527:
658:
3170:
48:
2675:
261:
39:
4320:
4332:
1164:
705:
1175:, is a foundation established by the SNB and run as an autonomous organization. The SNB in 1980 acquired the New Castle of Gerzensee, a historical property built around 1700, and repurposed it as a training and conference center that opened in 1986. The study center runs several programs of courses and hosts research and policy events, targeted at participants in the global economic research and central banking communities.
4308:
397:. The governing board had overall executive management of the National Bank, with supervision entrusted to its shareholders, the banks' council, the banks' committee, its local committees and auditing committee. The three members of the governing board together decided the monetary policy of the Swiss National Bank. Towards the end of 1993 it had 566 employees.
788:
The Bank
Council oversees and controls the conduct of business by the Swiss National Bank and consists of 11 members. Six members, including the President and Vice President, are appointed by the Federal Council, and five by the Shareholders' Meeting. The Bank Council sets up four committees from its
618:
The
National Bank contributes to the stability of the financial system by acting as an arbiter over monetary policy. Within the context of this task, it analyses sources of risk to the financial system, oversees systemically important payment and securities settlement systems and helps to promote an
560:
The basic governing principles of the
Nationalbank are contained within Article 99 of the Federal Constitution, which deals with matters of monetary policy. There are three numbered factors concerning principles explicitly mentioning the Nationalbank, of four altogether shown within the Article. The
800:
The Swiss
National Bank's management and executive body is the governing board. The governing board is responsible in particular for monetary policy, asset management strategy, contributing to the stability of the financial system and international monetary cooperation. The Governing Board consists
753:
The Swiss
National Bank pursues a monetary policy serving the interests of the country as a whole. It must ensure price stability, while taking due account of economic developments. Monetary policy affects production and prices with a considerable time lag. Consequently, it is based on inflation
573:
The
National Bank publishes within its own site a list of research done as work in progress by staff members, which begin at 2004 (2 papers), to 2005 (2), 2006 (11), 2007 (17), 2008 (19), 2009 (16), 2010 (19), 2011 (14), 2012 (16), 2013 (11), 2014 (13), and to 1 August 2015 there is shown nine
433:
The SNB announced on 6 September 2011 to set a minimum exchange rate of CHF 1.20 per euro and that it would "enforce this minimum rate with the utmost determination and is prepared to buy foreign currency in unlimited quantities" in order to take measures to stem the development of a possible
268:
The bank formed as a result of the need for a reduction in the number of commercial banks issuing banknotes, which numbered 53 sometime after 1826. In the 1874 revision of the
Federal Constitution it was given the task to oversee laws concerning the issuing of banknotes. In 1891, the Federal
360:
in 1998 which concluded that the SNB received US$ 440 million in gold from Nazi sources, of which US$ 316 million is estimated to have been looted. The gold from Nazi governorship sources was in the form of lingots containing gold looted from central banks of Europe and gold from
635:
The Swiss
National Bank acts as banker to the Swiss Confederation. It processes payments on behalf of the Confederation, issues money market debt register claims and bonds, handles the safekeeping of securities and carries out money market and foreign exchange transactions.
477:
On 9 January 2023 the SNB reported a loss of 132 billion CHF in its annual results for 2022. As many cantons expected dividend payments from the SNB, some cantons had to revise their budgets or even tap their financial reserves. For example, a planned tax decrease in the
369:
established by the machination of the Nazi regime, which the SNB took without knowing these facts at the time, nor inquiring to any great degree in the process of its transfer into the possession of the SNB, according to Robert Vogler, a former archivist of the SNB.
421:. SNB, agreeing to take over around $ 60 billion of UBS's toxic assets, created a special-purpose vehicle called the SNB StabFund, to park the securities. Within a few years, SNB was able to free itself from UBS's illiquid securities, making a CHF 5
329:. Of this, a value of approximately 780 million CHF of the gold given to the National Bank was gold which had been looted by the forces of Germany. In addition the National Bank also exchanged between 1.2 and 1.6 billion CHF for gold from the
757:
The SNB's monetary policy strategy consists of three elements: a definition of price stability (the SNB equates price stability with a rise in the national consumer price index of less than 2% per year), a medium-term conditional
2016:
779:
The general meeting of shareholders is held once a year, usually in April. Owing to the SNB's public mandate, the powers of the shareholders' meeting are not as extensive as in joint-stock companies under private law.
1983:
680:
According to its guidelines, it "avoids shares in companies which produce internationally banned weapons, seriously violate fundamental human rights or systematically cause severe environmental damage".
181:
4009:
574:
papers, a list of eight economic studies which relate to the tasks of the bank, listed from 2005, in addition to a bi-annually published update of research, listed from 2012 to the present.
2006:
2047:
356:
in 1997 notes that the bank "must have known that some portion of the gold it was receiving from the
Reichsbank was looted from occupied countries". This was confirmed by the Swiss
582:
The
National Bank is entrusted with the note-issuing privilege. It supplies the economy with banknotes. It is also charged by the Confederation with the task of coin distribution.
277:
The Swiss National Bank was founded under the law of 6 October 1905 ('the National Bank Act'), which entered into force on 16 January 1906. Business was started on 20 June 1907.
644:
The National Bank compiles statistical data on banks and financial markets, the balance of payments, the international investment position and the Swiss financial accounts.
1697:
Following legislation agreed last year, the Swiss National Bank has achieved formal independence ... The National Bank law, which entered into force on 1st May 2004 ...
4227:
437:
The SNB announced on 15 January 2015 the euro currency arrangement would end as the euro crisis had passed and the Europeans would be making financial policy changes.
