeds of their crimes 1493:and other constructs rather than handle assets. 1079: 6718:. Federal Department of Finance. Archived from 6476:"The key criminal probes involving Swiss banks" 4691:"The impact of Russia sanctions on Swiss banks" 4682: 3515:The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 3220:"Special Report: The battle for the Swiss soul" 2903:game is completed, the winnings of James Bond ( 2481:, and to protecting corruptly obtained wealth. 833:, UBS also maintained accounts for hundreds of 6936: 5550:"Many Swiss private banks facing 'extinction'" 5157: 4721: 3606: 2970:. The scene was seen as unduly " the issue of 912:(EUSD) which obliges Swiss banks to report to 560:(SBA) estimated in 2018 that Swiss banks held 8717: 7662: 7290: 7093:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. pp. 6839: 6295:"Piercing the secrecy of offshore tax havens" 5862:"Under Agreement, UBS to Give Up 4,450 Names" 5014: 3512: 3482: 2907:) are transferred to a Swiss bank account in 2341:Swiss banks have been commonly identified as 1547:assets if the law requires them to. However, 1053:involving a Swiss bank is subject to federal 492: 6966:"James Bond: half-Swiss, totally profitable" 6769:"Why is Switzerland considered a tax haven?" 5139: 5122:"unico.nl - unico Resources and Information" 5047:"The National Bank as a joint-stock company" 3922:"Swiss bank secrecy: a whistleblower's woes" 3650:Neghaiwi, Brenna Hughes (October 31, 2017). 2833:dozens of times, it plays a central role in: 2565:AG and five Swiss bankers were charged with 1439:and a reporting obligation for lawyers. The 1328:Crime in Switzerland § Money laundering 1246:Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority 1072:, and the way the affair was handled by the 720: 658:, which contributed to their reputation for 586:Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority 67:and the country has been one of the largest 33:. For the national bank of Switzerland, see 7230:International and Comparative Law Quarterly 7089:The Da Vinci Code: Featuring Robert Langdon 6023: 5403:. Swiss Bankers Association. Archived from 5074:. Swiss Bankers Association. Archived from 4274:Jones, Sam; Times, Financial (2023-10-16). 3369:"The Origins of Secret Swiss Bank Accounts" 3161: 2588:by French citizens and fined €1.8 billion. 2368:the annual multi-million dollars arms deals 1349:. Thus, loopholes exist through the use of 936:of information on more than 4,000 clients. 8724: 8710: 8646:Cultural Property of National Significance 7669: 7655: 7297: 7283: 7017: 6094: 5179:"Les fonds américains rachètent la Suisse" 4273: 3097:"Automatic exchange of information (AEOI)" 3018:is illegal both in France and Switzerland. 2405:, a Swiss professor of criminal law, said 2235:estimates that of the ten former military 2223:. These facilities are not subject to the 2188: 1893:. Credit Suisse has been at the center of 1521:Crime in Switzerland § Assets seizure 1487:report suspicious clients and transactions 1160:Banking has played a dominant role in the 1105:Switzerland is a prosperous nation with a 864: 686:. Swiss historian Sébastian Guex notes in 499: 485: 7035: 6840:Dupraz-Dobias, Paula (January 21, 2014). 6584: 6363: 6190:"Bin Laden linked to Swiss bank accounts" 5629: 4249:. Swiss Banking Ombudsman. Archived from 4085:. Central Intelligence Agency. 2006-06-13 3702:(published May 13, 2018) – via CBS. 3217: 3186: 3067:List of Swiss financial market regulation 2280:Crime in Switzerland § Crime by type 2247: 688:The Origins of Secret Swiss Bank Accounts 7676: 6891: 5859: 5830: 4901: 4335: 4333: 3809: 3649: 2608: 2258:Many banks in Switzerland offer clients 1692: 1465:Corruption in Switzerland § Banking 1089: 908:, Switzerland signed the European Union 883: 772: 626: 59:dates to the early 18th century through 39: 7226: 7013: 7011: 6932: 6930: 6928: 6926: 6924: 6922: 6835: 6833: 6831: 6829: 6827: 6825: 6710: 6708: 6706: 6704: 6587:"Les banques suisses devant la justice" 6585:Franchini, Federico (2 February 2021). 6101:Eizenstat Special Briefing on Nazi Gold 5855: 5853: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5793: 5791: 5713:Baker, Stephanie (September 30, 2016). 5708: 5706: 5704: 5370:"The decline of the Swiss private bank" 4867: 4063:. reuters.com. reuters.com. 6 July 2024 3950: 3948: 3946: 3812:"End of banking secrecy in Switzerland" 3770: 3768: 3766: 3476: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3348:. reuters.com. reuters.com. 6 July 2024 3047:was arrested on U.S. soil for a crime ( 2522:case for drug-traffickers in Bulgaria, 2154: 1408:The banking systems of Switzerland and 932:. The agreement initiated the landmark 601: 14: 9120: 7143: 7018:Emmenegger, Patrick (March 12, 2014). 