44:
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1736:
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1511:. For the first time the population was defined as Swiss, not as members of a specific canton. For cantons like Vaud, Thurgau and Ticino the Republic was a time of political freedom from other cantons. However, the Republic also marked a time of foreign domination and revolution. For the cantons of Bern, Schwyz and Nidwalden it was a time of military defeat followed by occupation. In 1995 the Federal Parliament chose to not celebrate the 200 year anniversary of the Helvetic Republic, but to allow individual cantons to celebrate if they wished.
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Gundeschwil, Schottikon, Wiesendangen, and Stogen, further west of
Islikon, Hotze deployed two of his columns facing the French front, while a third angled to the French right, as Ney had expected he would. Soult never appeared (he was later court-martialed for insubordination) and Ney withdrew his forces through Winterthur, regrouping with Tharreau's main force in the outskirts of Zurich. A day later, Hotze's force united with the main Austrian force of Archduke Charles.
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1386:. Charles stalled this operation as long as he could, but eventually he had to concede to Vienna's orders. Consequently, the Russian troops under a novice general replaced the Austrian troops and their seasoned commander. Charles withdrew his force to the north of the Rhine. Although the order to Charles to recross the Rhine and march north was eventually countermanded, by the time such instructions reached him, they were too late to reverse.
1416:. Soult sent 150 volunteers to swim the river in the middle of the night. Most carried a saber in their teeth and a pistol and cartridges tied to their heads; others carried drums or bugles. These soldiers killed the Austrian sentries, overran an outpost, made much confusing noise, and signaled Soult's main force to cross in boats. Hotze was killed during this maneuver when Soult's men surprised him on an early morning reconnaissance.
1368:
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1341:, was killed. On the French side, 500 died, 800 were wounded and 300 captured; on the Austrian side, 730 killed, 1,470 wounded, and 2,200 captured. When the Austrians took the French positions in the city, they also captured over 150 guns. Ultimately, French general André Masséna yielded the city to the Austrians, under Archduke Charles. Massena retreated beyond the river
1345:, where he managed to fortify his positions. Hotze's force harassed their retreat, and secured the river shoreline. Despite Hotze's aggressive harassment of the French retreat, Charles did not follow up on the withdrawal; Masséna established himself on the opposite bank of the Limmat without threat of pursuit from the main body of the Austrian Army, much to the annoyance of the Russian liaison officer,
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1393:, the French regained control of the city, along with the rest of Switzerland. Notably, Massena out-generaled Korsakov; surrounded him, tricked him, and then took more than half his army prisoner, plus captured the baggage train and most of his cannons, and inflicted over 8,000 casualties. Most of the fighting took place on both banks of the
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of France, summoned representatives of both sides to Paris in order to negotiate a solution. Although the
Federalist representatives formed a minority at the conciliation conference, known as the "Helvetic Consulta"; Bonaparte characterised Switzerland as federal "by nature" and considered it unwise
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On the morning of 27 May, Hotze assembled his force into three columns and marched toward
Winterthur. Opposite him, Michel Ney deployed his force around the heights, the so-called Ober-Winterthur, a ring of low-lying hills some 6 kilometers (4 mi) north of the city. The overall commander of the
2101:
to
Obwalden. By the new constitution the sovereign rights of each canton were fully recognized, and a return made to the lines of the old constitution, though there were to be no subject lands, and political rights were not to be the exclusive privilege of any class of citizens. Each canton had one
2034:
As soon as
Napoleon's power began to wane (1812–1813), the position of Switzerland became endangered. The Austrians, supported by the reactionary party in Switzerland, and without any real resistance on the part of the Diet, crossed the border on 21 December 1813. On 29 December under pressure from
2089:
On 20 March 1815 Bern was given the town of Biel/Bienne and much of the land that had been owned by the Bishop of Basel as compensation for territory lost during the Long Diet. The
Valtellina, formerly owned by Graubunden, was granted to Austria. Muhlhausen (Mulhouse in French) was left as part of
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The
Confederacy had no official coat of arms during this period, as the cantons were fully sovereign and each used their own coats of arms. But some cantons would mint coins where on the reverse side the Confederation was represented with a coat of arms inscribed "XIX CANT" or "XIX CANTONE", e.g.
1316:
By mid-morning, Hotze's advanced guard had encountered moderate French resistance first from the two brigades Ney had at his disposal. The
Austrian advance troops quickly overran the weaker brigade and took possession of the woods surrounding the village of Islikon. After securing the villages of
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and part of the Army of the Danube to
Winterthur on 27 May to stop the Austrian advance from eastern Switzerland. If the Austrians succeeded in uniting Hotze's army from the east with Nauendorf's directly north of Zurich, and Archduke Charles' which lay to the north and west, the French would be
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was proclaimed. The Diet broke up in dismay without taking any steps to avert the coming storm. On 5 March, troops entered Bern, deserted by her allies and distracted by quarrels within. With Bern, the stronghold of the aristocratic party, in revolutionary hands, the old
Confederation collapsed.
1096:
Before the Helvetic Republic, each individual canton had exercised complete sovereignty over its own territory or territories. Little central authority had existed, with matters concerning the country as a whole confined mainly to the Diet, a meeting of leading representatives from the cantons.
1305:'s division to support him; Ney understood this to mean he was to make a stand along the entire outpost line, and that he would not be isolated. He expected his small force would receive reinforcements from Soult's division. Consequently, Ney directed the weakest brigade, under the command of
2031:. At home the liberty of moving from one canton to another (though given by the constitution) was, by the Diet in 1805, restricted by requiting ten years' residence, and then not granting political rights in the canton or a right of profiting by the communal property.