917:
4392:
1014:
1973:
434:
recession. The bank stated the 1.20 exchange rate was defendable as the bank could potentially proceed to mint enough banknotes to control the rate sufficiently.
301:
devalued the Swiss Franc during 1936, and as a result there was made available to the National Bank an amount of money, which the bank subsequently stored in a
902:
4222:
1106:, but the SNB treats the location of the gold reserves as a secret. Independent confirmation of the gold's location was obtained by the Bernese newspaper
4387:
880:
865:
1774:
1124:
office as saying that the gold vaults take up an area of roughly half the Federal Square and have a depth of dozens of meters, down to the level of the
4382:
977:
932:
843:
2638:
992:
947:
2660:
2571:
627:
Together with the federal authorities, the National Bank participates in international monetary cooperation and provides technical assistance.
458:
1932:
1755:
4275:
2077:
1343:
1329:
2039:
1947:
1734:
502:, its largest investor, said it could not provide more financial assistance due to its regulatory restrictions. Despite the intervention, a
4357:
4285:
4270:
3032:
1200:
4014:
3127:
1906:
590:
In the field of cashless payment transactions, the National Bank provides services for payments between banks. These are settled in the
3447:
289:(1914–1917) the bank was instructed to release notes of small denomination, for the first time, by the Federal Council of Switzerland.
2138:
4242:
3598:
2239:
553:
4087:
3381:
693:
606:. These engender confidence in the Swiss franc, help to prevent and overcome crises and may be utilized for interventions in the
494:
sought to shore up their finances by taking a loan of CHF 50 billion from SNB after the bank's share price dropped nearly 25
2297:
2100:
4280:
4265:
4115:
3684:
3442:
1211:
2163:
4232:
3689:
3532:
3407:
1668:
1634:
1611:
All in all, the Reichsbank shipped gold valued at 1,922 million francs, or 444 million dollars to Switzerland during the war.
1521:
1485:
1285:
1251:
685:
549:
3872:
3527:
3502:
2782:
1147:
From the latter years of the 1990s until sometime during 2005, the National Bank transferred from its possession (when the
393:
acting under the administration and supervision of the Confederation. It had eight branches and twenty sub-branches within
3105:
515:
4362:
4110:
3812:
3402:
3152:
2653:
1133:
235:. The primary goal of its mandate is to ensure price stability, while taking economic developments into consideration.
1881:
1311:
4237:
3777:
3709:
3603:
3137:
3122:
2830:
1574:
1553:
1128:
river. The SNB says that the gold reserves are stored in different safe places in Switzerland (70% -mostly under the
526:
453:, etc.). The remaining shares are largely in the hands of private persons. Shares of the SNB have been listed at the
353:
316:
2818:
2668:
1570:
1206:
4372:
3832:
3666:
3514:
3025:
2434:
2408:
1854:
461:, a German entrepreneur, holds 5.05% of its stocks, and as such, he is the third-largest shareholder, between the
4377:
4004:
3760:
3746:
3729:
3639:
3591:
3422:
3147:
4141:
3982:
3862:
3847:
3586:
3581:
3571:
3561:
3432:
3132:
2581:
2535:
1152:
4367:
3842:
3734:
3522:
3497:
3457:
3374:
3369:
3159:
3142:
2646:
2438:
2412:
2391:
2269:
1099:
507:
298:
2800:
4146:
3659:
3437:
3085:
3080:
2794:
2715:
1470:"Fuzzy and Opaque Public Property Rights Illustrated by Episodes in the History of the Swiss National Bank"
2550:
469:(5.2%). The national bank's statutes, though, limit the voting rights of private investors to 100 shares.
4212:
4080:
3910:
3900:
3857:
3827:
3797:
3782:
3719:
3539:
3487:
3452:
3217:
3018:
2435:"Federal Council appoints Antoine Martin as new Member of the Governing Board at the Swiss National Bank"
812:
2848:
2409:"Federal Council appoints Martin Schlegel as new Vice Chairman of Swiss National Bank's Governing Board"
2323:"The Swiss National Bank's investments in the fossil fuel industry inflicts heavy losses to Switzerland"
1478:
Institutions in Perspective: Festschrift in Honor of Rudolf Richter on the Occasion of His 80th Birthday
789:
own ranks: an Audit Committee, a Risk Committee, a Remuneration Committee and an Appointment Committee.
4298:
3837:
3644:
3544:
3492:
3112:
3075:
2943:
2928:
2918:
2812:
848:
406:
482:
had to be postponed. Likewise, the federal government had budgeted a 666 million CHF income from SNB.
4120:
3972:
3822:
3807:
3787:
3070:
2869:
2824:
2349:
1828:
806:
102:
1710:
3935:
3802:
3739:
3724:
3509:
3427:
3364:
3178:
3117:
2806:
2776:
2770:
2735:
1113:
591:
418:
2973:
2069:
2007:"Credit Suisse 'takes decisive action' by borrowing up to £41bn from central bank – business live"
657:
3994:
3772:
3704:
3475:
3095:
2555:
607:
269:
Constitution was revised again to entrust the Confederation with sole rights to issue banknotes.
2487:
2377:
2354:
1463:
1461:
762:
forecast, and, at operational level, a target range for a reference interest rate, which is the
4352:
4073:
4040:
4033:
3887:
3852:
3714:
3649:
3627:
3417:
3397:
3310:
3240:
3225:
3062:
3045:
2994:
2881:
2669:
1241:
1189:
1184:
1081:
662:
569:
to pursue a reliable monetary policy for the benefit of the Swiss economy and the Swiss people.