6740: 5971:"Swiss banks accused over tax evasion" 5522: 5452:. Zürich Cantonal Bank. Archived from 5366: 4897: 4895: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4855: 3954: 3845:"Swiss say goodbye to banking secrecy" 3739: 3737: 3735: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3612: 3587: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3550: 2887:) visits a Swiss bank in Spain called 2195:Free economic zone § Criminal use 1682: 841:". When Hitler announced an (aborted) 744:Federal Act on Banks and Savings Banks 668:Switzerland's international neutrality 78:Federal Act on Banks and Savings Banks 8731: 8705: 7650: 7278: 7137: 7084: 7058: 6766: 5943:"Banking: A Crack In The Swiss Vault" 5860:Browning, Lynnley (August 19, 2009). 5762: 5712: 5681:"Banking: A Crack In The Swiss Vault" 5678: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5049:. Swiss National Bank. Archived from 5020: 4997:"Supervision of large banking groups" 4945: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4874:Berkeley Journal of International Law 4688: 4330: 4135:. Bank of International Settlements. 3697: 3691: 3546: 3544: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3213: 3211: 3209: 2753: 2634:speech to a joint session of Congress 2109:automatic exchange of tax information 1580:Article 47 of the Banking Law of 1934 1389:abroad and registering them with the 1277:Automatic exchange of tax information 7419:Banca dello Stato del Cantone Ticino 7180: 7008: 6963: 6919: 6822: 6701: 5915: 5909: 5887:"Numbered Bank Accounts - Series 10" 5850: 5819: 5788: 5732: 5701: 5523:Pacaud, Julien (December 23, 2017). 5147:"US tax scandal brings down Wegelin" 3979: 3943: 3919: 3863: 3837: 3810:Naravane, Vaiju (October 10, 2016). 3763: 3743: 3430: 3419: 3366: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3143: 3141: 2850:) thwarts Goldfinger's plans to rob 2825:Swiss banking has been mentioned by 1903:it was acquired by UBS the same year 1458: 1164:for two centuries. According to the 805:(UBS) estimated at 1.1 billion 7117: 6593:. Translated by Marc-André Miserez. 5740:"The Sinister Face Of 'Neutrality'" 5367:Noonan, Laura (December 10, 2017). 5323: 4892: 4852: 3732: 3668: 3643: 3574: 3551:Boggan, Steve (September 5, 1996). 3162:Balestriere, John G. (2021-03-19). 2773:financial regulation in Switzerland 2385:, during the 1990s and early 2000s 2183:United Nations Human Rights Council 2065:, hide assets, or generally commit 1776: Asia-Pacific-Singapore (9.7%) 1654:banking institutions in Switzerland 1612:he disclosed UBS client information 1068:, acquired by the Swiss competitor 959:Banking: A Crack In the Swiss Vault 949:, it's the secrecy of their banks. 24: 7565:Banque privée Edmond de Rothschild 6121:"From Many Strands, a Tangled Web" 5959:from the original on May 21, 2014. 5918:"How To Open A Swiss Bank Account" 5831:Obringer, Lee Ann (June 8, 2011). 5679:Kroft, Steve (December 30, 2009). 5353: 5341:from the original on 19 March 2023 5244: 5196: 4924: 4371:. 20 November 2019. Archived from 3631: 3541: 3501: 3386: 3218:Thomasson, Emma (April 18, 2013). 3206: 3077:Commodities trading in Switzerland 2705:Switzerland's banking secrecy laws 2666:(non-reporting of income) and tax 2416:According to Haitian authorities, 2105:full of loopholes and shortcomings 1968: 1895:various tax evasion investigations 1841:various tax evasion investigations 1297:Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act 1283:Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act 1226:clients in Swiss banks is between 1179: 1096:Bank for International Settlements 1036:, making it a federally-protected 987:Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act 815:Banking regulations in Switzerland 717:mountainous terrain of Switzerland 526:Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act 84:, hide assets, or to commit other 25: 9149: 7467:Basellandschaftliche Kantonalbank 7259: 6892:Carvajal, Doreen (July 8, 2014). 6741:Enrich, David (January 6, 2018). 6522:. 25 January 2022. Archived from 4949: 4902:Carvajal, Doreen (July 8, 2014). 4139:from the original on 15 June 2006 4114:from the original on 14 July 2006 3955:Enrich, David (January 6, 2018). 3685: 3637: 3367:Guex, Sébastian (March 3, 2015). 3284: 3237: 3138: 2727:increase taxes to finance the war 2725:. As European countries began to 1936: 1805:The largest bank in Switzerland: 1514: 1143:Bank of International Settlements 1107:per capita gross domestic product 584:. The banks are regulated by the 520:in Switzerland. This constituted 9105: 9093: 7804: 7309: 7111: 7085:Brown, Dan (November 18, 2003). 7078: 7059:Broom, Giles (August 12, 2016). 