Sykes–Picot Agreement

1125: 1107: 1317: 1358: 1191: 1884: 1152: 1299: 2302: 1275: 1254: 1212: 1173: 601: 691: 1233: 969: 203: 168: 3298:, pp. 60–61: "Meanwhile, in March of 1916 Sykes and Picot proceeded to Russia to confer with Sazonov. The Russian foreign minister declared his government's willingness to support the suggestions of Britain and France in return for their backing of Russian territorial claims in northeastern Anatolia. To these claims the two Western allies-France on 13/26 April and England on 10/23 May 1916-gave their sanction, although final clarification did not take place until 10/23 October 1916. The Entente governments formalized the tripartite understanding-commonly labeled the Sykes–Picot agreement though alternately known in the British War Cabinet as the Asia Minor Agreement – in an exchange of eleven letters." 1868: 1645: 1986:

populations", and claimed that Faisal had recognized "that France is the Power qualified to render Syria the assistance of various advisors necessary to introduce order and realise the progress demanded by the Syrian populations" and on 20 April, Faisal assured Clemenceau that he had been "Deeply impressed by the disinterested friendliness of your statements to me while I was in Paris, and must thank you for having been the first to suggest the dispatch of the inter-allied Commission, which is to leave shortly for the East to ascertain the wishes of the local peoples as to the future organisation of their country. I am sure that the people of Syria will know how to show you their gratitude."

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Upper Mesopotamia another Tunis. If our support of King Hussein and the other Arabian leaders of less distinguished origin and prestige means anything it means that we are prepared to recognize the full sovereign independence of the Arabs of Arabia and Syria. It would seem time to acquaint the French Government with our detailed pledges to King Hussein, and to make it clear to the latter whether he or someone else is to be the ruler of Damascus, which is the one possible capital for an Arab State, which could command the obedience of the other Arabian Emirs.

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the indigenous populations". The French had reluctantly agreed to issue the declaration at the insistence of the British. Minutes of a British War Cabinet meeting reveal that the British had cited the laws of conquest and military occupation to avoid sharing the administration with the French under a civilian regime. The British stressed that the terms of the Anglo–French declaration had superseded the Sykes–Picot Agreement in order to justify fresh negotiations over the allocation of the territories of Syria, Mesopotamia, and Palestine.

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and concluded the ten letters of the correspondence. In April and May, there were discussions initiated by Sykes as to the merits of a meeting to include Picot and the Arabs to mesh the desiderata of both sides. At the same time, logistics in relation to the promised revolt were being dealt with and there was a rising level of impatience for action to be taken by Hussein. Finally, at the end of April, McMahon was advised of the terms of Sykes–Picot and he and Grey agreed that these would not be disclosed to the Arabs.

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Majesty's Government the deep antipathy with which the Arabs regard the prospect of French Administration of any portion of Arab territory. In this lies considerable danger to our future relations with France, because difficult and even impossible though it may be to convince France of her mistake, if we do not endeavour to do so by warning her of the real state of Arab feeling, we may hereafter be accused of instigating or encouraging the opposition to the French, which the Arabs now threaten and will assuredly give.

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Palestine Affairs at the Foreign Office) he continued his criticism of Sykes–Picot, minuting on 16 February that "the Anglo–French Agreement of 1916 in regard to Asia Minor should come up for reconsideration" and then on 3 March, writing to Clayton, "the stipulations in regard to the red and blue areas can only be regarded as quite contrary to the spirit of every ministerial speech that has been made for the last three months".

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February based on the private agreement reached between Clemenceau and Lloyd George the previous December. (According to Lieshout, just before Faisal made his presentation to the conference on the 6th, Clemenceau handed Lloyd George a proposal which appears to cover the same subject matter; Lieshout having accessed related British materials dated the 6th whereas the date in the minutes is unsourced.)

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compatible with their policy they should modify their policy". After many discussions, Sykes was directed to conclude with Picot an agreement or supplement to Sykes–Picot ("Projet d'Arrangement") covering the "future status of the Hejaz and Arabia" and this was achieved by the end of September. However, by the end of the year, the agreement had yet to be ratified by the French Government.

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a telegram to Cairo telling the High Commissioner to be as vague as possible in his next letter to the Sharif when discussing the northwestern, Syrian, corner of the territory Hussein claimed and left McMahon with "discretion in the matter as it is urgent and there is not time to discuss an exact formula", adding, "If something more precise than this is required you can give it."

1994:(a revised version of which had been agreed at the end of April) claiming to have known nothing about it and not wanting it to become an issue while Clemenceau claimed that had not been the subject of any argument. There were also discussions as to what precisely had been agreed or not at the private meeting between Clemenceau and Lloyd George the previous December. 1702:, replied on 25 December that the "question of State allegiance of national groups which possess no State independence" should be solved by "every State with its peoples independently in a constitutional manner", and that "the right of minorities forms an essential component part of the constitutional right of peoples to self-determination". 1698:

indemnities, based on the principle of the independence of nations, and of their right to determine the nature of their own development themselves". Peace negotiations with the Quadruple Alliance—Germany, Austria–Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey—started at Brest–Litovsk one month later. On behalf of the Quadruple Alliance,

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cooperation was thought paramount and Cairo made aware of that. (Wingate was informed in late November that "it would seem desirable to impress upon your subordinates the need for the most loyal cooperation with the French whom His Majesty's Government do not suspect of ulterior designs in the Hijaz".)

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As originally cast, Sykes–Picot allocated part of Northern Kurdistan and a substantial part of the Mosul vilayet including the city of Mosul to France in area B, Russia obtained Bitlis and Van in Northern Kurdistan (the contemplated Arab State included Kurds in its Eastern limit split between A and B

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In May, Clayton told Balfour that Picot had, in response to a suggestion that the agreement was moot, "allowed that considerable revision was required in view of changes that had taken place in the situation since agreement was drawn up", but nevertheless considered that "agreement holds, at any rate

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was instructed to request the same from the French on the grounds that the mission was hostile to the Arab cause and which "cannot but prejudice Allied relations and policy in the Hedjaz and may even affect whole future of French relations with the Arabs". After the French response to this, on 31 May

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was not considered by the report of the committee, submitted in June 1915, which concluded that, in case of the partition or zones of influence options, there should be a British sphere of influence that included Palestine while accepting that there were relevant French and Russian as well as Islamic

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On 21 October 1915, Grey met Cambon and suggested France appoint a representative to discuss the future borders of Syria as Britain wished to back the creation of an independent Arab state. At this point Grey was faced with competing claims from the French and from Hussein and the day before had sent

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Satisfactory as it may be to note his general acceptance for the time being of the proposed relations of France with Arabia, his reference to the future of those relations adumbrates a source of trouble which it will be wise not to ignore. I have on more than one occasion brought to the notice of His

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took over from Clemenceau on the 20th. A Syrian National Congress meeting in Damascus declared an independent state of Syria on 8 March 1920. The new state intended to include portions of Syria, Palestine, and northern Mesopotamia. Faisal was declared the head of State. At the same time Prince Zeid,

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those to the French", Faisal noting that the arrangement "seemed to be based on the 1916 agreement between the British and the French". Clemenceau, replying in respect of the Aide Memoire, refused to move on Syria and said that the matter should be left for the French to handle directly with Faisal.

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On 21 April, Faisal left for the East. Before he left, on 17 April Clemenceau sent a draft letter, in which the French government declared that they recognized "the right of Syria to independence in the form of a federation of autonomous governments in agreement with the traditions and wishes of the

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In the subsequent discussions, France staked its claim to Syria (and its mandate) while the British sought to carve out the Arab areas of zones A and B arguing that France had implicitly accepted such an arrangement even though it was the British that had entered into the arrangement with the Arabs.

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of November 1918 pledged that Great Britain and France would "assist in the establishment of indigenous Governments and administrations in Syria and Mesopotamia" by "setting up of national governments and administrations deriving their authority from the free exercise of the initiative and choice of

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had rejected all secret agreements made between the Allies and promoted open diplomacy as well as ideas about self-determination. On 22 November 1917, Leon Trotsky addressed a note to the ambassadors at Petrograd "containing proposals for a truce and a democratic peace without annexation and without

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later in May to discuss the agreement with Faisal and Hussein. Hussein was persuaded to agree to a formula to the effect that the French would pursue the same policy in Syria as the British in Baghdad; since Hussein believed that Baghdad would be part of the Arab State, that had eventually satisfied

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In the Treaty of London of 26 April 1915, Article 9 included commitments regarding Italian participation in any partitioning of the Ottoman Empire. The article stated: "If France, Great Britain and Russia occupy any territories in Turkey in Asia during the course of the war, the Mediterranean region

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of Sykes–Picot in 2016, great interest was generated among the media and academia concerning the long-term effects of the agreement. The agreement is frequently cited as having created "artificial" borders in the Middle East, "without any regard to ethnic or sectarian characteristics, has resulted

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The French chose Picot as French High Commissioner for the soon to be occupied territory of Syria and Palestine. The British appointed Sykes as Chief Political Officer to the Egyptian Expeditionary Force. On 3 April 1917, Sykes met with Lloyd George, Curzon and Hankey to receive his instructions in

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In his doctoral thesis, Gibson discusses the part played by oil in British strategic thinking at the time and mentions the Mosul vilayet as the largest potential oilfield and France's agreement in 1918 to agree to its inclusion in the Iraq Mandate (the Clemenceau Lloyd George Agreement) in exchange

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Mark Sykes was dispatched on instructions of the War Office at the beginning of June to discuss the committee's findings with the British authorities in the Near and Middle East and at the same time to study the situation on the spot. He went to Athens, Gallipoli, Sofia, Cairo, Aden, Cairo a second

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M. Picot may inform his government that the acceptance of the whole project would entail the abdication of considerable British interests, but provided that the cooperation of the Arabs is secured, and that the Arabs fulfil the conditions and obtain the towns of Homs, Hama, Damascus and Aleppo, the

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The memorandum was forwarded to the Foreign Office and circulated for comments. On 16 January, Sykes told the Foreign office that he had spoken to Picot and that he thought Paris would be able to agree. An interdepartmental conference was convened by Nicolson on 21 January. Following the meeting, a

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Hussein's letter of 18 February 1916 appealed to McMahon for £50,000 in gold plus weapons, ammunition and food claiming that Feisal was awaiting the arrival of "not less than 100,000 people" for the planned revolt and McMahon's reply of 10 March 1916 confirmed the British agreement to the requests

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A second meeting of the Nicolson committee with Picot took place on 21 December 1915 wherein Picot said that he had obtained permission to agree to the towns of Aleppo, Hama, Homs and Damascus being included in the Arab dominions to be administered by the Arabs. Although the French had scaled back

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Meanwhile, as of late May, the standoff between the French and the British as to disposition of forces continued, the French continued to press for a replacement of British by French troops in Syria amid arguments about precise geographical limits of same and in general the relationship suffered;

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The Arab revolt was officially initiated by Hussein at Mecca on 10 June 1916 although his sons 'Ali and Faisal had already initiated operations at Medina starting on 5 June. The timing had been brought forward by Hussein and, according to Cairo, "Neither he nor we were at all ready in early June,

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Vereté describes how a dispute with the Ottoman Empire over the Eastern boundary of Egypt ended in 1906 when the borders were redrawn along the Rafa-Aqaba line and subsequently the fear of an attack on Egypt led to an increased strategic importance of "The hinterland of Sinai, western and eastern

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In the chain of agreements between France, Russia and Britain, the Russian claims were assented to first: France confirmed their agreement on 26 April and Britain on 23 May, with formal sanction on 23 October. The Anglo-French agreement was confirmed in an exchange of letters on 9 May and 16 May.