446:
330:
3290:
1658:
1469:
1275:
4260:
4192:
4187:
3940:
3905:
3817:
3671:
3608:
3230:
3090:
2875:
2854:
1624:
1509:
1458:
1216:
90:
Mixed ownership. Around 78% owned by Swiss public entities, the rest are publicly traded in
4202:
4049:
3999:
3977:
3877:
3792:
3412:
3305:
2899:
2842:
885:
710:
539:
530:
Schweizerische Nationalbank (Swiss National Bank), 5 Franken (1914). The portrait depicts
417:
SNB and the Swiss government engineered a bailout plan for UBS in October 2008 during the
8:
4136:
3920:
3315:
2836:
2788:
2217:
2114:
499:
390:
3169:
2595:
2243:
1801:
1595:
1425:
466:
4324:
4054:
3987:
3694:
3566:
3556:
3260:
2893:
2887:
2195:
2099:
Revill, John; Illien, Noele; O'Donnell, John; Hirt, Oliver; Sims, Tom (19 March 2023).
1094:
1044:
454:
357:
349:
240:
91:
1246:. Elgar Original Reference Series. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 1032, 1034–1035.
3285:
2999:
2953:
2938:
1664:
1630:
1549:
1517:
1481:
1407:
1281:
1247:
688:
and academics criticize the fact that these investments do not take into account the
603:
561:
SNB is therefore obliged by constitutional statute law to act in accordance with the
2923:
2322:
4217:
3967:
3955:
3576:
3355:
3320:
3270:
3265:
3250:
2948:
2170:
1399:
1059:
1029:
997:
535:
260:
209:
201:
47:
2507:
1974:"Credit Suisse takes $ 54bn loan from Swiss central bank after share price plunge"
1950:[Swiss national bank suffers a loss of 132.5 billion francs] (in German).
565:
interests of Switzerland. Accordingly, the prime function of the Nationalbank is:
4172:
4167:
2707:
1684:
1447:
1277:
An Economic History of Nineteenth-Century Europe: Diversity and Industrialization
1137:
962:
689:
674:
344:
There is controversy over the role of the Swiss National Bank in the transfer of
225:
193:
185:
1365:
445:
As of 31 December 2021 78,17% of voting shares are held by public shareholders (
379:
4312:
4182:
3925:
3613:
3280:
3245:
3207:
2958:
2702:
2101:"UBS to take over Credit Suisse, assume up to 5 billion Swiss francs in losses"
1141:
1092:. The gold is believed to be stored in huge vaults beneath the Federal Square (
462:
3960:
4346:
4177:
4151:
3950:
3915:
3551:
3350:
3335:
3202:
2968:
2762:
2750:
1859:
1779:
1548:. Studies in Macroeconomic History. Cambridge University Press. p. 252.
1546:
Central Bank Cooperation at the Bank for International Settlements, 1930–1973
1473:
1411:
491:
450:
3100:
4336:
4096:
3945:
3867:
2963:
2910:
2684:
2011:
1978:
1715:
670:
531:
217:
333:. During 20 April 1944, gold from the gold reserves of Italy arrived from
3895:
3676:
3255:
3041:
2730:
2725:
2674:
1129:
1089:
383:
348:
during World War II. The SNB was the largest gold distribution centre in
322:
286:
229:
221:
122:
112:
53:
1163:
38:
3699:
3197:
3010:
2740:
1951:
1387:
1148:
366:
326:
1626:
Conquest and Redemption: A History of Jewish Assets from the Holocaust
1116:
photographer was allowed to take at the SNB premises in Bern in 2001.
518:, the SNB offered liquidity assistance of up to CHF 100 billion.
3295:
2720:
2576:
1739:
1172:
1121:
759:
704:
594:(SIC) system via sight deposit accounts held with the National Bank.
345:
1403:
792:
A list of the Bank Council members is published on the SNB website.
249:
72:
3930:
3300:
2933:
2551:"Politique monétaire: L'or de la BNS occupera le Conseil des Etats"
2512:
2274:
1948:"Schweizerische Nationalbank erleidet Verlust von 132,5 Milliarden"
1108:
562:
503:
232:
127:
1151:
was at its historic low) half of its gold reserves, following the
543:
3325:
3275:
2989:
2553:[Monetary policy: SNB gold to occupy Council of States].
1759:
479:
394:
338:
4065:
692:(article 2) and are responsible for at least 50 million tons of
669:
The Swiss National Bank invests its assets, particularly in the
4307:
3345:
3330:
3235:
2613:
2040:"Credit Suisse sheds nearly 25%, key backer says no more money"
409:, in May 2004, the National Bank achieved formal independence.
2618:
Study Center Gerzensee - Foundation of the Swiss National Bank
1235:
1233:
1231:
2098:
2070:"UBS and regulators rush to seal Credit Suisse takeover deal"
1933:"Swiss National Bank posts record $ 143 billion loss in 2022"
1677:
1660:
The History of Information Security: A Comprehensive Handbook
1194:
1085:
763:
1537:
400:
3340:
1596:"Switzerland and Gold Transactions in the Second World War"
1228:
1103:
362:
334:
245:
244:
under special regulations and has two head offices, one in
68:
57:
4228:
International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes
2745:
2169:(2nd ed.). Swiss National Bank. 2006. Archived from
2164:"The Swiss National Bank and that vital commodity: money"
1125:
1112:
in 2008. It published a photograph of the bullion that a
511:
2270:"La BNS peut lutter contre le réchauffement climatique"
1827:
Thomasson, Emma; Bosley, Catherine (6 September 2011).
1330:"Swiss National Bank's forex reserves shrink during Q3"
2508:"Schatz unterm Bundesplatz: Das Gold der Nationalbank"
2482:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2268:
Jourdan, Susana; Mirenowicz, Jacques (24 April 2018).