7052: 6983: 6957: 6885: 6859: 6804: 6786: 6760: 6734: 6683: 6640: 6622: 6597: 6578: 6556: 6538: 6508: 6482: 6468: 6446: 6426: 6402: 6384: 6338: 6312: 6287: 6267: 6253: 6239: 6225: 6182: 6162: 6148: 6135: 6113: 6074: 6038: 6010: 5992: 5963: 5935: 5879: 5672: 5658: 5644: 5623: 5609: 5595: 5560: 5542: 5516: 5491: 4578:. 24 August 2022. Archived from 3189:"Swiss banking: a damaged brand" 3187:Nathaniel, Peter (19 May 2023). 2274:Connection to illegal activities 2136:Switzerland is a leading enabler 1963: 1908: 1862: 1859:and other sanctioned countries. 1798: 1752:by country of origin as of 2014 1380:for the purpose of tax reporting 466: 112: 7173: 6214:from the original on 2014-02-19 5470: 5439: 5418: 5393: 5381:from the original on 2022-12-10 5305: 5287:. Credit Suisse. Archived from 5274: 5226: 5171: 5114: 5089: 5064: 5039: 4989: 4964: 4955: 4838: 4820: 4806: 4792: 4778: 4760: 4746: 4707: 4668: 4633: 4619: 4568: 4550: 4401: 4387: 4361: 4347: 4311: 4292: 4239: 4214: 4189: 4175: 4125: 4096: 4075: 4053: 4031: 4005: 3913: 3888: 3871:"Swiss Bank Secrecy: The Facts" 3803: 3777: 3744:Song, Jane (November 1, 2015). 3706: 3415:. Tax Justice Network: 3. 2022. 3360: 3338: 3119: 2889:La Banque Suisse de L'Industrie 2860:On Her Majesty's Secret Service 2088:(2014). In all four cases, the 2011:offense since the early 1900s. 1483:Swiss Anti-Money Laundering Act 1475:Swiss Anti-Money Laundering Act 8164:President of the Confederation 7455:Banque cantonale neuchâteloise 7024:Swiss Political Science Review 5916:Koba, Mark (August 20, 2008). 5833:"How Swiss Bank Accounts Work" 4104:"Country profile: Switzerland" 3316: 3290: 3180: 3155: 3113: 3089: 3034:) travels to the Geneva-based 2958:), a secret operative for the 2598: 2509:Swiss Broadcasting Corporation 2330:" in Italy, Mexican president 2104: 1641: 1573: 1094:Worldwide headquarters of the 1013:. This agreement includes the 926:deferred prosecution agreement 596:and society. According to the 535:observed by doctors or priests 13: 1: 7502:St.Galler Kantonalbank (SGKB) 7499:Obwaldner Kantonalbank (OWKB) 7496:Nidwaldner Kantonabank (NWKB) 4041:. ft.com. ft.com. 6 July 2024 3483:Komisar, Lucy (Spring 2003). 3326:. ft.com. ft.com. 6 July 2024 3082: 2639: 2128:destination for war criminals 1917:refers to a bank that offers 1233: 1080:Banking and the Swiss economy 801:maintained an account at the 517:various international efforts 7431:Banque cantonale de Fribourg 7352:Alternative Bank Switzerland 7144:Gumbel, Peter (2002-09-08). 6767:Goetz, Lisa (June 7, 2016). 6156:"Israeli Arms Sales to Iran" 5480:. Indian Express. 2013-04-14 3613:Bowlby, Chris (2010-02-25). 3072:List of banks in Switzerland 2922:(1990): Frederick Keinszig ( 2899:(2006): After a high stakes 2343:holding ill-gotten Nazi gold 2181:in some cases. In 2022, the 2103:in 2018, these schemes are " 1877:in 1988 and merged with the 1770: United Kingdom (16.8%) 1648:List of banks in Switzerland 1551:assets is only permitted in 1374:exist also with people with 1321: 1222:in 2022, the amount held by 845:in 1940, UBS contracted the 7: 7555:Bank Lombard Odier & Co 6145:(London), 13 November 1987) 4689:James, Helen (2023-09-01). 3164:"Americans And Swiss Banks" 3060: 2960:Central Intelligence Agency 2940:bank–client confidentiality 2714:bank–client confidentiality 2628:also called Switzerland a " 1764: United States (10.6%) 1498:suspicious activity reports 1295:allowed the signing of the 10: 9154: 7449:Banque cantonale du Valais 7437:Banque cantonale de Genève 7266:The Swiss Financial Center 5568:"Introducing the FSI 2018" 5447:"ZKB Company Profile 2005" 5257:"History of Credit Suisse" 5165:"Reference at www.wsj.com" 2926:), a Swiss banker for the 2643: 2602: 2277: 2251: 2192: 2158: 2004:offshore financial centers 1972: 1947:There are, as of 2006, 24 1940: 1866: 1738: 1705:(SNB) is headquartered in 1686: 1675:Zürich; UBS originated in 1666:Federal Banking Commission 1645: 1524: 1518: 1462: 1453:Transparency International 1325: 1280: 1237: 1183: 1113:nations. The value of the 1083: 622: 69:offshore financial centers 44:The Mont Cervin Palace in 28: 9033: 8995: 8737: 8663: 8522: 8404: 8395: 8271: 8262: 8119: 8110: 8026: 7852: 7826: 7822: 7813: 7802: 7697: 7688: 7618: 7545: 7506:Schaffhauser Kantonalbank 7461:Banque cantonale vaudoise 7397: 7337: 7319: 5021:Jones, Sam (2023-04-06). 4247:"Swiss Banking Ombudsman" 3409:"Financial Secrecy Index" 3101:Swiss Bankers Association 3053:Swiss Bankers Association 2938:over technicalities over 2818:(1964): Francis Lagneau ( 2769:Swiss Bankers Association 2058:Swiss Bankers Association 1887:Aberdeen Asset Management 1817:Union Bank of Switzerland 1758: Switzerland (19.5%) 1449:Big Four accounting firms 1364:Similarly, the use of a " 1262:Swiss Bankers Association 1220:Swiss Bankers Association 1218:(2018). According to the 1129:, is not a member of the 1109:higher than that of most 1015:Common Reporting Standard 803:Union Bank of Switzerland 558:Swiss Bankers Association 65:emblematic of Switzerland 8124:Administrative divisions 8011:list of cities and towns 7485:Graubündner Kantonalbank 7443:Banque cantonale du Jura 7413:Appenzeller Kantonalbank 7407:Aargauische Kantonalbank 7181:Guex, Sébastien (2000). 