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48.S2 (1976): 99–139, esp. p. 131: "Given these facts, plus the circumstances surrounding the fall of the Russian government and its withdrawal from the war in late 1917 and early 1918, it is easy to understand why Sonnino was so incensed, particularly at the British, for their invocation of the

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On 18 September, Faisal arrived in London and the next day and on the 23rd had lengthy meetings with Lloyd George who explained the Aide Memoire and British position. Lloyd George explained that he was "in the position of a man who had inherited two sets of engagements, those to King Hussein and

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The Anglo-French Declaration was read into the minutes, Pichon commenting that it showed the disinterested position of both governments in regard to the Arabs and Lloyd George that it was "more important than all the old agreements". Pichon went on to mention a proposed scheme of agreement of 15

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at Paris in Paris on the non-Turkish elements of the Ottoman Empire, including liberated Jerusalem. Sykes had stated that the accomplished fact of the independence of the Hejaz rendered it almost impossible that an effective and real autonomy should be refused to Syria. However, the minutes also

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In a further sign of British discontent with Sykes–Picot, in August, Sykes penned a "Memorandum on the Asia Minor Agreement" that was tantamount to advocating its renegotiation else that it be made clear to the French that they "make good—that is to say that if they cannot make a military effort

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The British Government, in authorising the letters despatched to King Hussein before the outbreak of the revolt by Sir Henry McMahon, would seem to raise a doubt as to whether our pledges to King Hussein as head of the Arab nation are consistent with French intentions to make not only Syria but

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Loevy makes a similar point in respect of sections 4 to 8 of the agreement and refers to British and French practicing "Ottoman colonial development as insiders" and that this experience acted as a road map for the later wartime negotiations. Khalidi point to the negotiations between Britain and

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The failure of the Projet d'Arrangement reflected poorly on Sykes and following on from the doubts about his explanations of Sykes–Picot to Hussein the previous year, weakened his credibility on Middle Eastern affairs throughout 1918. Still (at his own request, now Acting Adviser on Arabian and

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On 15 September, the British handed out an Aide Memoire (which had been discussed privately two days before between Lloyd George and Clemenceau ) whereby the British would withdraw their troops to Palestine and Mesopotamia and hand over Damascus, Homs, Hama and Aleppo to Faisal's forces. While

1710:, the twelfth being that "the Turkish portions of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities which are now under Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of autonomous development". 1849:

At the French embassy in London on Sunday 1 December, David Lloyd George and Clemenceau had a private and undocumented meeting where the latter surrendered French rights to Mosul (the city of Mosul and south to the Little Zab) and to Palestine that had been given by the Sykes–Picot Agreement.

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was dispatched to Arabia in September 1916 as head of the French military mission to the Arabs. According to Cairo, Brémond was intent on containing the revolt so that the Arabs might not in any way threaten French interests in Syria. These concerns were not taken up in London, British-French

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Faisal arrived in Paris on 20 October and eventually on 6 January 1920 Faisal accepted a French mandate "for the whole of Syria", while France in return consented "to the formation of an Arab state that included Damascus, Homs, Hama and Aleppo, and was to be administered by the Emir with the

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whether it be Syria or Mesopotamia, that he thought the issues involved the peace of the world and were not necessarily just a matter between France and Britain. He suggested that an Inter-Allied Commission be formed and sent out to find out the wishes of local inhabitants in the region. The

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in April 1917; at this conference, Lloyd George had raised the question of a British protectorate of Palestine and the idea "had been very coldly received" by the French and the Italians. The War Cabinet, reviewing this conference on 25 April, "inclined to the view that sooner or later the

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also recommended a form of autonomy in "the natural geographical area which lies between the proposed Armenia on the north and Mesopotamia on the south, with the divide between the Euphrates and the Tigris as the western boundary, and the Persian frontier as the eastern boundary".

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In his turn, Lloyd George delivered a speech on war aims on 5 January, including references to the right of self-determination and "consent of the governed" as well as to secret treaties and the changed circumstances regarding them. Three days later, Wilson weighed in with his

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On 5 October, with the permission of General Allenby, Faisal announced the establishment of a fully and absolutely independent Arab constitutional government. Faisal announced it would be an Arab government based on justice and equality for all Arabs regardless of religion.

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of 1917, Constantinople and the Straits could have been given to Russia upon the Allied victory. This agreement and the Sykes–Picot Agreement were complementary, as France and Britain first had to satisfy Russia in order to finalize the partitioning of the Middle East.

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on the Euphrates and from there southwards along the desert border, finishing eventually at the Egyptian frontier. Picot, however, added that he was prepared "to propose to the French government to throw Mosul into the Arab pool, if we did so in the case of Baghdad".

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This organization, formed in France in 1917, later made a presentation to the Paris peace conference claiming to represent Syria and with a position opposed to that of Faisal. It later transpired that its chairman, Shukri Ghanim had spent the previous 35 years in

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time and then to India coming back to Basra in September and a third time to Cairo in November (where he was apprised of the McMahon–Hussein Correspondence) before returning home on 8 December and finally delivering his report to the War Committee on 16 December.

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is to reverse the effects of the Sykes–Picot Agreement for the purpose of building a united Islamic State. "We don't recognise it and we will never recognise it. This is not the first border we will break, we will break other borders," a jihadist from the ISIL,

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was in the midst of a revolution. The lack of Russian consent to the Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne agreement was subsequently used by the British at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference to invalidate it, a position that greatly incensed the Italian government.

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as well as Lloyd George and Arthur Balfour, explained the British and French points of view concerning the agreement. It was the first topic brought up during the discussion of Syria and Turkey, and formed the focus of all discussions thereafter.

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record that the Syrian Arabs in Egypt were not happy with developments and absent a clearer, less ambiguous statement in regard to the future of Syria and Mesopotamia then the Allies as well as the King of the Hedjaz would lose much Arab support.

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Eventually, Russia having agreed on 26 April 1916, the final terms were sent by Paul Cambon, the French Ambassador in London, to the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Edward Grey, on 9 May 1916, and ratified in Grey's reply on 16 May 1916.

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British Government would not object to the arrangement. But, as the Blue Area extends so far Eastwards, and affects Russian interests, it would be absolutely essential that, before anything was concluded, the consent of Russia was obtained.

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arrived in Syria to inquire into local public opinion about the future of the country. After many vicissitudes, "mired in confusion and intrigue", "Lloyd George had second thoughts...", the French and British had declined to participate.

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along with its potential claim in Palestine was in the meantime issued on 2 November and the British entered Jerusalem on 9 December, with Allenby on foot 2 days later accompanied by representatives of the French and Italian detachments.

1854:, Lloyd George promised at least one or even all of, support for French claims on the Ruhr, that when oil production in Mosul began, France would receive a share and that Sykes–Picot obligation would be maintained as regards Syria. 1487:

In his introduction to a 2016 Symposium on the subject of Sykes–Picot, law professor Anghie notes that much of the agreement is given over to "commercial and trade arrangements, to access to ports and the construction of railways".

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and formed part of a series of secret agreements contemplating its partition. The primary negotiations leading to the agreement took place between 23 November 1915 and 3 January 1916, on which date the British and French diplomats,

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On 23 December 1917, Sykes (who had been sent to France in mid-December to see what was happening with the Projet d'Arrangement) and a representative of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs had delivered public addresses to the

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and 15 miles from the borders of Ottoman Palestine. Lloyd George "at once" consulted his War Cabinet about a "further campaign into Palestine when El Arish had been secured". Pressure from Lloyd George (over the reservations of

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delegates. The conclusions of the Eastern Committee at page 4 of the P-memo included as objectives the cancellation of Sykes–Picot and supporting the Arabs in their claim to a state with capital at Damascus (in line with the

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final draft agreement was circulated to the cabinet on 2 February, the War Committee considered it on the 3rd and finally at a meeting on the 4th between Bonar Law, Chamberlain, Lord Kitchener and others it was decided that:

922:(d) Lastly, such a settlement has to be worked in with an arrangement satisfactory to the conscientious desires of Christianity, Judaeism, and Mohammedanism in regard to the status of Jerusalem and the neighboring shrines." 4428: 4655: 999:

On Monday 3 January 1916, they agreed and initialled a joint memorandum containing what was to become known as the Sykes–Picot Agreement. They had agreed to compromise on the two primary areas of difference—they split the

3952: 1232: 4739: 4588: 4559: 918:(b) The Arabs require (1) recognition of their nationality, (2) protection of their race from alien oppression, and (3) an opportunity of re-establishing their position as a contributing factor in the world's progress. 4452: 3909: 2066:

and established their own mandatory regime in Palestine, without first obtaining approval from the Council of the League of Nations, or obtaining the formal cession of the territory from the former sovereign, Turkey.

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Lloyd George set up a new small War Cabinet initially comprising Lords Curzon and Milner, Bonar Law, Arthur Henderson and himself; Hankey became the Secretary with Sykes, Ormsby-Gore and Amery as assistants. Although

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on 26 November 1917, such that "the British were embarrassed, the Arabs dismayed and the Turks delighted". The agreement's legacy has led to much resentment in the region, among Arabs in particular but also among

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These eleven letters, starting with Sazonov's 26 April letter to Paléologue and ending with Grey's 23 October letter to Benckendorff, were compiled in a memorandum circulated to the British War Cabinet in April

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which had been under increasing pressure and criticism mainly due to its conduct of the war, gave way on 6 December to David Lloyd George who had been critical of the war effort and had succeeded Kitchener as

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Formed from the merger in March of the Middle East Committee (previously the Mesopotamia Administration Committee) with the Foreign Office Committee on Russia and the interdepartmental Persia Committee.

1942:(initially a "Council of Ten" comprising two delegates each from Britain, France, the United States, Italy and Japan, but Japan withdrew from the conference) agreed, on 30 January, the outlines of a 2917: 2509:

criticised the proposed agreement on the basis that "the Jews have a strong material, and a very strong political, interest in the future of the country" and that "in the Brown area the question of

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into areas of British and French control and influence. The British- and French-controlled countries were divided by the Sykes–Picot line. The agreement allocated to the UK control of what is today

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assistance of French advisers" (acknowledged "the right of Syrians to unite to govern themselves as an independent nation".). In the meantime, British forces withdrew from Damascus on 26 November.

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Many sources contend that Sykes–Picot conflicted with the Hussein–McMahon Correspondence of 1915–1916 and that the publication of the agreement in November 1917 caused the resignation of Sir

4941: 2149:, British interests in Mesopotamia were defined by the need to protect the western flank of India and protect commercial interests including oil. The British also became concerned about the 4732:"FRUS: Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States, The Paris Peace Conference, 1919: The Council of Heads of Delegations: minutes of meetings July 1 to August 28, 1919" 1594:

him. Later reports from participants expressed doubts about the precise nature of the discussions and the degree to which Hussein had really been informed as to the terms of Sykes–Picot.

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of June 1861 and September 1864, and added that the rights granted to France in what is today modern Syria and parts of Turkey under Sykes–Picot were incompatible with that agreement.

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that he had "been given the Picot negotiations". Sykes and Picot entered into "almost daily" private discussions over the six-day period; no documents survive from these discussions.

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Arab Question; Sykes and Georges-Picot, Memorandum, not dated (known from other sources as 3 January 1916), and Nicolson, covering letter, 5 January 1916 (F.O. 371/2767/2522)

1357: 4510: 4481: 4447: 4402: 4290: 5260: 4699:... resolved to submit the following as defining the aspirations of the people who have chosen us to place them before the American section of the Inter-Allied Commission. 2885: 2866: 1190: 4581:"FRUS: Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States, The Paris Peace Conference, 1919: The Council of Four: minutes of meetings March 20 to May 24, 1919" 4552:"FRUS: Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States, The Paris Peace Conference, 1919: The Council of Four: minutes of meetings March 20 to May 24, 1919" 4511:"FRUS: Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States, The Paris Peace Conference, 1919: The Council of Four: minutes of meetings March 20 to May 24, 1919" 4482:"FRUS: Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States, The Paris Peace Conference, 1919: The Council of Four: minutes of meetings March 20 to May 24, 1919" 4164:

Fitzgerald, Edward Peter. "France's Middle Eastern Ambitions, the Sykes–Picot Negotiations, and the Oil Fields of Mosul." The Journal of Modern History 66.4 (1994): 717.

727:). Their correspondence comprised ten letters exchanged from July 1915 to March 1916, in which the British government agreed to recognize Arab independence after the war 4648:"FRUS: Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States, The Paris Peace Conference, 1919: The Council of Four: minutes of meetings May 24 to June 28, 1919" 6155: 5082: 2301: 1759:

in Damascus declared a government loyal to the Sharif of Mecca. He had been declared King of the Arabs by a handful of religious leaders and other notables in Mecca.

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After the Constantinople agreement, the French approached the British with a view to working out their mutual desiderata and the British, on 8 April 1915, set up the

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in the Levant. More broadly it was to lead, indirectly, to the subsequent partitioning of the Ottoman Empire following Ottoman defeat in 1918. Shortly after the war,

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with François Georges-Picot took place on 23 November 1915. Picot informed the Nicolson committee that France claimed the possession of land starting from where the

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reached at a London conference on 12 February, based on a slightly different version of the Long Berenger agreement previously initialled in London on 21 December.

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was signed on 28 June and with the departure of Wilson and Lloyd George from Paris, the result was that the Turkey/Syria question was effectively placed on hold.

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Later, in February and March, Sykes and Picot acted as advisors to Sir George Buchanan and the French ambassador respectively, during negotiations with Sazonov.

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1916, and it was only with the greatest of difficulty that a minimum of sufficient assistance in material could be scraped together to ensure initial success."

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was a letter (also secret) dated 8 February 1918 from the British Government to Hussein following his request for an explanation of the Sykes–Picot Agreement.

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The agreement was drafted and negotiated by the countries' diplomats over the coming months, and signed by the allies between 18 August and 26 September 1917.

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On 17 December, Sykes set out his objectives for the negotiation in an interview with the British War Committee. He stated his desire for British control over

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printed the texts on 26 November 1917. That caused great embarrassment to the allies and growing distrust between them and the Arabs. Earlier, in April, the

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this regard, namely to keep the French onside while pressing for a British Palestine. First Sykes in early May and then Picot and Sykes together visited the

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replaced Grey as Foreign Secretary, his exclusion from the War Cabinet and the activist stance of its members weakened his influence over foreign policy.