1972:
Makortoff, Kalyeena; Wearden, Graeme (16 March 2023).
4296:
4223:
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
2474:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
622:
158:
2633:
1657:
de Leeuw, Karl Maria Michael; Bergstra, Jan (2007).
552:(President of the Swiss National Bank Council), and
378:
In 1981 the bank participated in research involving
264:
Share of the Swiss National Bank, issued 6 June 1907
2107:
307:reserve for use in future situations of emergency.
2488:"Members of the Governing Board from 1907 onwards"
2453:
1829:"Swiss draw line in the sand to cap runaway franc"
1366:"Goals and responsibilities of the SNB (overview)"
821:
774:
619:operational environment for the financial sector.
597:
2572:"Swiss love affair with gold could heat up again"
2267:
1299:... the Swiss National Bank (founded in 1906) ...
1084:of Switzerland, which as of 2008 amount to 1,145
4344:
1971:
1735:"The day UBS, the biggest Swiss bank, was saved"
1728:
1726:
1656:
1267:
585:
4393:Financial regulatory authorities of Switzerland
2352:[Financial markets in climate change].
1826:
1754:Reid, Katie; Egenter, Sven (18 December 2018).
577:
428:
1544:Toniolo, Gianni; Clement, Piet (16 May 2005).
1543:
1321:
630:
4276:Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean
4081:
3026:
2654:
1723:
1240:Pohl, Manfred; Freitag, Sabine, eds. (1994).
1120:also quoted a retired official of the city's
766:for three-month investments in Swiss francs.
677:portfolio stood at 153 billion Swiss francs.
613:
321:The Swiss National Bank provided 1.2 billion
4286:Central banks and currencies of the Americas
4271:Central banks and currencies of Asia-Pacific
1501:
1426:"The National Bank as a joint-stock company"
1201:Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority
665:, at a climate demonstration in Bern (2019).
485:
302:
2505:
2501:
2499:
2497:
1756:"SNB buys first tranche of assets from UBS"
1753:
1344:"Current interest rates and exchange rates"
1280:. Cambridge University Press. p. 162.
1239:
4388:Companies listed on the SIX Swiss Exchange
4088:
4074:
4010:Cultural Property of National Significance
3033:
3019:
2661:
2647:
2536:"FĂĽnfmalklug - Wo ist das Schweizer Gold?"
2263:
2261:
1601:. Bergier Commission. May 1998. p. 64
514:taking over Credit Suisse. To support the
46:
37:
4383:Government-owned companies of Switzerland
1571:"Eizenstat Special Briefing on Nazi Gold"
1568:
1562:
1507:
1243:Handbook on the History of European Banks
1158:
754:forecasts rather than current inflation.
548:Signed by K. Bornhauser (Chief Cashier),
401:2004: formal independence from government
4243:Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
3040:
2569:
2494:
2272:[SNB can fight global warming].
2116:Constitution and laws (as at April 2015)
1802:"Chronicle of monetary events 1848–2019"
1732:
1711:"Switzerland unveils bank bail-out plan"
1472:. In Bindseil, Ulrich; Richter, Rudolf;
1467:
1385:
1162:
703:
656:
525:
506:occurred that week, causing SNB and the
405:With the inception of Article 99 of the
389:During 1994 the bank was described as a
373:
259:
2258:
2004:
1695:. Currency Journals Limited: 96. 2004.
1622:
1508:Marguerat, Philippe (11 January 2013).
1358:
1222:
1171:The Study Center Gerzensee, located in
661:Sign asking the Swiss National Bank to
440:
4345:
4281:Central banks and currencies of Europe
4266:Central banks and currencies of Africa
4116:Basel Committee on Banking Supervision
2384:
2037:
1930:
1629:. Transaction Publishers. p. 37.
1623:Rickman, Gregg J. (31 December 2011).
1510:"German Gold – Allied Gold, 1940-1945"
1446:
1327:
1273:
1212:Swiss sovereign money referendum, 2018
4233:International Development Association
4069:
3014:
2642:
2570:Mombelli, Armando (7 November 2014).
2548:
2242:. Swiss National Bank. Archived from
1945:
1924:
1852:
1772:
1733:Mombelli, Armando (16 October 2018).
1685:"Formal independence of Central Bank"
1167:Aerial view of the Gerzensee property
2783:Banca dello Stato del Cantone Ticino
2600:Dictionnaire Historique de la Suisse
2506:Schwendener, Pascal (25 July 2008).
2378:"Swiss National Bank bodies council"
2347:
1514:Switzerland and the Second World War
1207:Swiss gold reserves referendum, 2014
412:
382:and an optical research group named
4358:Swiss companies established in 1907
2119:. ZĂĽrich: Swiss National Bank. 2015
1874:
1708:
1452:The Origins of the Second World War
521:
516:acquisition of Credit Suisse by UBS
13:
4111:Bank for International Settlements
2929:Banque privée Edmond de Rothschild
2303:. Swiss National Bank. 27 May 2004
2080:from the original on 18 March 2023
2050:from the original on 15 March 2023
2019:from the original on 16 March 2023
1986:from the original on 16 March 2023
1855:"Why the Swiss unpegged the franc"
1480:. Mohr Siebeck. pp. 219–234.
1392:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
1134:Bank for International Settlements
795:
699:
623:International monetary cooperation
272:
14:
4404:
4238:International Finance Corporation
4095:
2831:Basellandschaftliche Kantonalbank
2627:
2549:Talos, Christine (6 March 2014).
2005:Wearden, Graeme (16 March 2023).
1575:United States Department of State
1569:Eizenstat, Stuart (2 June 1998).
1328:Revill, John (22 December 2022).
386:, on matters of banknote design.