1329:, on 4–7 June 1799, approximately 45,000 French and 53,000 Austrians clashed on the plains around the city. On the left wing, Hotze had 20 battalions of infantry, plus support artillery, and 27 squadrons of cavalry, in total, 19,000 men. On the right wing, General
2066:
On 6 April 1814 the so-called Long Diet met to replace the constitution. The Diet remained dead-locked until 12 September when Valais, Neuchâtel and Geneva were raised to full members of the Confederation. This increased the number of
1974:. In the Diet, six cantons which had a population of more than 100,000 (Bern, Zurich, Vaud, St Gallen, GraubĂĽnden and Aargau) were given two votes, the others having but one apiece. Meetings of the Diet were to be held alternately at
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of 1815 fully re-established Swiss independence and the European powers agreed to permanently recognise Swiss neutrality. At this time, the territory of Switzerland was increased for the last time, by the new cantons of
1124:, as opposed to just citizenship of one's canton of birth. With Swiss citizenship came the absolute freedom to settle in any canton, the political communes were now composed of all residents, and not merely of the
1360:. In a vice-like operation, together with the Russians, they would surround André Masséna's smaller army on the banks of the Limmat, where it had taken refuge the previous spring. To divert this attack, General
1157:-attempts became frequent, and the new régime had to rely on the French to survive. Furthermore, the occupying forces plundered many towns and villages. This made it difficult to establish a new working state.
407:
1382:, the imperial body in Vienna charged with conduct of war, to countermand his plan; Charles' troops were to leave Zurich in the supposedly capable hands of Korsokov, re-cross the Rhine and march north to
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Hotze's troops arrived in the morning at the outskirts of Winterthur and immediately attacked Ney's position. By afternoon, his troops had joined those of Nauendorf and Archduke Charles, marked in yellow.
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were spread in the western part of the Confederation. During the next eight years, revolts sprang up across the Confederation and, unlike earlier ones, many were successful. In 1790 the Lower
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The Armies of the First French Republic and the Rise of the Marshals of Napoleon I: The Armies of the Rhine in Switzerland, Holland, Italy, Egypt, and the Coup d'Etat of Brumaire (1797-1799)
1273:. Because of its position at the junction of seven cross-roads, the army that held the town controlled access to most of Switzerland and points crossing the Rhine into southern Germany.
959:, the growing conflicts throughout the Confederation (aristocratic cities against peasant farmers, Protestant against Catholic, and canton against canton) had weakened and distracted the
400:
1507:
The period of the Helvetic Republic is still very controversial within Switzerland. It represents the first time that Switzerland as a unified country existed and a step toward the
276:, the revolutionary armies marched eastward, enveloping Switzerland in their battles against Austria. In 1798, Switzerland was completely overrun by the French and was renamed the
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went into force and the new constitution was sworn to by all the cantons except Nidwalden. Nidwalden only agreed under military force on 30 August and as punishment lost
2012:(executive). There were to be no privileged classes, burghers or subject lands. Every Swiss citizen was to be free to move and settle anywhere in the new Confederation.
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1966:
The Act of Mediation consists of nineteen separate constitutions for the nineteen sovereign cantons, ordered alphabetically, followed by a "Federal Act" (
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1447:, Suvorov finally learned that disaster had overtaken the Allied forces and that his army was marooned. The Russians broke out of the trap and were at
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in April and May, as were the Unterwaldners in August and September. Due to the destruction and plundering, the Swiss soon turned against the French.
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1943:, the Act of Mediation dissolved the Helvetic Republic and addressed many of the issues that had torn the Republic apart. It restored the original
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commanded another 18,000. The battle cost both sides dearly; General of Brigade Cherin was killed, on the French side, and on the Austrian side,
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Mountain warfare illustrated by the campaign of 1799 in Switzerland: being a translation of the Swiss narrative, compiled from the works of the
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armies, with the locals supporting mainly the latter two, rejecting calls to fight with the French armies in the name of the Helvetic Republic.
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After the Forest Cantons uprising, some cantons were merged, thus reducing their anti-centralist effectiveness in the legislature. Uri, Schwyz,
4501:
1042:, a member of the Helvetian Club from Vaud, asked France to invade Bern to protect Vaud. Seeing a chance to remove a feudal neighbor and gain
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1885:, also historically an associate of the confederacy, along with its own former subject territories (and with those formerly belonging to the
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vote in the Diet, where an absolute majority was to decide all matters save foreign affairs, when a majority of three-fourths was required.
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up to the gates of ZĂĽrich, and part within the city itself. ZĂĽrich had declared itself neutral, and was spared general destruction. General
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2004:, or popular assemblies, were restored in the democratic cantons, the cantonal governments in other cases being in the hands of a
1364:, attacked the pontoon bridges over which the Austrians crossed the Rhine, destroying most of them, and making the rest unusable.
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1014:(1792–1797) against the aristocratic armies of Prussia and Austria, the time had come for direct action against the aristocratic
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assumed command but his troops were badly beaten and forced to retreat, losing 3,500 prisoners, 25 field guns, and four colors.
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1034:(an associate of the Confederation), revolted under the encouragement of France. They were quickly invaded and annexed to the
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However the rights promised in the Act of Mediation soon began to erode. In 1806 the principality of Neuchâtel was given to
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In 1803 Napoleon's Act of Mediation partially restored the sovereignty of the cantons, and the former subject territories of
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1164:" ideas, particularly in the central areas of the country. Some of the more controversial aspects of the new regime limited
282:. The Helvetic Republic encountered severe economic and political problems. In 1798 the country became a battlefield of the
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Within a month, the Confederation was under French control, and all the associate members of the Confederation were gone.
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On 12 April 1798 121 cantonal deputies proclaimed the Helvetic Republic, "One and Indivisible". The new régime abolished
368:, was marked with turmoil, and the rural population struggling against the yoke of the urban centres, for example in the
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1485:. Due to the instability of the situation, the Helvetic Republic had over six constitutions in a period of four years.
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on 10 October 1797. In December of the same year, the Bishopric of Basel was occupied and annexed. On 9 December 1797,
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of the old Confederation and added six new cantons, two (St Gallen and GraubĂĽnden or Grisons) having been formerly
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restored the cantons. With the abolition of the centralized state, Switzerland became a confederation once again.
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On 14 August 1799, a Russian force of 6,000 cavalry, 20,000 infantry, and 1,600 Cossacks, under
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Austria, the Diet abolished the 1803 constitution which had been created by Napoleon in the Act of Mediation.
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successfully revolted against the prince-abbot. These revolts were supported or encouraged by France, but the
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by French troops in March 1798. After the withdrawal of French troops in July 1802, the Republic collapsed (
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65:
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Marabello, Thomas Quinn (2023) "Challenges to Swiss Democracy: Neutrality, Napoleon, & Nationalism,"
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16 Frank coin issued by the Helvetic Republic, this represents the first national coinage of Switzerland.