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Picot was informed and five days later Cambon told Nicolson that "the French government were in accord with the proposals concerning the Arab question".

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Proceedings of the Brest-Litovsk Peace Conference: the peace negotiations between Russia and the Central Powers 21 November, 1917–3 March, 1918, p. 40

965:

their demands to some extent, the British also claimed to want to include Lebanon in the future Arab State and this meeting also ended at an impasse.

914:"The main problem to be solved is to discover a middle course which will harmonise with the requirements of the various parties, which are as follows: 6886: 6880: 3854:

Proceedings of the Brest-Litovsk Peace Conference: the peace negotiations between Russia and the Central Powers 21 November, 1917–3 March, 1918, p. 8

1609:

In between the meetings with Hussein, Sykes had informed London that "the sooner French Military Mission is removed from Hedjaz the better" and then

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The Eastern Committee met nine times in November and December to draft a set of resolutions on British policy for the benefit of the negotiators.

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in June 1920. They deposed the indigenous Arab government, and removed King Faisal from Damascus in August 1920. Great Britain also appointed a

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and other places was a question apart, and affected various other nations including Russia: and that this question could not now be gone into."

4311:

Goldstein, Erik (1987). "British Peace Aims and the Eastern Question: The Political Intelligence Department and the Eastern Committee, 1918".

2938: 2826: 2356:

potentially provided for a Kurdish territory subject to a referendum and League of Nations sanction within a year of the treaty. However, the

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Fitzgerald, Edward Peter (1994). "France's Middle Eastern ambitions, the Sykes–Picot negotiations, and the oil fields of Mosul, 1915–1918".

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before the terms had been accepted by the Council of the League of Nations. The French issued an ultimatum and intervened militarily at the

6946: 6409: 1610: 634: 6133: 2241: 7012: 6613: 6607: 6421: 6415: 5877: 1569: 350: 190: 155: 5046: 6938: 6928: 4927: 3885:"Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Paris Peace Conference, 1919, Volume III – Office of the Historian" 2222: 2102: 1398:; to settle the Italian interest in the Ottoman Empire—specifically article 9 of the Treaty of London. The agreement was needed by the 1264: 1141: 195: 109: 7002: 6141: 5198: 3959:. Supplement 1, The World War Volume I, Part I: The continuation and conclusion of the war—participation of the United States, p. 243 2248: 4896: 2732: 1207:

British agreement to the Sykes–Picot Agreement (this document is the official English-language version of the Sykes–Picot Agreement)

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a major British war aim, and two days after taking office told Robertson that he wanted a major victory, preferably the capture of

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East. Faisal entered Damascus on 4 October and appointed Rikabi Chief of the Council of Directors (i.e. prime minister) of Syria.

1147:

French agreement to the Sykes–Picot Agreement (this document is the official French-language version of the Sykes–Picot Agreement)

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Proposed an Anglo-Russian acceptance to the Russo-French Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement and the Anglo-French Sykes–Picot Agreement

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accepting the withdrawal, Clemenceau continued to insist on the Sykes–Picot agreement as being the basis for all discussions.

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in exchange for supporting the British against the Ottoman Empire. The agreement, along with others, was made public by the

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Khalidi, Rashid I (1988). "The Economic Partition of the Arab Provinces of the Ottoman Empire before the First World War".

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had been recalled from his position as Consul-General in Egypt; his secretary Oswald FitzGerald discussed the matter with

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Dodge, Toby (2016). "The Danger of Analogical Myths: Explaining the Power and Consequences of the Sykes–Picot Delusion."

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in endless conflict." The extent to which Sykes–Picot actually shaped the borders of the modern Middle East is disputed.

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as far south as Deir ez-Zor and thence in south-westerly direction." With respect to Palestine, the British noted that "

829:

Hussein's reply of 1 January to McMahon's 14 December 1915 was received at the Foreign Office, McMahon's cover stating:

448: 6967: 6601: 6525: 6298: 6197: 3722: 3494: 2647: 2376: 2367:

The result was that the Kurds, along with their Assyrian neighbors, were divided between Turkey, Iraq, Syria and Iran.

1932: 1559:, to impress British public opinion. The EEF were, at the time, in defensive mode at a line on the eastern edge of the 933: 724: 702: 546: 1991: 1644: 1363:

The agreement ratified between the Allies, subject to the consent of Russia (which was never achieved), in August 1917

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a secret January 1918 message to Hussein following his request for an explanation of the Balfour Declaration and the

519: 2763:

Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia

2110: 397:, initialled an agreed memorandum. The agreement was ratified by their respective governments on 9 and 16 May 1916. 5687: 5645: 2506: 2176: 2154: 708: 5496: 2305:"Maunsell's map", the British government's pre-World War I ethnographical map of the area covered by the agreement 2047:

handed out Class A mandates over Syria to France, and Iraq and Palestine to Britain. The same conference ratified

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on 16 June, the first British pronouncement to the Arabs advancing the principle of national self-determination.

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The Middle East and North Africa in World Politics: A Documentary Record. British-French supremacy, 1914–1945. 2

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Although Lloyd George and others have suggested that nothing was given in return, according to Ian Rutledge and

665:

for France. The UK and French claims were both agreed, all sides also agreeing that the exact governance of the

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Sykes–Picot Agreement might have to be reconsidered ... No action should be taken at present in this matter".

7057: 6696: 6553: 6468: 6271: 6240: 2995: 3238: 2804:"Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, 1917, Supplement 2, The World War, Volume I" 6319: 6163: 2329: 2262: 1927: 1898: 5104:"Watch this English-speaking ISIS fighter explain how a 98-year-old colonial map created today's conflict" 3365:

Russian consent clause as a means of invalidating the St. Jean agreement at the Peace Conference in 1919."

2513:, and also of British control of all Palestine railways, in the interest of Egypt, have to be considered". 2168:

was signed on 30 October 1918 although the British continued their advance, entering Mosul on 2 November.

1842:. On 2 November, the British occupied the Mosul Vilayet which led to the territorial dispute known as the 1572:) resulted in the capture of Rafa and the arrival of British forces at the borders of the Ottoman Empire. 854:

Minutes of the first negotiation on 23 November 1915, in which both sides set out their starting positions

7062: 6640: 5923: 3737:'"The erosion of Foreign Office influence in the making of foreign policy, 1916–1918", Roberta M.Warman, 3360:

Helmreich, Paul C. "Italy and the Anglo-French Repudiation of the 1917 St. Jean de Maurienne Agreement."

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Confirmed Russian and British agreement to the Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement and the Sykes–Picot Agreement

527: 5644:

Ottaway, Marina. "Learning from Sykes–Picot." (WWIC Middle East Program Occasional Paper Series, 2015).

2310:

areas). Bowman says there were around 2.5 million Kurds in Turkey, mainly in the mountain region called

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From Coexistence to Conquest: International Law and the Origins of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1891–1949

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Camp and Combat on the Sinai and Palestine Front: The Experience of the British Empire Soldier, 1916–18

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released a copy of the Sykes–Picot Agreement (as well as other treaties). They revealed full texts in

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Anghie, Antony T. (2016). "Introduction to Symposium on the Many Lives and Legacies of Sykes–Picot".

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The Politics of Self-Determination: Remaking Territories and National Identities in Europe, 1917–1923

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Donaldson, Megan (2016). "Textual Settlements: The Sykes–Picot Agreement and Secret Treaty-Making."

4773:"Notes of a Meeting of the Heads of Delegations of the Five Great Powers, Paris, 15 September, 1919" 4717: 4079:

Struggle for Arab Independence: Western Diplomacy and the Rise and Fall of Faisal's Kingdom in Syria

3815: 2677: 394: 172: 100: 7027: 6547: 6543: 6235: 6225: 6022: 5957: 5485:

A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East

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A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East

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On 21 October, the War Cabinet asked Smuts to prepare the peace brief in summary form and he asked

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within the limits indicated above shall be reserved to Italy, who shall be entitled to occupy it."

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In the Anglo-Arab Labyrinth: The McMahon-Husayn Correspondence and Its Interpretations 1914–1939

2434:

presented a similar geopolitical analysis in an editorial contribution for the French newspaper

1950:. The Big Four would later decide which communities, under what conditions and which Mandatory. 1382:

on 19 April 1917, a tentative agreement was reached between British and French Prime Ministers,

6987: 6796: 6792: 5982: 4152: 3566:"Railways, Ports and Irrigation: The Sykes–Picot Agreement's Forgotten Regional Moment (draft)" 2048: 1939: 1517:

Zones of French and British influence and control proposed in the Sykes–Picot Agreement in 1916

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Minutes taken during a meeting of The Big Four held in Paris on 20 March 1919 and attended by

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The formal agreements between Britain, France and Russia comprised the eleven letters below.

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While Sykes and Picot were in negotiations, discussions were proceeding in parallel between

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discussion concluded with Wilson agreeing to draft a Terms of Reference to the commission.

1659: 1535: 569: 5977: 3903:"The Emergence of the Middle East into the Modern State System, Eugene Rogan, ch. 2 p. 48" 838:

After discussions, Grey instructed that the French be informed of the situation, although

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and to present Arab views contained in a 2 July resolution to the King-Crane Commission.

1923: 1851: 1839: 1632: 1551:

after his untimely death in June. Lloyd George had wanted to make the destruction of the

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lasted until 1946. The Anatolian parts of the agreement were assigned by the August 1920

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after the meeting on the 21st, Lloyd George had written to Clemenceau and cancelled the

1168:

Mutual confirmation to protect each other's pre-existing interests in the allotted areas

523: 6862: 6818: 6686: 6017: 5707: 5675: 5447: 5439: 5375: 5027: 4705: 4328: 4184:

Woodrow Wilson and world settlement. Written from his unpublished and personal material

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known as Sharif Pasha presented a "Memorandum on the Claims of the Kurd People" to the

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to the British. Mandates in the Levant and Mesopotamia were assigned at the April 1920

476: 409: 5047:"'Lines Drawn on an Empty Map': Iraq's Borders and the Legend of the Artificial State" 4885: 4346:

Dockrill; Steiner (2010). "The Foreign Office at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919".

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The Russians gave up territorial claims following the Bolshevik revolution and at the

1249:

Replaced the word "protect" with "uphold" before the words "an independent Arab State"

616: 65: 6824: 6729: 6519: 6186: 5928: 5822: 5727: 5631: 5603: 5575: 5554: 5530: 5509: 5466: 5451: 5408: 5344: 5323: 5031: 4865: 4801: 4616: 4378: 4262: 4232: 4205: 4122: 4098: 4058: 4031: 4007: 3974: 3718: 3672: 3653: 3529: 3490: 3451: 3421: 3394: 2767: 2643: 2616: 2582: 1738: 1410: 1043: 980:"), creating "a belt of English-controlled country" south of "a line from the 'e' in 799: 401: 5752: 5340:

Redrawing the Middle East: Sir Mark Sykes, Imperialism and the Sykes–Picot Agreement

3525:

Redrawing the Middle East: Sir Mark Sykes, Imperialism and the Sykes–Picot Agreement

3258: 6912: 6735: 6334: 6266: 5857: 5699: 5667: 5431: 5367: 5017: 4355: 4320: 1830: 937: 433: 362: 269: 5548: 4399:"Peace conference: memoranda respecting Syria, Arabia and Palestine, p. 50, Syria" 4359: 3650:

Palestine, a Twice-promised Land?: The British, the Arabs & Zionism, 1915–1920

1801: 944:, following the Taurus Mountains and the mountains further East, so as to include 6918: 6571: 6372: 6339: 6314: 6215: 6117: 5887: 5652: 5597: 5569: 4956: 4945: 4934: 4914: 4903: 4892: 4456: 4432: 4003: 3956: 3245: 2892: 2873: 2830: 2637: 1796:

agreement, which concerned governance and non-intervention in the affairs of the

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A Line in the Sand: Britain, France and the Struggle That Shaped the Middle East

4258:

A Line in the Sand: Britain, France and the struggle that shaped the Middle East

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Palestine was discussed between various members of the British Civil Service.

1345: 580: 6961: 5992: 5590:

England and the Middle East: The Destruction of the Ottoman Empire, 1914–1921

5479: 4818: 3432:

P.R.O. 30/57/45, the Kitchener Papers, Storrs to Fitzgerald, 28 December 1914

2602: 2574: 2382: 1946:

system (including three levels of Mandate) later to become Article 22 of the

1907: 1766:

and British armies entered Damascus on 1 October 1918, and on 3 October 1918

1450: 1413:, even though they were replaced with the forces of what would be called the 1391: 1001: 886: 878: 783: 782:, up to the border of Persia; on the east by the borders of Persia up to the 716: 538: 346: 44:

Map signed by Sykes and Picot, enclosed in Cambon's 9 May 1916 letter to Grey

2867:

Castles Made of Sand: A Century of Anglo-American Espionage and Intervention

2054:

France had decided to govern Syria directly, and took action to enforce the

685: 6758: 5616:

Kitching, Paula (2015). "The Sykes–Picot Agreement and Lines in the Sand".