4868:Maurice, Aubert (1984). 4327:Retrieved 5 August 2019. 4308:. Retrieved 26 May 2013. 3431:Guex, Sébastien (2000). 2732: 2322:, Vatican-linked banker 2233:Swiss defense department 2225:same banking regulations 2203:, storage facilities or 2134:to stash their plunder, 1995:President of Switzerland 1953:Switzerland's 26 cantons 1875:First Boston Corporation 1616:Internal Revenue Service 1538:sanctions against Russia 1301:Internal Revenue Service 991:Internal Revenue Service 979:Raiffeisen (Switzerland) 890:Swiss culture and values 8321:Pharmaceutical industry 7243:10.1093/iclqaj/18.2.360 7191:Business History Review 6940:Swissness in a Nutshell 5573:Financial Secrecy Index 5185:(in French). 2015-12-09 4646:Financial Secrecy Index 3785:"Don't ask, won't tell" 3750:Northwestern University 3592:. Pyramid Media Group. 3527:10.1093/iclqaj/18.2.360 3441:Business History Review 3413:Financial Secrecy Index 3023:The Wolf of Wall Street 2880:The World Is Not Enough 2804:The World Is Not Enough 2710:citizens of Switzerland 2699:do not legally require 2652:Financial Secrecy Index 2614:Citizens of Switzerland 2605:Taxation in Switzerland 2504:tax evasion in France. 2189:Bank vaults and bunkers 2146:use Swiss secrecy laws 2099:, but according to the 2054:Financial Secrecy Index 1983:medical confidentiality 1851:in 2004 for trading in 1845:criminal investigations 1819:, founded in 1862, and 1174:Boston Consulting Group 1137:, and did not join the 1023:gross investment income 995:Financial Secrecy Index 865:World War II and beyond 843:invasion of Switzerland 839:enemies of Nazi Germany 781:helps to store gold in 701:a small scale civil war 648:Great Council of Geneva 582:Financial Secrecy Index 9128:Banking in Switzerland 8780:Bosnia and Herzegovina 8326:Science and technology 8169:Federal administration 7631:Swiss Bank Corporation 7518:Thurgauer Kantonalbank 6170:"Osama's Bank Account" 3920:M.V. (July 19, 2014). 2984: 2919:The Godfather Part III 2852:a U.S. gold depository 2795: 2690:numbered bank accounts 2650:According to the 2018 2617: 2318:Historically, mobster 2260:numbered bank accounts 2248:Numbered bank accounts 2152: 1987: 1821:Swiss Bank Corporation 1734: 1710: 1662:Credit Suisse Group AG 1606:has been in place for 1543:Swiss authorities can 1376:multiple nationalities 1312:Double Taxation Treaty 1291:In February 2013, the 1149:, is headquartered in 1102: 1086:Economy of Switzerland 1047:Swiss Justice Ministry 965:In November 2013, the 951: 901: 855:Swiss Bank Corporation 786: 697: 636: 473:Switzerland portal 105:Culture of Switzerland 57:Banking in Switzerland 53: 31:Swiss Bank Corporation 7610:Union Bancaire Privée 7512:Schwyzer Kantonalbank 7491:Luzerner Kantonalbank 5955:. December 30, 2009. 4641:"What is being done?" 4133:"Origins: Why Basel?" 3588:Schütz, Dirk (2000). 3036:Union Bancaire Privée 3016:numbered bank account 2976: 2863:(1969): supervillain 2791: 2771:(SBA), stressed that 2750:rates manipulations. 2612: 2254:Numbered bank account 2124: 2063:illegally evade taxes 1979: 1891:2008 financial crisis 1748:Capital ownership of 1696: 1620:2008 financial crisis 1553:cases involving crime 1293:Swiss Federal Council 1093: 1040:. In January 2018, a 939: 934:Birkenfeld Disclosure 930:Department of Justice 914:43 European countries 906:2008 financial crisis 887: 776: 770:from the Nazi party. 768:protect Jewish assets 748:Federal Supreme Court 735:, and the Germans in 703:in the 1840s between 692: 666:formally established 646:can be traced to the 630: 82:illegally evade taxes 43: 8651:World Heritage Sites 7536:Zurich Cantonal Bank 7479:Glarner Kantonalbank 7306:Banks of Switzerland 7120:"Swiss Bank Account" 7061:"Swiss Bank Secrets" 6442:. February 21, 2022. 6398:. February 21, 2022. 6263:. CNN. June 3, 1997. 6035:, September 15, 1982 5685:CBC News: 60 Minutes 5319:. December 23, 2020. 4357:. 17 September 2019. 4306:Blick.com Wirtschaft 3615:"No ordinary gnomes" 2883:(1999): James Bond ( 2871:) tells James Bond ( 2865:Ernst Stavro Blofeld 2681:statement of consent 2563:Allied Finance Trust 2561:In 2021, Swiss firm 2500:insider trading and 2418:Jean Claude Duvalier 2229:banks in Switzerland 2215:, or other valuable 2179:freedom of the press 2161:Media in Switzerland 2155:Freedom of the press 2138:of Russian dictator 1958:Zurich Cantonal Bank 1788: Others (42.7%) 1782: Germany (0.7%) 1701:of Switzerland, the 1679:Basel, near France. 