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which included the Grand Council (with 8 members per canton) and the Senate (4 members per canton). The
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civil war of 1802. Together with local resistance, financial problems caused the Helvetic Republic to
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With Napoleon acting as a mediator and declaring that the natural political state of the Swiss is a
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2016:
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1970:, pp. 101–109) detailing mutual obligations between the cantons and provisions for the
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1878:
1261:, Massena's Army of Switzerland, and elements of the Habsburg army, commanded by the Swiss-born
1168:, which outraged many of the more devout citizens. Several uprisings took place, with the three
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856:
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32:
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1909:
1120:, known as the Directory, comprised 5 members. The Constitution also established actual Swiss
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No general agreement existed about the future of Switzerland. Leading groups split into the
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8:
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and property remained with the former local burghers who were gathered together into the
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1951:, and the four others being made up of the subject lands conquered at different times —
1309:, to move up a long valley toward Frauenfeld, and another brigade, under the command of
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rights. The occupying forces established a centralised state based on the ideas of the
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2165:"Switzerland: History § Effects of the French Revolution on the Confederation"
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from 24–26 September, Suvorov's army pushed aside Lecourbe's 8,000 troops and reached
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Helvetic Republic, with borders as at the Second Helvetic constitution of 25 May 1802
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With the first elements of both Austrian armies having already linked up during the
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in November 1792 and in 1793, there was a rebellion in the French department of the
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1944:
1921:
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Maur, Jost Auf der (2023) "Napoleon’s Role in the Making of Modern Switzerland,"
1948:
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81:
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Napoleon's Great Adversaries: Archduke Charles and the Austrian Army 1792–1914
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2174:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 257–258.
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2019:. Ticino was occupied by French troops from 1810 to 1813. Also, in 1810 the
1463:
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369:
320:
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Katja Hürlimann, (Johann Konrad) Friedrich von Hotze; Blanning, pp. 233–34.
2052:
2028:
1917:
1837:). The Act of Mediation was Napoleon's attempt at a compromise between the
1833:
1815:
1645:
1625:
1621:
1599:
1493:
1473:
1436:
1432:
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1241:
In 1799, Switzerland became a battle-zone between the French, Austrian and
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The bravest of the brave, Michel Ney: marshal of France, duke of Elchingen
1843:
and a Republic. This intermediary stage of Swiss history lasted until the
1451:
in early October. Suvorov was forced to lead his men over the Alps to the
4257:
4038:
3617:
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3316:
3077:
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Smith reports that the casualty figures are controversial. Smith, p. 158.
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1113:
1100:
The constitution of the Helvetic Republic came mainly from the design of
1051:
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1877:) but not a full member of the confederacy, became a full member as the
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2359:. 15/01/2008 edition, accessed 18 October 2009'; Blanning, pp. 233–234.
1971:
1940:
1882:
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1266:
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Instability in the Republic reached its peak in 1802–03—including the
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two days earlier; Masséna sent the newly promoted General of Division
3657:
2098:
1983:
1444:
1216:
1189:
1019:
1000:
71:
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HĂĽrlimann, "(Johann Konrad) Friedrich von Hotze"; Longworth, p. 270.
1991:
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1975:
1819:. The period of Swiss history from 1803 to 1815 is itself known as
1755:
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1367:
1073:
1047:
1046:'s wealth, France agreed. By February 1798, French troops occupied
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of the cantons, and the former tributary and allied territories of
294:
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did not become part of the Swiss confederacy until the end of the
1588:
963:. In Paris, the Helvetian Club, founded in 1790 by several exiled
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3637:
3225:
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2942:
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2491:. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1902, p. 361; Thiers, p. 401–402.
1995:
1956:
1931:
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316:
1313:, to take the right, preventing any Austrian flanking maneuver.
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The Swiss Confederation was re-established as a result of the
1257:(27 May 1799) was an important action between elements of the
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3245:
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1987:
1427:'s 21,285 Russians arrived in Switzerland from Italy. In the
1383:
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Eagles Over the Alps: Suvarov in Italy and Switzerland, 1799
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and about 10,000 troops faced Hotze and 8,000 Allies in the
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to force the area into any other constitutional framework.
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hoping to make a junction with the other Allied forces. At
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commanded the French forces on the right bank and General
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to 22. The Diet, however, made little progress until the
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https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol59/iss1/3
2759:
https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol59/iss2/5
2353:
Katja HĂĽrlimann, (Johann Konrad) Friedrich von Hotze in
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while the French carry off the treasury (1848 woodcut).
1378:
Before Charles could regroup, orders arrived from the
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Ebert, Jens-Florian. "Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze."
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2750:15 January 2008 edition, Accessed 18 October 2009.
2640:
2634:
2297:
2295:
2285:
2283:
2117:Campaigns of 1799 in the French Revolutionary Wars
2112:Campaigns of 1798 in the French Revolutionary Wars
1423:While Masséna and Soult were drubbing the Allies,
2549:Helvetic Republic, Historiography and Remembrance
2254:
2214:
4463:
2411:HĂĽrlimann, "(Johann Konrad) Friedrich von Hotze.
2248:
2242:
1184:) rebelling in early 1798. The Schwyzers, under
1054:. Meanwhile, another army entered Vaud, and the
2292:
2280:
1188:, were crushed by the French on the heights of
1153:and demanded a return to cantonal sovereignty.
581:
2544:
2542:
1439:. From there, Suvorov led his army across the
3388:
2881:
1269:lies 18 kilometers (11 mi) northeast of
1010:However, following the French success in the
971:, was the centre from which the ideas of the
567:
401:
253:
1813:on 19 February 1803 in the aftermath of the
1347:Alexander Ivanovich, Count Ostermann-Tolstoy
375:
2781:. Vol. 5. Pickle Partners Publishing.
2696:, New York: Oxford University Press, 1996,
2669:, Cambridge University Press, 2013, p. 368.
2539:
2228:, Éditions Fragnière, Fribourg, Switzerland
2023:was occupied and converted into the French
1007:did not directly attack the Confederation.
4372:Cultural Property of National Significance
3395:
3381:
2888:
2874:
2795:
1587:
1018:in Switzerland. In 1797, the districts of
574:
560:
408:
394:
260:
246:
3124:Europe at the height of Napoleon's Empire
2744:HĂĽrlimann, Katja. "Friedrich von Hotze."