5077: 4851: 2896: 1021: 981: 932:

The first meeting of the British interdepartmental committee headed by Sir

877:, turning east of that place and running north to include the whole of the 787: 728: 425: 137: 85: 5658:

Tanenbaum, Jan Karl (1978). "France and the Arab Middle East, 1914–1920".

4138:

CAB 27/24, E.C. 41 War Cabinet Eastern Committee Minutes, December 5, 1918

3233: 6808: 5793: 5491:

Gil‐Har, Yitzhak. "Boundaries Delimitation: Palestine and Trans‐Jordan."

3971:

Britain, the Hashemites, and Arab Rule, 1920–1925: the Sherifian solution

3417:

Balfour and Weizmann: The Zionist, the Zealot and the Emergence of Israel

2501:

In 12 January 1916, a memorandum commenting on a draft of the agreement,

2459: 2411: 1763: 1756: 1135: 957: 870: 839: 746:

The area of Arab independence was defined to be "bounded on the North by

736: 696:

Map illustrating Territorial Negotiations between H.M.G. and King Hussein

666: 650: 633:

In the Constantinople Agreement of 18 March 1915, following the start of

428:

to allow access to the Mediterranean. France was to control southeastern

385: 225: 207: 105: 5297:

Documents on British Foreign Policy, series I, vol. IV, pp. 241–251

3774:

UK National Archives CAB/24/143, Eastern Report, No. XVIII, May 31, 1917

3595: 2321:

Partitioning of Ottoman Empire according to the aborted Treaty of Sèvres

1688:

had confirmed the details of the Agreement with the British government.

927:"Preliminary Observations"; Sykes–Picot Joint Memorandum, 3 January 1916 845: 6595: 6399: 5762: 5711: 5679: 5443: 5379: 4332: 4169: 3097: 2886:

Middle East still rocking from first world war pacts made 100 years ago

2229: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1767: 1663: 1005: 945: 554: 542: 390: 254: 160: 96: 6723: 5358:

Brecher, Frank W. (1993). "French Policy toward the Levant 1914–18".

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Why border lines drawn with a ruler in WW1 still rock the Middle East

2394: 2311: 1556: 897: 893: 129: 5671: 5133: 5073:"Isis announces Islamic caliphate in area straddling Iraq and Syria" 4283:"Peace conference: memoranda respecting Syria, Arabia and Palestine" 3934: 3089: 2204: 2080: 1938:

At the Peace Conference, which officially opened on 18 January, the

400:

The agreement effectively divided the Ottoman provinces outside the

5462:

The Question of Palestine: British–Jewish–Arab Relations, 1914–1918

5435: 2436: 1797: 1668: 1564: 901: 811: 472: 5758:

Eighth Report UK Government policy on the Kurdistan Region of Iraq

3486:

The Gentile Zionists: A Study in Anglo-Zionist Diplomacy 1929–1939

2793:

Interview with Kamel Abu Jaber, former Foreign Minister of Jordan.

1044:

Formal British, French and Russian agreements (April–October 1916)

892:

The British had proposed as an eastern boundary: "the line of the

6802: 5180: 4449:

The Council of Four: minutes of meetings March 20 to May 24, 1919

4425:

The Council of Four: minutes of meetings March 20 to May 24, 1919

3688:

Arab Bulletin No 52, 31 May 1917, Hejaz, A Year of Revolt, p. 249

2510: 1685: 1461: 941: 795: 759: 679: 662: 441: 76: 5505:

A Broken Trust: Sir Herbert Samuel, Zionism and the Palestinians

4976:. Center for Strategic and International Studies. Archived from 5627:

Britain and the Arab Middle East: World War I and its Aftermath

4682:

Resolutions of the General Syrian Congress: Syria, July 2, 1919

4462: 3610: 3140:; Minutes of the second negotiation meeting on 21 December 1915 2317: 2153:. Although never ratified, the British had also initialled the 1809: 1674: 1658:

Russian claims in the Ottoman Empire were denied following the

1421: 1017: 985: 874: 823: 803: 779: 771: 767: 747: 645:, wrote to the French and UK ambassadors and staked a claim to 486:

The agreement was initially used directly as the basis for the

429: 413: 56: 3390:

Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East

1926:

to carry out this task resulting in a "P-memo" for use by the

1513: 328: 295: 4443: 4441: 2427: 2142: 1805: 1590: 1013: 1009: 977: 953: 949: 775: 751: 565: 437: 421: 2009:

had been convened in May 1919 to consider the future of the

1058:

The eleven letters of the British-French-Russian agreements

5199:"How the Curse of Sykes–Picot Still Haunts the Middle East" 3691: 3627: 3191: 3053: 2957:"Sykes-Picot: The map that spawned a century of resentment" 2187:

it was decided that Faisal should be installed as ruler in

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Picot proposed that the French area include: "the whole of

819: 815: 791: 763: 581:

Earlier agreements with Russia and Italy (March–April 1915)

417: 337: 319: 301: 278: 27:

Secret 1916 agreement between the United Kingdom and France

5404:

Curzon and British Imperialism in the Middle East, 1916–19

4897:

How the curse of Sykes–Picot still haunts the Middle East"

4438: 4119:

Allenby and General Strategy in the Middle East, 1917–1919

420:, and an additional small area that included the ports of 3306: 3304: 3289: 3109: 3107: 2967: 1575: 1099:

confirming French agreement to the Russian annexation of

686:

Earlier agreement with the Arabs (July 1915 – March 1916)

669:

was to be left for later settlement. Were it not for the

310: 4753: 4628: 4532: 4228:

Enemy on the Euphrates: The Battle for Iraq, 1914 - 1921

3212:"Dividing the bear's skin while the bear is still alive" 3167: 3143: 3138:

Official outcome of the negotiations of 21 December 1915

2370: 1500:

for "a share of the oil and British support elsewhere".

1405:

The goal was to balance the military power drops at the

526:; however, these ambitions were thwarted by the 1919–23 5070: 3833: 3809:"International Boundary Study; Jordan – Syria Boundary" 3789: 3756: 3744: 3342: 3179: 3155: 2671:"International Boundary Study; Jordan – Syria Boundary" 1737:

On 28 March 1918 the first meeting of the newly formed

1402:

to secure the position of Italian forces in West Asia.

1390:, and the Italian Prime Minister and Foreign Minister, 865:, and that their southern boundary must be the present 483:, was to fall under an "international administration". 5261:"Ne laissons pas le Moyen-Orient à la barbarie !" 5230:"First Appearance of ISIS leader Abu Bakr Al Baghdadi" 4971:"Islam and prospects for democracy in the Middle East" 4201:

Enemy on the Euphrates: The Battle for Iraq, 1914–1921

3503: 3301: 3277: 3119: 3104: 2725:"Sykes-Picot Agreement - World War I Document Archive" 2040:

Faisal's brother, was declared Regent of Mesopotamia.

1351:

Map of the agreement, signed by Balfour in August 1917

549:

regarding a national Arab homeland in the area of the

6390:

Statement of Information Relating to Acts of Violence

5904: 5258: 3777: 3464: 3041: 3029: 2759: 2364:

in which there was no provision for a Kurdish State.

2164:, on 11 March 1917, the British entered Baghdad, the 846:

Anglo-French negotiations (October 1915 – March 1916)

334: 316: 298: 284: 281: 275: 4685:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 180–182 3368: 3010: 1826:

1918 Clemenceau–Lloyd George Agreement (Middle East)

1639: 1409:

as Russian (Tsarist) forces were pulling out of the

537:

The agreement is seen by many as a turning point in

325: 307: 292: 4027:

Tricolor and Crescent: France and the Islamic World

3935:"Maronite figures embracing " Syrian nationalism "" 3337:

The Mirage of Power: British Foreign Policy 1914–22

1857: 1819: 331: 313: 289: 272: 5690:(1970). "The Balfour Declaration and Its Makers". 5660:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 4180: 3521: 1792:said the Great Powers were still committed to the 1597:Italy's participation in the war, governed by the 467:. Italy assented to the agreement in 1917 via the 4926:See, for example, academic conferences hosted by 4023: 2992:International Encyclopedia of the First World War 2789:Lawrence of Arabia: The Battle for the Arab World 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 1838:On 30 October, the Ottoman Empire had signed the 1508: 1008:river, with the French taking the northern part ( 502:following the Sykes–Picot framework; the British 6959: 5718: 5066: 5064: 4798:Britain, the Hashemites and Arab Rule, 1920–1925 3548: 3088: 1977:Wilson intervened and stressed the principle of 376:The agreement was based on the premise that the 4345: 4121:, By Matthew Hughes, Taylor and Francis, 1999, 3086: 1438:Palestine at least up to the Acre-Dar'a line". 4908:Fractured lands: How the Arab world came apart 4824:The New World: Problems in Political Geography 4050: 3447:A Companion to International History 1900–2001 3413: 2746: 2714:Eugene Rogan, The Fall of the Ottomans, p. 286 2035:Faisal returned to Damascus on 16 January and 575: 557:in Moscow on 23 November 1917 and repeated in 6484: 6149: 5805: 5778: 5131: 5061: 4090: 4081:p. 34. Caravan Books. Delmar, New York. 1977. 3741:, CUP, Vol. 15, No. 1, Mar. 1972, pp. 133–159 3615:(PhD). Glasgow Theses Service. pp. 45–46 3443: 3386: 2635: 2554:described this "agreement" as a secret treaty 1424:was not represented in this agreement as the 4857:The Making of the Modern Near East 1792–1923 4224: 4218: 4197: 4030:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 53–. 3949:Foreign Relations of the United States, 1918 3074:, James Barr, Simon and Schuster, 2011 Ch. 2 2175:at San Remo, the British were faced with an 2070: 1521: 1503: 1492:France in 1913 and 1914 with respect to the 1465:interests in Jerusalem and the Holy Places. 1016:) and the British taking the southern part ( 992:On Tuesday 28 December, Mark Sykes informed 869:," that the boundary line would then go to " 6422:American trusteeship proposal for Palestine 5465:. Transaction Publishers. pp. 97–118. 3873:. Government Print Office Washington. 1918. 3857:. Government Print Office Washington. 1918. 3563: 3515: 3322:Spencer Tucker and Priscilla Mary Roberts, 2141:In November 1914, the British had occupied 2109:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 842:did not take the agreement that seriously. 7048:Treaties of the United Kingdom (1801–1922) 6947:Israeli–Lebanese maritime border agreement 6491: 6477: 6378:Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry report 6156: 6142: 5785: 5771: 5421: 5314: 5291: 5134:"Extremists in Iraq need a history lesson" 4251: 4084: 4044: 4017: 3708: 3706: 3021:sfn error: no target: CITEREFKedouri2014 ( 2787:James Hawes (Director) (21 October 2003). 2642:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 26. 2360:led to the treaty being superseded by the 2179:from July until February 1921, as well as 1315: 1297: 1273: 1252: 1231: 1210: 1189: 1171: 1150: 1123: 1105: 38: 6657:UN Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 242 6631:UN General Assembly (UNGA) Resolution 194 5657: 5021: 4884:Such coverage includes Osman, T. (2013) " 4310: 3407: 3082: 3080: 2843:"Syria and Lebanon are often in the news" 2705:magazine, Time-Life Books, no 75, p. 2078 2289:Learn how and when to remove this message 2129:Learn how and when to remove this message 873:and from there Eastwards to the south of 810:" lying to the west of "the districts of 5792: 5623: 5595: 5543: 5522: 5458: 5163:"El video del militante chileno de ISIS" 5071:Mark Tran; Matthew Weaver (2014-06-30). 4827:. New York: World Book Company. p. 4800:, by Timothy J. Paris, Routledge, 2003, 4759: 4634: 4538: 4468: 4245: 4097:. Yale University Press. pp. 154–. 3839: 3795: 3762: 3750: 3697: 3644: 3642: 3633: 3509: 3450:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 132–. 3348: 3310: 3295: 3283: 3209: 3197: 3185: 3161: 3125: 3113: 3059: 2973: 2823:magazine, no. 75, Time-Life Books, 1973 2639:The Middle East in the Twentieth Century 2316: 2300: 1829: 1755:On 30 September 1918, supporters of the 1643: 1512: 1433:The brown zone and the imperial interest 1330:Agreement with Italy (April–August 1917) 967: 849: 790:, with the exception of the position of 689: 6064:Abolition of the Capitulations in Egypt 5501: 5357: 5336: 5044: 4377:. Oxford University Press. p. 35. 3712: 3703: 3581: 3528:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 26–. 3470: 3173: 3149: 3047: 3016: 2717: 2601: 2405:(ISIL) claimed one of the goals of its 1772:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 794:to remain as it is; on the west by the 492:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 380:would achieve success in defeating the 14: 7038:Treaties involving territorial changes 6960: 6939:Israel–Morocco normalization agreement 6929:Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement 5686: 5567: 5400: 5193: 4817: 4811: 4615:, Yale University Press, p. 213, 4608: 4155:, Vol. 13, No. 2 (1970), pp. 273–294 . 3783: 3608: 3374: 3261:. Yale Law School The Avalon Project. 3077: 3035: 2194: 1576:Lloyd George Government (1917 onwards) 806:", with the exception of "portions of 7043:Treaties of the French Third Republic 6472: 6137: 5766: 5395:American Journal of International Law 5388:American Journal of International Law 5309:American Journal of International Law 5009:American Journal of International Law 5004:"Sykes–Picot and "Artificial" States" 4950:American Society of International Law 4860:. Harlow, England: Longman. pp. 4841:See CAB 24/271, Cabinet Paper 203(37) 4372: 3968: 3639: 2573: 2371:Conflicting promises and consequences 1407:Middle Eastern theatre of World War I 490:, which provided a framework for the 479:, with a smaller area than the later 6934:Israel–Sudan normalization agreement 6673:Israel–Syria disengagement agreement 6028:Austro-Hungarian reparation payments 5301: 5259:Dominique de Villepin (2014-08-09). 5001: 4850: 4261:. Simon and Schuster. pp. 83–. 3482: 3237:This content is available under the 2403:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant 2227:adding citations to reliable sources 2198: 2107:adding citations to reliable sources 2074: 1603:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 1371:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 1336:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 496:the French ceded Palestine and Mosul 469:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 6428:Israeli Declaration of Independence 5407:. Psychology Press. pp. 317–. 4968: 4939:Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs 3612:British Strategy and Oil, 1914–1923 3326:, Volume 1, ABC-CLIO, 2005, p. 1036 3210:Desplatt, Juliette (May 16, 2016). 2985: 1770:was appointed Military Governor of 1678:on 23 November 1917; subsequently, 1472: 24: 6924:Israel–UAE normalization agreement 6815:Beirut Summit and peace initiative 5726:. I. B. Tauris. pp. 143–145. 5236:. 17 November 2014. Archived from 3973:. London: Frank Cass. p. 50. 3932: 3671:, Eliezer Tauber, Routledge, 2014 3553:. Oxford Public International Law. 2939:"Sykes and Picot's lasting legacy" 2388: 1912:partitioning of the Ottoman Empire 721:British High Commissioner to Egypt 365:, to define their mutually agreed 25: 7074: 5741: 4054:The Arab Movements in World War I 3669:The Arab Movements in World War I 3259:"The Sykes–Picot Agreement: 1916" 2469:Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon 2332:and the suppressed report of the 2145:. According to the report of the 1640:After public disclosure (1917–18) 1378:In a meeting in a railway car at 1267:, British Deputy Foreign Minister 520:Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon 7003:Documents of Mandatory Palestine 6853:Agreement on Movement and Access 6169: 5252: 5222: 5187: 5155: 5125: 5096: 5057:from the original on 2016-10-28. 5038: 4995: 4962: 4920: 4878: 4844: 4835: 4791: 4765: 4724: 4669: 4640: 4602: 4573: 4544: 4503: 4474: 4348:The International History Review 3393:. Open Court. pp. 161–162. 3232: 3096:. UK Foreign Office – via 2579:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 2203: 2183:in Northern Iraq. Following the 2177:Iraqi revolt against the British 2155:Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913 2079: 1882: 1866: 1858:Paris Peace Conference (1919–20) 1820:Mosul and Palestine modification 1356: 1344: 709:Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca 615: 599: 463:already promised under the 1915 268: 245: 201: 189: 166: 154: 128:23 November 1917 by the Russian 84: 75: 64: 55: 6887:Israeli–Palestinian peace talks 6881:Israeli–Palestinian peace talks 6849:Israeli disengagement from Gaza 6123:Partition of the Ottoman Empire 5286: 5271:from the original on 2014-08-10 5211:from the original on 2017-11-12 5144:from the original on 2015-03-22 5114:from the original on 2014-07-14 5085:from the original on 2014-07-01 4779:from the original on 2017-08-09 4742:from the original on 2017-08-08 4697:, Modern World History Reader. 4658:from the original on 2017-08-08 4591:from the original on 2017-08-08 4562:from the original on 2017-08-08 4521:from the original on 2017-08-07 4492:from the original on 2011-06-04 4417: 4405:from the original on 2017-05-31 4391: 4366: 4339: 4304: 4293:from the original on 2017-05-31 4275: 4191: 4174: 4158: 4149:Mesopotamia in British War Aims 4141: 4132: 4111: 4071: 3995:Jordan: Living in the Crossfire 3987: 3962: 3941: 3926: 3915:from the original on 2021-08-15 3895: 3877: 3861: 3845: 3801: 3768: 3731: 3682: 3662: 3652:(Transaction Publishers 2000), 3609:Gibson, Martin William (2012). 3602: 3584:Review (Fernand Braudel Center) 3575: 3557: 3542: 3476: 3437: 3380: 3354: 3329: 3316: 3265:from the original on 2016-04-14 3251: 3222:from the original on 2017-08-06 3203: 3131: 3065: 2979: 2949: 2931: 2920:from the original on 2017-09-15 2902: 2879: 2860: 2849:from the original on 2016-03-02 2835: 2810: 2796: 2735:from the original on 2009-04-26 2545: 2536: 2526: 2516: 2495: 2422:, in a July 2014 speech at the 2214:needs additional citations for 606:Area allotted to Russia in the 545:relations. It reneged upon the 488:1918 Anglo–French Modus Vivendi 371:partition of the Ottoman Empire 7013:France–United Kingdom treaties 6526:McMahon–Hussein Correspondence 6320:Western Wall Commission report 6198:McMahon–Hussein correspondence 5045:Pursley, Sara (June 2, 2015). 3997:, Alan George, Zed Books, 2005 3335:C.J. Lowe, and M.L. Dockrill, 2780: 2760:Alexander Mikaberidze (2011). 2708: 2695: 2663: 2629: 2595: 2567: 2507:Director of Naval Intelligence 2377:McMahon–Hussein Correspondence 2350:British Mandate of Mesopotamia 2344:, the French were awarded the 2330:Paris Peace Conference in 1919 2173:British Mandate of Mesopotamia 1933:McMahon–Hussein Correspondence 1897:'s press secretary during the 1509:Syria, Palestine and the Arabs 1288:, Russian ambassador to London 725:McMahon–Hussein Correspondence 703:McMahon–Hussein Correspondence 641:the Russian Foreign Minister, 622:Area allotted to Italy in the 13: 1: 7053:United Kingdom in World War I 7023:Ottoman Empire in World War I 6614:American trusteeship proposal 6299:Palestinian citizenship order 4360:10.1080/07075332.1980.9640205 3420:. A&C Black. p. 96. 2986:Ure, Pinar (April 25, 2018). 2561: 1741:was held, chaired by Curzon. 1542:As 1916 drew to a close, the 1460:to consider British options. 1138:, French ambassador to London 1092:, French ambassador to Russia 694:1918 British government map: 678:bordering on the Province of 6246:King–Crane Commission report 5624:Lieshout, Robert H. (2016). 5508:. I. B. Tauris. p. 84. 5337:Berdine, Michael D. (2018). 4057:. Routledge. pp. 240–. 3239:Open Government Licence v3.0 1722:Sykes was the author of the 1097:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement 512:replaced by a similar treaty 506:ran until 1948, the British 449:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement 447:As a result of the included 7: 6033:Italian reparation payments 4906:; and Anderson, S. (2016) " 4181:Ray Stannard Baker (1923). 3522:Michael D. Berdine (2018). 2766:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 861–. 