1155:country's neutrality 1123:national sovereignty 1038:constitutional right 967:Zürcher Kantonalbank 928:(DPA) with the U.S. 817:limit the amount of 652:European upper class 635:in the 18th century. 411:World Heritage Sites 8996:States with limited 8449:Firearms regulation 8018:Statistical regions 7827:Physiographic areas 7473:Basler Kantonalbank 7425:Berner Kantonalbank 7329:Swiss National Bank 7158:on December 6, 2002 7146:"Silence Is Golden" 6818:. 11 November 2020. 6800:. 16 December 2021. 6654:. 13 December 2021. 6652:Wall Street Journal 6636:. 13 December 2021. 6478:. 27 November 2019. 6299:The Washington Post 6178:. 4 September 2006. 5893:. November 12, 2014 5578:Tax Justice Network 4651:Tax Justice Network 4397:. 10 December 2019. 3791:. February 12, 2016 3720:. November 11, 2022 2947:The Bourne Identity 2815:The Great Spy Chase 2719:Banking Law of 1934 2626:President Joe Biden 2471:Tax Justice Network 2452:More recent studies 2347:Swiss National Bank 2268:clearance procedure 2205:underground bunkers 2116:Helsinki Commission 2101:Tax Justice Network 1827:. Headquartered in 1823:, founded in 1872, 1703:Swiss National Bank 1689:Swiss National Bank 1683:Swiss National Bank 1618:in 2007. After the 1598:250,000) in fines. 1471:"enabling industry" 1441:Tax Justice Network 1074:Swiss National Bank 1042:U.S. district court 783:underground bunkers 779:mountainous terrain 617:Swiss National Bank 590:Swiss National Bank 572:(for Italian), and 35:Swiss National Bank 9133:Law of Switzerland 8414:Capital punishment 8346:Telecommunications 8240:Popular initiative 7530:Zuger Kantonalbank 7524:Urner Kantonalbank 7037:10.1111/spsr.12092 6964:Stephens, Thomas. 6898:The New York Times 6873:. October 30, 2014 6871:The Economic Times 6747:The New York Times 6552:. 6 December 2021. 6526:on 28 January 2022 6208:star.worldbank.org 6192:. 4 December 2003. 6106:2015-04-15 at the 6062:on August 21, 2012 5866:The New York Times 5807:. October 30, 2013 5804:The Economic Times 5238:The New York Times 5153:. 27 January 2012. 4908:The New York Times 4717:. 25 January 2022. 4678:. 13 October 2022. 4564:. 3 December 2021. 4411:. 11 October 2021. 4375:on 22 October 2021 3962:The New York Times 2964:retrograde amnesia 2827:James Bond in film 2778:The Economic Times 2754:In popular culture 2660:evade paying taxes 2618: 2556:Lombard Odier Bank 2496:"spygate" affair, 2488:bribery case, the 2291:for the wealth of 2242:security clearance 2111:with Switzerland. 2078:Bradley Birkenfeld 1711: 1610:since 2008, after 1608:Bradley Birkenfeld 1555:or for destituted 1505:financial advisers 1306:In July 2019, the 1250:securities markets 1103: 1034:Swiss Constitution 945:or the quality of 902: 898:their constitution 849:to blockade their 847:Swiss Armed Forces 807:ℛ︁ℳ︁ 787: 721:underground vaults 684:the United Kingdom 664:Congress of Vienna 660:financial security 637: 602:has been portrayed 543:Bradley Birkenfeld 54: 9081: 9080: 8732:Banking in Europe 8699: 8698: 8659: 8658: 8469:Human trafficking 8391: 8390: 8258: 8257: 8235:Political parties 8228:Council of States 8151:Foreign relations 8106: 8105: 8102: 8101: 7644: 7643: 7636:Toggenburger Bank 7590:Julius Baer Group 7575:EFG International 7118:Kinsman, Robert. 6995:jamesbondmm.co.uk 6798:Tribune de Genève 6697:. April 30, 2021. 6496:. 22 January 2022 6456:. 31 January 2018 6326:. 27 January 2022 6004:Tribune de Genève 5776:. August 17, 2013 5556:. 22 August 2019. 5337:. 19 March 2023. 5282:"Company Profile" 5053:on August 8, 2002 4582:on 24 August 2022 4343:. 7 October 2019. 3851:. January 1, 2017 3497:on July 23, 2012. 3149:"foreignbanks.ch" 3044:European passport 3032:Leonardo DiCaprio 3003:The Da Vinci Code 2993:The Da Vinci Code 2740:crime is involved 2353:could dispose of 2309:corrupt officials 2175:freedom of speech 1981:is comparable to 1459:Enabling industry 1433:beneficial owners 1343:beneficial owners 910:Savings Directive 869:After the end of 827:froze the account 756:military generals 705:the Swiss cantons 656:insuring deposits 509: 508: 16:(Redirected from 9145: 9110: 9109: 9108: 9098: 9097: 9096: 9089: 9034:Dependencies and 8738:Sovereign states 8726: 8719: 8712: 8703: 8702: 8679: 8672: 8402: 8401: 8383:Waste management 8316: 8276:Economic history 8269: 8268: 8223:National Council 8208:National Redoubt 8117: 8116: 7824: 7823: 7820: 7819: 7808: 7784:Military history 7754:Early Modern era 7671: 7664: 7657: 7648: 7647: 7600:The Pictet Group 7585:J. Safra Sarasin 7314: 7313: 7299: 7292: 7285: 7276: 7275: 7254: 7223: 7187: 7167: 7166: 7164: 7163: 7154:. 