2231:
3402:
2765:Swiss American Historical Society Review
2755:Swiss American Historical Society Review
2371:Jens-Florian Ebert. Freiherr von Hotze.
2158:
2051:
2037:
1930:
1462:
1366:
1275:
1231:French Revolutionary Wars in Switzerland
1145:, who wanted a united republic, and the
1072:
943:
921:
2735:Die Österreichischen Generäle 1792–1815
2374:Die Österreichischen Generäle 1792–1815
2122:
1248:
1112:. It established a central two-chamber
4464:
2773:
2715:. Chicago, Ill.: The Emperor's Press.
2524:
2512:
2475:
1301:, had informed Ney that he would send
4502:1815 disestablishments in Switzerland
3376:
3105:
2869:
2860:The history of the French revolution.
2707:
2500:
2460:
2154:
2152:
1963:(1440, 1500, 1512), and Vaud (1536).
1459:Civil war and the end of the Republic
1320:
555:
389:
4482:Client states of the Napoleonic Wars
2653:Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
2572:Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
2261:Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
2208:Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
1481:, and its government took refuge in
1356:, joined Archduke Charles' force in
1331:Friedrich Joseph, Count of Nauendorf
1199:and Unterwalden together became the
1160:Many Swiss citizens resisted these "
1062:
2578:
2310:Blanning, p. 233; Shadwell, p. 108.
1893:, for a total of nineteen cantons.
1514:
13:
4497:1803 establishments in Switzerland
2608:coin minted by Solothurn in 1813 (
1866:became cantons with equal rights.
1455:, resulting in additional losses.
983:to which it was subject. In 1791,
335:became cantons with equal rights.
14:
4538:
2747:Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz.
2129:
1823:. The act abolished the previous
1293:dangerously encircled at Zurich.
4522:1815 disestablishments in France
4512:1815 disestablishments in Europe
4472:History of Switzerland by period
4449:
4437:
3530:
3118:
2767:, Vol. 59: No. 1. Available at:
2757:, Vol. 59: No. 2. Available at:
2667:History of Switzerland 1499-1914
2356:Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz
1896:In contrast, the territories of
1787:
1762:
1748:
1734:
1572:
1560:
1537:Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft
229:
42:
2862:New York, Appleton, 1854, v. 4.
2676:
2659:
2623:
2616:coin minted by Luzern in 1814 (
2530:
2481:
2441:
2432:
2423:
2414:
2402:
2393:
2384:
2362:
2344:
2335:
2326:
3890:President of the Confederation
2600:coin minted by Berne in 1811 (
2313:
2304:
2267:
2178:
2078:
1889:) became a full member as the
1827:, which had existed since the
382:French invasion of Switzerland
1:
4517:1803 establishments in France
4507:1803 establishments in Europe
2845:The Napoleonic Wars Databook.
2694:The French Revolutionary Wars
2682:Atteridge, Andrew Hilliarde.
2592:coin minted by Aargau, 1809 (
955:During the last years of the
362:, the time leading up to the
2837:London: Henry S. King, 1875.
2487:Lina Hug and Richard Stead.
2377:. Accessed 15 October 2009;
1263:Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze
1237:Italian and Swiss expedition
930:celebrate dancing around an
307:that partially restored the
7:
4527:19th century in Switzerland
2738:. Accessed 15 October 2009.
2686:. New York: Brentano, 1913.
2105:
585:War of the Second Coalition
10:
4543:
3156:Confederation of the Rhine
2082:
1783:Restored Swiss Confederacy
1525:Confederation of the Rhine
1518:
1234:
1149:, who represented the old
1066:
1040:Frédéric-César de La Harpe
1012:War of the First Coalition
379:
4389:
4248:
4130:
4121:
3997:
3988:
3845:
3836:
3752:
3578:
3552:
3548:
3539:
3528:
3423:
3414:
3352:
3329:
3315:
3292:
3244:
3141:
3130:
3116:
3076:
3058:
2955:
2941:
2923:
2912:
2847:London: Greenhill, 1998,
2273:Shadwell, p. 108; Smith,
2085:Restoration (Switzerland)
2025:department of the Simplon
1906:Principality of Neuchâtel
1873:, formerly an associate (
1713:
1709:
1696:
1683:
1679:
1669:
1659:
1651:
1639:
1617:
1609:
1595:
1586:
1556:
1551:
1531:
1500:On 19 February 1803, the
593:
431:
419:French Revolutionary Wars
376:Fall of the Ancien RĂ©gime
274:French Revolutionary Wars
3850:Administrative divisions
3737:list of cities and towns
1634:Rhaeto-Romance languages
1339:Olivier, Count of Wallis
4047:Pharmaceutical industry
3211:Salm-Reifferscheid-Dyck
2805:Stroud, Gloucestershire
2536:Longworth, pp. 270–271.
2171:Encyclopædia Britannica
1829:invasion of Switzerland
1545:Confederazione Svizzera
1429:Battle of Gotthard Pass
1391:Second Battle of ZĂĽrich
1373:Second Battle of Zurich
215:Territorial development
4052:Science and technology
3895:Federal administration
2797:Rothenberg, Gunther E.
2093:On 7 August 1815, the
2063:
2049:
2008:(legislative) and the
1936:
1935:Act of Mediation, 1803
1468:
1375:
1337:(General of Infantry)
1327:First Battle of ZĂĽrich
1311:Dominique Mansuy Roget
1281:
1078:
1030:, dependencies of the
952:
941:
866:Mediterranean Campaign
236:Switzerland portal
2775:Phipps, Ramsay Weston
2226:Histoire de la Suisse
2062:coin of Luzern (1814)
2055:
2041:
1934:
1618:Common languages
1519:Further information:
1466:
1414:Battle of Linth River
1405:, those on the left.
1370:
1307:Théodore Maxime Gazan
1279:
1201:canton of Waldstätten
1076:
987:rebelled against the
947:
925:
380:Further information:
286:, culminating in the
96:Old Swiss Confederacy
4492:1810s in Switzerland
4487:1800s in Switzerland
4377:World Heritage Sites
2901:French Revolutionary
2825:Shadwell, Lawrence.