2443: 2414:, warned in a video titled 2358:Turkish War of Independence 2171:Following the award of the 1997:In June 1919, the American 1992:Long–Bérenger Oil Agreement 1812:communities, regarding the 576:Motivation and negotiations 528:Turkish War of Independence 369:and control in an eventual 10: 7079: 7033:Treaties concluded in 1916 6983:1916 in the United Kingdom 6787:Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum 6775:Beilin–Abu Mazen agreement 6769:Israel–Jordan peace treaty 6701:Palestinian autonomy talks 6345:Woodhead Commission report 6277:Haycraft Commission report 6231:Anglo-French Modus Vivendi 5053:. Arab Studies Institute. 4024:William E. Watson (2003). 3969:Paris, Timothy J. (2003). 3489:. Routledge. p. 264. 2988:"Constantinople Agreement" 2806:. Office of the Historian. 2611:. New York: Owl. pp. 2450:Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1922 2374: 1823: 1570:Chief of the General Staff 1549:Secretary of State for War 1476: 1447:Secretary of State for War 1333: 1286:Alexander von Benckendorff 1144:, British Foreign Minister 1086:, Russian Foreign Minister 700: 584: 6901: 6744: 6697:Egypt–Israel peace treaty 6622: 6554:Faisal–Weizmann agreement 6511: 6437: 6360: 6307: 6288:League of Nations mandate 6272:Paulet–Newcombe Agreement 6254: 6241:Faisal–Weizmann agreement 6179: 6112: 6072: 6051: 5953: 5946: 5900: 5801: 5748:The Sykes–Picot Agreement 5704:10.1080/00263207008700138 5529:. Yale University Press. 5459:Friedman, Isaiah (1992). 5424:Journal of Modern History 5372:10.1080/00263209308700971 5171:(in Spanish). 2 July 2014 5023:10.1017/S2398772300002919 4736:digicoll.library.wisc.edu 4652:digicoll.library.wisc.edu 4585:digicoll.library.wisc.edu 4556:digicoll.library.wisc.edu 4515:digicoll.library.wisc.edu 4486:digicoll.library.wisc.edu 4325:10.1080/00263208708700719 3549:Antony T. Anghie (2016). 3362:Journal of Modern History 3324:World War I: Encyclopedia 2659:– via Google Books. 2581:(3rd ed.). Longman. 2071:Iraq and the Persian Gulf 2018:Peace treaty with Germany 1963:Vittorio Emanuele Orlando 1522:Asquith Government (1916) 1504:The agreement in practice 1445:, the recently appointed 1415:First Republic of Armenia 1293: 1248: 1167: 1094: 1057: 881:; thence West to include 251:The Sykes–Picot Agreement 244: 239: 232:succeed in defeating the 216: 181: 146: 136: 124: 116: 49: 37: 32: 6736:Israel–Lebanon agreement 6548:Anglo-French Declaration 6544:Declaration to the Seven 6236:Anglo-French Declaration 6226:Declaration to the Seven 6043:U.S.–German Peace Treaty 6038:Sino-German Peace Treaty 5724:Turkey: A Modern History 5523:Hurewitz, J. C. (1979). 5322:. Simon & Schuster. 4928:York St. John University 3339:(vol 2 1972) pp. 223–227 3087:Sykes and Picot (1916). 2488: 2418:. ISIL's former leader, 2007:Syrian National Congress 1783:Anglo-French Declaration 1750:Declaration to the Seven 1716:Central Syrian Committee 1601:, eventually led to the 976:("such country south of 956:, and then returning to 885:, and on to include the 608:Constantinople Agreement 587:Constantinople Agreement 465:Constantinople Agreement 6267:Palin Commission report 6192:The Future of Palestine 5596:Kedourie, Elie (2014). 5588:Kedourie, Elie (1978). 5568:Kattan, Victor (2009). 5502:Huneidi, Sahar (2001). 5292:Original correspondence 4948:, and symposium by the 4695:Bronx Community College 4609:Allawi, Ali A. (2014), 4231:. Saqi. pp. 313–. 4204:. Saqi. pp. 128–. 4051:Eliezer Tauber (2014). 3414:Geoffrey Lewis (2009). 2473:Mandate for Mesopotamia 2424:Great Mosque of al-Nuri 2346:French Mandate of Syria 2238:"Sykes–Picot Agreement" 2056:French Mandate of Syria 1979:consent of the governed 1748:The British issued the 1681:The Manchester Guardian 1651:The Manchester Guardian 1380:Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 867:Egypto-Turkish frontier 758:, on which degree fall 591:Treaty of London (1915) 560:The Manchester Guardian 508:Mandate for Mesopotamia 6845:Sharm El Sheikh Summit 6765:Gaza–Jericho Agreement 6647:Tripartite Declaration 6340:Peel Commission report 6315:Shaw Commission report 5906:Paris Peace Conference 5692:Middle Eastern Studies 5550:Palestine: the reality 5493:Middle Eastern Studies 5360:Middle Eastern Studies 4895:"; Wright, R. (2016) " 4373:Prott, Volker (2016). 4313:Middle Eastern Studies 4153:The Historical Journal 4091:Ali A. Allawi (2014). 3739:The Historical Journal 3444:Gordon Martel (2008). 3387:Bernard Lewis (2011). 2636:Martin Sicker (2001). 2322: 2306: 2151:Berlin–Baghdad railway 1899:Paris Peace Conference 1875:British Foreign Office 1835: 1655: 1625: 1518: 1483:San Remo Oil Agreement 1479:Berlin–Baghdad railway 1035: 989: 924: 905: 836: 786:; on the South by the 756:37 degrees of latitude 698: 547:UK's promises to Arabs 471:and received southern 395:François Georges-Picot 173:François Georges-Picot 101:François Georges-Picot 7008:France in World War I 6978:1916 in Ottoman Syria 6968:Sykes–Picot Agreement 6893:John Kerry Parameters 6566:Churchill White Paper 6532:Sykes–Picot Agreement 6505:Arab–Israeli conflict 6330:Passfield white paper 6282:Churchill White Paper 6204:Sykes–Picot agreement 6059:Regime of the Straits 5919:Saint-Germain-en-Laye 5818:St.-Jean-de-Maurienne 5753:Sykes-Picot from Yale 5401:Fisher, John (1999). 4471:, p. 340 et seq. 4225:Ian Rutledge (2015). 4198:Ian Rutledge (2015). 3216:The national Archives 2943:america.aljazeera.com 2503:William Reginald Hall 2465:Mandate for Palestine 2432:Dominique de Villepin 2334:King–Crane Commission 2320: 2304: 2162:Mesopotamian campaign 1999:King–Crane Commission 1834:Mosul Vilayet in 1892 1833: 1647: 1620: 1516: 1477:Further information: 1030: 971: 912: 853: 831: 693: 637:in the run up to the 504:Mandate for Palestine 264:Sykes–Picot Agreement 33:Sykes–Picot Agreement 18:Sykes-Picot Agreement 7058:World War I treaties 6875:Annapolis Conference 6869:UNSC Resolution 1701 6859:UNSC Resolution 1850 6841:UNSC Resolution 1583 6835:UNSC Resolution 1566 6831:UNSC Resolution 1559 6781:Wye River Memorandum 6637:Armistice agreements 5495:36.1 (2000): 68–81. 3713:Woodfin, E. (2012). 3571:. NYU School of Law. 3564:Karen Loevy (2017). 3248:. © Crown copyright. 2998:on November 17, 2020 2420:Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi 2348:and the English the 2223:improve this article 2103:improve this section 1906:Maps of the wartime 1660:Bolshevik Revolution 940:approach the sea in 451:, Russia was to get 367:spheres of influence 222:spheres of influence 6718:UNSC Resolution 497 6712:UNSC Resolution 478 6706:UNSC Resolution 452 6693:UNSC Resolution 446 6683:UNSC Resolution 425 6677:UNSC Resolution 350 6667:UNSC Resolution 339 6663:UNSC Resolution 338 6653:Khartoum Resolution 6641:Lausanne Conference 6590:Morrison–Grady Plan 6560:San Remo conference 6538:Balfour Declaration 6395:Morrison–Grady Plan 6383:Survey of Palestine 6351:White Paper of 1939 6325:Hope Simpson report 6262:San Remo Resolution 6210:Balfour Declaration 6166:Mandatory Palestine 5848:Act of 5th November 5132:David L. Phillips. 4401:. British Library. 4287:The British Library 4187:. London Heinemann. 3700:, pp. 234–235. 3636:, pp. 108–112. 3483:Rose, N.A. (2013). 3200:, pp. 100–102. 3062:, pp. 103–104. 2899:, December 30, 2015 2821:The British Empire 2478:Scramble for Africa 2455:Balfour Declaration 2342:San Remo conference 2195:Kurds and Assyrians 2166:Armistice of Mudros 2147:de Bunsen Committee 2045:San Remo conference 2043:In April 1920, the 1840:Armistice of Mudros 1794:Règlement Organique 1633:Balfour Declaration 1616:William Ormsby-Gore 1458:De Bunsen Committee 1265:Robert Crewe-Milnes 984:to the last 'k' in 671:Russian Revolutions 568:who were denied an 530:and the subsequent 500:San Remo conference 481:Mandatory Palestine 357:, with assent from 224:and control in the 7063:Eponymous treaties 6863:Quartet Principles 6797:Clinton Parameters 6687:Camp David Accords 6368:Biltmore Programme 5651:2017-10-12 at the 5553:. Hyperion Press. 5197:(April 30, 2016). 4955:2016-11-07 at the 4944:2016-11-07 at the 4933:2016-11-07 at the 4913:2017-03-07 at the 4902:2016-10-19 at the 4891:2018-08-02 at the 4455:2017-08-07 at the 4431:2009-10-04 at the 4002:2022-11-28 at the 3955:2017-10-07 at the 3244:2017-06-28 at the 3072:A Line in the Sand 2891:2017-01-26 at the 2872:2022-10-27 at the 2829:2019-01-05 at the 2552:Ray Stannard Baker 2416:End of Sykes–Picot 2393:Leading up to the 2362:Treaty of Lausanne 2323: 2307: 2060:Battle of Maysalun 1959:Georges Clemenceau 1891:Ray Stannard Baker 1836: 1802:Orthodox Christian 1768:Ali Rida al-Rikabi 1656: 1544:Asquith government 1519: 1384:David Lloyd George 1090:Maurice Paléologue 990: 906: 776:Jerizat (Ibn ʿUma) 713:Lieutenant Colonel 699: 639:Gallipoli campaign 532:Treaty of Lausanne 220:Defining proposed 6998:Boundary treaties 6955: 6954: 6825:Geneva Initiative 6793:Camp David Summit 6753:Madrid Conference 6730:Reagan peace plan 6703: 6608:UN Partition Plan 6602:London Conference 6584:London Conference 6520:Damascus Protocol 6466: 6465: 6416:UN Partition Plan 6386: 6187:Damascus Protocol 6164:Key documents of 6131: 6130: 6108: 6107: 5942: 5941: 5924:Neuilly-sur-Seine 5896: 5895: 5733:978-1-86064-958-5 5637:978-1-78453-583-4 5609:978-1-135-30842-1 5581:978-0-7453-2579-8 5560:978-0-88355-327-5 5536:978-0-300-02203-2 5515:978-1-86064-172-5 5472:978-1-4128-3868-9 5414:978-0-7146-4875-0 5350:978-1-78672-406-9 5329:978-1-84739-457-6 5302:Secondary sources 4871:978-0-582-49380-3 4622:978-0-300-12732-4 4268:978-1-84983-903-7 4238:978-0-86356-767-4 4211:978-0-86356-767-4 4104:978-0-300-19936-9 4064:978-1-135-19978-4 4037:978-0-275-97470-1 3980:978-0-7146-5451-5 3889:history.state.gov 3648:Isaiah Friedman, 3535:978-1-78673-406-8 3457:978-0-470-76629-3 3427:978-1-84725-040-7 3400:978-0-8126-9757-5 3176:, pp. 77–79. 3152:, pp. 78–80. 2976:, pp. 16–21. 2791:. PBS Home Video. 2773:978-1-59884-337-8 2701:Peter Mansfield, 2622:978-0-8050-6884-9 2588:978-1-4058-8118-0 2352:. The subsequent 2299: 2298: 2291: 2273: 2139: 2138: 2131: 2064:High Commissioner 1739:Eastern Committee 1411:Caucasus campaign 1323: 1322: 800:Mediterranean Sea 570:independent state 518:, and the French 402:Arabian Peninsula 260: 259: 16:(Redirected from 7070: 6913:Trump peace plan 6905: 6699: 6493: 6486: 6479: 6470: 6469: 6410:Ad Hoc Committee 6380: 6335:MacDonald letter 6174: 6173: 6172: 6158: 6151: 6144: 6135: 6134: 5951: 5950: 5902: 5901: 5803: 5802: 5787: 5780: 5773: 5764: 5763: 5737: 5720:Erik Jan Zürcher 5715: 5683: 5641: 5630:. I. B. Tauris. 5613: 5585: 5564: 5545:Jeffries, J.M.N. 5540: 5519: 5476: 5455: 5418: 5383: 5354: 5343:. I. B. Tauris. 5333: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5256: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5226: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5216: 5191: 5185: 5184: 5178: 5176: 5159: 5153: 5152: 5150: 5149: 5129: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5119: 5100: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5090: 5068: 5059: 5058: 5042: 5036: 5035: 5025: 5002:Bali, A (2016). 4999: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4983:on June 14, 2010 4982: 4975: 4966: 4960: 4924: 4918: 4882: 4876: 4875: 4848: 4842: 4839: 4833: 4832: 4815: 4809: 4795: 4789: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4769: 4763: 4757: 4751: 4750: 4748: 4747: 4728: 4722: 4721: 4715: 4711: 4709: 4701: 4692: 4690: 4673: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4663: 4644: 4638: 4632: 4626: 4625: 4612:Faisal I of Iraq 4606: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4596: 4577: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4567: 4548: 4542: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4526: 4507: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4497: 4478: 4472: 4466: 4460: 4445: 4436: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4395: 4389: 4388: 4370: 4364: 4363: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4308: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4298: 4279: 4273: 4272: 4249: 4243: 4242: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4195: 4189: 4188: 4178: 4172: 4162: 4156: 4145: 4139: 4136: 4130: 4115: 4109: 4108: 4094:Faisal I of Iraq 4088: 4082: 4077:Zeine N. Zeine. 4075: 4069: 4068: 4048: 4042: 4041: 4021: 4015: 3991: 3985: 3984: 3966: 3960: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3933:Melhem, Edmond. 