317:Switzerland during the World Wars
292:
4330:
4318:
4306:
3168:
2673:
2139:"Article 99 – Geld und Waehrung"
1075:
2606:
2588:
2563:
2542:
2528:
2427:
2401:
2370:
2341:
2315:
2290:
2232:
2210:
2188:
2156:
2131:
2092:
2062:
2038:Illien, Noele (15 March 2023).
2031:
1998:
1965:
1939:
1931:Revill, John (9 January 2023).
1899:
1846:
1820:
1794:
1766:
1747:
1702:
1650:
1616:
1588:
1088:and are valued at 30.5 billion
822:Chairmen of the governing board
783:
775:General Meeting of Shareholders
598:Investment of currency reserves
425:billion profit in the process.
352:before the war. A study by the
310:
224:, responsible for the nation's
4142:Contractionary monetary policy
3528:President of the Confederation
2819:Banque cantonale neuchâteloise
2582:Swiss Broadcasting Corporation
2298:"Investment Policy Guidelines"
1946:Arber, Justin (6 March 2023).
1882:"Breakdown of share ownership"
1709:Gow, David (16 October 2018).
1440:
1418:
1379:
1336:
1312:"Breakdown of share ownership"
1304:
1197:(Swiss Average Rate Overnight)
652:
472:
457:since 1907. As of April 2022,
337:at the railway station within
280:
82:16 January 1906 – 20 June 1907
1:
2866:St.Galler Kantonalbank (SGKB)
2863:Obwaldner Kantonalbank (OWKB)
2860:Nidwaldner Kantonabank (NWKB)
2350:"Finanzmärkte im Klimawandel"
2348:GmĂĽr, Heidi (23 April 2018).
1689:International Currency Review
769:
639:
586:Cashless payment transactions
4147:Expansionary monetary policy
2795:Banque cantonale de Fribourg
2716:Alternative Bank Switzerland
2218:"Research: Economic Studies"
578:Cash supply and distribution
429:2011: euro exchange rate cap
7:
4213:International Monetary Fund
2919:Bank Lombard Odier & Co
2240:"Research: Research Update"
1448:Taylor, Alan John Percivale
1274:Berend, Ivan Tibor (2013).
1178:
1136:in Basel) and abroad (i.e.
1100:federal parliament building
647:
631:Banker to the Confederation
190:Schweizerische Nationalbank
25:Schweizerische Nationalbank
16:Central Bank of Switzerland
10:
4409:
2813:Banque cantonale du Valais
2801:Banque cantonale de Genève
2196:"Research: Working Papers"
1907:"Significant Shareholders"
1773:R. A. (6 September 2011).
686:environmental associations
614:Financial system stability
602:The National Bank manages
407:Swiss Federal Constitution
314:
255:
4363:Banks established in 1907
4253:
4201:
4160:
4129:
4121:Financial Stability Board
4103:
4027:
3886:
3768:
3759:
3635:
3626:
3483:
3474:
3390:
3216:
3190:
3186:
3177:
3166:
3061:
3052:
2982:
2909:
2870:Schaffhauser Kantonalbank
2825:Banque cantonale vaudoise
2761:
2701:
2683:
2392:"New SNB Governing Board"
2327:Artisans de la transition
1853:C. W. (18 January 2015).
1663:. Elsevier. p. 232.
1512:. In Kreis, Georg (ed.).
1476:; Wey, Christian (eds.).
1388:"The Swiss National Bank"
1386:Landmann, Julius (1906).
486:2023 liquidity assistance
153:
145:
134:
118:
109:Central bank of
108:
98:
86:
78:
64:
45:
36:
3488:Administrative divisions
3375:list of cities and towns
2849:GraubĂĽndner Kantonalbank
2807:Banque cantonale du Jura
2777:Appenzeller Kantonalbank
2771:Aargauische Kantonalbank
2614:"About the Study Center"
2437:(Press release). Berne:
2411:(Press release). Berne:
1468:Bernholz, Peter (2006).
694:carbon dioxide emissions
663:divest from fossil fuels
592:Swiss Interbank Clearing
419:subprime mortgage crisis
354:U.S. Department of State
206:Banca nazionale svizzera
29:Banca nazionale svizzera
4373:Companies based in Bern
3685:Pharmaceutical industry
2516:(in German). p. 18
1911:Six Exchange Regulation
690:Paris Climate Agreement
608:foreign exchange market
304:Währungsausgleichsfonds
228:and the sole issuer of
198:Banque nationale suisse
27:Banque nationale suisse
4378:Economy of Switzerland
3690:Science and technology
3533:Federal administration
2995:Swiss Bank Corporation
2882:Thurgauer Kantonalbank
2490:. Swiss National Bank.
2397:. Swiss National Bank.
1317:. Swiss National Bank.
1190:Economy of Switzerland
1185:Banking in Switzerland
1168:
1159:Study Center Gerzensee
1098:) to the north of the
1082:official gold reserves
817:Member: Antoine Martin
750:
666:
571:
557:
303:
265:
214:Banca naziunala svizra
213:
205:
197:
189:
31:Banca naziunala svizra
4261:List of central banks
4193:Sovereign wealth fund
4188:Open market operation
2974:Union Bancaire Privée
2876:Schwyzer Kantonalbank
2855:Luzerner Kantonalbank
2220:. Swiss National Bank
2198:. Swiss National Bank
2144:. Swiss National Bank
1887:. Swiss National Bank
1808:. Swiss National Bank
1428:. Swiss National Bank
1346:. Swiss National Bank
1217:List of central banks
1166:
707:
660:
567:
529:
374:Post-war 20th century
263:
4368:Banks of Switzerland
4015:World Heritage Sites
2900:Zurich Cantonal Bank
2843:Glarner Kantonalbank
2670:Banks of Switzerland
2355:Neue ZĂĽrcher Zeitung
1223:Notes and references
1132:in Berne and at the
1114:Keystone news agency
1080:The SNB manages the
711:Inverted yield curve
550:Johann-Daniel Hirter
441:Ownership as of 2021
365:executed within the
146:Interest rate target
52:Headquarters on the
4137:Capital requirement
3813:Firearms regulation
3382:Statistical regions
3191:Physiographic areas
2837:Basler Kantonalbank
2789:Berner Kantonalbank
2693:Swiss National Bank
2559:(in French). Berne.