2123:Notes and references
1891:canton of St. Gallen
1879:canton of GraubĂĽnden
1541:Confédération suisse
1509:modern federal state
1299:Jean Victor Tharreau
1286:Battle of Frauenfeld
1255:Battle of Winterthur
1249:Battle of Winterthur
1083:cantonal sovereignty
4175:Firearms regulation
3744:Statistical regions
3553:Physiographic areas
3106:Swiss Confederation
2527:, pp. 148–149.
2515:, pp. 141–147.
2478:, pp. 136–138.
2438:Thiers, p. 400–401.
2321:Clash at Winterthur
2275:Clash at Winterthur
2048:coin of Vaud (1812)
1910:canton of Neuchâtel
1887:Abbey of Saint Gall
1533:Swiss Confederation
933:Arbre de la liberté
304:Swiss Confederation
126:Transitional period
4140:Capital punishment
4072:Telecommunications
3966:Popular initiative
3264:Lucca and Piombino
2709:Duffy, Christopher
2447:Blanning, p. 253;
2399:Rothenberg, p. 74.
2073:Congress of Vienna
2064:
2050:
1937:
1914:Bishopric of Basel
1811:Napoleon Bonaparte
1490:Napoleon Bonaparte
1469:
1410:Jean-de-Dieu Soult
1376:
1354:Alexander Korsakov
1321:Battles for ZĂĽrich
1303:Jean-de-Dieu Soult
1282:
1259:Army of the Danube
1166:freedom of worship
1079:
1036:Cisalpine Republic
993:Rauracian republic
953:
942:
491:Suvorov's campaign
340:Congress of Vienna
284:Revolutionary Wars
4425:
4424:
4385:
4384:
4195:Human trafficking
4117:
4116:
3984:
3983:
3961:Political parties
3954:Council of States
3877:Foreign relations
3832:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3370:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3269:Massa and Carrara
3114:
3113:
2858:Thiers, Adolphe.
2818:978-1-86227-383-2
2788:978-1-908692-28-3
2690:Blanning, Timothy
2665:Wilhelm Oechsli,
2429:Blanning, p. 253.
2420:Blanning, p. 252.
2301:Atteridge, p. 46.
2289:Shadwell, p. 108.
2185:Helvetic Republic
1825:Helvetic Republic
1803:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1775:
1774:
1742:Helvetic Republic
1425:Alexander Suvorov
1408:On the same day,
1091:French Revolution
1069:Helvetic Republic
1063:Helvetic Republic
979:rose against the
973:French Revolution
950:Helvetic Republic
919:
918:
880:Italian and Swiss
873:Egyptian Campaign
549:
548:
288:Battles of ZĂĽrich
279:Helvetic Republic
270:
269:
68:(200 BC – AD 400)
4534:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4433:
4405:
4398:
4128:
4127:
4109:Waste management
4042:
4002:Economic history
3995:
3994:
3949:National Council
3934:National Redoubt
3843:
3842:
3550:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3534:
3510:Military history
3480:Early Modern era
3397:
3390:
3383:
3374:
3373:
3139:
3138:
3125:
3122:
2921:
2920:
2890:
2883:
2876:
2867:
2866:
2829:Archduke Charles
2822:
2792:
2743:
2731:
2726:
2670:
2663:
2657:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2630:Act of Mediation
2627:
2621:
2582:
2576:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2546:
2537:
2534:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2485:
2479:
2473:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2450:
2445:
2439:
2436:
2430:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2391:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2370:
2366:
2360:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2333:
2330:
2324:
2317:
2311:
2308:
2302:
2299:
2290:
2287:
2278:
2271:
2265:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2212:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2167:
2156:
2017:Marshal Berthier
1945:Thirteen Cantons
1807:Act of Mediation
1791:
1790:
1779:
1778:
1766:
1765:
1752:
1751:
1738:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1715:
1714:
1692:19 February 1803
1687:Act of Mediation
1655:Federal Republic
1591:
1576:
1564:
1529:
1528:
1521:Act of Mediation
1515:Act of Mediation
1502:Act of Mediation
1243:Imperial Russian
1225:canton of Säntis
1223:combined as the
1186:Alois von Reding
1056:Lemanic Republic
910:Marengo Campaign
894:Italian Campaign
693:Vlieter incident
588:
586:
576:
569:
562:
553:
552:
426:
420:
410:
403:
396:
387:
386:
365:Sonderbundskrieg
301:reestablished a
299:Act of Mediation
262:
255:
248:
234:
233:
232:
210:Military history
46:
36:
18:
17:
4542:
4541:
4537:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4532:
4531:
4462:
4461:
4460:
4450:
4448:
4438:
4436:
4428:
4426:
4421:
4408:
4401:
4394:
4381:
4345:Public holidays
4244:
4225:Social security
4113:
4040:
3980:
3924:Law enforcement
3885:Federal Council
3824:
3805:Mountain passes
3748:
3574:
3535:
3526:
3458:Federal Charter
3453:Old Confederacy
3419:
3410:
3401:
3371:
3362:
3348:
3325:
3311:
3288:
3240:
3134:
3126:
3123:
3110:
3072:
3054:
2951:
2937:
2915:
2908:
2905:Napoleonic Wars
2894:
2819:
2789:
2741:
2729:
2723:
2679:
2674:
2673:
2664:
2660:
2628:
2624:
2610:moneymuseum.com
2602:moneymuseum.com
2594:moneymuseum.org
2583:
2579:
2547:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2523:
2519:
2511:
2507:
2499:
2495:
2486:
2482:
2474:
2467:
2459:
2455:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2293:
2288:
2281:
2272:
2268:
2236:
2232:
2224:
2215:
2183:
2179:
2157:
2130:
2125:
2108:
2087:
2081:
1875:Zugewandter Ort
1788:
1763:
1749:
1735:
1702:
1689:
1674:Napoleonic Wars
1582:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1527:
1517:
1461:
1403:Édouard Mortier
1399:Nicolas Oudinot
1371:Masséna at the
1362:Claude Lecourbe
1335:Feldzeugmeister
1323:
1251:
1239:
1233:
1213:canton of Linth
1128:. However, the
1071:
1065:
991:and became the
989:Bishop of Basel
981:upper districts
920:
915:
861:
589:
584:
582:
580:
550:
545:
437:French invasion
427:
418:
416:
414:
384:
378:
266:
230:
228:
34:
27:
12:
11:
5:
4540:
4530:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4477:Napoleonic era
4474:
4459:
4458:
4446:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4419:
4414:
4407:
4406:
4399:
4391:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4326:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4254:
4252:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4131:
4125:
4119:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4057:Stock exchange
4054:
4049:
4044:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4009:
4004:
3998:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3976:Federal decree
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3951:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3857:
3852:
3846:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3770:Extreme points
3767:
3762:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3732:Municipalities
3729:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3584:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3570:Jura Mountains
3567:
3562:
3556:
3554:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3522:Historiography
3519:
3518:
3517:
3507:
3505:Modern history
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3485:Napoleonic era
3482:
3477:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3429:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3400:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3377:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3335:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3298:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3250:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3147:
3145:
3136:
3128:
3127:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3082:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3064:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2961:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2929:
2927:
2918:
2910:
2909:
2893:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2856:
2838:
2835:, and other...