3930: 3924: 3923: 3921: 3920: 3914: 3907: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3881: 3875: 3874: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3849: 3843: 3837: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3826: 3820: 3814:. Archived from 3813: 3805: 3799: 3793: 3787: 3781: 3775: 3772: 3766: 3760: 3754: 3748: 3742: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3710: 3701: 3695: 3689: 3686: 3680: 3666: 3660: 3646: 3637: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3570: 3561: 3555: 3554: 3546: 3540: 3539: 3519: 3513: 3507: 3501: 3500: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3384: 3378: 3372: 3366: 3358: 3352: 3346: 3340: 3333: 3327: 3320: 3314: 3308: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3255: 3249: 3236: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3207: 3201: 3195: 3189: 3183: 3177: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3141: 3135: 3129: 3123: 3117: 3111: 3102: 3101: 3095: 3084: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3033: 3027: 3026: 3014: 3008: 3007: 3005: 3003: 2994:. Archived from 2983: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2964: 2953: 2947: 2946: 2935: 2929: 2928: 2926: 2925: 2910:"The war within" 2906: 2900: 2883: 2877: 2864: 2858: 2857: 2855: 2854: 2839: 2833: 2814: 2808: 2807: 2800: 2794: 2792: 2784: 2778: 2777: 2757: 2744: 2743: 2741: 2740: 2721: 2715: 2712: 2706: 2699: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2688: 2682: 2676:. Archived from 2675: 2667: 2661: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2633: 2627: 2626: 2599: 2593: 2592: 2571: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2540: 2534: 2530: 2524: 2520: 2514: 2499: 2354:Treaty of Sèvres 2294: 2287: 2283: 2280: 2274: 2272: 2231: 2207: 2199: 2185:Cairo Conference 2181:a Kurdish revolt 2134: 2127: 2123: 2120: 2114: 2083: 2075: 2049:an oil agreement 1928:Peace Conference 1886: 1870: 1599:Treaty of London 1473:Economic aspects 1360: 1348: 1319: 1301: 1282:1 September 1916 1277: 1256: 1235: 1214: 1193: 1175: 1154: 1127: 1109: 1055: 1054: 938:Taurus Mountains 928: 887:whole of Cilicia 635:naval operations 626:on 26 April 1915 624:Treaty of London 619: 610:on 18 March 1915 603: 524:Treaty of Sèvres 477:Palestine region 434:Kurdistan Region 344: 343: 340: 339: 336: 333: 330: 327: 322: 321: 318: 315: 312: 309: 304: 303: 300: 297: 294: 291: 287: 286: 283: 280: 277: 274: 249: 248: 206: 205: 194: 193: 171: 170: 159: 158: 88: 79: 68: 59: 42: 30: 29: 21: 7078: 7077: 7073: 7072: 7071: 7069: 7068: 7067: 7028:Secret treaties 6958: 6957: 6956: 6951: 6919:Abraham Accords 6903: 6897: 6740: 6722:1981–1982 6618: 6572:Peel Commission 6507: 6501:peace proposals 6497: 6467: 6462: 6433: 6373:Harrison Report 6356: 6303: 6250: 6216:Hogarth message 6175: 6170: 6168: 6162: 6132: 6127: 6118:Fourteen Points 6104: 6068: 6047: 5938: 5892: 5797: 5791: 5744: 5734: 5672:10.2307/1006273 5653:Wayback Machine 5638: 5610: 5582: 5574:. Pluto Press. 5561: 5537: 5516: 5473: 5415: 5351: 5330: 5304: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5274: 5272: 5257: 5253: 5243: 5241: 5228: 5227: 5223: 5214: 5212: 5192: 5188: 5174: 5172: 5161: 5160: 5156: 5147: 5145: 5130: 5126: 5117: 5115: 5102: 5101: 5097: 5088: 5086: 5069: 5062: 5043: 5039: 5000: 4996: 4986: 4984: 4980: 4973: 4967: 4963: 4957:Wayback Machine 4946:Wayback Machine 4935:Wayback Machine 4925: 4921: 4915:Wayback Machine 4904:Wayback Machine 4893:Wayback Machine 4883: 4879: 4872: 4849: 4845: 4840: 4836: 4816: 4812: 4796: 4792: 4782: 4780: 4771: 4770: 4766: 4758: 4754: 4745: 4743: 4730: 4729: 4725: 4713: 4712: 4703: 4702: 4688: 4686: 4677:Hurewitz, J. C. 4675: 4674: 4670: 4661: 4659: 4646: 4645: 4641: 4633: 4629: 4623: 4607: 4603: 4594: 4592: 4579: 4578: 4574: 4565: 4563: 4550: 4549: 4545: 4537: 4533: 4524: 4522: 4509: 4508: 4504: 4495: 4493: 4480: 4479: 4475: 4467: 4463: 4457:Wayback Machine 4446: 4439: 4433:Wayback Machine 4422: 4418: 4408: 4406: 4397: 4396: 4392: 4385: 4371: 4367: 4344: 4340: 4309: 4305: 4296: 4294: 4281: 4280: 4276: 4269: 4250: 4246: 4239: 4223: 4219: 4212: 4196: 4192: 4179: 4175: 4163: 4159: 4147:V.H. Rothwell: 4146: 4142: 4137: 4133: 4116: 4112: 4105: 4089: 4085: 4076: 4072: 4065: 4049: 4045: 4038: 4022: 4018: 4004:Wayback Machine 3992: 3988: 3981: 3967: 3963: 3957:Wayback Machine 3946: 3942: 3931: 3927: 3918: 3916: 3912: 3905: 3901: 3900: 3896: 3883: 3882: 3878: 3867: 3866: 3862: 3851: 3850: 3846: 3838: 3834: 3824: 3822: 3818: 3811: 3807: 3806: 3802: 3794: 3790: 3782: 3778: 3773: 3769: 3761: 3757: 3749: 3745: 3736: 3732: 3725: 3711: 3704: 3696: 3692: 3687: 3683: 3667: 3663: 3647: 3640: 3632: 3628: 3618: 3616: 3607: 3603: 3580: 3576: 3568: 3562: 3558: 3547: 3543: 3536: 3520: 3516: 3508: 3504: 3497: 3481: 3477: 3469: 3465: 3458: 3442: 3438: 3428: 3412: 3408: 3401: 3385: 3381: 3373: 3369: 3359: 3355: 3347: 3343: 3334: 3330: 3321: 3317: 3309: 3302: 3294: 3290: 3282: 3278: 3268: 3266: 3257: 3256: 3252: 3246:Wayback Machine 3225: 3223: 3208: 3204: 3196: 3192: 3184: 3180: 3172: 3168: 3160: 3156: 3148: 3144: 3136: 3132: 3124: 3120: 3112: 3105: 3085: 3078: 3070: 3066: 3058: 3054: 3046: 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1511: 1506: 1485: 1475: 1435: 1388:Alexandre Ribot 1376: 1375: 1374: 1373: 1366: 1365: 1364: 1361: 1353: 1352: 1349: 1338: 1332: 1306:23 October 1916 1101:Western Armenia 1046: 994:Gilbert Clayton 934:Arthur Nicolson 930: 926: 921: 919: 917: 915: 891: 890: 856: 855: 848: 733:Sharif of Mecca 729:in exchange for 705: 688: 631: 630: 629: 628: 627: 620: 612: 611: 604: 593: 583: 578: 551:region of Syria 461:Turkish Straits 455:in addition to 453:Western Armenia 406:southern Israel 324: 306: 288: 271: 267: 246: 212: 200: 188: 177: 165: 153: 112: 103: 93: 92: 91: 90: 89: 81: 80: 71: 70: 69: 61: 60: 45: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7076: 7066: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6993:Aleppo vilayet 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6973:1916 in France 6970: 6953: 6952: 6950: 6949: 6943: 6942: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6915: 6908: 6906: 6899: 6898: 6896: 6895: 6889: 6883: 6877: 6871: 6865: 6855: 6837: 6827: 6821: 6811: 6805: 6799: 6789: 6783: 6777: 6771: 6761: 6755: 6748: 6746: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6738: 6732: 6726: 6720: 6714: 6708: 6689: 6679: 6669: 6659: 6649: 6643: 6633: 6626: 6624: 6620: 6619: 6617: 6616: 6610: 6604: 6598: 6592: 6586: 6580: 6574: 6568: 6562: 6556: 6550: 6540: 6534: 6528: 6522: 6515: 6513: 6509: 6508: 6499:Diplomacy and 6496: 6495: 6488: 6481: 6473: 6464: 6463: 6461: 6460: 6453: 6446: 6438: 6435: 6434: 6432: 6431: 6424: 6419: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6375: 6370: 6364: 6362: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6354: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6311: 6309: 6305: 6304: 6302: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6258: 6256: 6252: 6251: 6249: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6221:Bassett letter 6218: 6213: 6206: 6201: 6194: 6189: 6183: 6181: 6177: 6176: 6161: 6160: 6153: 6146: 6138: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6125: 6120: 6113: 6110: 6109: 6106: 6105: 6103: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6076: 6074: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6066: 6061: 6055: 6053: 6049: 6048: 6046: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6023:Rapallo (1922) 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5958:Rapallo (1920) 5954: 5948: 5944: 5943: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5910: 5908: 5898: 5897: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5874: 5873: 5868: 5862:Brest-Litovsk 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5844: 5843: 5838: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5809: 5807: 5806:During the war 5799: 5798: 5790: 5789: 5782: 5775: 5767: 5761: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5743: 5742:External links 5740: 5739: 5738: 5732: 5716: 5684: 5655: 5642: 5636: 5621: 5614: 5608: 5593: 5586: 5580: 5565: 5559: 5541: 5535: 5520: 5514: 5499: 5489: 5480:Fromkin, David 5477: 5471: 5456: 5436:10.1086/244937 5430:(4): 697–725. 5419: 5413: 5398: 5391: 5384: 5366:(4): 641–663. 5355: 5349: 5334: 5328: 5312: 5303: 5300: 5299: 5298: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5282: 5251: 5221: 5204:The New Yorker 5186: 5154: 5124: 5110:. 2014-02-07. 5095: 5060: 5037: 5016:(3): 115–119. 4994: 4969:Ibrahim, S.E. 4961: 4919: 4877: 4870: 4843: 4834: 4819:Bowman, Isaiah 4810: 4790: 4764: 4762:, p. 374. 4752: 4723: 4668: 4639: 4637:, p. 352. 4627: 4621: 4601: 4572: 4543: 4541:, p. 353. 4531: 4502: 4473: 4461: 4437: 4416: 4390: 4383: 4365: 4338: 4319:(4): 419–436. 4303: 4274: 4267: 4244: 4237: 4217: 4210: 4190: 4173: 4157: 4140: 4131: 4110: 4103: 4083: 4070: 4063: 4043: 4036: 4016: 3986: 3979: 3961: 3940: 3925: 3894: 3876: 3860: 3844: 3842:, p. 207. 3832: 3800: 3798:, p. 422. 3788: 3786:, p. 423. 3776: 3767: 3765:, p. 281. 3755: 3753:, p. 165. 3743: 3730: 3724:978-1137264800 3723: 3702: 3690: 3681: 3661: 3638: 3626: 3601: 3590:(2): 251–264. 3574: 3556: 3551:"Introduction" 3541: 3534: 3514: 3502: 3496:978-1135158651 3495: 3475: 3463: 3456: 3436: 3426: 3406: 3399: 3379: 3367: 3353: 3351:, p. 205. 3341: 3328: 3315: 3300: 3288: 3276: 3250: 3202: 3190: 3188:, p. 111. 3178: 3166: 3164:, p. 106. 3154: 3142: 3130: 3118: 3103: 3076: 3064: 3052: 3040: 3038:, p. 101. 3028: 3009: 2978: 2966: 2963:. 16 May 2016. 2948: 2930: 2916:. 2016-05-14. 2901: 2878: 2859: 2834: 2809: 2795: 2779: 2772: 2745: 2716: 2707: 2703:British Empire 2694: 2662: 2649:978-0275968939 2648: 2628: 2621: 2603:Fromkin, David 2594: 2587: 2575:Wells, John C. 2565: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2556: 2544: 2535: 2525: 2515: 2493: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2486: 2485: 2483:Treaty of Kars 2480: 2475: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2445: 2442: 2390: 2387: 2375:Main article: 2372: 2369: 2297: 2296: 2211: 2209: 2202: 2196: 2193: 2189:Mandatory Iraq 2137: 2136: 2087: 2085: 2078: 2072: 2069: 1955:Woodrow Wilson 1910:regarding the 1905: 1904: 1895:Woodrow Wilson 1888: 1881: 1880: 1872: 1865: 1864: 1863: 1862: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1844:Mosul Question 1821: 1818: 1814:Beirut Vilayet 1728:Bassett Letter 1695:Woodrow Wilson 1692:U.S. President 1641: 1638: 1583:Arthur Balfour 1577: 1574: 1553:Ottoman Empire 1523: 1520: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1474: 1471: 1443:Lord Kitchener 1434: 1431: 1426:Tsarist regime 1396:Sidney Sonnino 1368: 1367: 1362: 1355: 1354: 1350: 1343: 1342: 1341: 1340: 1339: 1331: 1328: 1321: 1320: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1303: 1302: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1283: 1279: 1278: 1271: 1268: 1262: 1261:30 August 1916 1258: 1257: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1240:25 August 1916 1237: 1236: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1216: 1215: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1195: 1194: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1177: 1176: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1156: 1155: 1148: 1145: 1139: 1133: 1129: 1128: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1111: 1110: 1103: 1093: 1087: 1084:Sergey Sazonov 1081: 1077: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1060: 1059: 1045: 1042: 1004:in two at the 911: 879:Mosul district 847: 844: 741:Ottoman Empire 735:launching the 687: 684: 647:Constantinople 643:Sergey Sazonov 621: 614: 613: 605: 598: 597: 596: 595: 594: 582: 579: 577: 574: 516:Mandatory Iraq 457:Constantinople 382:Ottoman Empire 378:Triple Entente 351:United Kingdom 258: 257: 242: 241: 237: 236: 234:Ottoman Empire 230:Triple Entente 218: 214: 213: 211: 210: 198: 185: 183: 179: 178: 176: 175: 163: 150: 148: 144: 143: 140: 134: 133: 126: 122: 121: 120:3 January 1916 118: 114: 113: 94: 83: 82: 74: 73: 72: 63: 62: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 47: 46: 43: 35: 34: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7075: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6988:Adana vilayet 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6965: 6963: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6921: 6920: 6916: 6914: 6910: 6909: 6907: 6900: 6894: 6890: 6888: 6884: 6882: 6878: 6876: 6872: 6870: 6866: 6864: 6860: 6856: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6826: 6822: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6810: 6806: 6804: 6800: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6788: 6784: 6782: 6778: 6776: 6772: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6760: 6756: 6754: 6750: 6749: 6747: 6743: 6737: 6733: 6731: 6727: 6725: 6721: 6719: 6715: 6713: 6709: 6707: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6690: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6668: 6664: 6660: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6648: 6644: 6642: 6638: 6634: 6632: 6628: 6627: 6625: 6621: 6615: 6611: 6609: 6605: 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Routledge. 