2441:. 22 September 2023
500:Saudi National Bank
391:joint-stock company
367:concentration camps
173:Swiss National Bank
33:
22:Swiss National Bank
3778:Capital punishment
3710:Telecommunications
3604:Popular initiative
2894:Zuger Kantonalbank
2888:Urner Kantonalbank
2246:on 4 December 2016
1169:
1045:Philipp Hildebrand
801:of three members:
751:
708:Switzerland bonds
667:
558:
490:On 16 March 2023,
455:SIX Swiss Exchange
358:Bergier commission
350:continental Europe
266:
241:Aktiengesellschaft
21:
4294:
4293:
4063:
4062:
4023:
4022:
3833:Human trafficking
3755:
3754:
3622:
3621:
3599:Political parties
3592:Council of States
3515:Foreign relations
3470:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3008:
3007:
3000:Toggenburger Bank
2954:Julius Baer Group
2939:EFG International
2076:. 18 March 2023.
1670:978-0-08-055058-9
1636:978-1-4128-0899-6
1523:978-1-136-75670-2
1487:978-3-16-149061-3
1287:978-1-107-03070-1
1253:978-1-78195-421-8
1073:
1072:
1052:9 September 2012
1037:31 December 2009
1022:31 December 2000
970:31 December 1984
952:1 September 1966
881:Gottlieb Bachmann
873:26 November 1924
866:August Burckhardt
858:30 November 1915
604:currency reserves
554:August Burckhardt
480:canton of Thurgau
465:(3.401%) and the
413:2008: UBS bailout
248:and the other in
169:
168:
4400:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4311:
4310:
4302:
4218:World Bank Group
4090:
4083:
4076:
4067:
4066:
4043:
4036:
3766:
3765:
3747:Waste management
3680:
3640:Economic history
3633:
3632:
3587:National Council
3572:National Redoubt
3481:
3480:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3172:
3148:Military history
3118:Early Modern era
3035:
3028:
3021:
3012:
3011:
2964:The Pictet Group
2949:J. Safra Sarasin
2678:
2677:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2640:
2639:
2634:Official website
2622:
2621:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2538:. 22 March 2013.
2532:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2503:
2492:
2491:
2484:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2302:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2265:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2175:
2168:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2143:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1886:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1730:
1721:
1720:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1606:
1600:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1465:
1456:
1455:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1294:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1237:
1153:Nazi gold affair
1060:Thomas J. Jordan
1030:Jean-Pierre Roth
1001:
978:Pierre Languetin
933:Walter Schwegler
889:
870:1 December 1915
852:
844:Heinrich Kundert
826:
825:
747:
741:
735:
729:
723:
717:
546:in the distance.
536:Richard Kissling
522:Responsibilities
508:Swiss government
497:
467:Canton of ZĂĽrich
424:
306:
285:Sometime during
184:
165:
162:
160:
140:
50:
41:
34:
20:
4408:
4407:
4403:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4331:
4329:
4319:
4317:
4305:
4297:
4295:
4290:
4249:
4204:
4197:
4168:Capital control
4156:
4125:
4099:
4094:
4064:
4059:
4046:
4039:
4032:
4019:
3983:Public holidays
3882:
3863:Social security
3751:
3678:
3618:
3562:Law enforcement
3523:Federal Council
3462:
3443:Mountain passes
3386:
3212:
3173:
3164:
3096:Federal Charter
3091:Old Confederacy
3057:
3048:
3039:
3009:
3004:
2978:
2905:
2757:
2706:
2697:
2679:
2672:
2667:
2630:
2625:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2568:
2564:
2547:
2543:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2519:
2517:
2504:
2495:
2486:
2485:
2454:
2444:
2442:
2439:Federal Council
2433:
2432:
2428:
2418:
2416:
2413:Federal Council
2407:
2406:
2402:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2361:
2359:
2346:
2342:
2332:
2330:
2329:. 24 April 2018
2321:
2320:
2316:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2281:
2279:
2266:
2259:
2249:
2247:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2223:
2221:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2201:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2122:
2120:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2097:
2093:
2083:
2081:
2074:Financial Times
2068:
2067:
2063:
2053:
2051:
2036:
2032:
2022:
2020:
2003:
1999:
1989:
1987:
1970:
1966:
1956:
1954:
1944:
1940:
1929:
1925:
1915:
1913:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1865:
1863:
1851:
1847:
1837:
1835:
1825:
1821:
1811:
1809:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1785:
1783:
1771:
1767:
1752:
1748:
1731:
1724:
1707:
1703:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1655:
1651:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1621:
1617:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1579:
1577:
1567:
1563:
1556:
1542:
1538:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1506:
1502:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1466:
1459:
1454:(1st ed.).