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Archived from 3480: 3474: 3473: 3437: 3428: 3417: 3416: 3405: 3384: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3364: 3358: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3342: 3336: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3235: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3215: 3204: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3184: 3178: 3177: 3175: 3174: 3159: 3153: 3152: 3145: 3136: 3135: 3133: 3132: 3117: 3111: 3110: 3108: 3107: 3093: 3049:money laundering 2996: 2807: 2786:television shows 2697:sovereign states 2584:the proceeds of 2582:money laundering 2548:J. Safra Sarasin 2520:money laundering 2479:money laundering 2475:offshore banking 2438:Sergei Magnitsky 2429:Washington, D.C. 2338:over the years. 2126:Long known as a 1998: 1899:money laundering 1802: 1787: 1781: 1775: 1769: 1763: 1757: 1729:Wegelin & Co 1725:Raiffeisen Banks 1564:Swiss government 1534:Russian oligarch 1254:investment funds 1141:until 2002. The 1119:Swiss neutrality 1111:Western European 961: 918:Federal Assembly 894:Swiss parliament 879:gnomes of Zurich 861:, did likewise. 823:Swiss government 762:. An additional 760:Catholic bishops 713:direct democracy 709:Swiss Federation 644:the Swiss region 588:(FINMA) and the 501: 494: 487: 471: 470: 469: 212:Military history 182:Early Modern era 116: 107: 91: 90: 21: 9153: 9152: 9148: 9147: 9146: 9144: 9143: 9142: 9118: 9117: 9116: 9106: 9104: 9094: 9092: 9084: 9082: 9077: 9035: 9029: 9015:Northern Cyprus 8997: 8991: 8912:North Macedonia 8733: 8730: 8700: 8695: 8682: 8675: 8668: 8655: 8619:Public holidays 8518: 8499:Social security 8387: 8314: 8254: 8198:Law enforcement 8159:Federal Council 8098: 8079:Mountain passes 8022: 7848: 7809: 7800: 7732:Federal Charter 7727:Old Confederacy 7693: 7684: 7675: 7645: 7640: 7614: 7541: 7393: 7342: 7333: 7315: 7308: 7303: 7262: 7257: 7204:10.2307/3116693 7185: 7176: 7171: 7170: 7161: 7159: 7142: 7138: 7124: 7122: 7116: 7112: 7105: 7083: 7079: 7069: 7067: 7057: 7053: 7016: 7009: 6999: 6997: 6989: 6988: 6984: 6974: 6972: 6962: 6958: 6951: 6935: 6920: 6910: 6908: 6890: 6886: 6876: 6874: 6865: 6864: 6860: 6850: 6848: 6838: 6823: 6810: 6809: 6805: 6792: 6791: 6787: 6777: 6775: 6765: 6761: 6751: 6749: 6739: 6735: 6725: 6723: 6714: 6713: 6702: 6689: 6688: 6684: 6675: 6673: 6664: 6663: 6659: 6646: 6645: 6641: 6628: 6627: 6623: 6614: 6612: 6603: 6602: 6598: 6583: 6579: 6569: 6567: 6562: 6561: 6557: 6544: 6543: 6539: 6529: 6527: 6514: 6513: 6509: 6499: 6497: 6488: 6487: 6483: 6474: 6473: 6469: 6459: 6457: 6452: 6451: 6447: 6432: 6431: 6427: 6418: 6416: 6408: 6407: 6403: 6390: 6389: 6385: 6368: 6364: 6355: 6353: 6344: 6343: 6339: 6329: 6327: 6318: 6317: 6313: 6304: 6302: 6293: 6292: 6288: 6280:Chicago Tribune 6273: 6272: 6268: 6259: 6258: 6254: 6249:. 17 July 2007. 6245: 6244: 6240: 6231: 6230: 6226: 6217: 6215: 6202: 6201: 6197: 6188: 6187: 6183: 6168: 6167: 6163: 6154: 6153: 6149: 6143:Financial Times 6140: 6136: 6119: 6118: 6114: 6108:Wayback Machine 6099: 6095: 6080: 6079: 6075: 6065: 6063: 6059: 6048: 6044: 6043: 6039: 6028: 6024: 6015: 6011: 5998: 5997: 5993: 5984: 5982: 5975:Financial Times 5969: 5968: 5964: 5941: 5940: 5936: 5926: 5924: 5914: 5910: 5896: 5894: 5885: 5884: 5880: 5870: 5868: 5858: 5851: 5841: 5839: 5829: 5820: 5810: 5808: 5797: 5796: 5789: 5779: 5777: 5768: 5767: 5763: 5749: 5747: 5738: 5737: 5733: 5723: 5721: 5711: 5702: 5689: 5687: 5677: 5673: 5668:. 23 June 2022. 5664: 5663: 5659: 5650: 5649: 5645: 5636: 5634: 5630:Matthew Allen. 5628: 5624: 5615: 5614: 5610: 5601: 5600: 5596: 5587: 5585: 5566: 5565: 5561: 5548: 5547: 5543: 5533: 5531: 5521: 5517: 5508: 5506: 5505:. June 26, 2018 5497: 5496: 5492: 5483: 5481: 5476: 5475: 5471: 5462: 5460: 5456: 5449: 5445: 5444: 5440: 5431: 5429: 5424: 5423: 5419: 5410: 5408: 5407:on 17 June 2006 5399: 5398: 5394: 5384: 5382: 5375:Financial Times 5365: 5354: 5344: 5342: 5329: 5328: 5324: 5311: 5310: 5306: 5297: 5295: 5294:on 15 June 2006 5291: 5284: 5280: 5279: 5275: 5265: 5263: 5255: 5254: 5245: 5232: 5231: 5227: 5217: 5215: 5207: 5206: 5197: 5188: 5186: 5177: 5176: 5172: 5163: 5162: 5158: 5145: 5144: 5140: 5130: 5128: 5120: 5119: 5115: 5106: 5104: 5095: 5094: 5090: 5081: 5079: 5070: 5069: 5065: 5056: 5054: 5045: 5044: 5040: 5031: 5029: 5027:Financial Times 5019: 5015: 5006: 5004: 4995: 4994: 4990: 4981: 4979: 4970: 4969: 4965: 4960: 4956: 4948: 4925: 4912: 4910: 4900: 4893: 4866: 4853: 4844: 4843: 4839: 4826: 4825: 4821: 4816:. 22 June 2022. 4812: 4811: 4807: 4798: 4797: 4793: 4784: 4783: 4779: 4766: 4765: 4761: 4752: 4751: 4747: 4738: 4736: 4727: 4726: 4722: 4713: 4712: 4708: 4699: 4697: 4687: 4683: 4674: 4673: 4669: 4660: 4658: 4639: 4638: 4634: 4625: 4624: 4620: 4611: 4609: 4600: 4599: 4595: 4585: 4583: 4574: 4573: 4569: 4556: 4555: 4551: 4546:. 23 June 2023. 4542: 4541: 4534: 4524: 4522: 4513: 4512: 4508: 4503:. 20 June 2022. 