2823:
2817:
2793:
2787:
2771:
2761:
2751:
2739:
2727:
2721:
2705:
2687:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2658:
2650:in the online
2622:
2577:
2569:in the online
2538:
2529:
2517:
2505:
2503:, p. 166.
2493:
2480:
2465:
2463:, p. 215.
2453:
2440:
2431:
2422:
2413:
2401:
2392:
2383:
2361:
2343:
2334:
2332:Smith, p. 158.
2325:
2323:. pp. 156–157.
2312:
2303:
2291:
2279:
2277:. pp. 156–157.
2266:
2258:in the online
2238:BĂĽrgergemeinde
2230:
2213:
2205:in the online
2177:
2162:, ed. (1911).
2160:Chisholm, Hugh
2127:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2107:
2104:
2095:Federal Treaty
2083:Main article:
2080:
2077:
2027:to secure the
2001:Landsgemeinden
1926:Napoleonic era
1881:. The city of
1869:Likewise, the
1801:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1785:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1700:Federal Treaty
1697:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1670:Historical era
1667:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1535:
1532:
1516:
1513:
1460:
1457:
1418:Franz Petrasch
1322:
1319:
1297:forward line,
1250:
1247:
1232:
1229:
1170:Forest Cantons
1135:BĂĽrgergemeinde
1130:community land
1067:Main article:
1064:
1061:
926:The people of
917:
916:
914:
913:
906:
903:Dutch Campaign
899:
898:
897:
890:
887:Swiss Campaign
876:
869:
860:
859:
854:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
594:
591:
590:
579:
578:
571:
564:
556:
547:
546:
544:
543:
542:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
505:
504:
502:Devil's Bridge
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
446:
445:
432:
429:
428:
424:Swiss Campaign
413:
412:
405:
398:
390:
377:
374:
268:
267:
265:
264:
257:
250:
242:
239:
238:
225:
224:
223:
222:
220:Historiography
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
189:
188:
184:
183:
177:
176:
175:
174:
168:
159:
158:
156:Modern history
152:
151:
150:
149:
143:
137:
134:Napoleonic era
128:
127:
123:
122:
121:
120:
114:
108:
99:
98:
92:
91:
90:
89:
79:
69:
63:
55:
54:
48:
47:
39:
38:
29:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4539:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4457:
4447:
4445:
4435:
4434:
4431:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4404:
4400:
4397:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4120:
4110:
4107:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4023:
4022:Private banks
4020:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3914:Landsgemeinde
3912:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3866:
3865:Supreme Court
3863:
3862:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3565:Swiss Plateau
3563:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3533:
3523:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3495:Federal state
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3443:Early history
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3398:
3393:
3391:
3386:
3384:
3379:
3378:
3375:
3361:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3294:Mediterranean
3291:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3206:Salm-Horstmar
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3151:Aschaffenburg
3149:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3121:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2911:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2897:Client states
2891:
2886:
2884:
2879:
2877:
2872:
2871:
2868:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2853:1-85367-276-9
2850:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2728:
2724:
2722:1-883476-18-6
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2703:
2702:0-340-56911-5
2699:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2681:
2680:
2668:
2662:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2626:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2581:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2550:
2545:
2543:
2533:
2526:
2521:
2514:
2509:
2502:
2497:
2490:
2484:
2477:
2472:
2470:
2462:
2457:
2444:
2435:
2426:
2417:
2405:
2396:
2387:
2376:
2375:
2365:
2358:
2357:
2347:
2338:
2329:
2322:
2316:
2307:
2298:
2296:
2286:
2284:
2276:
2270:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2251:
2245:
2239:
2234:
2227:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2181:
2173:
2172:
2166:
2161:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2128:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2061:
2060:
2054:
2047:
2046:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2010:small council
2007:
2006:great council
2003:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1933:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1904:, the former
1903:
1899:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1871:Three Leagues
1867:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1840:Ancien RĂ©gime
1836:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1705:7 August 1815
1704:
1701:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1630:Swiss Italian
1627:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1604:French Empire
1601:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1575:
1563:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1512:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1488:At that time
1486:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1465:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1380:Aulic Council
1374:
1369:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1318:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1278:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1246:
1244:
1238:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1209:Sarganserland
1206:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1075:
1070:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1032:Three Leagues