1445:
1441:
1431:
1429:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1404:10.2307/1882859
1384:
1380:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1349:
1347:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1326:
1322:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1272:
1268:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1238:
1229:
1225:
1181:
1161:
1138:Bank of England
1078:
1049:1 January 2010
1034:1 January 2001
995:
982:1 January 1985
963:Fritz Leutwiler
940:31 August 1966
883:
846:
824:
813:Martin Schlegel
811:Vice Chairman:
798:
796:Governing board
786:
777:
772:
749:
748: Overnight
745:
743:
739:
737:
733:
731:
727:
725:
721:
719:
715:
709:
702:
700:Monetary policy
673:. In 2018, its
655:
650:
642:
633:
625:
616:
600:
588:
580:
556:(Board member).
547:
538:'s monument in
524:
495:
488:
475:
443:
431:
422:
415:
403:
376:
319:
313:
299:Federal Council
295:
283:
275:
273:1905 foundation
258:
226:monetary policy
180:
157:
139:US$ 940 billion
138:
125:
60:
30:
28:
26:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4406:
4396:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4340:
4339:
4327:
4315:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4215:
4209:
4207:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4183:Money creation
4180:
4178:Interest rates
4175:
4170:
4164:
4162:
4161:Implementation
4158:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4133:
4131:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4107:
4105:
4101:
4100:
4093:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4070:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4045:
4044:
4037:
4029:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3892:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3769:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3695:Stock exchange
3692:
3687:
3682:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3657:
3647:
3642:
3636:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3614:Federal decree
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3589:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3495:
3490:
3484:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3408:Extreme points
3405:
3400:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3370:Municipalities
3367:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3222:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3208:Jura Mountains
3205:
3200:
3194:
3192:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3160:Historiography
3157:
3156:
3155:
3145:
3143:Modern history
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3123:Napoleonic era
3120:
3115:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3067:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3038:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3015:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2969:REYL & Cie
2966:
2961:
2959:Mirabaud Group
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2924:Banque BonhĂ´te
2921:
2915:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2897:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2852:
2846:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2786:
2780:
2774:
2767:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2712:
2710:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2689:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2666:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2629:
2628:External links
2626:
2624:
2623:
2605:
2587:
2562:
2541:
2527:
2493:
2452:
2426:
2400:
2383:
2369:
2340:
2314:
2289:
2257:
2231:
2209:
2187:
2176:on 12 May 2015
2155:
2130:
2106:
2091:
2061:
2030:
1997:
1964:
1938:
1923:
1898:
1873:
1845:
1819:
1793:
1765:
1746:
1722:
1701:
1676:
1669:
1649:
1635:
1615:
1587:
1561:
1554:
1536:
1522:
1500:
1486:
1474:Haucap, Justus
1457:
1439:
1417:
1398:(3): 468–482.
1378:
1357:
1335:
1320:
1303:
1286:
1266:
1252:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1187:
1180:
1177:
1160:
1157:
1142:Bank of Canada
1077:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:18 April 2012
1062:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1007:30 April 1996
1005:
1002:
989:
988:
986:
985:30 April 1988
983:
980:
974:
973:
971:
968:
965:
959:
958:
956:
955:30 April 1974
953:
950:
944:
943:
941:
938:
935:
929:
928:
926:
923:
920:
914:
913:
911:
910:31 March 1947
908:
905:
899:
898:
896:
895:15 March 1939
893:
890:
877:
876:
874:
871:
868:
862:
861:
859:
856:
853:
840:
839:
836:
833:
830:
823:
820:
819:
818:
815:
809:
797:
794:
785:
782:
776:
773:
771:
768:
744:
738:
732:
726:
720:
714:
701:
698:
654:
651:
649:
646:
641:
638:
632:
629:
624:
621:
615:
612:
599:
596:
587:
584:
579:
576:
544:RĂĽtli Mountain
523:
520:
510:to fast-track
498:percent after
487:
484:
474:
471:
463:Canton of Vaud
451:cantonal banks
442:
439:
430:
427:
414:
411:
402:
399:
375:
372:
312:
309:
294:
293:Interwar years
291:
282:
279:
274:
271:
257:
254:
238:The SNB is an
167:
166:
155:
151:
150:
147:
143:
142:
136:
132:
131:
120:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
88:
84:
83:
80:
76:
75:
66:
62:
61:
51:
43:
42:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4405:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4353:Central banks
4351:
4350:
4348:
4338:
4328:
4326:
4316:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4303:
4300:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4203:Bretton Woods
4200:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4173:Discount rate
4171:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4159:
4153:
4152:Basel Accords
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4097:Central banks
4091:
4086:
4084:
4079:
4077:
4072:
4071:
4068:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4042:
4038:
4035:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3748:
3745:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3661:
3660:Private banks
3658:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3625:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3552:Landsgemeinde
3550:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3538:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3504:
3503:Supreme Court
3501:
3500:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3383:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3203:Swiss Plateau
3201:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3161:
3158:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3133:Federal state
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3081:Early history
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3036:
3031:
3029:
3024:
3022:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2752:
2751:Credit Suisse
2749:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2676:
2671:
2664:
2659:
2657:
2652:
2650:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2566:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2545:
2537:
2531:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2489:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2393:
2387:
2379:
2373:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2344:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2299:
2293:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2264:
2262:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2219:
2213:
2197:
2191:
2172:
2165:
2159:
2140:
2134:
2118:
2117:
2110:
2102:
2095:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2001:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1968:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1934:
1927:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1883:
1877:
1862:
1861:
1860:The Economist
1856:
1849:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1782:
1781:
1780:The Economist
1776:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1750:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1729:
1727:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1705:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1680:
1672:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1653:
1638:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1619:
1612:
1597:
1591:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1557:
1555:0-521-84551-3
1551:
1547:
1540:
1525:
1519:
1516:. Routledge.