4499: 4498: 4491: 4482: 4480: 4471: 4470: 4466: 4457: 4455: 4446: 4445: 4441: 4432: 4430: 4421: 4420: 4416: 4407: 4406: 4402: 4393: 4392: 4388: 4378: 4376: 4367: 4366: 4362: 4353: 4352: 4348: 4339: 4338: 4331: 4321:. 18 July 2019. 4317: 4316: 4312: 4298: 4297: 4293: 4284: 4282: 4272: 4265: 4256: 4254: 4245: 4244: 4240: 4231: 4229: 4220: 4219: 4215: 4206: 4204: 4195: 4194: 4190: 4185:. 15 June 2018. 4181: 4180: 4176: 4167: 4165: 4156: 4155: 4151: 4142: 4140: 4131: 4130: 4126: 4117: 4115: 4102: 4101: 4097: 4088: 4086: 4081: 4080: 4076: 4066: 4064: 4059: 4058: 4054: 4044: 4042: 4037: 4036: 4032: 4022: 4020: 4019:. 20 March 2023 4011: 4010: 4006: 3996: 3994: 3985: 3984: 3980: 3967: 3965: 3953: 3944: 3930: 3928: 3918: 3914: 3904: 3902: 3894: 3893: 3889: 3879: 3877: 3869: 3868: 3864: 3854: 3852: 3843: 3842: 3838: 3828: 3826: 3808: 3804: 3794: 3792: 3783: 3782: 3778: 3773: 3764: 3754: 3752: 3742: 3733: 3723: 3721: 3712: 3711: 3707: 3696: 3692: 3684: 3669: 3659: 3657: 3648: 3644: 3636: 3632: 3623: 3621: 3611: 3607: 3600: 3586: 3575: 3561: 3559: 3557:The Independent 3549: 3542: 3511: 3502: 3481: 3477: 3454:10.2307/3116693 3435: 3429: 3420: 3407: 3406: 3387: 3377: 3375: 3365: 3361: 3351: 3349: 3344: 3343: 3339: 3329: 3327: 3322: 3321: 3317: 3307: 3305: 3304:. 20 March 2023 3296: 3295: 3291: 3283: 3238: 3228: 3226: 3216: 3207: 3197: 3195: 3185: 3181: 3172: 3170: 3160: 3156: 3147: 3146: 3139: 3130: 3128: 3118: 3114: 3105: 3103: 3095: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3063: 3058: 2998: 2986: 2936:Corleone family 2914: 2809: 2797: 2760:popular culture 2756: 2735: 2701:private bankers 2685:financial crime 2648: 2642: 2607: 2601: 2372:Iran and Israel 2287:have served as 2282: 2276: 2256: 2250: 2217:physical assets 2197: 2191: 2167: 2157: 2074:Christoph Meili 2067:financial crime 2000: 1989: 1977: 1971: 1969:Banking secrecy 1966: 1945: 1939: 1919:private banking 1911: 1871: 1865: 1849:Federal Reserve 1813: 1812: 1811: 1810: 1809: 1803: 1792: 1791: 1790: 1789: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1743: 1737: 1691: 1685: 1650: 1644: 1576: 1529: 1523: 1517: 1467: 1461: 1437:front companies 1414:trust companies 1399:Robert Brockman 1387:shell companies 1351:shell companies 1338: 1324: 1289: 1279: 1271:Financial Times 1242: 1236: 1204: 1194:Paradise Papers 1182: 1180:Origin of funds 1088: 1082: 963: 953: 947:their chocolate 867: 819:orphaned assets 752:Édouard Herriot 729:finance the war 662:. In 1815, the 625: 539:Christoph Meili 505: 467: 465: 458: 457: 453:National anthem 438: 437: 426: 425: 406: 405: 387: 386: 372: 371: 346: 345: 336: 335: 324: 323: 282: 281: 231: 230: 229: 228: 160:Federal Charter 155:Old Confederacy 128: 127: 103: 86:financial crime 38: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9151: 9141: 9140: 9135: 9130: 9115: 9114: 9102: 9079: 9078: 9076: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9039: 9037: 9036:other entities 9031: 9030: 9028: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9001: 8999: 8993: 8992: 8990: 8989: 8987:United Kingdom 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8800:Czech Republic 8797: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8747: 8741: 8739: 8735: 8734: 8729: 8728: 8721: 8714: 8706: 8697: 8696: 8694: 8693: 8688: 8681: 8680: 8673: 8665: 8664: 8661: 8660: 8657: 8656: 8654: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8627: 8626: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8600: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8528: 8526: 8520: 8519: 8517: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8405: 8399: 8393: 8392: 8389: 8388: 8386: 8385: 8380: 8379: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8331:Stock exchange 8328: 8323: 8318: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8299: 8298: 8293: 8283: 8278: 8272: 8266: 8260: 8259: 8256: 8255: 8253: 8252: 8250:Federal decree 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8231: 8230: 8225: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8184: 8183: 8173: 8172: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8142: 8141: 8131: 8126: 8120: 8114: 8108: 8107: 8104: 8103: 8100: 8099: 8097: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8044:Extreme points 8041: 8036: 8030: 8028: 8024: 8023: 8021: 8020: 8015: 8014: 8013: 8006:Municipalities 8003: 7997: 7996: 7995: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7858: 7856: 7850: 7849: 7847: 7846: 7844:Jura Mountains 7841: 7836: 7830: 7828: 7817: 7811: 7810: 7803: 7801: 7799: 7798: 7796:Historiography 7793: 7792: 7791: 7781: 7779:Modern history 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7759:Napoleonic era 7756: 7751: 7746: 7745: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7703: 7701: 7695: 7694: 7689: 7686: 7685: 7674: 7673: 7666: 7659: 7651: 7642: 7641: 7639: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7622: 7620: 7616: 7615: 7613: 7612: 7607: 7605:REYL & Cie 7602: 7597: 7595:Mirabaud Group 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7560:Banque Bonhôte 7557: 7551: 7549: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7539: 7533: 7527: 7521: 7515: 7509: 7503: 7500: 7497: 7494: 7488: 7482: 7476: 7470: 7464: 7458: 7452: 7446: 7440: 7434: 7428: 7422: 7416: 7410: 7403: 7401: 7395: 7394: 7392: 7391: 7390: 7389: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7348: 7346: 7335: 7334: 7332: 7331: 7325: 7323: 7317: 7316: 7302: 7301: 7294: 7287: 7279: 7273: 7272: 7270:swissworld.org 7261: 7260:External links 7258: 7256: 7255: 7237:(2): 360–377. 