5601: 5600: 5594: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5577: 5573: 5572: 5566: 5562: 5556: 5552: 5551: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5532: 5528: 5527: 5521: 5517: 5511: 5507: 5506: 5500: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5481: 5478: 5474: 5468: 5464: 5463: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5420: 5416: 5410: 5406: 5405: 5399: 5397:110: 127–131. 5396: 5392: 5390:110: 132–136. 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5356: 5352: 5346: 5342: 5341: 5335: 5331: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5311:110: 105–108. 5310: 5306: 5305: 5296: 5295: 5270: 5267:(in French). 5266: 5262: 5255: 5240:on 2018-11-16 5239: 5235: 5231: 5225: 5210: 5206: 5205: 5200: 5196: 5195:Wright, Robin 5190: 5182: 5170: 5169: 5164: 5158: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5128: 5113: 5109: 5108:LA Daily News 5105: 5099: 5084: 5080: 5079: 5074: 5067: 5065: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5041: 5033: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5010: 5005: 4998: 4979: 4972: 4965: 4958: 4954: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4929: 4923: 4916: 4912: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4898: 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3345: 3338: 3332: 3325: 3319: 3313:, p. 94. 3312: 3311:Hurewitz 1979 3307: 3305: 3297: 3296:Hurewitz 1979 3292: 3286:, p. 56. 3285: 3284:Friedman 1992 3280: 3264: 3260: 3254: 3247: 3243: 3240: 3235: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3206: 3199: 3198:Lieshout 2016 3194: 3187: 3186:Friedman 1992 3182: 3175: 3170: 3163: 3162:Friedman 1992 3158: 3151: 3146: 3139: 3134: 3128:, p. 94. 3127: 3126:Lieshout 2016 3122: 3116:, p. 84. 3115: 3114:Lieshout 2016 3110: 3108: 3099: 3094: 3092: 3083: 3081: 3073: 3068: 3061: 3060:Lieshout 2016 3056: 3050:, p. 65. 3049: 3044: 3037: 3032: 3024: 3018: 3013: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2982: 2975: 2974:Hurewitz 1979 2970: 2962: 2958: 2952: 2944: 2940: 2934: 2919: 2915: 2914:The Economist 2911: 2905: 2898: 2895:Published in 2894: 2890: 2887: 2882: 2875: 2871: 2868: 2863: 2848: 2844: 2838: 2832: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2818: 2813: 2805: 2799: 2790: 2783: 2775: 2769: 2765: 2764: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2720: 2711: 2704: 2698: 2683:on 2009-03-27 2679: 2672: 2666: 2651: 2645: 2641: 2640: 2632: 2624: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2609: 2604: 2598: 2590: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2570: 2566: 2553: 2548: 2539: 2529: 2519: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2498: 2494: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2447: 2441: 2439: 2438: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2396: 2386: 2384: 2383:Henry McMahon 2378: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2319: 2315: 2313: 2303: 2293: 2290: 2282: 2271: 2268: 2264: 2261: 2257: 2254: 2250: 2247: 2243: 2240: – 2239: 2235: 2234:Find sources: 2228: 2224: 2218: 2217: 2212:This section 2210: 2206: 2201: 2200: 2192: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2133: 2130: 2122: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2098: 2097: 2093: 2088:This section 2086: 2082: 2077: 2076: 2068: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2052: 2050: 2046: 2041: 2038: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2019: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2003: 2000: 1995: 1993: 1987: 1983: 1980: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1936: 1934: 1929: 1925: 1924:Erle Richards 1920: 1913: 1909: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1885: 1876: 1873:January 1919 1869: 1855: 1853: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1832: 1827: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1790:George Curzon 1787: 1784: 1779: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1758: 1753: 1751: 1746: 1742: 1740: 1735: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1720: 1717: 1711: 1709: 1703: 1701: 1700:Count Czernin 1696: 1693: 1689: 1687: 1683: 1682: 1677: 1676: 1671: 1670: 1665: 1661: 1653: 1652: 1648:Excerpt from 1646: 1637: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1604: 1600: 1595: 1592: 1586: 1584: 1573: 1571: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1537: 1532: 1528: 1515: 1501: 1497: 1495: 1489: 1484: 1480: 1470: 1466: 1463: 1459: 1454: 1452: 1451:Ronald Storrs 1448: 1444: 1439: 1430: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1392:Paolo Boselli 1389: 1385: 1381: 1372: 1359: 1347: 1337: 1327: 1318: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1276: 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625: 618: 609: 602: 592: 588: 573: 571: 567: 562: 561: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 535: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 484: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 445: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 416:and southern 415: 411: 407: 403: 398: 396: 392: 387: 383: 379: 374: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 347:secret treaty 345:) was a 1916 342: 265: 256: 252: 243: 238: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 209: 204: 199: 197: 192: 187: 186: 184: 180: 174: 169: 164: 162: 157: 152: 151: 149: 145: 142:9–16 May 1916 141: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 102: 98: 87: 78: 67: 58: 48: 41: 36: 31: 19: 6861: / 6851: / 6847: / 6843: / 6833: / 6817: / 6795: / 6767: / 6759:Oslo Accords 6704: / 6695: / 6685: / 6675: / 6665: / 6655: / 6639: / 6546: / 6531: 6455: 6448: 6441: 6426: 6414: 6349: 6294:Constitution 6286: 6208: 6196: 5998:Tartu (1921) 5983:Alexandropol 5963:Tartu (1920) 5812: 5723: 5698:(1): 48–76. 5695: 5691: 5663: 5659: 5626: 5617: 5598: 5589: 5570: 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Retrieved 5264: 5254: 5242:. Retrieved 5238:the original 5233: 5224: 5213:. Retrieved 5202: 5189: 5179:– via 5173:. Retrieved 5166: 5157: 5146:. Retrieved 5137: 5127: 5116:. Retrieved 5107: 5098: 5087:. Retrieved 5078:The Guardian 5076: 5050: 5040: 5013: 5007: 4997: 4985:. Retrieved 4978:the original 4964: 4922: 4880: 4856: 4846: 4837: 4823: 4813: 4797: 4793: 4781:. Retrieved 4767: 4755: 4744:. Retrieved 4735: 4726: 4698: 4693:– via 4687:. Retrieved 4681: 4671: 4660:. Retrieved 4651: 4642: 4630: 4611: 4604: 4593:. Retrieved 4584: 4575: 4564:. Retrieved 4555: 4546: 4534: 4523:. Retrieved 4514: 4505: 4494:. Retrieved 4485: 4476: 4464: 4448: 4424: 4419: 4407:. Retrieved 4393: 4374: 4368: 4351: 4347: 4341: 4316: 4312: 4306: 4295:. Retrieved 4286: 4277: 4257: 4247: 4227: 4220: 4200: 4193: 4183: 4176: 4160: 4148: 4143: 4134: 4118: 4113: 4093: 4086: 4078: 4073: 4053: 4046: 4026: 4019: 3994: 3989: 3970: 3964: 3948: 3943: 3928: 3917:. Retrieved 3897: 3888: 3879: 3869: 3863: 3853: 3847: 3835: 3823:. Retrieved 3816:the original 3803: 3791: 3779: 3770: 3758: 3746: 3738: 3733: 3717:. Springer. 3714: 3693: 3684: 3668: 3664: 3649: 3629: 3617:. Retrieved 3611: 3604: 3587: 3583: 3577: 3559: 3544: 3524: 3517: 3505: 3485: 3478: 3471:Huneidi 2001 3466: 3446: 3439: 3431: 3416: 3409: 3389: 3382: 3370: 3361: 3356: 3344: 3336: 3331: 3323: 3318: 3291: 3279: 3267:. Retrieved 3253: 3224:. Retrieved 3215: 3205: 3193: 3181: 3174:Berdine 2018 3169: 3157: 3150:Berdine 2018 3145: 3133: 3121: 3090: 3071: 3067: 3055: 3048:Huneidi 2001 3043: 3031: 3019:, p. 3. 3017:Kedouri 2014 3012: 3002:November 12, 3000:. Retrieved 2996:the original 2991: 2981: 2969: 2960: 2951: 2942: 2933: 2922:. Retrieved 2913: 2904: 2897:The Guardian 2881: 2876:Google Books 2862: 2851:. Retrieved 2837: 2820: 2812: 2798: 2788: 2782: 2762: 2737:. Retrieved 2728: 2719: 2710: 2702: 2697: 2685:. Retrieved 2678:the original 2665: 2653:. Retrieved 2638: 2631: 2607: 2597: 2578: 2569: 2547: 2538: 2528: 2518: 2497: 2435: 2415: 2400: 2392: 2380: 2366: 2339: 2324: 2308: 2285: 2276: 2266: 2259: 2252: 2245: 2233: 2221:Please help 2216:verification 2213: 2170: 2159: 2140: 2125: 2116: 2101:Please help 2089: 2053: 2042: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2015: 2004: 1996: 1988: 1984: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1952: 1937: 1921: 1918: 1889:1923 map by 1848: 1837: 1788: 1780: 1776: 1761: 1754: 1747: 1745:principle". 1743: 1736: 1732: 1721: 1712: 1704: 1690: 1679: 1673: 1667: 1657: 1649: 1630: 1626: 1621: 1608: 1596: 1587: 1579: 1541: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1498: 1490: 1486: 1467: 1455: 1440: 1436: 1419: 1404: 1377: 1324: 1312:Benckendorff 1225:Benckendorff 1072:Description 1051: 1047: 1039: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1022:Sulaymaniyah 998: 991: 963: 931: 925: 913: 907: 837: 832: 828: 788:Indian Ocean 745: 739:against the 706: 695: 676: 632: 558: 536: 485: 446: 399: 375: 349:between the 263: 261: 7018:Imperialism 6809:Taba Summit 6578:White Paper 5993:Riga (1921) 5973:Riga (1920) 5813:Sykes–Picot 5794:World War I 5666:(7): 1–50. 5620:128: 18–22. 5234:YouTube.com 4987:November 6, 4714:|work= 3784:Fisher 1999 3375:Vereté 1970 3036:Kattan 2009 2460:Durand Line 2412:Abu Safiyya 2326:Şerif Pasha 1757:Arab Revolt 1611:Lord Bertie 1219:23 May 1916 1198:16 May 1916 1180:15 May 1916 1159:15 May 1916 1142:Edward Grey 1136:Paul Cambon 958:Deir ez-Zor 871:Deir ez-Zor 840:Paul Cambon 737:Arab Revolt 667:Holy Places 657:(including 651:Dardanelles 386:World War I 228:should the 226:Middle East 208:Paul Cambon 196:Edward Grey 182:Signatories 110:Edward Grey 106:Paul Cambon 6962:Categories 6945:2022 6917:2020 6911:2019 6891:2016 6885:2013 6879:2010 6873:2007 6867:2006 6857:2006 6839:2005 6829:2004 6823:2003 6813:2002 6807:2001 6801:2000 6791:2000 6785:1999 6779:1998 6773:1995 6763:1994 6757:1993 6751:1991 6734:1983 6728:1982 6716:1981 6710:1980 6691:1979 6681:1978 6671:1974 6661:1973 6651:1967 6645:1950 6635:1949 6629:1948 6612:1948 6606:1947 6596:Bevin Plan 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5618:Historian 5452:144249048 5244:23 August 5168:BBC Mundo 5051:Jadaliyya 5032:188882508 4783:August 8, 4716:ignored ( 4706:cite book 4354:(1): 58. 4129:, 113–118 3679:pp. 80–81 2395:centenary 2312:Kurdistan 2090:does not 2037:Millerand 1557:Jerusalem 974:Palestine 898:Jerusalem 894:Euphrates 863:Palestine 659:Palestine 410:Palestine 240:Full text 147:Author(s) 130:Bolshevik 125:Presented 6819:Road map 6450:Timeline 6100:Portugal 6052:Montreux 6018:Lausanne 5823:Damascus 5796:treaties 5722:(2004). 5649:Archived 5547:(1939). 5482:(1991). 5318:(2012). 5269:Archived 5265:Le Monde 5209:Archived 5142:Archived 5112:Archived 5083:Archived 5055:Archived 4953:Archived 4942:Archived 4931:Archived 4911:Archived 4900:Archived 4889:Archived 4854:(1987). 4821:(1921). 4777:Archived 4740:Archived 4689:8 August 4679:(1979). 4656:Archived 4589:Archived 4560:Archived 4519:Archived 4490:Archived 4453:Archived 4429:Archived 4409:6 August 4403:Archived 4291:Archived 4255:(2011). 4000:Archived 3953:Archived 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117:Created 6405:UNSCOP 6095:Sweden 6090:Norway 6085:Greece 6008:Angora 5988:Moscow 5968:Warsaw 5934:Sèvres 5883:Vienna 5878:Berlin 5866:Russia 5858:Buftea 5853:Acroma 5828:London 5730: 5710: 5678: 5646:online 5634: 5606: 5578: 5557: 5533: 5512: 5469: 5450: 5442: 5411: 5378: 5347: 5326: 5030: 4937:, the 4868: 4804: 4619: 4459:, p. 3 4435:, p. 1 4381: 4331: 4265: 4235: 4208: 4168: 4151:, in: 4125: 4101: 4061: 4034: 4014:, p. 6 4010: 3977: 3721: 3675: 3656: 3594: 3532: 3493: 3454: 3424: 3397: 3093: 2770: 2646: 2619: 2585: 2265: 2258: 2251: 2244: 2236: 1810:Muslim 1675:Pravda 1614:1917, 1422:Russia 1400:Allies 1270:Cambon 1243:Cambon 1204:Cambon 1183:Cambon 1165:Cambon 1018:Kirkuk 986:Kirkuk 875:Kirkuk 824:Aleppo 802:up to 798:, the 780:Amadia 772:Midiat 768:Mardin 754:up to 711:, and 680:Adalia 661:) and 475:. 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