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:Ancien RĂ©gime
1013:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
997:Mont Terrible
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
957:Ancien RĂ©gime
951:
946:
939:
935:
934:
929:
924:
912:
911:
907:
905:
904:
900:
896:
895:
891:
889:
888:
884:
883:
882:
881:
877:
875:
874:
870:
868:
867:
863:
862:
858:
857:Porto Ferrajo
855:
852:
848:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
713:Gotthard Pass
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
595:
592:
587:
577:
572:
570:
565:
563:
558:
557:
554:
540:
539:2nd Schwanden
537:
535:
534:1st Schwanden
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
503:
500:
499:
498:
495:
494:
493:
492:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
444:
441:
440:
439:
438:
434:
433:
430:
425:
421:
411:
406:
404:
399:
397:
392:
391:
388:
383:
373:
371:
367:
366:
361:
356:
354:
350:
346:
341:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
305:
300:
296:
291:
289:
285:
281:
280:
275:
263:
258:
256:
251:
249:
244:
243:
241:
240:
237:
227:
226:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
192:
191:
190:
186:
185:
182:
179:
178:
172:
169:
166:
165:Federal state
163:
162:
161:
160:
157:
154:
153:
147:
144:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
130:
129:
125:
124:
118:
117:Ancien RĂ©gime
115:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
101:
100:
97:
94:
93:
87:
83:
80:
77:
73:
70:
67:
64:
62:
59:
58:
57:
56:
53:
52:Early history
50:
49:
45:
41:
40:
37:
31:
30:
25:
20:
19:
16:
4350:National Day
4273:Coat of arms
4263:Architecture
4230:Swiss people
4220:Prostitution
4190:Homelessness
4160:Demographics
4145:Conscription
4082:Trade unions
4017:Central bank
3902:Human rights
3855:Constitution
3580:Subdivisions
3515:list of wars
3484:
3417:Major topics
3416:
3045:Transpadania
2859:
2844:
2841:Smith, Digby
2826:
2800:
2778:
2764:
2754:
2746:
2734:
2712:
2693:
2683:
2677:Bibliography
2666:
2661:
2651:
2629:
2625:
2613:
2605:
2597:
2586:
2580:
2570:
2548:
2532:
2520:
2508:
2496:
2488:
2483:
2456:
2443:
2434:
2425:
2416:
2404:
2395:
2386:
2373:
2364:
2355:
2346:
2337:
2328:
2320:
2315:
2306:
2274:
2269:
2259:
2237:
2233:
2225:
2206:
2184:
2180:
2169:
2092:
2088:
2065:
2057:
2043:
2033:
2029:Simplon Pass
2014:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1972:Federal Diet
1968:Acte Fédéral
1967:
1965:
1938:
1918:Bernese Jura
1895:
1874:
1868:
1849:
1838:
1834:Stecklikrieg
1832:
1820:
1816:Stecklikrieg
1814:
1804:
1724:Succeeded by
1723:
1718:
1626:Swiss German
1622:Swiss French
1600:Client state
1579:Coat of arms
1544:
1540:
1536:
1506:
1499:
1494:First Consul
1487:
1474:Stecklikrieg
1472:
1470:
1437:Lake Lucerne
1422:
1407:
1388:
1377:
1358:Schaffhausen
1351:
1334:
1324:
1315:
1295:
1283:
1252:
1240:
1194:
1159:
1146:
1142:
1140:
1133:
1099:
1095:
1080:
1015:
1009:
996:
992:
954:
948:Flag of the
931:
908:
901:
892:
886:
885:
878:
871:
864:
773:2nd Stockach
613:1st Stockach
497:St. Gotthard
489:
435:
423:
363:
357:
337:
302:
292:
277:
271:
205:LGBT history
146:Regeneration
133:
15:
4456:Switzerland
4323:Röstigraben
4200:Immigration
4007:Agriculture
3881:Government
3765:Earthquakes
3490:Restoration
3475:Reformation
3438:Enlargement
3404:Switzerland
3317:Netherlands
3231:WĂĽrttemberg
3078:Switzerland
3060:Netherlands
3020:Parthenopea
2907:(1792–1815)
2742:(in German)
2730:(in German)
2525:Phipps 2011
2513:Phipps 2011
2489:Switzerland
2476:Phipps 2011
2449:(in German)
2409:(in German)
2390:Smith, 158.
2379:(in German)
2369:(in German)
2351:(in German)
2079:Restoration
1916:(the later
1908:(the later
1845:Restoration
1719:Preceded by
1660:Legislature
1441:Kinzig Pass
1211:became the
1182:Unterwalden
1162:progressive
1151:aristocracy
1147:Federalists
1122:citizenship
1114:legislature
1052:Biel/Bienne
1005:French army
999:. In 1795,
969:Fribourgers
828:Hohenlinden
808:3rd Marengo
798:Iller River
723:Linth River
688:Callantsoog
668:2nd Marengo
638:1st Marengo
514:Linth River
360:Restoration
309:sovereignty
272:During the
195:Immigration
173:(1914–1945)
148:(1830–1847)
142:(1814–1830)
140:Restoration
136:(1798–1814)
119:(1648–1798)
113:(1516–1648)
111:Reformation
107:(1291–1516)
35:Switzerland
33:History of
4466:Categories
4330:Literature
4185:Healthcare
4170:Euthanasia
4150:Corruption
4062:Swiss made
4041:(currency)
3944:Parliament
3939:Neutrality
3560:Swiss Alps
3500:World wars
3463:RĂĽtli Oath
3279:Pontecorvo
3221:Westphalia
3196:Regensburg
3132:Napoleonic
3035:Subalpinia
2995:Cispadania
2990:Cisalpinia
2809:Spellmount
2612:), or the
2501:Duffy 1999
2461:Duffy 1999
1949:associates
1941:Federation
1920:), and of
1912:), of the
1883:St. Gallen
1809:issued by
1664:Tagsatzung
1652:Government
1641:Demonym(s)
1453:Vorarlberg
1449:St. Gallen
1290:Michel Ney
1267:Winterthur
1235:See also:
1221:St. Gallen
1106:magistrate
1102:Peter Ochs
1024:Valtellina
985:Porrentruy
938:MĂĽnsterhof
838:Copenhagen
803:Montebello
768:Hohentwiel
728:Muottental
718:2nd Zurich
698:Krabbendam
653:1st Zurich
648:Winterthur
643:Frauenfeld
633:Bassignana
524:Muottental
509:2nd Zurich
470:1st Zurich
465:Winterthur
460:Frauenfeld
370:ZĂĽriputsch
325:St. Gallen
321:GraubĂĽnden
200:Swiss Jews
171:World Wars
88:(900–1300)
61:Prehistory
4298:Languages
4165:Education
4087:Transport
4029:Companies
3872:Elections
3810:Mountains
3790:Hydrology
3727:Districts
3541:Geography
3448:Roman era
3181:Frankfurt
3135:creations
3040:Tiberinia
2916:republics
2777:(2011) .
2614:4 Franken
2606:4 Franken
2099:Engelberg
1984:Solothurn
1847:of 1815.
1821:Mediation
1552:1803–1815
1445:Muotathal
1217:Appenzell
1190:Morgarten
1143:Unitaires
1118:executive
1020:Chiavenna
1001:St Gallen
843:Algeciras
813:Höchstädt
793:Chiusella
788:Fort Bard
778:Messkirch
738:Castricum
608:Feldkirch
455:Feldkirch
372:of 1839.