7224: 7198:(2): 237–266. 7177: 7175: 7172: 7169: 7168: 7136: 7110: 7103: 7077: 7051: 7030:(1): 146–164. 7007: 6982: 6956: 6949: 6943:. Schwabe AG. 6918: 6884: 6858: 6821: 6803: 6785: 6759: 6733: 6700: 6682: 6657: 6639: 6621: 6596: 6577: 6555: 6537: 6507: 6481: 6467: 6445: 6425: 6413:m.dagospia.com 6401: 6383: 6362: 6337: 6311: 6286: 6283:. 13 May 1986. 6266: 6252: 6238: 6224: 6195: 6181: 6175:The New Yorker 6161: 6147: 6134: 6131:on 2008-04-08. 6112: 6093: 6073: 6037: 6022: 6020:, Spring 2003. 6009: 5991: 5962: 5934: 5908: 5878: 5849: 5818: 5787: 5761: 5731: 5700: 5671: 5657: 5643: 5622: 5608: 5594: 5559: 5541: 5515: 5490: 5469: 5438: 5417: 5392: 5352: 5322: 5304: 5273: 5243: 5240:. 11 May 2004. 5225: 5195: 5170: 5156: 5138: 5113: 5088: 5063: 5038: 5013: 4988: 4963: 4954: 4923: 4891: 4851: 4848:. 2 June 2022. 4837: 4834:. 31 May 2022. 4819: 4805: 4802:. 23 May 2022. 4791: 4777: 4759: 4756:. 18 May 2022. 4745: 4720: 4706: 4681: 4667: 4632: 4629:. 9 July 2022. 4618: 4593: 4567: 4549: 4532: 4506: 4489: 4464: 4439: 4414: 4400: 4386: 4360: 4346: 4329: 4310: 4291: 4263: 4238: 4213: 4188: 4174: 4149: 4124: 4110:. 2006-03-26. 4095: 4074: 4052: 4030: 4004: 3978: 3942: 3912: 3887: 3862: 3836: 3802: 3776: 3762: 3731: 3705: 3690: 3667: 3642: 3630: 3605: 3598: 3573: 3540: 3521:(2): 361–362. 3500: 3475: 3448:(2): 237–266. 3418: 3385: 3359: 3337: 3315: 3289: 3236: 3205: 3179: 3154: 3137: 3112: 3087: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3080: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3056: 3028:Jordan Belfort 3019: 3008:Robert Langdon 2999: 2975: 2962:(CIA) who has 2943: 2930:, gets into a 2915: 2913: 2912: 2892: 2885:Pierce Brosnan 2876: 2873:George Lazenby 2856: 2834: 2823: 2810: 2790: 2755: 2752: 2734: 2731: 2641: 2638: 2600: 2597: 2569:conspiracy in 2492:"tuna bonds", 2460:Suisse secrets 2332:Carlos Salinas 2326:of the lodge " 2315:of all kinds. 2275: 2272: 2252:Main article: 2249: 2246: 2190: 2187: 2165:Suisse secrets 2156: 2153: 2140:Vladimir Putin 2090:whistleblowers 2086:Hervé Falciani 2013:Whistleblowers 1978: 1973:Main article: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1949:cantonal banks 1941:Main article: 1938: 1937:Cantonal banks 1935: 1910: 1907: 1867:Main article: 1864: 1861: 1804: 1797: 1796: 1795: 1794: 1793: 1784: 1778: 1772: 1766: 1760: 1754: 1746: 1745: 1744: 1739:Main article: 1736: 1733: 1687:Main article: 1684: 1681: 1643: 1640: 1636:United Kingdom 1628:European Union 1604:arrest warrant 1600:Whistleblowers 1575: 1572: 1519:Main article: 1516: 1515:Assets seizure 1513: 1460: 1457: 1403:avoid taxation 1332:Suisse secrets 1323: 1320: 1278: 1275: 1238:Main article: 1235: 1232: 1202:Pandora Papers 1190:Suisse Secrets 1181: 1178: 1139:United Nations 1131:European Union 1084:Main article: 1081: 1078: 938: 866: 863: 777:Switzerland's 624: 621: 568:(for French), 551:Hervé Falciani 507: 506: 504: 503: 496: 489: 481: 478: 477: 476: 475: 460: 459: 456: 455: 450: 445: 439: 433: 432: 431: 428: 427: 424: 423: 421:Heritage Sites 418: 413: 407: 401: 400: 399: 396: 395: 389: 388: 385: 384: 379: 373: 367: 366: 365: 362: 361: 355: 354: 348: 347: 344: 343: 337: 331: 330: 329: 326: 325: 322: 321: 316: 311: 310: 309: 299: 298: 297: 292: 283: 277: 276: 275: 272: 271: 265: 264: 258: 257: 247: 246: 240: 239: 233: 232: 227: 226: 224:Historiography 221: 220: 219: 209: 207:Modern history 204: 199: 194: 189: 187:Napoleonic era 184: 179: 174: 173: 172: 167: 162: 152: 147: 142: 137: 131: 130: 129: 123: 122: 121: 118: 117: 109: 108: 100: 99: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9150: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9125: 9123: 9113: 9103: 9101: 9091: 9090: 9087: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9048:Faroe Islands 9046: 9044: 9041: 9040: 9038: 9032: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9020:South Ossetia 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9002: 9000: 8994: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8872:Liechtenstein 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 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