1515:
1511:
1504:
1489:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1464:
1462:
1453:
1449:
1443:
1427:
1421:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1367:
1361:
1345:
1339:
1331:
1324:
1313:
1307:
1300:
1289:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1270:
1255:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1227:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1176:
1174:
1165:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1076:Gold reserves
1069:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
999:
994:
993:Markus Lusser
991:
990:
987:
984:
981:
979:
976:
975:
972:
969:
966:
964:
961:
960:
957:
954:
951:
949:
948:Edwin Stopper
946:
945:
942:
939:
936:
934:
931:
930:
927:
924:
922:1 April 1947
921:
919:
916:
915:
912:
909:
907:1 April 1939
906:
904:
901:
900:
897:
894:
891:
887:
882:
879:
878:
875:
872:
869:
867:
864:
863:
860:
857:
855:20 June 1907
854:
850:
845:
842:
841:
837:
834:
831:
828:
827:
816:
814:
810:
808:
807:Thomas Jordan
804:
803:
802:
793:
790:
781:
767:
765:
761:
755:
742: 3 month
724: 10 year
718: 30 year
712:
706:
697:
695:
691:
687:
682:
678:
676:
672:
664:
659:
645:
637:
628:
620:
611:
609:
605:
595:
593:
583:
575:
570:
566:
564:
555:
551:
545:
541:
537:
533:
528:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
493:
492:Credit Suisse
483:
481:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
438:
435:
426:
420:
410:
408:
398:
396:
392:
387:
385:
381:
371:
368:
364:
359:
355:
351:
347:
342:
340:
336:
332:
331:Allied forces
328:
324:
318:
308:
305:
300:
290:
288:
278:
270:
262:
253:
251:
247:
243:
242:
236:
234:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
178:
174:
164:
156:
152:
148:
144:
137:
133:
129:
124:
121:
117:
114:
111:
107:
104:
103:Thomas Jordan
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
59:
55:
49:
44:
40:
35:
32:
19:
3988:National Day
3911:Coat of arms
3901:Architecture
3868:Swiss people
3858:Prostitution
3828:Homelessness
3798:Demographics
3783:Conscription
3720:Trade unions
3655:Central bank
3654:
3540:Human rights
3493:Constitution
3218:Subdivisions
3153:list of wars
3055:Major topics
3054:
2944:Hinduja Bank
2785:(BancaStato)
2692:
2617:
2608:
2599:
2590:
2575:
2565:
2554:
2544:
2530:
2518:. Retrieved
2511:
2443:. Retrieved
2429:
2417:. Retrieved
2415:. 4 May 2022
2403:
2386:
2372:
2360:. Retrieved
2353:
2343:
2331:. Retrieved
2326:
2317:
2305:. Retrieved
2292:
2280:. Retrieved
2273:
2248:. Retrieved
2244:the original
2234:
2222:. Retrieved
2212:
2200:. Retrieved
2190:
2178:. Retrieved
2171:the original
2158:
2146:. Retrieved
2133:
2121:. Retrieved
2115:
2109:
2094:
2082:. Retrieved
2073:
2064:
2052:. Retrieved
2043:
2033:
2021:. Retrieved
2012:The Guardian
2010:
2000:
1988:. Retrieved
1979:The Guardian
1977:
1967:
1955:. Retrieved
1941:
1926:
1914:. Retrieved
1910:
1901:
1889:. Retrieved
1876:
1864:. Retrieved
1858:
1848:
1836:. Retrieved
1832:
1822:
1810:. Retrieved
1805:
1796:
1784:. Retrieved
1778:
1768:
1749:
1738:
1716:The Guardian
1714:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1679:
1659:
1652:
1640:. Retrieved
1625:
1618:
1610:
1603:. Retrieved
1590:
1578:. Retrieved
1564:
1545:
1539:
1527:. Retrieved
1513:
1503:
1491:. Retrieved
1477:
1451:
1442:
1430:. Retrieved
1420:
1395:
1391:
1381:
1369:. Retrieved
1360:
1350:27 September
1348:. Retrieved
1338:
1323:
1306:
1298:
1291:. Retrieved
1276:
1269:
1257:. Retrieved
1242:
1170:
1146:
1117:
1107:
1093:
1079:
937:1 June 1956
925:31 May 1956
892:1 July 1925
835:Left office
832:Took office
799:
791:
787:
784:Bank Council
778:
756:
752:
736: 1 year
730: 2 year
684:Since 2016,
683:
679:
671:stock market
668:
643:
634:
626:
617:
601:
589:
581:
572:
568:
559:
542:), with the
532:William Tell
489:
476:
459:Theo Siegert
444:
436:
432:
416:
404:
388:
380:Orell FĂĽssli
377:
343:
320:
311:World War II
296:
284:
276:
267:
239:
237:
218:central bank
176:
172:
170:
65:Headquarters
24:
18:
4325:Switzerland
3961:Röstigraben
3838:Immigration
3645:Agriculture
3519:Government
3403:Earthquakes
3128:Restoration
3113:Reformation
3076:Enlargement
3042:Switzerland
2815:(BCVS/BWKB)
2791:(BEKB/BCBE)
2731:Migros Bank
2726:PostFinance
2596:"Gerzensee"
2358:(in German)
2278:(in French)
1866:18 November
1775:"No francs"
1130:Bundesplatz
1095:Bundesplatz
1019:1 May 1996
1004:1 May 1988
996: [
967:1 May 1974
918:Paul Keller
903:Ernst Weber
884: [
847: [
653:Investments
473:2022 losses
287:World War I
281:World War I
230:Swiss franc
222:Switzerland
123:Swiss franc
113:Switzerland
79:Established
54:Bundesplatz
4347:Categories
3968:Literature
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1935:. Reuters.
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1332:. Reuters.
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346:Nazi gold
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