349:Neuchâtel
290:in 1799.
78:(400–900)
72:Alemannia
66:Roman era
4412:Category
4357:Religion
4293:Helvetia
4288:Folklore
4205:Pensions
4135:Abortion
4067:Taxation
3929:Military
3838:Politics
3785:Glaciers
3753:By topic
3433:Timeline
3408:articles
3236:WĂĽrzburg
3096:Rauracia
3086:Helvetia
3025:Piedmont
2949:Connacht
2799:(2007).
2711:(1999).
2106:See also
2090:France.
1976:Fribourg
1959:(1460),
1955:(1415),
1756:Fricktal
1613:6 cities
1483:Lausanne
1479:collapse
1207:and the
1126:burghers
1048:Mulhouse
783:Biberach
758:Wiesloch
753:3rd Novi
743:2nd Novi
703:Mannheim
475:Oberwald
450:Engadine
443:Grauholz
295:Napoleon
293:In 1803
181:Timeline
86:Burgundy
76:Burgundy
24:a series
22:Part of
4444:History
4430:Portals
4396:Outline
4367:Symbols
4318:Romansh
4313:Italian
4278:Cuisine
4250:Culture
4235:Welfare
4215:Poverty
4210:Prisons
4123:Society
4077:Tourism
4012:Banking
3990:Economy
3795:Islands
3780:Forests
3760:Climate
3588:Cantons
3425:History
3323:Holland
3284:Tuscany
3254:Etruria
3226:Wetzlar
3166:Bavaria
3143:Germany
3091:Lemania
3068:Batavia
3010:Liguria
2985:Brescia
2980:Bologna
2975:Bergamo
2943:Ireland
2925:Germany
2899:of the
2647:Italian
2604:), the
2598:1 Frank
2596:), the
2566:Italian
2319:Smith,
2255:Italian
2202:Italian
2069:cantons
2059:Franken
1996:Lucerne
1957:Thurgau
1856:Thurgau
1698:•
1685:•
1610:Capital
1602:of the
1492:, then
1433:Altdorf
1389:In the
1325:In the
965:Vaudois
936:on the
823:Ampfing
818:Neuburg
733:Alkmaar
663:Trebbia
628:Cassano
623:Magnano
603:Ostrach
519:Klöntal
317:Thurgau
187:Topical
4417:Portal
4308:French
4303:German
4268:Cinema
4258:Anthem
4180:Health
4039:Franc
4034:Energy
3971:Voting
3860:Courts
3820:Rivers
3468:Growth
3406:
3344:Danzig
3339:Warsaw
3331:Poland
3274:Naples
3216:Saxony
3176:Erfurt
3101:Valais
3050:Venice
2970:Ancona
2914:Sister
2851:
2833:Jomini
2815:
2785:
2719:
2700:
2641:French
2635:German
2589:Batzen
2560:French
2554:German
2249:French
2243:German
2196:French
2190:German
2045:Batzen
2021:Valais
1998:. The
1992:ZĂĽrich
1961:Ticino
1953:Aargau
1922:Geneva
1902:Valais
1864:Ticino
1862:, and
1852:Aargau
1770:Tarasp
1596:Status
1395:Limmat
1343:Limmat
1271:ZĂĽrich
1215:, and
1205:Glarus
1178:Schwyz
1087:feudal
1028:Bormio
1026:, and
977:Valais
928:ZĂĽrich
833:Mincio
748:Genola
708:Bergen
683:Amsteg
673:Mantua
658:Modena
618:Verona
529:Glarus
485:Amsteg
480:Schwyz
353:Geneva
345:Valais
333:Ticino
313:Aargau
167:(1848)
105:Growth
82:Swabia
26:on the
4403:Index
4362:Sport
4340:Music
4335:Media
4240:Women
4155:Crime
3815:Parks
3800:Lakes
3775:Fauna
3360:Spain
3354:Spain
3307:Egypt
3302:Malta
3259:Italy
3246:Italy
3191:Leyen
3186:Hesse
3161:Baden
3015:Lucca
3005:Italy
3000:Crema
2957:Italy
2933:Mainz
1988:Basel
1646:Swiss
1435:near
1384:Mainz
1110:Basel
1108:from
763:Genoa
598:Corfu
4283:Flag
4102:road
4097:rail
3907:LGBT
3201:Salm
3171:Berg
3030:Rome
2965:Alba
2903:and
2849:ISBN
2813:ISBN
2783:ISBN
2717:ISBN
2698:ISBN
2644:and
2632:in
2618:link
2563:and
2551:in
2252:and
2240:in
2199:and
2187:in
1994:and
1980:Bern
1898:Biel
1860:Vaud
1567:Flag
1523:and
1253:The
1219:and
1180:and
1155:Coup
1104:, a
1085:and
1050:and
1044:Bern
967:and
961:Diet
678:Novi
358:The
351:and
338:The
331:and
329:Vaud
4092:air
3919:Law
2587:20
2042:40
1197:Zug
1174:Uri
851:2nd
847:1st
297:'s
4468::
3718:ZH
3713:ZG
3708:VS
3703:VD
3698:UR
3693:TI
3688:TG
3683:SZ
3678:SO
3673:SH
3668:SG
3663:OW
3658:NW
3653:NE
3648:LU
3643:JU
3638:GR
3633:GL
3628:GE
3623:FR
3618:BS
3613:BL
3608:BE
3603:AR
3598:AG
3593:AI
2843:.
2831:,
2811:.
2807::
2803:.
2692:.
2638:,
2620:).
2557:,
2541:^
2468:^
2294:^
2282:^
2246:,
2216:^
2193:,
2168:.
2131:^
2075:.
2056:4
1990:,
1986:,
1982:,
1978:,
1928:.
1900:,
1858:,
1854:,
1632:,
1628:,
1624:,
1349:.
1265:.
1227:.
1203:;
1176:,
1138:.
1093:.
1022:,
849:•
422:–
355:.
347:,
327:,
323:,
319:,
315:,
84:·
74:·
4432::
3396:e
3389:t
3382:v
2889:e
2882:t
2875:v
2855:.
2821:.
2791:.
2725:.
2704:.
2656:.
2575:.
2264:.
2211:.
1172:(
853:)
845:(
575:e
568:t
561:v
409:e
402:t
395:v
261:e
254:t
247:v
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